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Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J. There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of the Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin from Bacterial Cytoplasm to Eukaryotic Cell Organelle. MEMBRANES 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 38248700 PMCID: PMC10821523 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a very successful pathogen, one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infections in humans worldwide. H. pylori produces several virulence factors that contribute to its persistence in the hostile host habitat and to its pathogenicity. The most extensively studied are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). VacA is present in almost all H. pylori strains. As a secreted multifunctional toxin, it assists bacterial colonization, survival, and proliferation during long-lasting infections. To exert its effect on gastric epithelium and other cell types, VacA undergoes several modifications and crosses multiple membrane barriers. Once inside the gastric epithelial cell, VacA disrupts many cellular-signaling pathways and processes, leading mainly to changes in the efflux of various ions, the depolarization of membrane potential, and perturbations in endocytic trafficking and mitochondrial function. The most notable effect of VacA is the formation of vacuole-like structures, which may lead to apoptosis. This review focuses on the processes involved in VacA secretion, processing, and entry into host cells, with a particular emphasis on the interaction of the mature toxin with host membranes and the formation of transmembrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
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2
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Yadav P, Singh R, Sur S, Bansal S, Chaudhry U, Tandon V. Moonlighting proteins: beacon of hope in era of drug resistance in bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:57-81. [PMID: 35220864 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2036695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins (MLPs) are ubiquitous and provide a unique advantage to bacteria performing multiple functions using the same genomic content. Targeting MLPs can be considered as a futuristic approach in fighting drug resistance problem. This review follows the MLP trail from its inception to the present-day state, describing a few bacterial MLPs, viz., glyceraldehyde 3'-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase glutamate racemase (GR), and DNA gyrase. Here, we carve out that targeting MLPs are the beacon of hope in an era of increasing drug resistance in bacteria. Evolutionary stability, structure-functional relationships, protein diversity, possible drug targets, and identification of new drugs against bacterial MLP are given due consideration. Before the final curtain calls, we provide a comprehensive list of small molecules that inhibit the biochemical activity of MLPs, which can aid the development of novel molecules to target MLPs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Yadav
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Raja Singh
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Souvik Sur
- Research and Development Center, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Bansal
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Uma Chaudhry
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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3
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Dieye Y, Nguer CM, Thiam F, Diouara AAM, Fall C. Recombinant Helicobacter pylori Vaccine Delivery Vehicle: A Promising Tool to Treat Infections and Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121701. [PMID: 36551358 PMCID: PMC9774608 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health threat. Experts agree that unless proper actions are taken, the number of deaths due to AMR will increase. Many strategies are being pursued to tackle AMR, one of the most important being the development of efficient vaccines. Similar to other bacterial pathogens, AMR in Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is rising worldwide. Hp infects half of the human population and its prevalence ranges from <10% in developed countries to up to 90% in low-income countries. Currently, there is no vaccine available for Hp. This review provides a brief summary of the use of antibiotic-based treatment for Hp infection and its related AMR problems together with a brief description of the status of vaccine development for Hp. It is mainly dedicated to genetic tools and strategies that can be used to develop an oral recombinant Hp vaccine delivery platform that is (i) completely attenuated, (ii) can survive, synthesize in situ and deliver antigens, DNA vaccines, and adjuvants to antigen-presenting cells at the gastric mucosa, and (iii) possibly activate desired compartments of the gut-associated mucosal immune system. Recombinant Hp vaccine delivery vehicles can be used for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination for Hp and other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakhya Dieye
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
- Pôle de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +221-784-578-766
| | - Cheikh Momar Nguer
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
| | - Fatou Thiam
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
| | - Abou Abdallah Malick Diouara
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Fall
- Pôle de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal
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4
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Stojkova P, Spidlova P. Bacterial nucleoid-associated protein HU as an extracellular player in host-pathogen interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:999737. [PMID: 36081771 PMCID: PMC9445418 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.999737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HU protein is a member of nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and is an important regulator of bacterial virulence, pathogenesis and survival. NAPs are mainly DNA structuring proteins that influence several molecular processes by binding the DNA. HU´s indispensable role in DNA-related processes in bacteria was described. HU protein is a necessary bacterial transcription factor and is considered to be a virulence determinant as well. Less is known about its direct role in host-pathogen interactions. The latest studies suggest that HU protein may be secreted outside bacteria and be a part of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, HU protein can be internalized in a host cell after bacterial infection. Its role in the host cell is not well described and further studies are extremely needed. Existing results suggest the involvement of HU protein in host cell immune response modulation in bacterial favor, which can help pathogens resist host defense mechanisms. A better understanding of the HU protein’s role in the host cell will help to effective treatment development.
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5
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Yang Y, Shu X, Xie C. An Overview of Autophagy in Helicobacter pylori Infection and Related Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:847716. [PMID: 35463631 PMCID: PMC9033262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.847716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered a class I carcinogen in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. In recent years, the interaction relationship between H. pylori infection and autophagy has attracted increasing attention. Most investigators believe that the pathogenesis of gastric cancer is closely related to the formation of an autophagosome-mediated downstream signaling pathway by H. pylori infection-induced cells. Autophagy is involved in H. pylori infection and affects the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. In this paper, the possible mechanism by which H. pylori infection affects autophagy and the progression of related gastric cancer signaling pathways are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Shu
- *Correspondence: Xu Shu, ; Chuan Xie,
| | - Chuan Xie
- *Correspondence: Xu Shu, ; Chuan Xie,
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6
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Goodman SD, Bakaletz LO. Bacterial Biofilms Utilize an Underlying Extracellular DNA Matrix Structure That Can Be Targeted for Biofilm Resolution. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020466. [PMID: 35208922 PMCID: PMC8878592 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms contribute significantly to the antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, chronicity and recurrence of bacterial infections. Critical to the stability and survival of extant biofilms is the extracellular DNA (eDNA)-dependent matrix which shields the resident bacteria from hostile environments, allows a sessile metabolic state, but also encourages productive interactions with biofilm-inclusive bacteria. Given the importance of the eDNA, approaches to this area of research have been to target not just the eDNA, but also the additional constituent structural components which appear to be widespread. Chief among these is a ubiquitous two-member family of bacterial nucleoid associated proteins (the DNABII proteins) responsible for providing structural integrity to the eDNA and thereby the biofilm. Moreover, this resultant novel eDNA-rich secondary structure can also be targeted for disruption. Here, we provide an overview of both what is known about the eDNA-dependent matrix, as well as the resultant means that have resulted in biofilm resolution. Results obtained to date have been highly supportive of continued development of DNABII-targeted approaches, which is encouraging given the great global need for improved methods to medically manage, or ideally prevent biofilm-dependent infections, which remains a highly prevalent burden worldwide.
