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Xie Z, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Kumthip K. Epidemiology of Enterovirus Genotypes in Association with Human Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:1165. [PMID: 39066327 PMCID: PMC11281466 DOI: 10.3390/v16071165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are well-known causes of a wide range of infectious diseases in infants and young children, ranging from mild illnesses to severe conditions, depending on the virus genotypes and the host's immunity. Recent advances in molecular surveillance and genotyping tools have identified over 116 different human EV genotypes from various types of clinical samples. However, the current knowledge about most of these genotypes, except for those of well-known genotypes like EV-A71 and EV-D68, is still limited due to a lack of comprehensive EV surveillance systems. This limited information makes it difficult to understand the true burden of EV-related diseases globally. Furthermore, the specific EV genotype associated with diseases varies according to country, population group, and study period. The same genotype can exhibit different epidemiological features in different areas. By integrating the data from established EV surveillance systems in the USA, Europe, Japan, and China, in combination with other EV infection studies, we can elaborate a better understanding of the distribution of prevalent EV genotypes and the diseases associated with EV. This review analyzed the data from various EV surveillance databases and explored the EV seroprevalence and the association of specific EV genotypes with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Transformation of Cancer Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Jartti M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hankaniemi MM. Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:73. [PMID: 39010093 PMCID: PMC11247760 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minne Jartti
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge and Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Senpuku K, Kataoka-Nakamura C, Kunishima Y, Hirai T, Yoshioka Y. An inactivated whole-virion vaccine for Enterovirus D68 adjuvanted with CpG ODN or AddaVax elicits potent protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2024; 42:2463-2474. [PMID: 38472067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), a pathogen that causes respiratory symptoms, mainly in children, has been implicated in acute flaccid myelitis, which is a poliomyelitis-like paralysis. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or treatments for EV-D68 infections. Here, we investigated the optimal viral inactivation reagents, vaccine adjuvants, and route of vaccination in mice to optimize an inactivated whole-virion (WV) vaccine against EV-D68. We used formalin, β-propiolactone (BPL), and hydrogen peroxide as viral inactivation reagents and compared their effects on antibody responses. Use of any of these three viral inactivation reagents effectively induced neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, the antibody response induced by the BPL-inactivated WV vaccine was enhanced when adjuvanted with cytosine phosphoguanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) or AddaVax (MF59-like adjuvant), but not with aluminum hydroxide (alum). Consistent with the antibody response results, the protective effect of the inactivated WV vaccine against the EV-D68 challenge was enhanced when adjuvanted with CpG ODN or AddaVax, but not with alum. Further, while the intranasal inactivated WV vaccine induced EV-D68-specific IgA antibodies in the respiratory tract, it was less protective against EV-D68 challenge than the injectable vaccine. Thus, an injectable inactivated EV-D68 WV vaccine prepared with appropriate viral inactivation reagents and an optimal adjuvant is a promising EV-D68 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Senpuku
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chikako Kataoka-Nakamura
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuta Kunishima
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Moss DL, Paine AC, Krug PW, Kanekiyo M, Ruckwardt TJ. Enterovirus virus-like-particle and inactivated poliovirus vaccines do not elicit substantive cross-reactive antibody responses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012159. [PMID: 38662650 PMCID: PMC11045126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses are the most common human pathogen with over 300 distinct genotypes. Previous work with poliovirus has suggested that it is possible to generate antibody responses in humans and animals that can recognize members of multiple enterovirus species. However, cross protective immunity across multiple enteroviruses is not observed epidemiologically in humans. Here we investigated whether immunization of mice or baboons with inactivated poliovirus or enterovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccines generates antibody responses that can recognize enterovirus D68 or A71. We found that mice only generated antibodies specific for the antigen they were immunized with, and repeated immunization failed to generate cross-reactive antibody responses as measured by both ELISA and neutralization assay. Immunization of baboons with IPV failed to generate neutralizing antibody responses against enterovirus D68 or A71. These results suggest that a multivalent approach to enterovirus vaccination is necessary to protect against enterovirus disease in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Moss
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alden C. Paine
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Krug
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Park SW, Messacar K, Douek DC, Spaulding AB, Metcalf CJE, Grenfell BT. Predicting the impact of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical intervention on short- and medium-term dynamics of enterovirus D68 in the US. Epidemics 2024; 46:100736. [PMID: 38118274 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections, and their causal linkage with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), continue to pose a serious public health concern. During 2020 and 2021, the dynamics of EV-D68 and other pathogens have been significantly perturbed by non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19; this perturbation presents a powerful natural experiment for exploring the dynamics of these endemic infections. In this study, we analyzed publicly available data on EV-D68 infections, originally collected through the New Vaccine Surveillance Network, to predict their short- and long-term dynamics following the COVID-19 interventions. Although long-term predictions are sensitive to our assumptions about underlying dynamics and changes in contact rates during the NPI periods, the likelihood of a large outbreak in 2023 appears to be low. Comprehensive surveillance data are needed to accurately characterize future dynamics of EV-D68. The limited incidence of AFM cases in 2022, despite large EV-D68 outbreaks, poses further questions for the timing of the next AFM outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Kevin Messacar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alicen B Spaulding
