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Zheng X, Jin G. Progress in research and development of preventive vaccines for children in China. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1414177. [PMID: 39022216 PMCID: PMC11251920 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1414177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The infant and child stage is an important stage for the continuation and development of human society. The initial years of life have a lasting impact on a child's future. Children under the age of 5 have an immature immune system, especially infants and young children under 6 months of age. At this stage, the population has a low immunity to pathogen infections, making them vulnerable to bacteria and viruses. Vaccination can enhance the immunity of infants and children to specific diseases, reduce the transmission rate of infectious diseases, and promote the development of global public health. This article summarizes the current application status of Rotavirus (RV) vaccine, Hand-foot -mouth disease (HFMD) vaccine, and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) in China, as well as the research progress of clinical trial vaccine, laying a foundation for subsequent vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ge Jin
- Production Management Department, Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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2
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Golden AR, Griffith A, Simons BC, Reasonover A, Slotved HC, Lefebvre B, Kristinsson KG, Hurteau D, Tyrrell GJ, Bruce MG, Martin I. International circumpolar surveillance: update on the interlaboratory quality control program for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2009 to 2020. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0424523. [PMID: 38651880 PMCID: PMC11237448 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04245-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) program is a population-based surveillance network for invasive bacterial diseases throughout Arctic countries and territories. The ICS quality control program for Streptococcus pneumoniae serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing has been ongoing since 1999. Current participating laboratories include the Provincial Laboratory for Public Health in Edmonton, Alberta; Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec; the Centers for Disease Control's Arctic Investigations Program in Anchorage, Alaska; the Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory at Statens Serum Institut in Copenhagen, Denmark; the Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali in Reykjavik, Iceland; and Public Health Agency of Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba. From 2009 to 2020, 140 isolates of S. pneumoniae were distributed among the six laboratories as part of the quality control program. Overall serotype concordance was 96.9%, with 99.3% concordance to pool level. All participating laboratories had individual concordance rates >92% for serotype and >97% for pool. Overall concordance by modal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for testing done by broth microdilution or Etest was 99.1%, and >98% for all antimicrobials tested. Categorical concordance was >98% by both CLSI and EUCAST criteria. For two laboratories performing disc diffusion, rates of concordance by modal MIC were >97% for most antimicrobials, except chloramphenicol (>93%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (>88%). Data collected from 12 years of the ICS quality control program for S. pneumoniae demonstrate excellent (≥95%) overall concordance for serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results across six laboratories. IMPORTANCE Arctic populations experience several social and physical challenges that lead to the increased spread and incidence of invasive diseases. The International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) program was developed to monitor five invasive bacterial diseases in Arctic countries and territories. Each ICS organism has a corresponding interlaboratory quality control (QC) program for laboratory-based typing, to ensure the technical precision and accuracy of reference testing services for these regions, and identify and correct potential problems. Here, we describe the results of the ICS Streptococcus pneumoniae QC program, from 2009 to 2020. Excellent overall concordance was achieved for serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results across six laboratories. Ongoing participation in these QC programs ensures the continuation of quality surveillance systems within Arctic populations that experience health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Golden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Averil Griffith
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brenna C. Simons
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Alisa Reasonover
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Hans-Christian Slotved
- Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Karl G. Kristinsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali – the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Donna Hurteau
- Alberta Precision Laboratory – Public Health Laboratory and Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Tyrrell
- Alberta Precision Laboratory – Public Health Laboratory and Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael G. Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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3
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Joyce LR, Kim S, Spencer BL, Christensen PM, Palmer KL, Guan Z, Siegenthaler JA, Doran KS. Streptococcus agalactiae glycolipids promote virulence by thwarting immune cell clearance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn7848. [PMID: 38809989 PMCID: PMC11135403 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae [group B Streptococcus (GBS)] is a leading cause of neonatal meningitis, with late-onset disease (LOD) occurring after gastrointestinal tract colonization in infants. Bacterial membrane lipids are essential for host-pathogen interactions, and the functions of glycolipids are yet to be fully elucidated. GBS synthesizes three major glycolipids: glucosyl-diacylglycerol (Glc-DAG), diglucosyl-DAG (Glc2-DAG), and lysyl-Glc-DAG (Lys-Glc-DAG). Here, we identify the enzyme, IagB, as responsible for biosynthesis of Glc-DAG, the precursor for the two other glycolipids in GBS. To examine the collective role of glycolipids to GBS virulence, we adapted a murine model of neonatal meningitis to simulate LOD. The GBS∆iagB mutant traversed the gut-epithelial barrier comparable to wild type but was severely attenuated in bloodstream survival, resulting in decreased bacterial loads in the brain. The GBS∆iagB mutant was more susceptible to neutrophil killing and membrane targeting by host antimicrobial peptides. This work reveals an unexplored function of GBS glycolipids with their ability to protect the bacterial cell from host antimicrobial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Joyce
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sol Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brady L. Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Priya M. Christensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Kelli L. Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julie A. Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Johnson CN, Wilde S, Tuomanen E, Rosch JW. Convergent impact of vaccination and antibiotic pressures on pneumococcal populations. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:195-206. [PMID: 38052216 PMCID: PMC10938186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a remarkably adaptable and successful human pathogen, playing dual roles of both asymptomatic carriage in the nasopharynx and invasive disease including pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Efficacious vaccines and effective antibiotic therapies are critical to mitigating morbidity and mortality. However, clinical interventions can be rapidly circumvented by the pneumococcus by its inherent proclivity for genetic exchange. This leads to an underappreciated interplay between vaccine and antibiotic pressures on pneumococcal populations. Circulating populations have undergone dramatic shifts due to the introduction of capsule-based vaccines of increasing valency imparting strong selective pressures. These alterations in population structure have concurrent consequences on the frequency of antibiotic resistance profiles in the population. This review will discuss the interactions of these two selective forces. Understanding and forecasting the drivers of antibiotic resistance and capsule switching are of critical importance for public health, particularly for such a genetically promiscuous pathogen as S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney N Johnson
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shyra Wilde
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elaine Tuomanen
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Manna S, Werren JP, Ortika BD, Bellich B, Pell CL, Nikolaou E, Gjuroski I, Lo S, Hinds J, Tundev O, Dunne EM, Gessner BD, Bentley SD, Russell FM, Mulholland EK, Mungun T, von Mollendorf C, Licciardi PV, Cescutti P, Ravenscroft N, Hilty M, Satzke C. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 33G: genetic, serological, and structural analysis of a new capsule type. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0357923. [PMID: 38059623 PMCID: PMC10782959 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03579-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a bacterial pathogen with the greatest burden of disease in Asia and Africa. The pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide has biological relevance as a major virulence factor as well as public health importance as it is the target for currently licensed vaccines. These vaccines have limited valency, covering up to 23 of the >100 known capsular types (serotypes) with higher valency vaccines in development. Here, we have characterized a new pneumococcal serotype, which we have named 33G. We detected serotype 33G in nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 20) from children and adults hospitalized with pneumonia, as well as healthy children in Mongolia. We show that the genetic, serological, and biochemical properties of 33G differ from existing serotypes, satisfying the criteria to be designated as a new serotype. Future studies should focus on the geographical distribution of 33G and any changes in prevalence following vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Manna
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joel P. Werren
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Belinda D. Ortika
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Barbara Bellich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Casey L. Pell
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elissavet Nikolaou
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ilche Gjuroski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Lo
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Hinds
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- BUGS Bioscience, London Bioscience Innovation Center, London, United Kingdom
| | - Odgerel Tundev
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Russell
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E. Kim Mulholland
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tuya Mungun
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Claire von Mollendorf
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul V. Licciardi
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Markus Hilty
