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Camoin-Jau L, Habib G. Should We Give Antithrombotic Therapy to Patients With Infective Endocarditis?: A Serious Question, But Unresolved. JACC. ADVANCES 2024; 3:100766. [PMID: 38939378 PMCID: PMC11198370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI) Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Haematology Laboratory, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI) Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Cardiology Department, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
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2
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Zhang C, Zhang W, Zhu S, Hu C, Che S, Wang M, Jin M, Bian N, Song W, Jiang S, Jiang Y, Hou J, Liu C, Zhou H, Wei L, Shi G, Tang Y. Bilobetin attenuates Staphylococcus aureus virulence by targeting Von Willebrand factor-binding protein and staphylocoagulase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:358. [PMID: 37884743 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) induces a variety of infectious diseases in humans and animals and is responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections. The aim of this study was to investigate how bilobetin, a natural compound, attenuates S. aureus virulence by inhibiting two key virulence factors, von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp) and staphylocoagulase (Coa). The results showed that bilobetin inhibited Coa- or vWbp-induced coagulation without affecting S. aureus proliferation. The Western blotting and fluorescence quenching assays indicated that bilobetin did not affect the expression of vWbp and Coa but directly bound to the proteins with KA values of 1.66 × 104 L/mol and 1.04 × 104 L/mol, respectively. To gain further insight into the mechanism of interaction of bilobetin with these virulence factors, we performed molecular docking and point mutation assays, which indicated that the TYR-6 and TYR-18 residues on vWbp and the ALA-190 and ASP-189 residues on Coa were essential for the binding of bilobetin. In addition, the in vivo studies showed that bilobetin ameliorated lung tissue damage and inflammation caused by S. aureus, thereby improving the survival of mice. Furthermore, the use of bilobetin as an adjuvant in combination with vancomycin was more effective in the treatment of a mouse model of pneumonia. Taken together, bilobetin had a dual inhibitory effect on vWbp and Coa by reducing the virulence of S. aureus, suggesting that it is a viable lead compound against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyue Zhu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chunjie Hu
- Proctology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Sihua Che
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mengli Jin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Bian
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wu Song
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yijing Jiang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Hou
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haofang Zhou
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
| | - Guijun Shi
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
- Changchun Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
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3
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Mutti M, Moreno DS, Restrepo-Córdoba M, Visram Z, Resch G, Corsini L. Phage activity against Staphylococcus aureus is impaired in plasma and synovial fluid. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18204. [PMID: 37875544 PMCID: PMC10598271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
S. aureus is a pathogen that frequently causes severe morbidity and phage therapy is being discussed as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of S. aureus infections. In this in vitro and animal study, we demonstrated that the activity of anti-staphylococcal phages is severely impaired in 0.5% plasma or synovial fluid. Despite phage replication in these matrices, lysis of the bacteria was slower than phage propagation, and no reduction of the bacterial population was observed. The inhibition of the phages associated with a reduction in phage adsorption, quantified to 99% at 10% plasma. S. aureus is known to bind multiple coagulation factors, resulting in the formation of aggregates and blood clots that might protect the bacterium from the phages. Here, we show that purified fibrinogen at a sub-physiological concentration of 0.4 mg/ml is sufficient to impair phage activity. In contrast, dissolution of the clots by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) partially restored phage activity. Consistent with these in vitro findings, phage treatment did not reduce bacterial burdens in a neutropenic mouse S. aureus thigh infection model. In summary, phage treatment of S. aureus infections inside the body may be fundamentally challenging, and more investigation is needed prior to proceeding to in-human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grégory Resch
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences (CRISP), Lausanne Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Czerwińska-Jelonkiewicz K, Sanetra K, Buszman PP, Gryszko L, Wood A, Crescenzi O, Milewski K, Buszman PE. Hemostatic disorders in patients with infective endocarditis undergoing urgent surgical valve replacement - Rethinking current beliefs. Int J Cardiol 2023; 388:131112. [PMID: 37343789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although infective endocarditis (IE) represents a unique model of thrombo-inflammatory disease, the most frequent early complications of surgical valve replacement (SVR) in IE population are coagulopathy and bleeding. The hemostatic capacity and procedure-related coagulation disorders of IE patients undergoing SVR are unknown. The aims of this study were to test periprocedural hemostasis in IE patients undergoing urgent SVR, and to assess the association between disorders of hemostasis and early bleeding as well as with thromboembolic events. METHODS A prospective, two-center, hypothesis generating, observational study was performed between Dec 2017 and Jan 2020. Periprocedural hemostasis of IE patients was assessed using Total Thrombus-formation Analysis System (T-TAS Plus) within 24 h before and 72 h post SVR. RESULTS Overall, 25 patients with active IE undergoing urgent SVR were tested. Hemostatic capacity of IE patients was significantly impaired pre-SVR as well as post-SVR compared to normal values, in most aspects of T-TAS assays under high and low shear forces, including prolonged activation of coagulation (T10), final clot formation (OT) and clot strength (AUC30). Post-SVR T-TAS results were significantly associated with early bleeding and with red blood cell, platelet, and fresh frozen plasma administration. No association with thrombo-embolic events was found. CONCLUSIONS Patients with active IE undergoing urgent SVR have significantly reduced hemostatic capacity before and after SVR. Hemostatic insufficiency post-SVR is related to bleeding and blood products transfusion. T-TAS may be helpful in assessment of periprocedural hemostasis in patients with IE undergoing SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czerwińska-Jelonkiewicz