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Li F, Lu RJ, Zhang YH, Shi P, Ao YY, Cao LF, Zhang YL, Tan WJ, Shen J. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus D68 from 2013 to 2020 in Shanghai. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2161. [PMID: 38272942 PMCID: PMC10810781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen that has caused outbreaks of severe respiratory disease worldwide, especially in children. We aim to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of EV-D68 in children from Shanghai. Nasopharyngeal swab or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia were screened for EV-D68. Nine of 3997 samples were EV-D68-positive. Seven of nine positive samples were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. Based on partial polyprotein gene (3D) or complete sequence analysis, we found the seven strains belong to different clades and subclades, including three D1 (detected in 2013 and 2014), one D2 (2013), one D3 (2019), and two B3 (2014 and 2018). Overall, we show different clades and subclades of EV-D68 spread with low positive rates (0.2%) among children in Shanghai between 2013 and 2020. Amino acid mutations were found in the epitopes of the VP1 BC and DE loops and C-terminus; similarity analysis provided evidence for recombination as an important mechanism of genomic diversification. Both single nucleotide mutations and recombination play a role in evolution of EV-D68. Genetic instability within these clinical strains may indicate large outbreaks could occur following cumulative mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rou-Jian Lu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Statistics and Data Management Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yun Ao
- Virology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Feng Cao
- Virology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Shen
- Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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Krug PW, Wang L, Shi W, Kong WP, Moss DL, Yang ES, Fisher BE, Morabito KM, Mascola JR, Kanekiyo M, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. EV-D68 virus-like particle vaccines elicit cross-clade neutralizing antibodies that inhibit infection and block dissemination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6076. [PMID: 37196074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes severe respiratory illness in children and can result in a debilitating paralytic disease known as acute flaccid myelitis. No treatment or vaccine for EV-D68 infection is available. Here, we demonstrate that virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines elicit a protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous EV-D68 subclades. VLP based on a B1 subclade 2014 outbreak strain elicited comparable B1 EV-D68 neutralizing activity as an inactivated viral particle vaccine in mice. Both immunogens elicited weaker cross-neutralization against heterologous viruses. A B3 VLP vaccine elicited more robust neutralization of B3 subclade viruses with improved cross-neutralization. A balanced CD4+ T helper response was achieved using a carbomer-based adjuvant, Adjuplex. Nonhuman primates immunized with this B3 VLP Adjuplex formulation generated robust neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous subclade viruses. Our results suggest that both vaccine strain and adjuvant selection are critical elements for improving the breadth of protective immunity against EV-D68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Krug
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Moss
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian E Fisher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management with Nerve Transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 151:85e-98e. [PMID: 36219869 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a devastating neurologic condition in children, manifesting as acute limb weakness and/or paralysis. Despite increased awareness of AFM following initiation of U.S. surveillance in 2014, no treatment consensus exists. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the most current knowledge regarding AFM epidemiology, cause, clinical features, diagnosis, and supportive and operative management, including nerve transfer. METHODS The authors systematically reviewed the literature based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using multiple databases to search the keywords ("acute flaccid myelitis"), ('acute flaccid myelitis'/exp OR 'acute flaccid myelitis'), and (Acute AND flaccid AND myelitis). Included articles reported on (1) AFM diagnosis and (2) patient-specific data regarding epidemiology, cause, clinical features, diagnostic features, or management of AFM. RESULTS Ninety-nine articles were included in this review. The precise cause and pathophysiologic mechanism of AFM remain undetermined, but AFM is strongly associated with nonpolio enterovirus infections. Clinical presentation typically comprises preceding viral prodrome, pleocytosis, spinal cord lesions on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and acute onset of flaccid weakness/paralysis with hyporeflexia in at least one extremity. Supportive care includes medical therapy and rehabilitation. Early studies of nerve transfer for AFM have shown favorable outcomes for patients with persistent weakness. CONCLUSIONS Supportive care and physical therapy are the foundation of a multidisciplinary approach to managing AFM. For patients with persistent limb weakness, nerve transfer has shown promise for improving function in distal muscle groups. Surgeons must consider potential spontaneous recovery, patient selection, donor nerve availability, recipient nerve appropriateness, and procedure timing.