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Henares D, Lo SW, Perez-Argüello A, Redin A, Ciruela P, Garcia-Garcia JJ, Brotons P, Yuste J, Sá-Leão R, Muñoz-Almagro C. Comparison of next generation technologies and bioinformatics pipelines for capsular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0074123. [PMID: 38092657 PMCID: PMC10729682 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00741-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based approaches for pneumococcal capsular typing have become an alternative to serological methods. In silico serotyping from WGS has not yet been applied to long-read sequences produced by third-generation technologies. The objective of the study was to determine the capsular types of pneumococci causing invasive disease in Catalonia (Spain) using serological typing and WGS and to compare the performance of different bioinformatics pipelines using short- and long-read data from WGS. All invasive pneumococcal pediatric isolates collected in Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (Barcelona) from 2013 to 2019 were included. Isolates were assigned a capsular type by serological testing based on anticapsular antisera and by different WGS-based pipelines: Illumina sequencing followed by serotyping with PneumoCaT, SeroBA, and Pathogenwatch vs MinION-ONT sequencing coupled with serotyping by Pathogenwatch from pneumococcal assembled genomes. A total of 119 out of 121 pneumococcal isolates were available for sequencing. Twenty-nine different serotypes were identified by serological typing, with 24F (n = 17; 14.3%), 14 (n = 10; 8.4%), and 15B/C (n = 8; 6.7%) being the most common serotypes. WGS-based pipelines showed initial concordance with serological typing (>91% of accuracy). The main discrepant results were found at the serotype level within a serogroup: 6A/B, 6C/D, 9A/V, 11A/D, and 18B/C. Only one discrepancy at the serogroup level was observed: serotype 29 by serological testing and serotype 35B/D by all WGS-based pipelines. Thus, bioinformatics WGS-based pipelines, including those using third-generation sequencing, are useful for pneumococcal capsular assignment. Possible discrepancies between serological typing and WGS-based approaches should be considered in pneumococcal capsular-type surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Henares
- Department of RDI Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie W. Lo
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Milner Center for Evolution, Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Amaresh Perez-Argüello
- Department of RDI Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Redin
- Department of RDI Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Ciruela
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Surveillance and Public Health Emergency Response, Public Health Agency of Catalonia (ASPCAT), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Garcia-Garcia
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Brotons
- Department of RDI Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Yuste
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sá-Leão
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Human Pathogens, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Department of RDI Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Ganaie FA, Saad JS, Lo SW, McGee L, van Tonder AJ, Hawkins PA, Calix JJ, Bentley SD, Nahm MH. Novel pneumococcal capsule type 33E results from the inactivation of glycosyltransferase WciE in vaccine type 33F. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105085. [PMID: 37495106 PMCID: PMC10462825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide (PS) capsule is essential for immune evasion and virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Existing pneumococcal vaccines are designed to elicit anticapsule antibodies; however, the effectiveness of these vaccines is being challenged by the emergence of new capsule types or variants. Herein, we characterize a newly discovered capsule type, 33E, that appears to have repeatedly emerged from vaccine type 33F via an inactivation mutation in the capsule glycosyltransferase gene, wciE. Structural analysis demonstrated that 33E and 33F share an identical repeat unit backbone [→5)-β-D-Galf2Ac-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→], except that a galactose (α-D-Galp) branch is present in 33F but not in 33E. Though the two capsule types were indistinguishable using conventional typing methods, the monoclonal antibody Hyp33FM1 selectively bound 33F but not 33E pneumococci. Further, we confirmed that wciE encodes a glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of the branching α-D-Galp and that its inactivation in 33F strains results in the expression of the 33E capsule type. Though 33F and 33E share a structural and antigenic similarity, our pilot study suggested that immunization with a 23-valent pneumococcal PS vaccine containing 33F PS did not significantly elicit cross-opsonic antibodies to 33E. New conjugate vaccines that target capsule type 33F may not necessarily protect against 33E. Therefore, studies of new conjugate vaccines require knowledge of the newly identified capsule type 33E and reliable pneumococcal typing methods capable of distinguishing it from 33F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroze A Ganaie
- Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jamil S Saad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephanie W Lo
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley McGee
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andries J van Tonder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina A Hawkins
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juan J Calix
- Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Ganaie FA, Saad JS, Lo SW, McGee L, Bentley SD, van Tonder AJ, Hawkins P, Keenan JD, Calix JJ, Nahm MH. Discovery and Characterization of Pneumococcal Serogroup 36 Capsule Subtypes, Serotypes 36A and 36B. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0002423. [PMID: 36971549 PMCID: PMC10117043 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00024-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae can produce a wide breadth of antigenically diverse capsule types, a fact that poses a looming threat to the success of vaccines that target pneumococcal polysaccharide (PS) capsule. Yet, many pneumococcal capsule types remain undiscovered and/or uncharacterized. Prior sequence analysis of pneumococcal capsule synthesis (cps) loci suggested the existence of capsule subtypes among isolates identified as "serotype 36" according to conventional capsule typing methods. We discovered these subtypes represent two antigenically similar but distinguishable pneumococcal capsule serotypes, 36A and 36B. Biochemical analysis of their capsule PS structure reveals that both have the shared repeat unit backbone [→5)-α-d-Galf-(1→1)-d-Rib-ol-(5→P→6)-β-d-ManpNAc-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→] with two branching structures. Both serotypes have a β-d-Galp branch to Ribitol. Serotypes 36A and 36B differ by the presence of a α-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-ManpNAc or α-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-ManpNAc branch, respectively. Comparison of the phylogenetically distant serogroup 9 and 36 cps loci, which all encode this distinguishing glycosidic bond, revealed that the incorporation of Glcp (in types 9N and 36A) versus Galp (in types 9A, 9V, 9L, and 36B) is associated with the identity of four amino acids in the cps-encoded glycosyltransferase WcjA. Identifying functional determinants of cps-encoded enzymes and their impact on capsule PS structure is key to improving the resolution and reliability of sequencing-based capsule typing methods and discovering novel capsule variants indistinguishable by conventional serotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroze A. Ganaie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jamil S. Saad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephanie W. Lo
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley McGee
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andries J. van Tonder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Hawkins
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Keenan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Juan J. Calix
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Moon H. Nahm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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9
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Frequent Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 35B and 35D, Clonal Complex 558 Lineage, across Continents and the Formation of Multiple Clades in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0108322. [PMID: 36651739 PMCID: PMC9933736 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01083-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common bacterial pathogen that causes infections in children worldwide, even after administration of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. S. pneumoniae serotype 35B, especially the clonal complex 558 (CC558) lineage, has emerged globally following implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Serotype 35B strains are also associated with multidrug resistance to both β-lactams and non-β-lactam drugs. In addition, a novel serotype, 35D, which is closely related to 35B and differs in polysaccharide structure, was recently reported. However, the genetic relationship among globally disseminating serotype 35B and D (35B/D) strains remains unknown. To investigate the molecular epidemiology of global serotype 35B/D strains, we conducted a genomic analysis of serotype 35B/D strains from various continents, including those from the Japanese national surveillance collection. A total of 87 isolates were identified as serotype 35B/D in the Japanese surveillance collection (n = 1,358). All the isolates were assigned to either CC558 or CC2755. Serotype 35D isolates were interspersed with serotype 35B isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the formation of multiple clusters by the Japanese serotype 35B/D-CC558 isolates among the foreign isolates, which suggested multiple events of introduction of the clone into Japan. The global 35B/D-CC558 strains were found to share specific penicillin-binding protein profiles, pbp1a-4, pbp2b-7, and pbp2x-7, associated with penicillin, cephalosporin, and carbapenem nonsusceptibility. Moreover, 88.5% of the Japanese 35B/D-CC558 and 35B/D-CC2755 isolates were found to harbor the Tn916-like integrative and conjugative elements Tn2009, Tn2010, and Tn6002, associated with multidrug resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines. The results of this study imply that serotype 35B/D-CC558 strains could be frequently transmitted intercontinentally.
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10
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International Meetings & Science. Building on a Strong Foundation to Address a New Era to Help Protect Against Pneumococcal Disease. EMJ MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.33590/emjmicrobiolinfectdis/10028394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antoni Torres, Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pneumology and Respiratory Allergy, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain, opened the symposium, noting that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) have reduced pneumococcal disease through direct and indirect effects. However, the burden of pneumococcal disease remains substantial in adults, supporting the importance of further reducing vaccine-preventable disease and its impact on healthcare resource utilisation and public health. Mário Ramirez, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal, and Molecular Microbiology and Infection Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal, reviewed the changing serotype epidemiology of pneumococcal disease in Europe, and described important differences between pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines and PCVs. He detailed the dramatic direct impact of PCVs in children in decreasing the burden of vaccine-type (VT) pneumococcal disease, as well as indirect effects in unvaccinated populations, particularly adults. Residual VT-disease and increases in non-PCV13 disease underscore the need for additional disease coverage that may be afforded by higher-valent PCVs. Charles Feldman, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, reviewed the considerable worldwide burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), including pneumococcal pneumonia. He noted that indirect effects in adults may be suboptimal, and herd effects may have reached their limit.
Feldman described adult populations that should be prioritised for pneumococcal vaccination based on risk factors, and stressed the importance of a comprehensive approach to increase adult vaccination. Finally, Wendy Watson, Vaccines Clinical Research, Pfizer, Collegeville, USA, described the adult PCV20 clinical development programme, emphasising that it was built on the well-established PCV13 platform. In the Phase III clinical trial programme, PCV20 was well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to PCV13, regardless of prior pneumococcal vaccination history. Importantly, it was immunogenic across all ages studied and in those with chronic medical conditions. Wendy Watson concluded that PCV20 has the potential to simplify adult vaccination and help reduce the burden of adult pneumococcal disease.