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7
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Tuan VP, Yahara K, Dung HDQ, Binh TT, Huu Tung P, Tri TD, Thuan NPM, Khien VV, Trang TTH, Phuc BH, Tshibangu-Kabamba E, Matsumoto T, Akada J, Suzuki R, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Murakami K, Yano H, Fukuyo M, Takahashi N, Kato M, Nishiumi S, Azuma T, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Toyoda A, Kobayashi I, Yamaoka Y. Genome-wide association study of gastric cancer- and duodenal ulcer-derived Helicobacter pylori strains reveals discriminatory genetic variations and novel oncoprotein candidates. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34846284 PMCID: PMC8743543 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) can reveal genetic variations associated with a phenotype in the absence of any hypothesis of candidate genes. The problem of false-positive sites linked with the responsible site might be bypassed in bacteria with a high homologous recombination rate, such as Helicobacter pylori, which causes gastric cancer. We conducted a small-sample GWAS (125 gastric cancer cases and 115 controls) followed by prediction of gastric cancer and control (duodenal ulcer) H. pylori strains. We identified 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (eight amino acid changes) and three DNA motifs that, combined, allowed effective disease discrimination. They were often informative of the underlying molecular mechanisms, such as electric charge alteration at the ligand-binding pocket, alteration in subunit interaction, and mode-switching of DNA methylation. We also identified three novel virulence factors/oncoprotein candidates. These results provide both defined targets for further informatic and experimental analyses to gain insights into gastric cancer pathogenesis and a basis for identifying a set of biomarkers for distinguishing these H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Phuoc Tuan
- Department of Endoscopy, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Koji Yahara
- Antimicrobial Resistance ResearchCenter, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koji Yahara,
| | | | - Tran Thanh Binh
- Department of Endoscopy, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Pham Huu Tung
- Department of Endoscopy, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Tran Dinh Tri
- Department of Endoscopy, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Vu Van Khien
- Department of GI Endoscopy, 108 Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Bui Hoang Phuc
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Rumiko Suzuki
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Okimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yano
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Kato
- Division of Endoscopy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Hakodate Hospital, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shin Nishiumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Omics Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced GenomicsCenter, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ichizo Kobayashi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ichizo Kobayashi, ;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
- Department of Medicine, gastroenterology section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Yoshio Yamaoka,
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8
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Wang KH, Zheng DH, Yuan GQ, Lin W, Li QQ. A yceI Gene Involves in the Adaptation of Ralstonia solanacearum to Methyl Gallate and Other Stresses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091982. [PMID: 34576877 PMCID: PMC8472277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a plant-pathogenic bacterium causing plant bacterial wilt, and can be strongly inhibited by methyl gallate (MG). Our previous transcriptome sequencing of MG-treated R. solanacearum showed that the yceI gene AVT05_RS03545 of Rs-T02 was up-regulated significantly under MG stress. In this study, a deletion mutant (named DM3545) and an over-expression strain (named OE3545) for yceI were constructed to confirm this hypothesis. No significant difference was observed among the growth of wild-type strain, DM3545 and OE3545 strains without MG treatment. Mutant DM3545 showed a lower growth ability than that of the wild type and OE3545 strains under MG treatment, non-optimal temperature, or 1% NaCl. The ability of DM3545 for rhizosphere colonization was lower than that of the wild-type and OE3545 strains. The DM3545 strain showed substantially reduced virulence toward tomato plants than its wild-type and OE3545 counterpart. Moreover, DM3545 was more sensitive to MG in plants than the wild-type and OE3545 strains. These results suggest that YceI is involved in the adaptability of R. solanacearum to the presence of MG and the effect of other tested abiotic stresses. This protein is also possibly engaged in the virulence potential of R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qi-Qin Li
- Correspondence: (D.-H.Z.); (Q.-Q.L.)
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9
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FBPAII and rpoBC, the Two Novel Secreted Proteins Identified by the Proteomic Approach from a Comparative Study between Antibiotic-Sensitive and Antibiotic-Resistant Helicobacter pylori-Associated Gastritis Strains. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00053-21. [PMID: 33782154 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the leading cause of chronic gastritis, which can develop into gastric cancer. Eliminating H. pylori infection with antibiotics achieves the prevention of gastric cancer. Currently, the prevalence of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole, and the dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin (C_R, M_R, and C/M_R, respectively), remains at a high level worldwide. As a means of exploring new candidate proteins for the management of H. pylori infection, secreted proteins from antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant H. pylori-associated gastritis strains were obtained by in-solution tryptic digestion coupled with nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS). A total of 583, 582, 590, and 578 differential expressed proteins were identified from C_R, M_R, C/M_R, and antibiotic-sensitive strain (S_S) samples, respectively. Of these, 23 overlapping proteins were found by Venn diagram analysis. Based on heat map analyses, the most and least differing protein expressions were observed from C/M_R strains and S_S strains, respectively. Of the proteins secreted by the S_S strain, only nine were found. After predicting the protein interaction with metronidazole and clarithromycin via the STITCH database, the two most interesting proteins were found to be rpoBC and FBPAII. After quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, a downregulation of rpoB from M_R strains was observed, suggesting a relationship of rpoB to metronidazole sensitivity. Inversely, an upregulation of fba from C_R, M_R, and C/M_R strains was noticed, suggesting the paradoxical expression of FBPAII and the fba gene. This report is the first to demonstrate the association of these two novel secreted proteins, namely, rpoBC and FBPAII, with antibiotic-sensitive H. pylori -associated gastritis strains.
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10
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Varga MG, Wood CR, Butt J, Ryan ME, You WC, Pan K, Waterboer T, Epplein M, Shaffer CL. Immunostimulatory membrane proteins potentiate H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis by enabling CagA translocation. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-13. [PMID: 33382363 PMCID: PMC7781638 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1862613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the single greatest risk factor for developing gastric adenocarcinoma. In prospective, population-based studies, seropositivity to the uncharacterized H. pylori proteins Hp0305 and Hp1564 was significantly associated with cancer risk in East Asia. However, the mechanism underlying this observation has not been elucidated. Here, we show that Hp0305 and Hp1564 act in concert with previously ascribed H. pylori virulence mechanisms to orchestrate cellular alterations that promote gastric carcinogenesis. In samples from 546 patients exhibiting premalignant gastric lesions, seropositivity to Hp0305 and Hp1564 was significantly associated with increased gastric atrophy across all stomach conditions. In vitro, depletion of Hp0305 and Hp1564 significantly reduced levels of gastric cell-associated bacteria and markedly impaired the ability of H. pylori to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Remarkably, our studies revealed that Hp1564 is required for translocation of the oncoprotein CagA into gastric epithelial cells. Our data provide experimental insight into the molecular mechanisms governing novel H. pylori pathogenicity factors that are strongly associated with gastric disease and highlight the potential of Hp0305 and Hp1564 as robust molecular tools that can improve identification of individuals that are highly susceptible to gastric cancer. We demonstrate that Hp0305 and Hp1564 augment H. pylori-mediated inflammation and gastric cancer risk by promoting key bacteria-gastric cell interactions that facilitate delivery of oncogenic microbial cargo to target cells. Thus, therapeutically targeting microbial interactions driven by Hp0305/Hp1564 may enable focused H. pylori eradication strategies to prevent development of gastric malignancies in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Varga
- Department of Epidemiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cecily R. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mackenzie E. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng You
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifeng Pan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meira Epplein
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Duke Cancer Institute, Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carrie L. Shaffer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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11
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Eisenbart SK, Alzheimer M, Pernitzsch SR, Dietrich S, Stahl S, Sharma CM. A Repeat-Associated Small RNA Controls the Major Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori. Mol Cell 2020; 80:210-226.e7. [PMID: 33002424 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens regulate their virulence genes via phase variation, whereby length-variable simple sequence repeats control the transcription or coding potential of those genes. Here, we have exploited this relationship between DNA structure and physiological function to discover a globally acting small RNA (sRNA) regulator of virulence in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Our study reports the first sRNA whose expression is affected by a variable thymine (T) stretch in its promoter. We show the sRNA post-transcriptionally represses multiple major pathogenicity factors of H. pylori, including CagA and VacA, by base pairing to their mRNAs. We further demonstrate transcription of the sRNA is regulated by the nickel-responsive transcriptional regulator NikR (thus named NikS for nickel-regulated sRNA), thereby linking virulence factor regulation to nickel concentrations. Using in-vitro infection experiments, we demonstrate NikS affects host cell internalization and epithelial barrier disruption. Together, our results show NikS is a phase-variable, post-transcriptional global regulator of virulence properties in H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Eisenbart
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mona Alzheimer
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandy R Pernitzsch
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stahl
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia M Sharma
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Sonkar C, Verma T, Chatterji D, Jain AK, Jha HC. Status of kinases in Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter pylori Coinfection in gastric Cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:925. [PMID: 32993565 PMCID: PMC7523314 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Epstein - Barr virus (EBV) plays a significant role in aggressive gastric cancer (GC). The investigation of genes associated with these pathogens and host kinases may be essential to understand the early and dynamic progression of GC. AIM The study aimed to demonstrate the coinfection of EBV and H. pylori in the AGS cells through morphological changes, expression of the kinase and the probable apoptotic pathways. METHODS Genomic DNA isolation of H. pylori and its characterization from clinical samples were performed. RT-qPCR of kinases was applied to scrutinize the gene expression of kinases in co-infected GC in a direct and indirect (separated through insert size 0.45 μm) H. pylori infection set up. Morphological changes in co-infected GC were quantified by measuring the tapering ends of gastric epithelial cells. Gene expression profiling of apoptotic genes was assessed through RT-qPCR. RESULTS An interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) showed significant upregulation with indirect H. pylori infection. Moreover, Ephrin type-B receptor six precursors (EPHB6) and Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (FYN) showed significant upregulation with direct coinfection. The tapering ends in AGS cells were found to be extended after 12 h. A total of 24 kinase genes were selected, out of which EPHB6, ITK, FYN, and TYK2 showed high expression as early as 12 h. These kinases may lead to rapid morphological changes in co-infected gastric cells. Likewise, apoptotic gene expression such as APAF-1 and Bcl2 family genes such as BAD, BID, BIK, BIM, BAX, AND BAK were significantly down-regulated in co-infected AGS cells. CONCLUSION All the experiments were performed with novel isolates of H. pylori isolated from central India, for the functional assessment of GC. The effect of coinfection with EBV was more profoundly observed on morphological changes in AGS cells at 12 h as quantified by measuring the tapering of ends. This study also identifies the kinase and apoptotic genes modulated in co-infected cells, through direct and indirect approaches. We report that ITK, EPHB6, TYK2, FYN kinase are enhanced, whereas apoptotic genes such as APAF-1, BIK, FASL, BAX are significantly down-regulated in AGS cells coinfected with EBV and H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sonkar
- The Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Room no. 302, School Building, IIT Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Tarun Verma
- The Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Room no. 302, School Building, IIT Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Debi Chatterji
- Choithram Hospital and Research Centre Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Jain
- Choithram Hospital and Research Centre Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- The Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Room no. 302, School Building, IIT Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India.