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland; Adults Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefiled Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Krzysztof Sanetra
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Cardiac Surgery, American Heart of Poland Inc., Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Piotr P Buszman
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland Inc., Poland
| | - Leszek Gryszko
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alice Wood
- Cardiology Department, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Oliviero Crescenzi
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal Brompton and Harefiled Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Milewski
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland Inc., Poland
| | - Paweł E Buszman
- Medical University of Silesia, Epidemiology Department, Katowice, Poland
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5
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Komorowicz E, Farkas VJ, Szabó L, Cherrington S, Thelwell C, Kolev K. DNA and histones impair the mechanical stability and lytic susceptibility of fibrin formed by staphylocoagulase. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233128. [PMID: 37662916 PMCID: PMC10470048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylocoagulase (SCG) is a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most lethal pathogens of our times. The complex of SCG with prothrombin (SCG/ProT) can clot fibrinogen, and SCG/ProT-induced fibrin and plasma clots have been described to show decreased mechanical and lytic resistance, which may contribute to septic emboli from infected cardiac vegetations. At infection sites, neutrophils can release DNA and histones, as parts of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which in turn favor thrombosis, inhibit fibrinolysis and strengthen clot structure. Objectives To characterize the combined effects of major NET-components (DNA, histone H1 and H3) on SCG/ProT-induced clot structure, mechanical and lytic stability. Methods Recombinant SCG was used to clot purified fibrinogen and plasma. The kinetics of formation and lysis of fibrin and plasma clots containing H1 or core histones+/-DNA were followed by turbidimetry. Fibrin structure and mechanical stability were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, pressure-driven permeation, and oscillation rheometry. Results Histones and DNA favored the formation of thicker fibrin fibers and a more heterogeneous clot structure including high porosity with H1 histone, whereas low porosity with core histones and DNA. As opposed to previous observations with thrombin-induced clots, SCG/ProT-induced fibrin was not mechanically stabilized by histones. Similarly to thrombin-induced clots, the DNA-histone complexes prolonged fibrinolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator (up to 2-fold). The anti-fibrinolytic effect of the DNA and DNA-H3 complex was observed in plasma clots too. Heparin (low molecular weight) accelerated the lysis of SCG/ProT-clots from plasma, even if DNA and histones were also present. Conclusions In the interplay of NETs and fibrin formed by SCG, DNA and histones promote structural heterogeneity in the clots, and fail to stabilize them against mechanical stress. The DNA-histone complexes render the SCG-fibrin more resistant to lysis and thereby less prone to embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika J. Farkas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Plasma Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sophie Cherrington
- South Mimms Laboratories, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Thelwell
- South Mimms Laboratories, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Chen X, Hu C, Shu Z, Wang X, Zhao Y, Song W, Chen X, Jin M, Xiu Y, Guo X, Kong X, Jiang Y, Guan J, Gongga L, Wang L, Wang B. Isovanillic acid protects mice against Staphylococcus aureus by targeting vWbp and Coa. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:735-749. [PMID: 37526178 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our primary objective was to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of isovanillic acid in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus Newman. Methods: In vitro coagulation assays were used to validate vWbp and Coa as inhibitory targets of isovanillic acid. The binding mechanism of isovanillic acid to vWbp and Coa was investigated using molecular docking and point mutagenesis. Importantly, a lethal pneumonia mouse model was used to assess the effect of isovanillic acid on survival and pathological injury in mice. Results & Conclusion: Isovanillic acid reduced the virulence of S. aureus by directly binding to inhibit the clotting activity of vWbp and Coa, thereby reducing lung histopathological damage and improving the survival rate in mice with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Chen
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Chunjie Hu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
- Proctology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zunhua Shu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xingye Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
- Center for Pathogen Biology & Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,130021, China
| | - Wu Song