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van den Braak WJP, Monica B, Limpens D, Rockx-Brouwer D, de Boer M, Oosterhoff D. Construction of a Vero Cell Line Expressing Human ICAM1 for the Development of Rhinovirus Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102235. [PMID: 36298792 PMCID: PMC9607643 DOI: 10.3390/v14102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that belong to the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family and are known for causing the common cold. Though symptoms are generally mild in healthy individuals, the economic burden associated with HRV infection is significant. A vaccine could prevent disease. The Vero-cell-based viral vaccine platform technology was considered for such vaccine development. Unfortunately, most HRV strains are unable to propagate on Vero cells due to a lack of the major receptor of HRV group A and B, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM1, also known as CD54). Therefore, stable human ICAM1 expressing Vero cell clones were generated by transfecting the ICAM1 gene in Vero cells and selecting clones that overexpressed ICAM1 on the cell surface. Cell banks were made and expression of ICAM1 was stable for at least 30 passages. The Vero_ICAM1 cells and parental Vero cells were infected with four HRV prototypes, B14, A16, B37 and A57. Replication of all four viruses was detected in Vero_ICAM1, but not in the parental Vero cells. Altogether, Vero cells expressing ICAM1 could efficiently propagate the tested HRV strains. Therefore, ICAM1-expressing cells could be a useful tool for the development and future production of polyvalent HRV vaccines or other viruses that use ICAM1 as a receptor.
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Circulation of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causing respiratory illness in New South Wales, Australia, between August 2018 and November 2019. Pathology 2022; 54:784-789. [PMID: 35717412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in New South Wales, Australia, is unknown. As part of a state-wide surveillance program, enterovirus positive diagnostic specimens were assessed from patients presenting to hospitals with respiratory and meningitis syndromes from August 2018 to November 2019. Diagnostic enterovirus positive samples were collected from 339 patients and re-extracted followed by targeted PCR across the whole EV-D68 genome (7.4 kb). Obtained amplicons (n=208) were sequenced using Illumina sequencing technology and the phylogenetic relationships analysed relative to EV-D68 Fermon strain. We identified EV-D68 in 31 patients, both children (n=27) and adults (n=4). Phylogenetically, the majority (n=30) were from subclade B3, the same as that causing outbreaks of EV-D68 across the USA and Europe during 2018. These data strengthen the importance of having an active enterovirus surveillance network.
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Fall A, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Foe-Essomba JR, Tchatchouang S, Amougou Atsama M, Yéngué JF, Kenfack-Momo R, Feudjio AF, Nka AD, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Taya-Fokou JB, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Noura EA, Zemnou-Tepap C, Meta-Djomsi D, Maïdadi-Foudi M, Kame-Ngasse GI, Nyebe I, Djukouo LG, Kengne Gounmadje L, Tchami Ngongang D, Oyono MG, Demeni Emoh CP, Tazokong HR, Mahamat G, Kengne-Ndé C, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Dia N, La Rosa G, Ndip L, Njouom R. Global prevalence and case fatality rate of Enterovirus D68 infections, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010073. [PMID: 35134062 PMCID: PMC8824346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of epidemiological data has been reported on Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections after the 2014 outbreak. Our goal was to map the case fatality rate (CFR) and prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021229255) with published articles on EV-68 infections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus up to January 2021. We determined prevalences using a model random effect. Of the 4,329 articles retrieved from the databases, 89 studies that met the inclusion criteria were from 39 different countries with apparently healthy individuals and patients with acute respiratory infections, acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The CFR estimate revealed occasional deaths (7/1353) related to EV-D68 infections in patients with severe acute respiratory infections. Analyses showed that the combined prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections was 4% (95% CI = 3.1–5.0) and 66.3% (95% CI = 40.0–88.2), respectively. The highest prevalences were in hospital outbreaks, developed countries, children under 5, after 2014, and in patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The present study shows sporadic deaths linked to severe respiratory EV-D68 infections. The study also highlights a low prevalence of current EV-D68 infections as opposed to the existence of EV-D68 antibodies in almost all participants of the included studies. These findings therefore highlight the need to implement and/or strengthen continuous surveillance of EV-D68 infections in hospitals and in the community for the anticipation of the response to future epidemics. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections represent a global public health concern. EV-D68 are detected in apparently healthy subjects and patients with acute respiratory illnesses, acute flaccid myelitis, and asthma-related illnesses. Enterovirus D68 was first described in 1962 and exhibited sporadic circulation until August 2014 when outbreaks of EV-D68 infections were reported in the USA and Canada mainly in children with acute flaccid myelitis and severe acute respiratory disease. We systematically reviewed the literature on EV-D68 infections globally in the present study to determine the case fatality rate and prevalence of current and past infections. Our results show sporadic deaths in patients with severe acute respiratory EV-D68 infections. Our data also show a low prevalence of EV-D68 in current infections unlike the presence of EV-D68 antibodies (past infections) in almost all individuals of all ages. EV-D68 infections were more prevalent in hospital outbreaks, industrialized countries, children < 5 years, and patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. These data highlight the need to strengthen the surveillance of EV-D68 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Marie Amougou Atsama