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Nahm MH, Yu J, Calix JJ, Ganaie F. Ficolin-2 Lectin Complement Pathway Mediates Capsule-Specific Innate Immunity Against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841062. [PMID: 35418983 PMCID: PMC8996173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports conflict regarding which lectin-microbial ligand interactions elicit a protective response from the lectin pathway (LP) of complement. Using fluorescent microscopy, we demonstrate the human lectin ficolin-2 binds to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 11A capsule polysaccharide dependent on the O-acetyltransferase gene wcjE. This triggers complement deposition and promotes opsonophagocytosis of encapsulated pneumococci. Even partial loss of ficolin-2 ligand expression through wcjE mutation abrogated bacterial killing. Ficolin-2 did not interact with any pneumococcal non-capsule structures, including teichoic acid. We describe multiple 11A clonal derivatives expressing varying degrees of wcjE-dependent epitopes co-isolated from single blood specimens, likely representing microevolutionary shifts towards wcjE-deficient populations during invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We find epidemiological evidence of wcjE impairing pneumococcal invasiveness, supporting that the LP's ficolin-2 axis provides innate, serotype-specific serological protection against IPD. The fact that the LP is triggered by only a few discrete carbohydrate ligands emphasizes the need to reevaluate its impact in a glycopolymer-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon H. Nahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jigui Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Juan J. Calix
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Feroze Ganaie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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12
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Pearson C, Tindall S, Potts JR, Thomas GH, van der Woude MW. Diverse functions for acyltransferase-3 proteins in the modification of bacterial cell surfaces. Microbiology (Reading) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35253642 PMCID: PMC9558356 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The acylation of sugars, most commonly via acetylation, is a widely used mechanism in bacteria that uses a simple chemical modification to confer useful traits. For structures like lipopolysaccharide, capsule and peptidoglycan, that function outside of the cytoplasm, their acylation during export or post-synthesis requires transport of an activated acyl group across the membrane. In bacteria this function is most commonly linked to a family of integral membrane proteins – acyltransferase-3 (AT3). Numerous studies examining production of diverse extracytoplasmic sugar-containing structures have identified roles for these proteins in O-acylation. Many of the phenotypes conferred by the action of AT3 proteins influence host colonisation and environmental survival, as well as controlling the properties of biotechnologically important polysaccharides and the modification of antibiotics and antitumour drugs by Actinobacteria. Herein we present the first systematic review, to our knowledge, of the functions of bacterial AT3 proteins, revealing an important protein family involved in a plethora of systems of importance to bacterial function that is still relatively poorly understood at the mechanistic level. By defining and comparing this set of functions we draw out common themes in the structure and mechanism of this fascinating family of membrane-bound enzymes, which, due to their role in host colonisation in many pathogens, could offer novel targets for the development of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Tindall
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | | | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
- York Biomedical Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Marjan W. van der Woude
- Hull York Medical School, Heslington, UK
- York Biomedical Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK
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13
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Ben Ayed N, Ktari S, Mezghani S, Mnif B, Mahjoubi F, Hammami A. Relationship Between Serotypes and Antimicrobial Nonsusceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates in Tunisia. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:370-377. [PMID: 34918966 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the overall success of the vaccine programs. In Tunisia, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV)10 was introduced in the national immunization program in April 2019. We sought to determine the relationship between serotypes and antimicrobial nonsusceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from clinical samples in the prevaccination period in the south of Tunisia. A total of 504 nonduplicate S. pneumoniae isolates collected between 2012 and 2018 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, among them 439 (87.1%) were serotyped. The most common serotypes were 19F (17.8%), 14 (15.3%), 3 (9.1%), 19A (8.2%), and 23F (7.3%). The proportions of isolates with serotypes covered by PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 were 55.4%, 56.3%, and 77.9%, respectively. Three-quarters (74.4%) of pneumococcal isolates were nonsusceptible to penicillin, and about half (54.8%) were multidrug resistant. Penicillin nonsusceptibility was observed for all 19A and 23F isolates, and was significantly associated with serotypes 19F (odds ratio [OR]: 33.7) and 14 (OR: 8.7). A significant association with multidrug resistance was noted for serotypes 19A (OR: 10), 19F (OR: 9.4), 23F (OR: 8.6), and 6B (OR: 5.2). The alarming rates of pneumococcal antimicrobial nonsusceptibility and the strong association with the most prevalent serotypes compel microbiologists to monitor the impact of the PCV10 introduced recently in our national immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourelhouda Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Microorganisms and Human Disease, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Ktari
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Microorganisms and Human Disease, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonda Mezghani
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Microorganisms and Human Disease, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Basma Mnif
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Microorganisms and Human Disease, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faouzia Mahjoubi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Microorganisms and Human Disease, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Adnene Hammami
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Microorganisms and Human Disease, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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14
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Ganaie F, Branche AR, Peasley M, Rosch JW, Nahm MH. Oral streptococci expressing pneumococci-like cross-reactive capsule types can affect WHO recommended pneumococcal carriage procedure. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:647-656. [PMID: 34891152 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriage studies are fundamental to assess the effects of pneumococcal vaccines. Since a large proportion of oral streptococci carry homologs of pneumococcal genes, nonculture-based detection and serotyping of upper respiratory tract (URT) samples can be problematic. Herein, we investigated if culture-free molecular methods could differentiate pneumococci from oral streptococci carried by adults in URT. METHODS Paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) samples were collected from 100 older adults twice a month for one year. Extracts from the combined NP+OP samples (n=2400) were subjected to lytA real-time PCR. Positive samples were subjected to pure culture isolation followed by species confirmation using multiple approaches. Multibead assay and whole-genome sequencing were used for serotyping. RESULTS lytA-PCR was positive in 301 combined NP+OP extracts, 20 of which grew probable pneumococcal-like colonies based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Multiple approaches confirmed that four isolates were S. pneumoniae, three were S. psuedopneumoniae, and thirteen were S. mitis. Eight nonpneumococcal strains carried pneumococcus-like cps loci (size: ~18 to 25 kb) that showed >70% of nucleotide identity with their pneumococcal counterparts. While investigating the antigenic profile, we found some S. mitis strains (P066 and P107) reacted with both serotype-specific polyclonal (Type 39 and FS17b) and monoclonal (Hyp10AG1 and Hyp17FM1) antisera, whereas some strains (P063 and P074) reacted only with polyclonal antisera (Type 5 and FS35a). CONCLUSION The extensive capsular overlap suggests that pneumococcal vaccines could reduce carriage of oral streptococci expressing cross-reactive capsules. Further, direct use of culture-free PCR-based methods in URT samples has limited usefulness for carriage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroze Ganaie
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Peasley
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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15
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Benadji A, Duval X, Danis K, Hoen B, Page B, Béraud G, Vernet-Garnier V, Strady C, Brieu N, Maulin L, Roy C, Ploy MC, Gaillat J, Varon E, Tubiana S. Relationship between serotypes, disease characteristics and 30-day mortality in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease. Infection 2021; 50:223-233. [PMID: 34468953 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. We aimed to identify host and bacterial factors associated with 30-day mortality in 18-year-old patients hospitalized with IPD in France from 2013 to 2015. METHODS This study analyzed data collected from consecutives IPD cases included in two parallel multi-center cohort studies: COMBAT study (280 patients with pneumococcal community-acquired bacterial meningitis) and SIIP study (491 patients with non-meningitis IPD). Factors associated with 30-day mortality were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 771 enrolled patients (median age 66 years, IQR [52.0-79.7]), 592/767 (77.2%) had at least one chronic disease. Patients with meningitis were younger (60.2 vs 70.9 years; p < 0.001) and had fewer chronic diseases than those with non-meningitis IPD (73.3% vs 79.4%; p = 0.05). Non-vaccine serotypes were more frequent in meningitis patients than in those with other IPD (36.1% vs 23.1%; p < 0.001). The overall 30-day mortality was 16.7% and patients with concurrent meningitis and extra-cerebral IPD had the highest 30-day mortality rate (26.5%). On multivariate analyses, older age, history of malignant solid tumor, meningeal IPD and serotypes previously identified with high mortality potential were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Of the serotypes with high mortality potential, 80% were included in licensed (PCV13 or PPV23) vaccines. CONCLUSION We observed an effect of both host factors and pneumococcal serotypes on 30-day mortality in IPD. This highlights the need for a focused strategy to vaccinate at-risk patients. CLINICAL TRIAL ClinicalTrial. Gov identification number: NCT01730690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Benadji
- AP-HP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 46, Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Duval
- AP-HP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 46, Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France. .,IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Kostas Danis
- Santé Publique France, The French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Bruno Hoen
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, University Hospital Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bernard Page
- AP-HP, Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Guillaume Béraud
- Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de Poitiers, 86021, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Christophe Strady
- Cabinet d'Infectiologie, Clinique Courlancy, Groupe Courlancy-Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Laurence Maulin
- Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier du Pays d'Aix, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Carine Roy
- AP-HP, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Ploy
- Regional Observatories for Pneumococci (Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque), University Hospital Centre Limoges, Limoges, France.,INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, University of Limoges, U1092, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Varon
- National Centre for Pneumococci, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Sarah Tubiana
- AP-HP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 46, Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.,IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
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16
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Su T, Nakamoto R, Chun YY, Chua WZ, Chen JH, Zik JJ, Sham LT. Decoding capsule synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6041728. [PMID: 33338218 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae synthesizes more than one hundred types of capsular polysaccharides (CPS). While the diversity of the enzymes and transporters involved is enormous, it is not limitless. In this review, we summarized the recent progress on elucidating the structure-function relationships of CPS, the mechanisms by which they are synthesized, how their synthesis is regulated, the host immune response against them, and the development of novel pneumococcal vaccines. Based on the genetic and structural information available, we generated provisional models of the CPS repeating units that remain unsolved. In addition, to facilitate cross-species comparisons and assignment of glycosyltransferases, we illustrated the biosynthetic pathways of the known CPS in a standardized format. Studying the intricate steps of pneumococcal CPS assembly promises to provide novel insights for drug and vaccine development as well as improve our understanding of related pathways in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Rei Nakamoto
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Ye Yu Chun
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Wan Zhen Chua
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Jia Hui Chen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Justin J Zik
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
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17
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Whang YH, Kim SK, Yoon H, Choi SK, Baik YO, Lee C, Lee I. Reduction of free polysaccharide contamination in the production of a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243909. [PMID: 33301525 PMCID: PMC7728214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are vaccines in which a bacterial polysaccharide antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein to enhance immunogenicity by promoting T cell-dependent immune response. However, the free (unreacted) polysaccharides remaining after the conjugation process can inhibit the immunogenicity of a conjugate vaccine. Thus, we aimed to reduce the unbound free polysaccharides in the polysaccharide-protein conjugation process for the development of a new 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) by varying some factors that may affect the conjugation results such as polysaccharide/protein ratio, polysaccharide size, and concentration of a coupling agent in a conjugation reaction mixture. Concentrations of a coupling agent, carbodiimide (EDAC), and a carrier protein (CRM197) used in PCV15 production, during the conjugation process, had little effect on the content of free polysaccharides. However, the size of the polysaccharide was identified as the critical factor to control the free polysaccharide content, with an inverse relationship observed between the molecular weight of the polysaccharide and the residual free polysaccharide content after conjugation. Based on these results, a new PCV15 with low free polysaccharide contamination was produced and tested for immunogenicity using a rabbit model to show that it induces similar level of immune responses in rabbits compared to a comparator vaccine Prevnar13®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Whang
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Kim
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseon Yoon
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seuk Keun Choi
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ok Baik
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Lee
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (CL); (IL)
| | - Inhwan Lee
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (CL); (IL)
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18
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Acetylation of Surface Carbohydrates in Bacterial Pathogens Requires Coordinated Action of a Two-Domain Membrane-Bound Acyltransferase. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01364-20. [PMID: 32843546 PMCID: PMC7448272 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01364-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyltransferase-3 (AT3) domain-containing membrane proteins are involved in O-acetylation of a diverse range of carbohydrates across all domains of life. In bacteria they are essential in processes including symbiosis, resistance to antimicrobials, and biosynthesis of antibiotics. Their mechanism of action, however, is poorly characterized. We analyzed two acetyltransferases as models for this important family of membrane proteins, which modify carbohydrates on the surface of the pathogen Salmonella enterica, affecting immunogenicity, virulence, and bacteriophage resistance. We show that when these AT3 domains are fused to a periplasmic partner domain, both domains are required for substrate acetylation. The data show conserved elements in the AT3 domain and unique structural features of the periplasmic domain. Our data provide a working model to probe the mechanism and function of the diverse and important members of the widespread AT3 protein family, which are required for biologically significant modifications of cell-surface carbohydrates. Membrane bound acyltransferase-3 (AT3) domain-containing proteins are implicated in a wide range of carbohydrate O-acyl modifications, but their mechanism of action is largely unknown. O-antigen acetylation by AT3 domain-containing acetyltransferases of Salmonella spp. can generate a specific immune response upon infection and can influence bacteriophage interactions. This study integrates in situ and in vitro functional analyses of two of these proteins, OafA and OafB (formerly F2GtrC), which display an “AT3-SGNH fused” domain architecture, where an integral membrane AT3 domain is fused to an extracytoplasmic SGNH domain. An in silico-inspired mutagenesis approach of the AT3 domain identified seven residues which are fundamental for the mechanism of action of OafA, with a particularly conserved motif in TMH1 indicating a potential acyl donor interaction site. Genetic and in vitro evidence demonstrate that the SGNH domain is both necessary and sufficient for lipopolysaccharide acetylation. The structure of the periplasmic SGNH domain of OafB identified features not previously reported for SGNH proteins. In particular, the periplasmic portion of the interdomain linking region is structured. Significantly, this region constrains acceptor substrate specificity, apparently by limiting access to the active site. Coevolution analysis of the two domains suggests possible interdomain interactions. Combining these data, we propose a refined model of the AT3-SGNH proteins, with structurally constrained orientations of the two domains. These findings enhance our understanding of how cells can transfer acyl groups from the cytoplasm to specific extracellular carbohydrates.