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Shome A, Sarkhel R, Apoorva S, Nair SS, Chauhan TKS, Bhure SK, Mahawar M. Role of protein repair enzymes in oxidative stress survival and virulence of Salmonella. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Proteins are the principal biomolecules in bacteria that are affected by the oxidants produced by the phagocytic cells. Most of the protein damage is irreparable though few unfolded proteins and covalently modified amino acids can be repaired by chaperones and repair enzymes respectively. This study reviews the three protein repair enzymes, protein l-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase (PIMT), peptidyl proline cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), and methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR).
Methods
Published articles regarding protein repair enzymes were collected from Google Scholar and PubMed. The information obtained from the research articles was analyzed and categorized into general information about the enzyme, mechanism of action, and role played by the enzymes in bacteria. Special emphasis was given to the importance of these enzymes in Salmonella Typhimurium.
Results
Protein repair is the direct and energetically preferred way of replenishing the cellular protein pool without translational synthesis. Under the oxidative stress mounted by the host during the infection, protein repair becomes very crucial for the survival of the bacterial pathogens. Only a few covalent modifications of amino acids are reversible by the protein repair enzymes, and they are highly specific in activity. Deletion mutants of these enzymes in different bacteria revealed their importance in the virulence and oxidative stress survival.
Conclusion
PIMT repairs isoaspartate residues, PPiase catalyzes the conversion of cis-trans forms of proline residues, while MSR repairs oxidized methionine (Met) residues in the proteins. These repair enzymes maintain the activities of the target protein(s), thus aid in bacterial survival and virulence. The interventions which can interfere with this mechanism could be used for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Functional Properties of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin m1 and m2 Variants. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00032-20. [PMID: 32284370 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00032-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa and secretes a pore-forming toxin (VacA). Two main types of VacA, m1 and m2, can be distinguished by phylogenetic analysis. Type m1 forms of VacA have been extensively studied, but there has been relatively little study of m2 forms. In this study, we generated H. pylori strains producing chimeric proteins in which VacA m1 segments of a parental strain were replaced by corresponding m2 sequences. In comparison to the parental m1 VacA protein, a chimeric protein (designated m2/m1) containing m2 sequences in the N-terminal portion of the m region was less potent in causing vacuolation of HeLa cells, AGS gastric cells, and AZ-521 duodenal cells and had reduced capacity to cause membrane depolarization or death of AZ-521 cells. Consistent with the observed differences in activity, the chimeric m2/m1 VacA protein bound to cells at reduced levels compared to the binding levels of the parental m1 protein. The presence of two strain-specific insertions or deletions within or adjacent to the m region did not influence toxin activity. Experiments with human gastric organoids grown as monolayers indicated that m1 and m2/m1 forms of VacA had similar cell-vacuolating activities. Interestingly, both forms of VacA bound preferentially to the basolateral surface of organoid monolayers and caused increased cell vacuolation when interacting with the basolateral surface compared to the apical surface. These data provide insights into functional correlates of sequence variation in the VacA midregion (m region).
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Zarzecka U, Harrer A, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Skorko-Glonek J, Backert S. Chaperone activity of serine protease HtrA of Helicobacter pylori as a crucial survival factor under stress conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:161. [PMID: 31796064 PMCID: PMC6892219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease HtrA exhibits both proteolytic and chaperone activities, which are involved in cellular protein quality control. Moreover, HtrA is an important virulence factor in many pathogens including Helicobacter pylori, for which the crucial stage of infection is the cleavage of E-cadherin and other cell-to-cell junction proteins. METHODS The in vitro study of H. pylori HtrA (HtrAHp) chaperone activity was carried out using light scattering assays and investigation of lysozyme protein aggregates. We produced H. pylori ∆htrA deletion and HtrAHp point mutants without proteolytic activity in strain N6 and investigated the survival of the bacteria under thermal, osmotic, acidic and general stress conditions as well as the presence of puromycin or metronidazole using serial dilution tests and disk diffusion method. The levels of cellular and secreted proteins were examined using biochemical fraction and Western blotting. We also studied the proteolytic activity of secreted HtrAHp using zymography and the enzymatic digestion of β-casein. Finally, the consequences of E-cadherin cleavage were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that HtrAHp displays chaperone activity that inhibits the aggregation of lysozyme and is stable under various pH and temperature conditions. Next, we could show that N6 expressing only HtrA chaperone activity grow well under thermal, pH and osmotic stress conditions, and in the presence of puromycin or metronidazole. In contrast, in the absence of the entire htrA gene the bacterium was more sensitive to a number of stresses. Analysing the level of cellular and secreted proteins, we noted that H. pylori lacking the proteolytic activity of HtrA display reduced levels of secreted HtrA. Moreover, we compared the amounts of secreted HtrA from several clinical H. pylori strains and digestion of β-casein. We also demonstrated a significant effect of the HtrAHp variants during infection of human epithelial cells and for E-cadherin cleavage. CONCLUSION Here we identified the chaperone activity of the HtrAHp protein and have proven that this activity is important and sufficient for the survival of H. pylori under multiple stress conditions. We also pinpointed the importance of HtrAHp chaperone activity for E- cadherin degradation and therefore for the virulence of this eminent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Butt J, Varga MG, Wang T, Tsugane S, Shimazu T, Zheng W, Abnet CC, Yoo KY, Park SK, Kim J, Jee SH, Qiao YL, Shu XO, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Epplein M. Smoking, Helicobacter Pylori Serology, and Gastric Cancer Risk in Prospective Studies from China, Japan, and Korea. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:667-674. [PMID: 31350279 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is an established risk factor for gastric cancer development. In this study, we aimed to assess prospectively the association of smoking with gastric cancer risk in 1,446 non-cardia gastric cancer cases and 1,796 controls from China, Japan, and Korea with consideration of Helicobacter pylori infection as a potential effect modifier. Applying logistic regression models stratified by study and adjusted for age and sex we found that current, but not former, smoking was significantly associated with gastric cancer risk [OR = 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.65]. However, the association was significant only in H. pylori sero-positive individuals determined by 3 different sero-markers: overall sero-positivity, sero-positivity to the onco-protein CagA, and sero-positivity to the gastric cancer associated sero-marker HP0305 and HP1564. Specifically, a significant interaction was found when stratifying by HP0305/HP1564 (P interaction = 0.01) with a 46% increased risk of gastric cancer among HP0305/HP1564 sero-positive current smokers (95% CI, 1.10-1.93) as opposed to no increased gastric cancer risk among HP0305/HP1564 sero-negative current smokers (OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.65-1.33). We confirmed that current smoking is associated with an increased gastric cancer risk, however, only among individuals that are simultaneously sero-positive for the leading causal factor for gastric cancer, H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Butt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University and Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina. .,Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, Research Program in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthew G Varga
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christian C Abnet
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Sue K Park
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- National Cancer Center of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, Research Program in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, Research Program in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meira Epplein
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University and Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
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17
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Caston RR, Loh JT, Voss BJ, McDonald WH, Scholz MB, McClain MS, Cover TL. Effect of environmental salt concentration on the Helicobacter pylori exoproteome. J Proteomics 2019; 202:103374. [PMID: 31063819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection and a high salt diet are each risk factors for gastric cancer. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that environmental salt concentration influences the composition of the H. pylori exoproteome. H. pylori was cultured in media containing varying concentrations of sodium chloride, and aliquots were fractionated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We identified proteins that were selectively released into the extracellular space, and we identified selectively released proteins that were differentially abundant in culture supernatants, depending on the environmental salt concentration. We also used RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that were differentially expressed in response to environmental salt concentration. The salt-responsive proteins identified by proteomic analysis and salt-responsive genes identified by RNA-seq analysis were mostly non-concordant, but the secreted toxin VacA was salt-responsive in both analyses. Western blot analysis confirmed that VacA levels in the culture supernatant were increased in response to high salt conditions, and quantitative RT-qPCR experiments confirmed that vacA transcription was upregulated in response to high salt conditions. These results indicate that environmental salt concentration influences the composition of the H. pylori exoproteome, which could contribute to the increased risk of gastric cancer associated with a high salt diet. SIGNIFICANCE: Helicobacter pylori-induced alterations in the gastric mucosa have been attributed, at least in part, to the actions of secreted H. pylori proteins. In this study, we show that H. pylori growth in high salt concentrations leads to increased levels of a secreted VacA toxin. Salt-induced alterations in the composition of the H. pylori exoproteome is relevant to the increased risk of gastric cancer associated with consumption of a high salt diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda R Caston