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Alex Durand Nka
- Virology Laboratory, Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Efietngab Atembeh Noura
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Dowbiss Meta-Djomsi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Martin Maïdadi-Foudi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Inès Nyebe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Martin Gael Oyono
- Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Gadji Mahamat
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Research Monitoring and Planning Unit, National Aids Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
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12
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Yang Z, Zheng H, Li H, Chen Y, Hou D, Fan Q, Song J, Guo L, Liu L. The expression of IFN-β is suppressed by the viral 3D polymerase via its impact on PGAM5 expression during enterovirus D68 infection. Virus Res 2021; 304:198549. [PMID: 34425164 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) belongs to the Picornaviridae family and can lead to severe clinical manifestations in the respiratory system. The 3D-polymerase (3Dpoly) is an important nonstructural protein during EV-D68 replication, but few studies have addressed its interaction with the host antiviral response during EV-D68 infection. Here, we used human bronchial epithelial cells to investigate the impact of the 3Dpoly on the mitochondrial dynamics and innate immune response. The results showed that the number and morphology of the mitochondria in 16HBE cells was affected during the early stage of infection, and these effects included the cellular apoptosis. Moreover, we found that the 3Dpoly of EV-D68 can interact with PGAM5 and promote mitofusin 2 protein upregulation, and subsequently, 3Dpoly impairs IFN-β expression by impacting the activation of the RIG-I receptor signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that during EV-D68 replication, the 3Dpoly, via its interaction with PGAM5, can affect the mitochondrial dynamics and suppress the expression of IFN-β by impacting the RIG-I-like receptor signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zening Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dongpei Hou
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Song
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Longding Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Virus Vaccine Research & Development System Innovation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.
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13
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Duval M, Mirand A, Lesens O, Bay JO, Caillaud D, Gallot D, Lautrette A, Montcouquiol S, Schmidt J, Egron C, Jugie G, Bisseux M, Archimbaud C, Lambert C, Henquell C, Bailly JL. Retrospective Study of the Upsurge of Enterovirus D68 Clade D1 among Adults (2014-2018). Viruses 2021; 13:1607. [PMID: 34452471 PMCID: PMC8402803 DOI: 10.3390/v13081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has emerged as an agent of epidemic respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis in the paediatric population but data are lacking in adult patients. We performed a 4.5-year single-centre retrospective study of all patients who tested positive for EV-D68 and analysed full-length EV-D68 genomes of the predominant clades B3 and D1. Between 1 June 2014, and 31 December 2018, 73 of the 11,365 patients investigated for respiratory pathogens tested positive for EV-D68, of whom 20 (27%) were adults (median age 53.7 years [IQR 34.0-65.7]) and 53 (73%) were children (median age 1.9 years [IQR 0.2-4.0]). The proportion of adults increased from 12% in 2014 to 48% in 2018 (p = 0.01). All adults had an underlying comorbidity factor, including chronic lung disease in 12 (60%), diabetes mellitus in six (30%), and chronic heart disease in five (25%). Clade D1 infected a higher proportion of adults than clades B3 and B2 (p = 0.001). Clade D1 was more divergent than clade B3: 5 of 19 amino acid changes in the capsid proteins were located in putative antigenic sites. Adult patients with underlying conditions are more likely to present with severe complications associated with EV-D68, notably the emergent clade D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Duval
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Lesens
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jacques-Olivier Bay
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Thérapie Cellulaire et Hématologie Clinique, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Denis Caillaud
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pneumologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Denis Gallot
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | | | - Sylvie Montcouquiol
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre de Référence et de Compétence Mucoviscidose, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jeannot Schmidt
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Des Urgences, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Carole Egron
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Gwendoline Jugie
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Maxime Bisseux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Biométrie et Médico-Economie—Direction de la Recherche Clinique et Innovation, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
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14