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19
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Sanapala SR, Seco BMS, Baek JY, Awan SI, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Chimeric oligosaccharide conjugate induces opsonic antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 19A and 19F. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7401-7407. [PMID: 34123020 PMCID: PMC8159444 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02230f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae 19A (ST19A) and 19F (ST19F) are among the prevalent serotypes causing pneumococcal disease worldwide even after introduction of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines have defined chemical structures rather than isolated polysaccharide mixtures utilized in marketed vaccines. Ideally, a minimal number of synthetic antigens would cover as many bacterial serotypes to lower cost of goods and minimize the response to carrier proteins. To demonstrate that a chimeric oligosaccharide antigen can induce a protective immune response against multiple serotypes, we synthesized a chimeric antigen (ST19AF) that is comprised of a repeating unit of ST19A and ST19F capsular polysaccharide each. Synthetic glycan epitopes representing only ST19A, and ST19F were prepared for comparison. Semisynthetic glycoconjugates containing chimeric antigen ST19AF induced high antibody titers able to recognize native CPS from ST19A and ST19F in rabbits. The antibodies were able to kill both strains of pneumococci. Chimeric antigens are an attractive means to induce an immune response against multiple bacterial serotypes. Chimeric antigens are an attractive means to induce an immune response against multiple bacterial serotypes. The chimeric semisynthetic glycoconjugate ST19AF induced antibodies with opsonic activity able to kill ST19A and ST19F bacteria in rabbits.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Someswara Rao Sanapala
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mūhlenberg 1 D-14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Bruna M S Seco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mūhlenberg 1 D-14424 Potsdam Germany .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ju Yuel Baek
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mūhlenberg 1 D-14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Shahid I Awan
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mūhlenberg 1 D-14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Claney L Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mūhlenberg 1 D-14424 Potsdam Germany .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 D-14195 Berlin Germany
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20
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A New Pneumococcal Capsule Type, 10D, is the 100th Serotype and Has a Large cps Fragment from an Oral Streptococcus. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00937-20. [PMID: 32430472 PMCID: PMC7240158 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00937-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide capsule is essential for the pathogenicity of pneumococcus, which is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide each year. Currently available pneumococcal vaccines are designed to elicit antibodies to the capsule polysaccharides of the pneumococcal isolates commonly causing diseases, and the antibodies provide protection only against the pneumococcus expressing the vaccine-targeted capsules. Since pneumococci can produce different capsule polysaccharides and therefore reduce vaccine effectiveness, it is important to track the appearance of novel pneumococcal capsule types and how these new capsules are created. Herein, we describe a new and the 100th pneumococcal capsule type with unique chemical and serological properties. The capsule type was named 10D for its serologic similarity to 10A. Genetic studies provide strong evidence that pneumococcus created 10D capsule polysaccharide by capturing a large genetic fragment from an oral streptococcus. Such interspecies genetic exchanges could greatly increase diversity of pneumococcal capsules and complicate serotype shifts. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a major human pathogen producing structurally diverse capsular polysaccharides. Widespread use of highly successful pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) targeting pneumococcal capsules has greatly reduced infections by the vaccine types but increased infections by nonvaccine serotypes. Herein, we report a new and the 100th capsule type, named serotype 10D, by determining its unique chemical structure and biosynthetic roles of all capsule synthesis locus (cps) genes. The name 10D reflects its serologic cross-reaction with serotype 10A and appearance of cross-opsonic antibodies in response to immunization with 10A polysaccharide in a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Genetic analysis showed that 10D cps has three large regions syntenic to and highly homologous with cps loci from serotype 6C, serotype 39, and an oral streptococcus strain (S. mitis SK145). The 10D cps region syntenic to SK145 is about 6 kb and has a short gene fragment of wciNα at the 5′ end. The presence of this nonfunctional wciNα fragment provides compelling evidence for a recent interspecies genetic transfer from oral streptococcus to pneumococcus. Since oral streptococci have a large repertoire of cps loci, widespread PCV usage could facilitate the appearance of novel serotypes through interspecies recombination.
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A New Pneumococcal Capsule Type, 10D, is the 100th Serotype and Has a Large cps Fragment from an Oral Streptococcus. mBio 2020. [PMID: 32430472 DOI: 10.1128/mbio10.1128/mbio] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a major human pathogen producing structurally diverse capsular polysaccharides. Widespread use of highly successful pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) targeting pneumococcal capsules has greatly reduced infections by the vaccine types but increased infections by nonvaccine serotypes. Herein, we report a new and the 100th capsule type, named serotype 10D, by determining its unique chemical structure and biosynthetic roles of all capsule synthesis locus (cps) genes. The name 10D reflects its serologic cross-reaction with serotype 10A and appearance of cross-opsonic antibodies in response to immunization with 10A polysaccharide in a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Genetic analysis showed that 10D cps has three large regions syntenic to and highly homologous with cps loci from serotype 6C, serotype 39, and an oral streptococcus strain (S. mitis SK145). The 10D cps region syntenic to SK145 is about 6 kb and has a short gene fragment of wciNα at the 5' end. The presence of this nonfunctional wciNα fragment provides compelling evidence for a recent interspecies genetic transfer from oral streptococcus to pneumococcus. Since oral streptococci have a large repertoire of cps loci, widespread PCV usage could facilitate the appearance of novel serotypes through interspecies recombination.IMPORTANCE The polysaccharide capsule is essential for the pathogenicity of pneumococcus, which is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide each year. Currently available pneumococcal vaccines are designed to elicit antibodies to the capsule polysaccharides of the pneumococcal isolates commonly causing diseases, and the antibodies provide protection only against the pneumococcus expressing the vaccine-targeted capsules. Since pneumococci can produce different capsule polysaccharides and therefore reduce vaccine effectiveness, it is important to track the appearance of novel pneumococcal capsule types and how these new capsules are created. Herein, we describe a new and the 100th pneumococcal capsule type with unique chemical and serological properties. The capsule type was named 10D for its serologic similarity to 10A. Genetic studies provide strong evidence that pneumococcus created 10D capsule polysaccharide by capturing a large genetic fragment from an oral streptococcus. Such interspecies genetic exchanges could greatly increase diversity of pneumococcal capsules and complicate serotype shifts.