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John T Loh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley J Voss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew B Scholz
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genetics (VANTAGE), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark S McClain
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Molecular interaction between human SUMO-I and histone like DNA binding protein of Helicobacter pylori (Hup) investigated by NMR and other biophysical tools. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:446-456. [PMID: 30439429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The proteins secreted by bacteria contribute to immune mediated gastric inflammation and epithelial damage; thus aid bacterial invasion in host tissue, and may also interact with host proteins, conspirating a mechanism against host-immune system. The Histone-like DNA binding protein is one of the most abundant nucleoid-associated proteins in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The protein -referred here as Hup- is also secreted in vitro by H. pylori, thus it may have its role in disease pathogenesis. This is possible only if Hup interact with some human proteins including Small-Ubiquitin-like-Modifier (SUMO) proteins. Studies have established that SUMO-proteins participate in various innate-immune pathways and thus promote an efficient immune response to combat pathogenic infections. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs) and several positively charged lysine residues on the protein surface of Hup. Additionally, SUMO-proteins epitomize negatively charged surface which confers them the ability to bind to DNA/RNA binding proteins. Based on the presence of SIMs as well as charge complementarity between the proteins, it is legitimate to consider that Hup protein would bind to SUMO-proteins. The present study has been undertaken to establish this interaction for the first time using NMR in combination with ITC and other biophysical techniques.
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19
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Epplein M, Butt J, Zhang Y, Hendrix LH, Abnet CC, Murphy G, Zheng W, Shu XO, Tsugane S, Qiao YL, Taylor PR, Shimazu T, Yoo KY, Park SK, Kim J, Jee SH, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, You WC, Pan KF. Validation of a Blood Biomarker for Identification of Individuals at High Risk for Gastric Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:1472-1479. [PMID: 30158280 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of gastric cancer, yet the majority of infected individuals will not develop neoplasia. Previously, we developed and replicated serologic H. pylori biomarkers for gastric cancer risk among prospective cohorts in East Asia and now seek to validate the performance of these biomarkers in identifying individuals with premalignant lesions. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,402 individuals from Linqu County screened by upper endoscopy. H. pylori protein-specific antibody levels were assessed using multiplex serology. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prevalent intestinal metaplasia, indefinite dysplasia, or dysplasia, compared with superficial or mild atrophic gastritis. RESULTS Compared with individuals seronegative to Omp and HP0305, individuals seropositive to both were seven times more likely to have precancerous lesions (OR, 7.43; 95% CI, 5.59-9.88). A classification model for precancerous lesions that includes age, smoking, and seropositivity to H. pylori, Omp, and HP0305 resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.751 (95% CI, 0.725-0.777), which is significantly better than the same model, including the established gastric cancer risk factor CagA (AUC, 0.718; 95% CI, 0.691-0.746, P difference = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS The present study of prevalent precancerous gastric lesions provides support for two new serum biomarkers of gastric cancer risk, Omp and HP 0305. IMPACT Our results support further research into the serological biomarkers Omp and HP0305 as possible improvements over the established virulence marker CagA for identifying individuals with precancerous lesions in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Butt
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Gwen Murphy
- National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - You-Lin Qiao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Sue K Park
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- National Cancer Center of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Wei-Cheng You
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
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20
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Jaiswal N, Raikwal N, Pandey H, Agarwal N, Arora A, Poluri KM, Kumar D. NMR elucidation of monomer-dimer transition and conformational heterogeneity in histone-like DNA binding protein of Helicobacter pylori. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2018; 56:285-299. [PMID: 29241299 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes under harsh acidic/oxidative stress conditions of human gastrointestinal tract and can survive there for infinitely longer durations of host life. The bacterium expresses several harbinger proteins to facilitate its persistent colonization under such conditions. One such protein in H. pylori is histone-like DNA binding protein (Hup), which in its homo-dimeric form binds to DNA to perform various DNA dependent cellular activities. Further, it also plays an important role in protecting the genomic DNA from oxidative stress and acidic denaturation. Legitimately, if the binding of Hup to DNA is suppressed, it will directly impact on the survival of the bacterium, thus making Hup a potential therapeutic target for developing new anti-H. pylori agents. However, to inhibit the binding of Hup to DNA, it is necessary to gain detailed insights into the molecular and structural basis of Hup-dimerization and its binding mechanism to DNA. As a first step in this direction, we report here the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assignments and structural features of Hup at pH 6.0. The study revealed the occurrence of dynamic equilibrium between its monomer and dimer conformations. The dynamic equilibrium was found to shifting towards dimer both at low temperature and low pH; whereas DNA binding studies evidenced that the protein binds to DNA in its dimeric form. These preliminary investigations correlate very well with the diverse functionality of protein and will form the basis for future studies aiming to develop novel anti-H. pylori agents employing structure-based-rational drug discovery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Jaiswal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, 226014, India
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, IET Campus, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Raikwal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Nipanshu Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology and Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ashish Arora
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology and Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, 226014, India
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Bernardini G, Figura N, Ponzetto A, Marzocchi B, Santucci A. Application of proteomics to the study of Helicobacter pylori and implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:477-490. [PMID: 28513226 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1331739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium and mucous layer of more than half the world's population. H. pylori is a primary human pathogen, responsible for the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. Proteomics is impacting several aspects of medical research: understanding the molecular basis of infection and disease manifestation, identification of therapeutic targets and discovery of clinically relevant biomarkers. Areas covered: The main aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of proteomics to the study of H. pylori infection pathophysiology. In particular, we focused on the role of the bacterium and its most important virulence factor, CagA, in the progression of gastric cells transformation and cancer progression. We also discussed the proteomic approaches aimed at the investigation of the host response to bacterial infection. Expert commentary: In the field of proteomics of H. pylori, comprehensive analysis of clinically relevant proteins (functional proteomics) rather than entire proteomes will result in important medical outcomes. Finally, we provided an outlook on the potential development of proteomics in H. pylori research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bernardini
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Natale Figura
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Antonio Ponzetto
- b Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Barbara Marzocchi
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