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Fischer TK, Simmonds P, Harvala H. The importance of enterovirus surveillance in a post-polio world. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 22:e35-e40. [PMID: 34265258 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poliovirus is known to most people in the world as the cause of polio, a devastating paralytic disease from the past. Success in polio eradication has understandably translated into stricter containment plans for poliovirus, coordinated by WHO. In this Personal View, we discuss the impact of recent biosafety level 3+ guidelines for handling potential poliovirus-containing diagnostic specimens, which has resulted in closure of many national WHO poliovirus reference laboratories. This reduction in laboratory capacity has a knock-on effect of capability to detect and characterise non-polio enteroviruses in samples obtained from patients with neurological symptoms. The development is of concern given the widespread circulation of non-polio enteroviruses, their role as the most common cause of meningitis worldwide, and their involvement in other severe neurological conditions, such as acute flaccid myelitis and encephalitis. These disease presentations have increased substantially in the past decade, and have been associated with major outbreaks of enterovirus D68 and enterovirus A71, leaving many who survived with lasting paralysis and disabilities. To address this growing gap in diagnostic and surveillance capability, we have established the European Non-Poliovirus Enterovirus Network (also known as ENPEN) as a supra-national, non-commercial, core reference consortium. Our consortium will develop, test, and implement generic surveillance platforms for non-polio enteroviruses and other emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea K Fischer
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands University Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark; Department of Public Health and Department of International Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- National Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK; Infection and Immunity, University College of London, London, UK
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15
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The role of conformational epitopes in the evolutionary divergence of enterovirus D68 clades: A bioinformatics-based study. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104992. [PMID: 34242773 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), as one of the major pathogens of paediatric respiratory disease, has been widely spread in the population in recent years. As the basis of virus antigenicity, antigenic epitopes are essential to monitoring the transformation of virus antigenicity. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the antigenic epitopes of EV-D68. In this study, a bioinformatics-based prediction algorithm for human enteroviruses was used to predict the conformational epitopes of EV-D68. The prediction results showed that the conformational epitopes of EV-D68 were clustered into three sites: site 1, site 2, and site 3. Site 1 was located in the "north rim" region of the canyon near the fivefold axis; site 2 was located in the "puff" region near the twofold axis; and site 3 consisted of two parts, one in the "knob" region on the south rim of the canyon and the other in the threefold axis region. The predicted epitopes overlapped highly with the binding regions of four reported monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), indicating that the predictions were highly reliable. Phylogenetic analysis showed that amino acid mutations in the epitopes of the VP1 BC loop, DE loop, C-terminus, and VP2 EF loop played a crucial role in the evolutionary divergence of EV-D68 clades/subclades and epidemics. This finding indicated that the VP1 BC loop, DE loop, C-terminus, and VP2 EF loop were the most important epitopes of EV-D68. Research on the epitopes of EV-D68 will contribute to outbreak surveillance and to the development of diagnostic reagents and recombinant vaccines.
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16
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Park SW, Pons-Salort M, Messacar K, Cook C, Meyers L, Farrar J, Grenfell BT. Epidemiological dynamics of enterovirus D68 in the United States and implications for acute flaccid myelitis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/584/eabd2400. [PMID: 33692131 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) recently emerged in the United States as a rare but serious neurological condition since 2012. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is thought to be a main causative agent, but limited surveillance of EV-D68 in the United States has hampered the ability to assess their causal relationship. Using surveillance data from the BioFire Syndromic Trends epidemiology network in the United States from January 2014 to September 2019, we characterized the epidemiological dynamics of EV-D68 and found latitudinal gradient in the mean timing of EV-D68 cases, which are likely climate driven. We also demonstrated a strong spatiotemporal association of EV-D68 with AFM. Mathematical modeling suggested that the recent dominant biennial cycles of EV-D68 dynamics may not be stable. Nonetheless, we predicted that a major EV-D68 outbreak, and hence an AFM outbreak, would have still been possible in 2020 under normal epidemiological conditions. Nonpharmaceutical intervention efforts due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are likely to have reduced the sizes of EV-D68 and AFM outbreaks in 2020, illustrating the broader epidemiological impact of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Margarita Pons-Salort
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Kevin Messacar
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Hospital Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Camille Cook
- BioFire Diagnostics LLC, 515 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Lindsay Meyers
- BioFire Diagnostics LLC, 515 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.,Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Morsli M, Vincent JJ, Milliere L, Colson P, Drancourt M. Direct next-generation sequencing diagnosis of echovirus 9 meningitis, France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2037-2039. [PMID: 33694039 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of central nervous system infections caused by enteroviruses partially depends on the viral genotype, which is not provided by current point-of-care diagnostic methods. In this study, next-generation sequencing identified an echovirus 9 directly from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient presenting with meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madjid Morsli
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vincent
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Laurine Milliere
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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