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Nahm MH, Yu J, Vlach J, Bar-Peled M. A Common Food Glycan, Pectin, Shares an Antigen with Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule. mSphere 2020; 5:e00074-20. [PMID: 32269150 PMCID: PMC7142292 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00074-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We are exposed daily to many glycans from bacteria and food plants. Bacterial glycans are generally antigenic and elicit antibody responses. It is unclear if food glycans' sharing of antigens with bacterial glycans influences our immune responses to bacteria. We studied 14 different plant foods for cross-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against 24 pneumococcal serotypes which commonly cause infections and are included in pneumococcal vaccines. Serotype 15B-specific MAb cross-reacts with fruit peels, and serotype 10A MAb cross-reacts with many natural and processed plant foods. The serotype 10A cross-reactive epitope is terminal 1,6-linked β-galactose [βGal(1-6)], present in the rhamno-galacturonan I (RG-I) domain of pectin. Despite wide consumption of pectin, the immune response to 10A is comparable to the responses to other serotypes. An antipectin antibody can opsonize serotype 10A pneumococci, and the shared βGal(1-6) may be useful as a simple vaccine against 10A. Impact of food glycans should be considered in host-pathogen interactions and future vaccine designs.IMPORTANCE The impact of food consumption on vaccine responses is unknown. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen, and its polysaccharide capsule is used as a vaccine. We show that capsule type 10A in a pneumococcal vaccine shares an antigenic epitope, βGal(1-6), with pectin, which is in many plant foods and is widely consumed. Immune response to 10A is comparable to that seen with other capsule types, and pectin ingestion may have little impact on vaccine responses. However, antibody to pectin can kill serotype 10A pneumococci and this shared epitope may be considered in pneumococcal vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jigui Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jiri Vlach
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Maor Bar-Peled
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) target the pneumococcal capsular types that most commonly cause fatal pneumonia and sepsis. Because these types were eliminated by the vaccines, it became apparent that in immunized populations, most invasive pneumococcal diseases, including bacteremia, sepsis and complicated pneumonia, were greatly reduced. However, the protective effects of PCVs against another invasive disease, meningitis, has shown much less or no decrease in disease incidence. METHODS References were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January 1930 to the present by use of specific search terms. Relevant articles were also identified through searches in Google and Google Scholar. Relevant references cited in those articles were also reviewed. RESULTS Even in the presence of the PCVs, meningitis rates in children have been reported globally to be as high as 13 per 100,000 annually. Widespread use of vaccines resulted in the emergence of a broad diversity of replacement non-PCV type strains. These strains generally failed to cause sepsis, but caused meningitis of comparable severity and levels similar to, or in excess of, prior pneumococcal meningitis rates. This is probably because these non-PCV type strains do not survive well in the blood, therefore possibly entering the brain through nonhematogenous routes. CONCLUSIONS Because virtually all cases of pneumococcal meningitis lead to either permanent neurologic sequelae or death, it would be well worth the effort to develop a new vaccine capable of preventing pneumococcal meningitis regardless of capsular type. Such a vaccine would need to protect against colonization with most, if not all, pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010132. [PMID: 32192117 PMCID: PMC7157650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing pneumonia with over 2 million deaths annually, especially in young children and the elderly. To date, at least 98 different pneumococcal capsular serotypes have been identified. Currently, the vaccines for prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and unencapsulated S. pneumoniae. This has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and affordable pneumococcal vaccines, which could cover a wide range of serotypes. This review discusses the new approaches to develop effective vaccines with broad serotype coverage as well as recent development of promising pneumococcal vaccines in clinical trials. New vaccine candidates are the inactivated whole-cell vaccine strain (Δpep27ΔcomD mutant) constructed by mutations of specific genes and several protein-based S. pneumoniae vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens, such as lipoprotein and surface-exposed protein (PspA). Among the vaccines in Phase 3 clinical trials are the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV-15 (V114) and 20vPnC. The inactivated whole-cell and several protein-based vaccines are either in Phase 1 or 2 trials. Furthermore, the recent progress of nanoparticles that play important roles as delivery systems and adjuvants to improve the performance, as well as the immunogenicity of the nanovaccines, are reviewed.
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25
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Who is at risk of 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine failure? Vaccine 2020; 38:1671-1677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Eletu SD, Sheppard CL, Rose S, Smith K, Andrews N, Lim WS, Litt DJ, Fry NK. Re-validation and update of an extended-specificity multiplex assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular serotype/serogroup-specific antigen and cell-wall polysaccharide in urine specimens. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000094. [PMID: 32974571 PMCID: PMC7470314 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
National surveillance of pneumococcal disease at the serotype level is essential to assess the effectiveness of vaccination programmes. We previously developed a highly sensitive extended-specificity multiplex immunoassay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype-specific antigen in urine in the absence of isolates. The assay uses human mAbs that detect the 24 pneumococcal serotype/groups targeted by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) plus some cross-reactive types and the pneumococcal cell-wall polysaccharide. However, the previous assay had some limitations, namely the reduced specificity of the serotype 7F, 20 and 22F assays, for which non-specific binding in urine samples was observed. Here we report on the further development and re-validation of a new version of the assay (version 2.1), which offers improved sensitivity towards serotypes 7F, 18C and 19F and increased specificity for serotypes 7F, 20 and 22F by replacement of some of the antibody clones with new clones. Using a panel of urine specimens from patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia or pneumococcal disease, the overall clinical sensitivity of this version of the assay based on isolation of S. pneumoniae from a normally sterile site is 94.3 % and the clinical specificity is 93.6 %, in comparison with clinical sensitivity and specificity values of 96.2 % and 89.9 % in the previous assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyi D Eletu
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Carmen L Sheppard
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Samuel Rose
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nick Andrews
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Wei Shen Lim
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - David J Litt
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Norman K Fry
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.,Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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Determinants of Group B streptococcal virulence potential amongst vaginal clinical isolates from pregnant women. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226699. [PMID: 31851721 PMCID: PMC6919605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from the vaginal tract of approximately 25% of women. GBS colonization of the female reproductive tract is of particular concern during pregnancy as the bacteria can invade gestational tissues or be transmitted to the newborn during passage through the birth canal. Infection of the neonate can result in life-threatening pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Thus, surveillance of GBS strains and corresponding virulence potential during colonization is warranted. Here we describe a panel of GBS isolates from the vaginal tracts of a cohort of pregnant women in Michigan, USA. We determined that capsular serotypes III and V were the most abundant across the strain panel, with only one isolate belonging to serotype IV. Further, 12.8% of strains belonged to the hyper-virulent serotype III, sequence type 17 (ST-17) and 15.4% expressed the serine rich repeat glycoprotein-encoding gene srr2. Functional assessment of the colonizing isolates revealed that almost all strains exhibited some level of β-hemolytic activity and that ST-17 strains, which express Srr2, exhibited increased bacterial adherence to vaginal epithelium. Finally, analysis of strain antibiotic susceptibility revealed the presence of antibiotic resistance to penicillin (15.4%), clindamycin (30.8%), erythromycin (43.6%), vancomycin (30.8%), and tetracycline (94.9%), which has significant implications for treatment options. Collectively, these data provide important information on vaginal GBS carriage isolate virulence potential and highlight the value of continued surveillance.
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Mohale T, Wolter N, Allam M, Nzenze SA, Madhi SA, du Plessis M, von Gottberg A. Genomic differences among carriage and invasive nontypeable pneumococci circulating in South Africa. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31617841 PMCID: PMC6861859 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pneumococci express a polysaccharide capsule, a key virulence factor and target for pneumococcal vaccines. However, pneumococci showing no serological evidence of capsule expression [nontypeable pneumococci (NTPn)] are more frequently isolated from carriage studies than in invasive disease. Limited data exist about the population structure of carriage NTPn from the African continent. We aimed to characterize carriage NTPn and compare them to previously described invasive NTPn. Carriage and invasive NTPn isolates were obtained from South African cross-sectional studies (2009 and 2012) and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (2003–2013), respectively. Isolates were characterized by capsular locus sequence analysis, multilocus sequence typing, antimicrobial non-susceptibility patterns and phylogenetic analysis. NTPn represented 3.7 % (137/3721) of carriage isolates compared to 0.1 % (39/32 824) of invasive isolates (P<0.001), and 24 % (33/137) of individuals were co-colonized with encapsulated pneumococci. Non-susceptibility to cotrimoxazole [84 % (112/133) vs 44 % (17/39)], penicillin [77 % (102/133) vs 36 % (14/39)], erythromycin [53 % (70/133) vs 31 % (12/39)] and clindamycin [36 % (48/133) vs 18 % (7/39)] was higher (P=0.03) among carriage than invasive NTPn. Ninety-one per cent (124/137) of carriage NTPn had complete deletion of the capsular locus and 9 % (13/137) had capsule genes, compared to 44 % (17/39) and 56 % (22/39) of invasive NTPn, respectively. Carriage NTPn were slightly less diverse [Simpson’s diversity index (D)=0.92] compared to invasive NTPn [D=0.97]. Sixty-seven per cent (92/137) of carriage NTPn belonged to a lineage exclusive to NTPn strains compared to 23 % (9/39) of invasive NTPn. We identified 293 and 275 genes that were significantly associated with carriage and invasive NTPn, respectively. NTPn isolates detected in carriage differed from those causing invasive disease, which may explain their success in colonisation or in causing invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Mohale
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan A Nzenze
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Research Chair, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Research Chair, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Structural, Biosynthetic, and Serological Cross-Reactive Elucidation of Capsular Polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae Serogroup 16. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00453-19. [PMID: 31383737 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00453-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are crucial virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae The previously unknown CPS structures of the pneumococcal serogroup 16 (serotypes 16F and 16A) were thoroughly elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and verified by chemical analysis. The following repeat unit structures were determined: 16F, -3)-α-l-Rhap-[4-P-1-Gro]-(1-3)-α-d-Glcp-[(6-P-1)-Gro]-(1-3)-β-l-Rhap-[2-OAc]-(1-4)-β-d-Glcp-(1-; 16A, -3)-β-d-Galf-[2-OAc (70%)]-(1-3)-α-l-Rhap-(1-2)-α-l-Rhap-(1-3)-α-d-Galp-[(6-P-1)-Gro]-(1-3)-β-d-Galp-(1-4)-β-d-Glcp-(1- (OAc, O-acetyl substitution; P-1-Gro, glycerol-1-phosphate substitution) A further analysis of CPS biosynthesis of serotypes 16F and 16A, in conjunction with published cps gene bioinformatics analysis and structures of related serotypes, revealed presumable specific function of glycosyltransferase, acetyltransferase, phosphotransferase, and polymerase. The functions of glycosyltransferases WcxN and WcxT were proposed for the first time, and they were assigned to catalyze linkage of α-l-Rhap-(1-3)-α-d-Glcp and α-l-Rhap-(1-2)-α-l-Rhap, respectively. Furthermore, since serotype 16F was genetically close to serogroup 28, cross-reactions between serogroup 16 and serogroup 28 were studied using diagnostic antisera, which provided further understanding of antigenic properties of CPS and diagnostic antisera. Interestingly, serotype 16F cross-reacted with factor antisera 28b and 11c. Meanwhile, serotype 16A cross-reacted with factor antiserum 11c.IMPORTANCE The vaccine pressure against Streptococcus pneumoniae could result in a change of prevalence in carriage and invasive serotypes. As such, it is necessary to monitor the distribution to achieve successful vaccination of the population, and similarly, it is important to increase the knowledge of even the currently less prevalent serotypes. The CPS are vital for the virulence of the pathogen, and antigenic properties of CPS are based on the structure. Consequently, a better understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and serology of the capsular polysaccharides can be of great importance toward developing future diagnostic tools and vaccines.