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Oghalaie A, Saberi S, Esmaeili M, Ebrahimzadeh F, Barkhordari F, Ghamarian A, Tashakoripoor M, Abdirad A, Eshagh Hosseini M, Khalaj V, Mohammadi M. Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase Expression Is Associated with the Severity of Gastritis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2017; 47:375-380. [PMID: 27370181 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-016-9849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Helicobacter pylori secretory peptidyl prolyl isomerase, HP0175, is progressively identified as a pro-inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic protein, which serves to link H. pylori infection to its more severe clinical outcomes. Here, we have analyzed host HP0175-specific antibody responses in relation to the severity of gastritis. METHODS The HP0175 gene fragment was PCR-amplified, cloned, expressed and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Serum antigen-specific antibody responses of non-ulcer dyspeptic patients (N = 176) against recombinant HP0175 were detected by western blotting. The infection status of these subjects was determined by rapid urease test, culture, histology, and serology. The grade of inflammation and stage of atrophy were scored blindly according to the OLGA staging system. RESULTS The recombinant HP0175 (rHP0175) was expressed as a ~35 kDa protein and its identity was confirmed by western blotting using anti-6X His tag antibody and pooled H. pylori-positive sera. Serum IgG antibodies against rHP0175 segregated our patients into two similar-sized groups of sero-positives (90/176, 51.1 %) and sero-negatives (86/176, 48.9 %). The former presented with higher grades of gastric inflammation (OR = 4.4, 95 % CI = 1.9-9.9, P = 0.001) and stages of gastric atrophy (OR = 18.3, 95 %CI = 1.4-246.6, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION Our findings lend further support to the pro-inflammatory nature of H. pylori peptidyl prolyl isomerase (HP0175) and recommends this antigen as a non-invasive serum biomarker of the severity of H. pylori-associated gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Oghalaie
- HPGC Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Samaneh Saberi
- HPGC Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- HPGC Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ebrahimzadeh
- HPGC Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Barkhordari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Ghamarian
- Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tashakoripoor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1145765111, Iran
| | - Afshin Abdirad
- Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 141979733141, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Eshagh Hosseini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1145765111, Iran
| | - Vahid Khalaj
- Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Marjan Mohammadi
- HPGC Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
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23
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Tavares R, Pathak SK. Helicobacter pylori Secreted Protein HP1286 Triggers Apoptosis in Macrophages via TNF-Independent and ERK MAPK-Dependent Pathways. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:58. [PMID: 28293545 PMCID: PMC5329642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages constitute a powerful line of defense against H. pylori. The final disease outcome is highly dependent on the bacterial ability to modulate the effector functions of activated macrophages. Here, we report that H. pylori secreted protein HP1286 is a novel regulator of macrophage responses. Differential expression and release of HP1286 homologues were observed among H. pylori strains. Recombinant purified HP1286 (rHP1286) had the ability to bind to primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and macrophage cell lines. Exposure to rHP1286 induced apoptosis in macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Although interaction of rHP1286 was observed for several other cell types, such as human monocytes, differentiated neutrophil-like HL60 cells, and the T lymphocyte Jurkat cell line, rHP1286 failed to induce apoptosis under similar conditions, indicating a macrophage-specific effect of the protein. A mutant strain of H. pylori lacking HP1286 protein expression was significantly impaired in its ability to induce apoptosis in macrophages. Significantly higher caspase 3 activity was detected in rHP1286-challenged macrophages. Furthermore, rHP1286-induced macrophages apoptosis was not inhibited in the presence of neutralizing antibodies against TNF. These observations indicate that rHP1286 induced a caspase-dependent and TNF-independent macrophage apoptosis. Pre-treatment of macrophages with U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK MAPK signaling pathway significantly reduced rHP1286-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, nuclear translocation of ERK and phosphorylation of c-Fos was detected in rHP1286-treated macrophages. These results provide functional insight into the potential role of HP1286 during H. pylori infection. Considering the ability of HP1286 to induce macrophage apoptosis, the protein could possibly help in the bacterial escape from the activated macrophages and persistence in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Tavares
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sushil Kumar Pathak
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Devi S, Ansari SA, Tenguria S, Kumar N, Ahmed N. Multipronged regulatory functions of a novel endonuclease (TieA) from Helicobacter pylori. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9393-9412. [PMID: 27550181 PMCID: PMC5100599 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori portrays a classical paradigm of persistent bacterial infections. A well balanced homeostasis of bacterial effector functions and host responses is purported to be the key in achieving long term colonization in specific hosts. H. pylori nucleases have been shown to assist in natural transformation, but their role in virulence and colonization remains elusive. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the involvement of these nucleases in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. Here, we report the multifaceted role of a TNFR-1 interacting endonuclease A (TieA) from H. pylori. tieA expression is differentially regulated in response to environmental stress and post adherence to gastric epithelial cells. Studies with isogenic knockouts of tieA revealed it to be a secretory protein which translocates into the host gastric epithelial cells independent of a type IV secretion system, gets phosphorylated by DNA-PK kinase and auto-phosphorylates as serine kinase. Furthermore, TieA binds to and cleaves DNA in a non-specific manner and promotes Fas mediated apoptosis in AGS cells. Additionally, TieA induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion via activation of transcription factor AP-1 and signaled through MAP kinase pathway. Collectively, TieA with its multipronged and moonlighting functions could facilitate H. pylori in maintaining a balance of bacterial adaptation, and elimination by the host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Devi
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Suhail A Ansari
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shivendra Tenguria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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25
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Sim DW, Kim JH, Kim HY, Jang JH, Lee WC, Kim EH, Park PJ, Lee KH, Won HS. Structural identification of the lipopolysaccharide-binding capability of a cupin-family protein from Helicobacter pylori. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2997-3004. [PMID: 27466800 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We solved the crystal structure of a functionally uncharacterized protein, HP0902, from Helicobacter pylori. Its structure demonstrated an all-β cupin fold that cannot bind metal ions due to the absence of a metal-binding histidine that is conserved in many metallo-cupins. In contrast, isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR titration demonstrated that HP0902 is able to bind bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS) through its surface-exposed loops, where metal-binding sites are usually found in other metallo-cupins. This report constitutes the first identification of an LPS-interacting protein, both in the cupin family and in H. pylori. Furthermore, identification of the ability of HP0902 to bind LPS uncovers a putative role for this protein in H. pylori pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Won Sim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS) and College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS) and College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Protein Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS) and College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Woo Cheol Lee
- Protein Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, Korea.,Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Protein Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS) and College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS) and College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS) and College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungbuk, Korea
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26
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Freire MO, Devaraj A, Young A, Navarro JB, Downey JS, Chen C, Bakaletz LO, Zadeh HH, Goodman SD. A bacterial-biofilm-induced oral osteolytic infection can be successfully treated by immuno-targeting an extracellular nucleoid-associated protein. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:74-88. [PMID: 26931773 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease exemplifies a chronic and recurrent infection with a necessary biofilm component. Mucosal inflammation is a hallmark response of the host seen in chronic diseases, such as colitis, gingivitis, and periodontitis (and the related disorder peri-implantitis). We have taken advantage of our recently developed rat model of human peri-implantitis that recapitulates osteolysis, the requirement of biofilm formation, and the perpetuation of the bona fide disease state, to test a new therapeutic modality with two novel components. First we used hyperimmune antiserum directed against the DNABII family of proteins, now known to be a critical component of the extracellular matrix of bacterial biofilms. Second we delivered the antiserum as cargo in biodegradable microspheres to the site of the biofilm infection. We demonstrated that delivery of a single dose of anti-DNABII in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres induced significant resolution of experimental peri-implantitis, including marked reduction of inflammation. These data support the continued development of a DNABII protein-targeted therapeutic for peri-implantitis and other chronic inflammatory pathologies of the oral cavity in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Freire
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Devaraj
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A Young
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J B Navarro
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J S Downey
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H H Zadeh