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Lee C, Choi SK, Kim RK, Kim H, Whang YH, Pharm H, Cheon H, Yoon DY, Kim CW, Baik YO, Park SS, Lee I. Development of a new 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) and evaluation of its immunogenicity. Biologicals 2019; 61:32-37. [PMID: 31416790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) against serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 11A, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, and 23F has been developed using aluminum phosphate as an adjuvant. Using the rabbit model, immunogenicity of each serotype was evaluated by measuring antigen specific antibodies and functional antibody titers and comparing them to a control vaccine, Prevnar13®. Among the shared serotypes in both PCV15 and Prevnar13®, Type 3 and 23F in PCV15 exhibited a lower opsonic index than Prevnar13®. Conversely, the other types showed greater or nearly the same immunogenic effects. Type 11A and 22F are two additional serotypes included in PCV15, and only 22F showed a reasonable opsonic index compared with other types. Type 11A exhibited a basal level fold-increase in OPA; thus, we further optimized 11A as well as 3 and 23F by controlling the polysaccharide-to-protein conjugation ratio as a variable. Antibody levels and functional antibody activities were evaluated by ELISA and OPA, and improved levels of immunogenic activities were observed for all three serotypes. In this study, we propose a new PCV15 candidate, in which the common 13 serotypes and a licensed control vaccine have equivalent efficacy while two additional serotypes showed adequate immunogenicity in the rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chankyu Lee
- EuBiologics Co., Ltd, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seuk Keun Choi
- EuBiologics Co., Ltd, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rock Ki Kim
- EuBiologics Co., Ltd, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoun Kim
- EuBiologics Co., Ltd, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Huyen Pharm
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Cheon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Wha Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung Soo Park
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inhwan Lee
- EuBiologics Co., Ltd, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Gonzales-Siles L, Salvà-Serra F, Degerman A, Nordén R, Lindh M, Skovbjerg S, Moore ERB. Identification and capsular serotype sequetyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1173-1188. [PMID: 31268417 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Correct serotype identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is important for monitoring disease epidemiology and assessing the impacts of pneumococcal vaccines. Furthermore, correct identification and differentiation of the pathogenic S. pneumoniae from closely related commensal species of the mitis group of the genus Streptococcus are essential for correct serotype identification. METHODOLOGY A new protocol for determining the existing 98 serotypes of pneumococcus was developed, applying two PCR amplifications and amplicon sequencing, using newly designed internal primers. The new protocol was validated using S. pneumoniae genome sequences, reference strains with confirmed serotypes and clinical isolates, and comparing the results with those from the traditional Quellung reaction or antiserum panel gel precipitation, in addition to real-time PCR analysis. The taxonomic identifications of 422 publicly available (GenBank) genome sequences of S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis were assessed by whole-genome sequence average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb) analysis. RESULTS The proposed sequetyping protocol generates a 1017 bp whole cpsB region sequence, increasing resolution for serotype identification in pneumococcus isolates. The identifications of all GenBank genome sequences of S. pneumoniae were confirmed, whereas most of the S. pseudopneumoniae and almost all of the S. mitis genome sequences did not fulfil the ANIb thresholds for species-level identification. The housekeeping biomarker gene, groEL, correctly identified S. pneumoniae but often misclassified S. pseudopneumoniae and S. mitis as S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS These studies affirm the importance of applying reliable identification protocols for S. pneumoniae before serotyping; our protocols provide reliable diagnostic tools, as well as an improved workflow, for serotype identification of pneumococcus and differentiation of serogroup 6 types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gonzales-Siles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Salvà-Serra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Anna Degerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Skovbjerg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Edward R B Moore
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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32
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van Tonder AJ, Gladstone RA, Lo SW, Nahm MH, du Plessis M, Cornick J, Kwambana-Adams B, Madhi SA, Hawkins PA, Benisty R, Dagan R, Everett D, Antonio M, Klugman KP, von Gottberg A, Breiman RF, McGee L, Bentley SD. Putative novel cps loci in a large global collection of pneumococci. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31184299 PMCID: PMC6700660 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pneumococcus produces a polysaccharide capsule, encoded by the cps locus, that provides protection against phagocytosis and determines serotype. Nearly 100 serotypes have been identified with new serotypes still being discovered, especially in previously understudied regions. Here we present an analysis of the cps loci of more than 18 000 genomes from the Global Pneumococcal Sequencing (GPS) project with the aim of identifying novel cps loci with the potential to produce previously unrecognized capsule structures. Serotypes were assigned using whole genome sequence data and 66 of the approximately 100 known serotypes were included in the final dataset. Closer examination of each serotype’s sequences identified nine putative novel cps loci (9X, 11X, 16X, 18X1, 18X2, 18X3, 29X, 33X and 36X) found in ~2.6 % of the genomes. The large number and global distribution of GPS genomes provided an unprecedented opportunity to identify novel cps loci and consider their phylogenetic and geographical distribution. Nine putative novel cps loci were identified and examples of each will undergo subsequent structural and immunological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries J van Tonder
- Parasites and Microbes, The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca A Gladstone
- Parasites and Microbes, The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie W Lo
- Parasites and Microbes, The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paulina A Hawkins
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Benisty
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheeba, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Dagan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheeba, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dean Everett
- Queens Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Martin Antonio
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Keith P Klugman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Queens Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Lesley McGee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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- https://www.pneumogen.net/gps/
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33
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David SC, Laan Z, Minhas V, Chen AY, Davies J, Hirst TR, McColl SR, Alsharifi M, Paton JC. Enhanced safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal surface antigen A mutant whole-cell inactivated pneumococcal vaccine. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:726-739. [PMID: 31050022 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Existing capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines against pneumococcal disease are highly effective against vaccine-included serotypes, but they are unable to combat serotype replacement. We have developed a novel pneumococcal vaccine that confers serotype-independent protection, and could therefore constitute a "universal" vaccine formulation. This preparation is comprised of whole un-encapsulated pneumococci inactivated with gamma irradiation (γ-PN), and we have previously reported induction of cross-reactive immunity after nonadjuvanted intranasal vaccination. To further enhance vaccine immunogenicity and safety, we modified the pneumococcal vaccine strain to induce a stressed state during growth. Specifically, the substrate binding component of the psaBCA operon for manganese import was mutated to create a pneumococcal surface antigen A (psaA) defective vaccine strain. psaA mutation severely attenuated the growth of the vaccine strain in vitro without negatively affecting pneumococcal morphology, thereby enhancing vaccine safety. In addition, antibodies raised against vaccine preparations based on the modified strain [γ-PN(ΔPsaA)] showed more diversified reactivity to wild-type pneumococcal challenge strains compared to those induced by the original formulation. The modified vaccine also induced comparable protective TH 17 responses in the lung, and conferred greater protection against lethal heterologous pneumococcal challenge. Overall, the current study demonstrates successful refinement of a serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidate to enhance safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C David
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zoe Laan
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vikrant Minhas
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Austen Y Chen
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia.,Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia.,Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
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Abstract
The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae is the dominant surface structure of the organism and plays a critical role in virulence, principally by interfering with host opsonophagocytic clearance mechanisms. The capsule is the target of current pneumococcal vaccines, but there are 98 currently recognised polysaccharide serotypes and protection is strictly serotype-specific. Widespread use of these vaccines is driving changes in serotype prevalence in both carriage and disease. This chapter summarises current knowledge on the role of the capsule and its regulation in pathogenesis, the mechanisms of capsule synthesis, the genetic basis for serotype differences, and provides insights into how so many structurally distinct capsular serotypes have evolved. Such knowledge will inform ongoing refinement of pneumococcal vaccination strategies.
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Vaccination of Icelandic Children with the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine Leads to a Significant Herd Effect among Adults in Iceland. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01766-18. [PMID: 30651396 PMCID: PMC6440763 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01766-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into childhood vaccination programs has reduced carriage of vaccine serotypes and pneumococcal disease. The 10-valent PCV was introduced in Iceland in 2011. The aim of this study was to determine PCV impact on the prevalence of serotypes, genetic lineages, and antimicrobial-resistant pneumococci isolated from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of adults. Pneumococci isolated between 2009 and 2017 at the Landspitali University Hospital were included (n = 797). The hospital serves almost three-quarters of the Icelandic population. Isolates were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and the genome of every other isolate collected between 2009 and 2014 was sequenced (n = 275). Serotypes and multilocus sequence types (STs) were extracted from the genome data. Three study periods were defined, 2009 to 2011 (PreVac), 2012 to 2014 (PostVac-I), and 2015 to 2017 (PostVac-II). The total number of isolates and vaccine-type (VT) pneumococci decreased from PreVac to PostVac-II (n = 314 versus n = 230 [p = 0.002] and n = 170 versus n = 33 [p < 0.001], respectively), but non-vaccine-type (NVT) pneumococci increased among adults 18 to 64 years old (n = 56 versus n = 114 [p = 0.008]). Serotype 19F decreased in the PostVac-II period; these isolates were all multidrug resistant (MDR) and were members of the Taiwan19F-14 PMEN lineage. Serotype 6A decreased among adults ≥65 years old in the PostVac-II period (p = 0.037), while serotype 6C increased (p = 0.021) and most serotype 6C isolates were MDR. Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae (NESp) isolates increased among adults 18 to 64 years old in the PostVac-II period, and the majority were MDR (p = 0.028). An overall reduction in the number of LRT samples and pneumococcus-positive cultures and significant changes in the serotype distribution became evident within 4 years, thereby demonstrating a significant herd effect.