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Tissue Engineering (LITE), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Humbert MV, Almonacid Mendoza HL, Jackson AC, Hung MC, Bielecka MK, Heckels JE, Christodoulides M. Vaccine potential of bacterial macrophage infectivity potentiator (MIP)-like peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) proteins. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1633-49. [PMID: 26468663 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1095638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are a superfamily of proteins ubiquitously distributed among living organisms, which function primarily to assist the folding and structuring of unfolded and partially folded polypeptide chains and proteins. In this review, we focus specifically on the Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator (MIP)-like PPIases, which are members of the immunophilin family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBP). MIP-like PPIases have accessory roles in virulence and are candidates for inclusion in vaccines protective against both animal and human bacterial pathogens. A structural vaccinology approach obviates any issues over molecular mimicry and potential cross-reactivity with human FKBP proteins and studies with a representative antigen, the Neisseria meningitidis-MIP, support this strategy. Moreover, a dual approach of vaccination and drug targeting could be considered for controlling bacterial infectious diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Humbert
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Hannia L Almonacid Mendoza
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Alexandra C Jackson
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Miao-Chiu Hung
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Magdalena K Bielecka
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - John E Heckels
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
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28
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Growth phase-dependent composition of the Helicobacter pylori exoproteome. J Proteomics 2015; 130:94-107. [PMID: 26363098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach and is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease. Analysis of H. pylori protein secretion is complicated by the occurrence of bacterial autolysis. In this study, we analyzed the exoproteome of H. pylori at multiple phases of bacterial growth and identified 74 proteins that are selectively released into the extracellular space. These include proteins known to cause alterations in host cells, antigenic proteins, and additional proteins that have not yet been studied in any detail. The composition of the H. pylori exoproteome is dependent on the phase of bacterial growth. For example, the proportional abundance of the vacuolating toxin VacA in culture supernatant is higher during late growth phases than early growth phases, whereas the proportional abundance of many other proteins is higher during early growth phases. We detected marked variation in the subcellular localization of putative secreted proteins within soluble and membrane fractions derived from intact bacteria. By providing a comprehensive view of the H. pylori exoproteome, these results provide new insights into the array of secreted H. pylori proteins that may cause alterations in the gastric environment.
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29
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Tavares R, Pathak SK. Helicobacter pylori protein JHP0290 exhibits proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects in gastric epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124407. [PMID: 25879227 PMCID: PMC4400171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric epithelial cell proliferation, apoptosis and signaling pathways contributes to the development of infection-associated diseases. Here we report that JHP0290, which is a poorly functionally characterized protein from H. pylori, regulates multiple responses in human gastric epithelial cells. The differential expression and release of JHP0290 homologues was observed among H. pylori strains. JHP0290 existed in monomeric and dimeric forms in H. pylori cell extracts and culture broth. Recombinant purified JHP0290 (rJHP0290) also showed monomeric and dimeric forms, whereas the rJHP0290 C162A mutant exhibited only a monomeric form. The dimeric form of the protein was found to bind more efficiently to gastric epithelial cells than the monomeric form. The exposure of gastric epithelial cells to rJHP0290 induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Faster progression into the cell cycle was observed in rJHP0290-challenged gastric epithelial cells. Furthermore, we detected an anti-apoptotic effect of rJHP0290 in gastric epithelial cells when the cells were treated with rJHP0290 in combination with Camptothecin (CPT), which is an inducer of apoptosis. CPT-induced caspase 3 activation was significantly reduced in the presence of rJHP0290. In addition, the activation of ERK MAPK and the transcription factor NFκB was observed in rJHP0290-challenged gastric epithelial cells lines. Our results suggest that JHP0290 may affect H. pylori-induced gastric diseases via the regulation of gastric epithelial cell proliferation and anti-apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Tavares
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sushil Kumar Pathak
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (SKP)
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30
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Microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:544-71. [PMID: 25184565 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
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31
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Lester J, Kichler S, Oickle B, Fairweather S, Oberc A, Chahal J, Ratnayake D, Creuzenet C. Characterization ofHelicobacter pylori HP0231 (DsbK): role in disulfide bond formation, redox homeostasis and production ofHelicobactercystein-rich protein HcpE. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:110-33. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Lester
- Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; London N6A5C1 Canada
| | - Sari Kichler
- Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; London N6A5C1 Canada
| | - Brandon Oickle
- Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; London N6A5C1 Canada
| | | | - Alexander Oberc
- Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; London N6A5C1 Canada
| | - Jaspreet Chahal
- Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; London N6A5C1 Canada
| | - Dinath Ratnayake
- Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; London N6A5C1 Canada
| | - Carole Creuzenet
- Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; London N6A5C1 Canada
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32
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Almarza O, Núñez D, Toledo H. The DNA-binding protein HU has a regulatory role in the acid stress response mechanism in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2015; 20:29-40. [PMID: 25256909 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial genomes are compacted by association with histone-like proteins to form a complex known as bacterial chromatin. The histone-like protein HU is capable of binding and bending the DNA molecule, a function related to compaction, protection, and regulation of gene expression. In Helicobacter pylori, HU is the only histone-like protein described so far. Proteomic analysis from our laboratory showed that this protein is overexpressed under acidic stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a purified recombinant wild-type protein and two mutant proteins with the amino acid substitutions K3A/S27D and K62R/V63N/P64A to characterize the function of the N-terminal domain and the flexible arm of HU. RESULTS In vitro assays for DNA protection, bending, and compaction were performed. We also designed a H. pylori hup::cat mutant strain to study the role of HU in the acid stress response. HUwt protein binds DNA and promotes its bending and compaction. Compared with the wild-type protein, both mutant proteins have less affinity for DNA and an impaired bending and compaction ability. By using qRT-PCR, we confirmed overexpression of two genes related to acid stress response (ureA and speA). Such overexpression was abolished in the hup::cat strain, which shows an acid-sensitive phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we have shown that HUwt -DNA complex formation is favored under acidic pH and that the complex protects DNA from endonucleolytic cleavage and oxidative stress damage. We also showed that the amino-terminal domain of HU is relevant to DNA-protein complex formation and that the flexible arm of HU is involved in the bending and compaction activities of HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Almarza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Avda. Independencia, 1027, Santiago, Chile
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33
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Ron M, Gorelick-Ashkenazi A, Levisohn S, Nir-Paz R, Geary SJ, Tulman E, Lysnyansky I, Yogev D. Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo induced antigens expressed during infection in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:265-74. [PMID: 25575879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Until now only a few genes encoding virulence factors have been characterized in the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In order to identify candidate targets associated with infection we applied an immunoscreening technique-in vivo induced antigen technology (IVIAT)-to detect immunogens of M. gallisepticum strain Rlow expressed preferentially during in vivo infection. We identified 13 in vivo-induced (IVI) proteins that correspond to different functional categories including: previously reported putative virulence factors (GapA, PlpA, Hlp3, VlhA 1.07 and VlhA 4.01), transport (PotE, MGA_0241 and 0654), translation (L2, L23, ValS), chaperone (GroEL) and a protein with unknown function (MGA_0042). To validate the in vivo antigenic reactivity, 10 IVI proteins were tested by Western blot analysis using serum samples collected from chickens experimentally (with strain Rlow) and naturally (outbreaks, N=3) infected with M. gallisepticum. All IVI proteins tested were immunogenic. To corroborate these results, we tested expression of IVI genes in chickens experimentally infected with M. gallisepticum Rlow, and in MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts cell culture by using relative real time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). With the exception of MGA_0338, all six genes tested (MGA_1199, 0042, 0654, 0712, 0928 and 0241) were upregulated at least at one time point during experimental infection (2-4 week post-infection). In contrast, the expression of seven out of eight IVI genes (MGA_1199, 0152, 0338, 0042, 0654, 0712, 0928) were downregulated in MRC-5 cell culture at both 2 and 4h PI; MGA_0241 was upregulated 2h PI. Our data suggest that the identified IVI antigens may have important roles in the pathogenesis of M. gallisepticum infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Ron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Anna Gorelick-Ashkenazi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sharon Levisohn
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Steven J Geary
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and the Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Edan Tulman
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and the Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - David Yogev
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Wu H, Nakano T, Matsuzaki Y, Ooi Y, Kohno T, Ishihara S, Sano K. A new type of intrabacterial nanotransportation system for VacA in Helicobacter pylori. Med Mol Morphol 2014; 47:224-32. [PMID: 24420644 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-013-0068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori possesses intrabacterial nanotransportation systems (ibNoTSs) for CagA and urease. Both systems are UreI-dependent and urea-independent, and activated by extrabacterial acid. The activation occurs/appears within 15 min after exposure to extrabacterial acid stimulation. Although it has been clarified that VacA is secreted via the type-V secretion machinery, it remains unclear how this toxin is transported toward the machinery. To clarify the intrabacterial nanotransportation system for H. pylori VacA, immunoelectron microscopic analysis was performed in this study. VacA shifted to the periphery of the bacterial cytoplasm at 30 min after the extracellular pH change, whereas CagA and urease did so within 15 min. Studies using an ureI-deletion mutant revealed that unlike CagA and urease transport, VacA transport was not UreI-dependent. VacA secretion was accelerated without an increase in the production of VacA 30 min after the exposure to extrabacterial acid. These findings indicated that H. pylori possesses a novel type of ibNoTS for VacA, which is different from that for CagA or urease, in response time and dependency of UreI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan,
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Pathak SK, Tavares R, de Klerk N, Spetz AL, Jonsson AB. Helicobacter pylori protein JHP0290 binds to multiple cell types and induces macrophage apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent and independent pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77872. [PMID: 24223737 PMCID: PMC3815203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages at the sub-mucosal space play a major role in generating innate immune responses during H. pylori infection. Final disease outcome largely depends on how H. pylori and bacterium-derived products modulate macrophage responses. Here, we report that JHP0290, a functionally unknown protein from H. pylori, regulates macrophage functions. Recombinant purified JHP0290 (rJHP0290) had the ability to bind to several cell types including macrophages, human gastric epithelial cell lines, human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) and human neutrophils. Exposure to rJHP0290 induced apoptosis in macrophages concurrent with release of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). A mutant strain of H. pylori disrupted in the jhp0290 gene was significantly impaired in its ability to induce apoptosis and TNF in macrophages confirming the role of endogenous protein in regulating macrophage responses. Intracellular signaling involving Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) and ERK MAPK were required for rJHP0290-induced TNF release and apoptosis in macrophages. Furthermore, rJHP0290-induced TNF release was partly dependent on activation of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB). Neutralizing antibodies against TNF partially blocked rJHP0290-induced macrophage apoptosis indicating TNF-independent pathways were also involved. These results provide mechanistic insight into the potential role of the protein JHP0290 during H. pylori-associated disease development. By virtue of its ability to induce TNF, an acid suppressive proinflammatory cytokine and induction of macrophage apoptosis, JHP0290 possibly helps in persistent survival of the bacterium inside the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar Pathak
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raquel Tavares
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nele de Klerk
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Beth Jonsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kundu M. Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl cis, trans Isomerase: A Modulator of the Host Immune Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6787-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nur A, Hirota K, Yumoto H, Hirao K, Liu D, Takahashi K, Murakami K, Matsuo T, Shu R, Miyake Y. Effects of extracellular DNA and DNA-binding protein on the development of a Streptococcus intermedius biofilm. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:260-70. [PMID: 23551549 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of homologous and heterologous extracellular DNAs (eDNAs) and histone-like DNA-binding protein (HLP) on Streptococcus intermedius biofilm development and rigidity. METHODS AND RESULTS Formed biofilm mass was measured with 0·1% crystal violet staining method and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The localizations of eDNA and extracellular HLP (eHLP) in formed biofilm were detected by staining with 7-hydoxyl-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one) and anti-HLP antibody without fixation, respectively. DNase I treatment (200 U ml(-1)) markedly decreased biofilm formation and cell density in biofilms. Colocalization of eHLP and eDNA in biofilm was confirmed. The addition of eDNA (up to 1 μg ml(-1)) purified from Strep. intermedius, other Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, or human KB cells into the Strep. intermedius culture increased the biofilm mass of all tested strains of Strep. intermedius, wild-type, HLP-downregulated strain and control strains. In contrast, the addition of eDNA (>1 μg ml(-1)) decreased the biofilm mass of all Strep. intermedius strains. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that eDNA and eHLP play crucial roles in biofilm development and its rigidity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY eDNA- and HLP-targeting strategies may be applicable to novel treatments for bacterial biofilm-related infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nur
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Tibrewal N, Pahari P, Wang G, Kharel MK, Morris C, Downey T, Hou Y, Bugni TS, Rohr J. Baeyer-Villiger C-C bond cleavage reaction in gilvocarcin and jadomycin biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18181-4. [PMID: 23102024 DOI: 10.1021/ja3081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GilOII has been unambiguously identified as the key enzyme performing the crucial C-C bond cleavage reaction responsible for the unique rearrangement of a benz[a]anthracene skeleton to the benzo[d]naphthopyranone backbone typical of the gilvocarcin-type natural anticancer antibiotics. Further investigations of this enzyme led to the isolation of a hydroxyoxepinone intermediate, leading to important conclusions regarding the cleavage mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Tibrewal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Justice SS, Li B, Downey JS, Dabdoub SM, Brockson ME, Probst GD, Ray WC, Goodman SD. Aberrant community architecture and attenuated persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the absence of individual IHF subunits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48349. [PMID: 23133584 PMCID: PMC3485042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) utilizes a complex community-based developmental pathway for growth within superficial epithelial cells of the bladder during cystitis. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is a common matrix component of organized bacterial communities. Integration host factor (IHF) is a heterodimeric protein that binds to double-stranded DNA and produces a hairpin bend. IHF-dependent DNA architectural changes act both intrabacterially and extrabacterially to regulate gene expression and community stability, respectively. We demonstrate that both IHF subunits are required for efficient colonization of the bladder, but are dispensable for early colonization of the kidney. The community architecture of the intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) is quantitatively different in the absence of either IhfA or IhfB in the murine model for human urinary tract infection (UTI). Restoration of Type 1 pili by ectopic production does not restore colonization in the absence of IhfA, but partially compensates in the absence of IhfB. Furthermore, we describe a binding site for IHF that is upstream of the operon that encodes for the P-pilus. Taken together, these data suggest that both IHF and its constituent subunits (independent of the heterodimer), are able to participate in multiple aspects of the UPEC pathogenic lifestyle, and may have utility as a target for treatment of bacterial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl S. Justice
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Urology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SDG)
| | - Birong Li
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Downey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shareef M. Dabdoub
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - M. Elizabeth Brockson
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - G. Duane Probst
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William C. Ray
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Goodman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SDG)
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40
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Chen MY, Gong YH, Yuan Y. Differential distribution of the PPIase gene in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with different gastric diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:155-159. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the distribution of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) gene in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains isolated from patients with different gastric diseases.
METHODS: Biopsy specimens were taken from the gastric mucosa of patients with superficial gastritis (GS), atrophic gastritis (GA) or gastric cancer (GC) and used to isolate a total of 64 H. pylori strains. The distribution of the PPIase gene in these strains was analyzed by PCR.
RESULTS: The GA group had the highest distribution frequency (94.4%) of the PPIase gene, which was significantly higher than those in the GS (57.7%) and GC (65.0%) groups (P = 0.014, 0.045). Although the frequency of the PPIase gene was higher in the GC group than in the GS group, there was no statistical difference between them (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: H. pylori strains isolated from patients with AG carried a higher frequency of the PPIase gene.