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36
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Abstract
Electron microscopy allows for studying bacterial ultrastructure at high resolutions. Two types of electron microscopes are used for this purpose. The transmission electron microscope allows for access to inner bacterial ultrastructure when imaging ultrathin sections as well as cell wall-attached structures by negative staining, whereas scanning electron microscopy allows for the detection of structures on the bacterial cell surface alone or to study the interplay between pneumococci and their host cells. This chapter deals with recommendations for well-adapted methodologies to examine pneumococcal ultrastructure in detail. Especially, we focus on the preservation of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide, which represents an important virulence factor of pneumococci. Since capsules are highly hydrated structures, the introduction of a new fixation protocol involving lysine acetate, ruthenium red, and osmium (LRR fixation) results in a very well-preserved capsular structure in such a way that the amount of capsular material bound on the bacterial surface can be compared within different serotypes. In our method, capsular ultrastructure is preserved without the need for serotype-specific antibodies, which have been used in other studies to preserve the pneumococcal capsule. In addition, the new LRR fixation allows for studying the presence or absence of capsular material during adhesion and invasion of pneumococci on epithelial or endothelial host cells in cell culture experiments.
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Geno KA, Spencer BL, Bae S, Nahm MH. Ficolin-2 binds to serotype 35B pneumococcus as it does to serotypes 11A and 31, and these serotypes cause more infections in older adults than in children. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209657. [PMID: 30586458 PMCID: PMC6306229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 98 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, only a small subset regularly causes invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). We previously demonstrated that serotype 11A binds to ficolin-2 and has low invasiveness in children. Epidemiologic data suggested, however, that serotype 11A IPD afflicts older adults, possibly indicating reduced ficolin-2-mediated immune protection. Therefore, we studied the epidemiology of ficolin-2-bound serotypes. We obtained IPD case data from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We studied three prominent ficolin-2-bound serotypes and their acetyltransferase-deficient variants for ficolin-2 binding and ficolin-2-mediated complement deposition with flow-cytometry. We determined the age distributions of these serotypes from the obtained epidemiologic data. We discovered that the serotype 35B capsule is a novel ficolin-2 ligand due to O-acetylation via WciG. Ficolin-2-mediated complement deposition was observed on serotypes 11A and 35B but not serotype 31 or any O-acetyl transferase deficient derivatives of these serotypes. Serotypes 11A, 35B, and 31 cause more IPD among older adults than children. Studies of the three serotypes provide additional evidence for ficolin-2 providing innate immunity against IPD. The skewed age distribution of the three serotypes suggests that older adults have reduced ficolin-2-mediated immunity and are more susceptible to these serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Aaron Geno
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Brady L. Spencer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sejong Bae
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Moon H. Nahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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38
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Birindwa AM, Emgård M, Nordén R, Samuelsson E, Geravandi S, Gonzales-Siles L, Muhigirwa B, Kashosi T, Munguakonkwa E, Manegabe JT, Cibicabene D, Morisho L, Mwambanyi B, Mirindi J, Kabeza N, Lindh M, Andersson R, Skovbjerg S. High rate of antibiotic resistance among pneumococci carried by healthy children in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:361. [PMID: 30453916 PMCID: PMC6241069 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have been introduced in the infant immunisation programmes in many countries to reduce the rate of fatal pneumococcal infections. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) a 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in 2013. Data on the burden of circulating pneumococci among children after this introduction are lacking. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors related to pneumococcal carriage in healthy Congolese children after the vaccine introduction and to assess the antibiotic resistance rates and serotype distribution among the isolated pneumococci. Methods In 2014 and 2015, 794 healthy children aged one to 60 months attending health centres in the eastern part of DR Congo for immunisation or growth monitoring were included in the study. Data on socio-demographic and medical factors were collected by interviews with the children’s caregivers. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from all the children for bacterial culture, and isolated pneumococci were further tested for antimicrobial resistance using disc diffusion tests and, when indicated, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, and for serotype/serogroup by molecular testing. Results The pneumococcal detection rate was 21%, being higher among children who had not received PCV13 vaccination, lived in rural areas, had an enclosed kitchen, were malnourished or presented with fever (p value < 0.05). The predominant serotypes were 19F, 11, 6A/B/C/D and 10A. More than 50% of the pneumococcal isolates belonged to a serotype/serogroup not included in PCV13. Eighty per cent of the isolates were not susceptible to benzylpenicillin and non-susceptibility to ampicillin and ceftriaxone was also high (42 and 37% respectively). Almost all the isolates (94%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, while 43% of the strains were resistant to ≥3 antibiotics. Conclusions Our study shows alarmingly high levels of reduced susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics in pneumococci carried by healthy Congolese children. This highlights the importance of local antibiotic resistance surveillance and indicates the needs for the more appropriate use of antibiotics in the area. The results further indicate that improved living conditions are needed to reduce the pneumococcal burden, in addition to PCV13 vaccination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12887-018-1332-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archippe M Birindwa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Panzi Hospital, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. .,Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. .,Hôpital Général de Référence de Panzi, BP: 266, Bukavu, DR, Congo.
| | - Matilda Emgård
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ebba Samuelsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shadi Geravandi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lucia Gonzales-Siles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Théophile Kashosi
- Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadine Kabeza
- Panzi Hospital, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rune Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,CARe - Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Skovbjerg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Beall B, Chochua S, Gertz RE, Li Y, Li Z, McGee L, Metcalf BJ, Ricaldi J, Tran T, Walker H, Pilishvili T. A Population-Based Descriptive Atlas of Invasive Pneumococcal Strains Recovered Within the U.S. During 2015-2016. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2670. [PMID: 30524382 PMCID: PMC6262371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has greatly decreased since implementation in the U.S. of the 7 valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in 2000 and 13 valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 2010. We used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to predict phenotypic traits (serotypes, antimicrobial phenotypes, and pilus determinants) and determine multilocus genotypes from 5334 isolates (~90% of cases) recovered during 2015–2016 through Active Bacterial Core surveillance. We identified 44 serotypes; 26 accounted for 98% of the isolates. PCV13 serotypes (inclusive of serotype 6C) accounted for 1503 (28.2%) isolates, with serotype 3 most common (657/5334, 12.3%), while serotypes 1 and 5 were undetected. Of 305 isolates from children <5 yrs, 60 (19.7%) were of PCV13 serotypes 19A, 19F, 3, 6B, and 23F (58/60 were 19A, 19F, or 3). We quantitated MLST-based lineages first detected during the post-PCV era (since 2002) that potentially arose through serotype-switching. The 7 predominant emergent post-PCV strain complexes included 23B/CC338, 15BC/CC3280, 19A/CC244, 4/CC439, 15A/CC156, 35B/CC156, and 15BC/CC156. These strains accounted for 332 isolates (6.2% of total) and were more frequently observed in children <5 yrs (17.7%; 54/305). Fifty-seven categories of recently emerged (in the post PCV7 period) putative serotype-switch variants were identified, accounting for 402 isolates. Many of these putative switch variants represented newly emerged resistant strains. Penicillin-nonsusceptibility (MICs > 0.12 μg/ml) was found among 22.4% (1193/5334) isolates, with higher penicillin MICs (2–8 μg/ml) found in 8.0% (425/5334) of isolates that were primarily (372/425, 87.5%) serotypes 35B and 19A. Most (792/1193, 66.4%) penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates were macrolide-resistant, 410 (34.4%) of which were erm gene positive and clindamycin-resistant. The proportion of macrolide-resistant isolates increased with increasing penicillin MICs; even isolates with reduced penicillin susceptibility (MIC = 0.06 μg/ml) were much more likely to be macrolide-resistant than basally penicillin-susceptible isolates (MIC < 0.03 μg/ml). The contribution of recombination to strain diversification was assessed through quantitating 35B/CC558-specific bioinformatic pipeline features among non-CC558 CCs and determining the sizes of gene replacements. Although IPD has decreased greatly and stabilized in the post-PCV13 era, the species continually generates recombinants that adapt to selective pressures exerted by vaccines and antimicrobials. These data serve as a baseline for monitoring future changes within each invasive serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beall
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sopio Chochua
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert E Gertz
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhongya Li
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lesley McGee
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin J Metcalf
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Ricaldi
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Theresa Tran
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hollis Walker
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tamara Pilishvili
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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40
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Croucher NJ, Løchen A, Bentley SD. Pneumococcal Vaccines: Host Interactions, Population Dynamics, and Design Principles. Annu Rev Microbiol 2018; 72:521-549. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a nasopharyngeal commensal and respiratory pathogen. Most isolates express a capsule, the species-wide diversity of which has been immunologically classified into ∼100 serotypes. Capsule polysaccharides have been combined into multivalent vaccines widely used in adults, but the T cell independence of the antibody response means they are not protective in infants. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) trigger a T cell–dependent response through attaching a carrier protein to capsular polysaccharides. The immune response stimulated by PCVs in infants inhibits carriage of vaccine serotypes (VTs), resulting in population-wide herd immunity. These were replaced in carriage by non-VTs. Nevertheless, PCVs drove reductions in infant pneumococcal disease, due to the lower mean invasiveness of the postvaccination bacterial population; age-varying serotype invasiveness resulted in a smaller reduction in adult disease. Alternative vaccines being tested in trials are designed to provide species-wide protection through stimulating innate and cellular immune responses, alongside antibodies to conserved antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Croucher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Løchen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Infection Genomics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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41
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Global Distribution of Invasive Serotype 35D Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates following Introduction of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00228-18. [PMID: 29720431 PMCID: PMC6018339 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00228-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly recognized pneumococcal serotype, 35D, which differs from the 35B polysaccharide in structure and serology by not binding to factor serum 35a, was recently reported. The genetic basis for this distinctive serology is due to the presence of an inactivating mutation in wciG, which encodes an O-acetyltransferase responsible for O-acetylation of a galactofuranose. Here, we assessed the genomic data of a worldwide pneumococcal collection to identify serotype 35D isolates and understand their geographical distribution, genetic background, and invasiveness potential. Of 21,980 pneumococcal isolates, 444 were originally typed as serotype 35B by PneumoCaT. Analysis of the wciG gene revealed 23 isolates from carriage (n = 4) and disease (n = 19) with partial or complete loss-of-function mutations, including mutations resulting in premature stop codons (n = 22) and an in-frame mutation (n = 1). These were selected for further analysis. The putative 35D isolates were geographically widespread, and 65.2% (15/23) of them was recovered after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV13). Compared with serotype 35B isolates, putative serotype 35D isolates have higher invasive disease potentials based on odds ratios (OR) (11.58; 95% confidence interval[CI], 1.42 to 94.19 versus 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.92) and a higher prevalence of macrolide resistance mediated by mefA (26.1% versus 7.6%; P = 0.009). Using the Quellung reaction, 50% (10/20) of viable isolates were identified as serotype 35D, 25% (5/20) as serotype 35B, and 25% (5/20) as a mixture of 35B/35D. The discrepancy between phenotype and genotype requires further investigation. These findings illustrated a global distribution of an invasive serotype, 35D, among young children post-PCV13 introduction and underlined the invasive potential conferred by the loss of O-acetylation in the pneumococcal capsule.
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42
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Kawaguchiya M, Urushibara N, Aung MS, Morimoto S, Ito M, Kudo K, Kobayashi N. Genetic diversity of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) in paediatric isolates of non-conjugate vaccine serotypes in Japan. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1130-1138. [PMID: 29927374 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Among the pneumococcal proteins, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is considered the most promising candidate for a serotype-independent vaccine. This study aimed to investigate the serotype, genetic diversity of PspA, lineage (genotype) and drug resistance traits of pneumococcal isolates from paediatric patients. METHODOLOGY A total of 678 non-invasive pneumococcal isolates obtained from June to November 2016 were analysed. All isolates were characterized for PspA families, serotypes and macrolide resistance genes. Seventy-one representative isolates of non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) were genetically analysed for the clade-defining region (CDR) of PspA, as well as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS The detection rate of NVTs was 87.9 % (n=596), including dominant NVTs 15A (14.5 %, n=98), 35B (11.8 %, n=80), 15C (9.3 %, n=63) and 23A (9.0 %, n=61). Most isolates (96.6 %) possessed macrolide resistance genes erm(B) and/or mef(A/E). PspA families 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 42.3, 56.6 and 0.6 % of isolates, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of CDR showed high identity (90-100 %) within the same PspA clade, although the CDR identity among different PspA families ranged from 53 to 69 %. All isolates of NVTs 23A, 10A, 34, 24, 22F/22A, 33F, 23B and 38 were from PspA family 1, while NVTs 35B, 15C, 15B and 11A/11D isolates were from family 2. In contrast, genetically distinct PspAs were found in NVTs 6C and 15A. PspA family 3/clade 6 was detected in only NVT serotype 37 isolates assigned to ST447 and ST7970, showing the mucoid phenotype. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the predominance of PspA families 1 and 2 in NVTs, and the presence of family 3 in serotype 37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigeo Morimoto
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Kudo
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Epping L, van Tonder AJ, Gladstone RA, The Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Consortium, Bentley SD, Page AJ, Keane JA. SeroBA: rapid high-throughput serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae from whole genome sequence data. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29870330 PMCID: PMC6113868 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for 240 000–460 000 deaths in children under 5 years of age each year. Accurate identification of pneumococcal serotypes is important for tracking the distribution and evolution of serotypes following the introduction of effective vaccines. Recent efforts have been made to infer serotypes directly from genomic data but current software approaches are limited and do not scale well. Here, we introduce a novel method, SeroBA, which uses a k-mer approach. We compare SeroBA against real and simulated data and present results on the concordance and computational performance against a validation dataset, the robustness and scalability when analysing a large dataset, and the impact of varying the depth of coverage on sequence-based serotyping. SeroBA can predict serotypes, by identifying the cps locus, directly from raw whole genome sequencing read data with 98 % concordance using a k-mer-based method, can process 10 000 samples in just over 1 day using a standard server and can call serotypes at a coverage as low as 15–21×. SeroBA is implemented in Python3 and is freely available under an open source GPLv3 licence from: https://github.com/sanger-pathogens/seroba
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Epping
- 2Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,1Pathogen Informatics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andries J van Tonder
- 3Infection Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rebecca A Gladstone
- 3Infection Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Stephen D Bentley
- 3Infection Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew J Page
- 1Pathogen Informatics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.,4Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jacqueline A Keane
- 1Pathogen Informatics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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Kjeldsen C, Slott S, Elverdal PL, Sheppard CL, Kapatai G, Fry NK, Skovsted IC, Duus JØ. Discovery and description of a new serogroup 7 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype, 7D, and structural analysis of 7C and 7D. Carbohydr Res 2018; 463:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Invasive Disease Caused Simultaneously by Dual Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 56:JCM.01149-17. [PMID: 29118167 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01149-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are at least 98 known pneumococcal serotypes. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is usually caused by a single serotype, and dual-serotype IPD is rare. To assess factors associated with dual-serotype IPD, patient information obtained through laboratory-based surveillance for IPD from 2005 through 2014 in South Africa was reviewed. Genomes of isolate pairs from coinfected individuals were sequenced to determine their molecular characteristics. For 30 (91%) of 33 patients with dual serotypes, one or both isolates were a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotype. Dual-serotype IPD was associated with children <5 years of age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.8 to 11.7), underlying illness (other than HIV) (aOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.6) and death (aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.08 to 6.09). For each coinfecting pair, isolates were genotypically unrelated, and their genotypes were common among isolates of the same serotype in South Africa. Of 701 accessory genes identified among dual-serotype IPD isolates, four were common between isolate pairs. Coinfecting isolate pairs had different genotypic backgrounds. The association of dual serotypes with death warrants increased awareness of IPD coinfection caused by two or more serotypes.
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Abstract
Colonization of the human nasopharynx by pneumococcus is extremely common and is both the primary reservoir for transmission and a prerequisite for disease. Current vaccines targeting the polysaccharide capsule effectively prevent colonization, conferring herd protection within vaccinated communities. However, these vaccines cover only a subset of all circulating pneumococcal strains, and serotype replacement has been observed. Given the success of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in preventing colonization in unvaccinated adults within vaccinated communities, reducing nasopharyngeal colonization has become an outcome of interest for novel vaccines. Here, we discuss the immunological mechanisms that control nasopharyngeal colonization, with an emphasis on findings from human studies. Increased understanding of these immunological mechanisms is required to identify correlates of protection against colonization that will facilitate the early testing and design of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Jochems
- Department of Clinicial Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPJ); (DMF)
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children′s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinicial Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPJ); (DMF)
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Hare KM, Leach AJ, Smith-Vaughan HC, Chang AB, Grimwood K. Streptococcus pneumoniae and chronic endobronchial infections in childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:1532-1545. [PMID: 28922566 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the main cause of bacterial pneumonia worldwide and has been studied extensively in this context. However, its role in chronic endobronchial infections and accompanying lower airway neutrophilic infiltration has received little attention. Severe and recurrent pneumonia are risk factors for chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis; the latter causes considerable morbidity and, in some populations, premature death in children and adults. Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is another chronic endobronchial infection associated with substantial morbidity. In some children, PBB may progress to bronchiectasis. Although nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is the main pathogen in PBB, CSLD and bronchiectasis, pneumococci are isolated commonly from the lower airways of children with these diagnoses. Here we review what is known currently about pneumococci in PBB, CSLD and bronchiectasis, including the importance of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization and how persistence in the lower airways may contribute to the pathogenesis of these chronic pulmonary disorders. Antibiotic treatments, particularly long-term azithromycin therapy, are discussed together with antibiotic resistance and the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Important areas requiring further investigation are identified, including immune responses associated with pneumococcal lower airway infection, alone and in combination with other respiratory pathogens, and microarray serotyping to improve detection of carriage and infection by multiple serotypes. Genome wide association studies of pneumococci from the upper and lower airways will help identify virulence and resistance determinants, including potential therapeutic targets and vaccine antigens to treat and prevent endobronchial infections. Much work is needed, but the benefits will be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Hare
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Amanda J Leach
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Heidi C Smith-Vaughan
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne B Chang
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Principi N, Esposito S. Development of pneumococcal vaccines over the last 10 years. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:7-17. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1384462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Paediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Genetic and structural elucidation of capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23A and 23B, and comparison to serotype 23F. Carbohydr Res 2017; 450:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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The Pneumococcal Serotype 15C Capsule Is Partially O-Acetylated and Allows for Limited Evasion of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine-Elicited Anti-Serotype 15B Antibodies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017. [PMID: 28637806 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00099-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As a species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) utilizes a diverse array of capsular polysaccharides to evade the host. In contrast to large variations in sugar composition and linkage formation, O-acetylation is a subtle capsular modification that nonetheless has a large impact on capsular shielding and recognition of the capsule by vaccine-elicited antibodies. Serotype 15B, which is included in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), carries the putative O-acetyltransferase gene wciZ The coding sequence of wciZ contains eight consecutive TA repeats [(TA)8]. Replication slippage is thought to result in the addition or loss of TA repeats, subsequently causing frameshift and truncation of WciZ to yield a nonacetylated serotype, 15C. Using sensitive serological tools, we show that serotype 15C isolates whose wciZ contains seven or nine TA repeats retain partial O-acetylation, while serotype 15C isolates whose wciZ contains six TA repeats have barely detectable O-acetylation. We confirmed by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that (TA)7 serotype 15C is ∼0.1% as acetylated as serotype 15B, while serotype 15X is nonacetylated. To eliminate the impact of genetic background, we created isogenic serotype 15B, (TA)7 serotype 15C, and 15BΔwciZ (15X) strains and found that reduction or absence of WciZ-mediated O-acetylation did not affect capsular shielding from phagocytes, biofilm formation, adhesion to nasopharyngeal cells, desiccation tolerance, or murine colonization. Sera from PPV23-immunized persons opsonized serotype 15B significantly but only slightly better than serotypes 15C and 15X; thus, PPV23 may not result in expansion of serotype 15C.
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