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Sim DW, Song JH, Lee WC, Lee YS, Kim HY, Won HS. Crystallization and X-ray data collection of HP0902 from Helicobacter pylori 26695. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1619-22. [PMID: 22139181 PMCID: PMC3232154 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111039315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
HP0902 from Helicobacter pylori 26695 belongs to the cupin superfamily of proteins, which encompasses proteins with a great diversity in function. In this work, two types of recombinant HP0902 protein were crystallized: one with an N-terminal His(6) tag ((H6)HP0902) and the other with a C-terminal His(6) tag (HP0902(H6)). The (H6)HP0902 crystal diffracted to 1.40 Å resolution and belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 33.5, b = 78.6, c = 41.4 Å. The HP0902(H6) crystal belonged to space group P4(3)2(1)2 or P4(1)2(1)2 and diffracted to 2.5 Å resolution, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 50.4, c = 142.0 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Won Sim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Song
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Cheol Lee
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sup Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Republic of Korea
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42
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Yoon JY, Kim J, Lee SJ, Kim HS, Im HN, Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Kim SJ, Han BW, Suh SW. Structural and functional characterization of Helicobacter pylori DsbG. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3862-7. [PMID: 22062156 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dsb proteins play important roles in bacterial pathogenicity. To better understand the role of Dsb proteins in Helicobacter pylori, we have structurally and functionally characterized H. pylori DsbG (HP0231). The monomer consists of two domains connected by a helical linker. Two monomers associate to form a V-shaped dimer. The monomeric and dimeric structures of H. pylori DsbG show significant differences compared to Escherichia coli DsbG. Two polyethylene glycol molecules are bound in the cleft of the V-shaped dimer, suggesting a possible role as a chaperone. Furthermore, we show that H. pylori DsbG functions as a reductase against HP0518, a putative L,D-transpeptidase with a catalytic cysteine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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43
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Goodman SD, Obergfell KP, Jurcisek JA, Novotny LA, Downey JS, Ayala EA, Tjokro N, Li B, Justice SS, Bakaletz LO. Biofilms can be dispersed by focusing the immune system on a common family of bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:625-37. [PMID: 21716265 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that cause chronic and/or recurrent diseases often rely on a biofilm lifestyle. The foundation of the biofilm structure is the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that acts as a barrier to both effectors of the immune system and antimicrobial agents. Recent work has highlighted extracellular DNA (eDNA) as a key component common to many pathogenic biofilms. Here, we show that the DNABII family of proteins, well known for their strong structural influences on intracellular DNA, was also critical for the integrity of the EPS matrix of biofilms that contain eDNA. In fact, antisera derived against a purified Escherichia coli DNABII family member rapidly disrupts the biofilm EPS formed by multiple human pathogens in vitro. In addition, when a member of this family of proteins was used as an immunogen in an animal model in which the bacteria had already formed a robust biofilm at the site of infection, the resultant targeted immune response strongly ameliorated this biofilm disease in vivo. Finally, this methodology to debulk the biofilm of EPS was shown to work synergistically with otherwise ineffective traditional anti-microbial approaches in vitro. We discuss the prospects for targeting DNABII family members as a potential universal strategy for treating biofilm diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Goodman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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44
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Cash P. Investigating pathogen biology at the level of the proteome. Proteomics 2011; 11:3190-202. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Qu W, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Fang M, Yu H, Li W, Liu Z, Zeng J, Chen C, Gao C, Jia J. Identification of S-nitrosylation of proteins of Helicobacter pylori in response to nitric oxide stress. J Microbiol 2011; 49:251-6. [PMID: 21538246 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses are activated in humans when Helicobacter pylori invades the gastric mucosa. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species are important immune effectors, which can exert their functions through oxidation and S-nitrosylation of proteins. S-nitrosoglutathione and sodium nitroprus-side were used as NO donors and H. pylori cells were incubated with these compounds to analyze the inhibitory effect of NO. The suppressing effect of NO on H. pylori has been shown in vitro. Furthermore, the proteins modified by S-nitrosylation in H. pylori were identified through the biotin switch method in association with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS). Five S-nitrosylated proteins identified were a chaperone and heat-shock protein (GroEL), alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (TsaA), urease alpha subunit (UreA), HP0721, and HP0129. Importantly, S-nitrosylation of TsaA and UreA were confirmed using purified recombinant proteins. Considering the importance of these enzymes in antioxidant defenses, adherence, and colonization, NO may exert its antibacterial actions by targeting enzymes through S-nitrosylation. Identification of protein S-nitrosylation may contribute to an understanding of the antibacterial actions of NO. Our findings provide an insight into potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic agents against H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P R China
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46
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Cioci G, Terradot L, Dian C, Mueller-Dieckmann C, Leonard G. Crystal structure of HP0721, a novel secreted protein from Helicobacter pylori. Proteins 2011; 79:1678-81. [PMID: 21365686 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cioci
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
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47
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Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Hashim OH, Vadivelu J. Identification of immunoreactive secretory proteins from the stationary phase culture of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:310-20. [PMID: 21254130 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial secreted proteins are known to be involved in virulence and may mediate important host-pathogen interactions. In this study, when the stationary phase culture supernatant of Burkholderia pseudomallei was subjected to 2-DE, 113 protein spots were detected. Fifty-four of the secreted proteins, which included metabolic enzymes, transcription/translation regulators, potential virulence factors, chaperones, transport regulators, and hypothetical proteins, were identified using MS and database search. Twelve of these proteins were apparently reactive to antisera of mice that were immunised with B. pseudomallei secreted proteins. These proteins might be excellent candidates to be used as diagnostic markers or putative candidate vaccines against B. pseudomallei infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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48
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Sisinni L, Cendron L, Favaro G, Zanotti G. Helicobacter pylori acidic stress response factor HP1286 is a YceI homolog with new binding specificity. FEBS J 2010; 277:1896-905. [PMID: 20236316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HP1286 from Helicobacter pylori is among the proteins that play a relevant role in bacterial colonization and persistence in the stomach. Indeed, it was demonstrated to be overexpressed under acidic stress conditions, together with other essential virulence factors. Here we describe its crystal structure, determined at 2.1 A resolution. The molecular model, a dimer characterized by two-fold symmetry, shows that HP1286 structurally belongs to the YceI-like protein family, which in turn is characterized by the lipocalin fold. The latter characterizes proteins possessing an internal cavity with the function of binding and/or transport of amphiphilic molecules. Surprisingly, a molecule of erucamide was found bound in the internal cavity of each monomer of recombinant HP1286, cloned and expressed in an Escherichia coli heterologous system. The shape and length of the cavity indicate that, at variance with other members of the family, HP-YceI has a binding specificity for amphiphilic compounds with a linear chain of about 22 carbon atoms. These features, along with the fact that the protein is secreted by the bacterium and is involved in adaptation to an acidic environment, suggest that its function could be that of sequestering specific fatty acids or amides from the environment, either to supply the bacterium with the fatty acids necessary for its metabolism, or to protect and detoxify it from the detergent-like antimicrobial activity of fatty acids that are eventually present in the external milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Sisinni
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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49
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Sim DW, Ahn HC, Won HS. Backbone NMR assignments of a putative secretory protein from Helicobacter pylori, using a high-field (900 MHz) NMR. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2009.13.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Duckworth MJ, Okoli AS, Mendz GL. Novel Helicobacter pylori therapeutic targets: the unusual suspects. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:835-67. [PMID: 19735225 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the current status of the discovery and development of anti-Helicobacter therapies requires an overview of the searches for therapeutic targets performed to date. A summary is given of the very substantial body of work conducted in the quest to find Helicobacter pylori genes that could be suitable candidates for therapeutic intervention. The products of most of these genes perform metabolic functions, and others have roles in growth, cell motility and colonization. The genes identified as potential targets have been organized into three categories according to their degree of characterization. A short description and evaluation is provided of the main candidates in each category. Investigations of potential therapeutic targets have generated a wealth of information about the physiology and genetics of H. pylori, and its interactions with the host, but have yielded little by way of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Duckworth
- School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 160 Oxford Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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