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Mengli Jin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yang Xiu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xuerui Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiangri Kong
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yijing Jiang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lanzi Gongga
- Tibet University Medical College, Tibet, 850000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Bingmei Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
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7
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Braï MA, Hannachi N, El Gueddari N, Baudoin JP, Dahmani A, Lepidi H, Habib G, Camoin-Jau L. The Role of Platelets in Infective Endocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087540. [PMID: 37108707 PMCID: PMC10143005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) has increased, with a change in the frequency of causative bacteria. Early evidence has substantially demonstrated the crucial role of bacterial interaction with human platelets, with no clear mechanistic characterization in the pathogenesis of IE. The pathogenesis of endocarditis is so complex and atypical that it is still unclear how and why certain bacterial species will induce the formation of vegetation. In this review, we will analyze the key role of platelets in the physiopathology of endocarditis and in the formation of vegetation, depending on the bacterial species. We provide a comprehensive outline of the involvement of platelets in the host immune response, investigate the latest developments in platelet therapy, and discuss prospective research avenues for solving the mechanistic enigma of bacteria-platelet interaction for preventive and curative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Abdeljalil Braï
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nadji Hannachi
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmacotechnie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif I, Sétif 19000, Algeria
| | - Nabila El Gueddari
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Abderrhamane Dahmani
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
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8
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Feng Y, Ming T, Zhou J, Lu C, Wang R, Su X. The Response and Survival Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus under High Salinity Stress in Salted Foods. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101503. [PMID: 35627073 PMCID: PMC9140498 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has a strong tolerance to high salt stress. It is a major reason as to why the contamination of S. aureus in salted food cannot be eradicated. To elucidate its response and survival mechanisms, changes in the morphology, biofilm formation, virulence, transcriptome, and metabolome of S. aureus were investigated. IsaA positively regulates and participates in the formation of biofilm. Virulence was downregulated to reduce the depletion of nonessential cellular functions. Inositol phosphate metabolism was downregulated to reduce the conversion of functional molecules. The MtsABC transport system was downregulated to reduce ion transport and signaling. Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was upregulated to improve cellular homeostasis. The betaine biosynthesis pathway was upregulated to protect the active structure of proteins and nucleic acids. Within a 10% NaCl concentration, the L-proline content was upregulated to increase osmotic stability. In addition, 20 hub genes were identified through an interaction analysis. The findings provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of salt-tolerant bacteria in salted foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134000, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tinghong Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-574-8760-8368
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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9
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Nanjundaswamy S, Jayashankar J, Chethana M, Renganathan RA, Karthik C, Ananda A, Nagashree S, Mallu P, Rai VR. Design, synthesis, and in-silico studies of pyrazolylpyridine analogues: A futuristic antibacterial contender against coagulase positive superbug-MRSA. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Xiang H, Yang P, Wang L, Li J, Wang T, Xue J, Wang D, Ma H. Isovitexin Is a Direct Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1350-1357. [PMID: 34409949 PMCID: PMC9706020 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2105.05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen that causes human pneumonia, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus coagulase (Coa) triggers the polymerization of fibrin by activating host prothrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin and contributes to S. aureus pathogenesis and persistent infection. In our research, we demonstrate that isovitexin, an active traditional Chinese medicine component, can inhibit the coagulase activity of Coa but does not interfere with the growth of S. aureus. Furthermore, we show through thermal shift and fluorescence quenching assays that isovitexin directly binds to Coa. Dynamic simulation and structure-activity relationship analyses suggest that V191 and P268 are key amino acid residues responsible for the binding of isovitexin to Coa. Taken together, these data indicate that isovitexin is a direct Coa inhibitor and a promising candidate for drug development against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China,The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Junze Xue
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China,The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-431-84532812 E-mail:
| | - Hongxia Ma
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China,College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China,The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-431-84532812 E-mail:
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11
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Butt JH, Fosbøl EL, Verhamme P, Gerds TA, Iversen K, Bundgaard H, Bruun NE, Larsen AR, Petersen A, Andersen PS, Skov RL, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L, Olesen JB. Dabigatran and the Risk of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:480-486. [PMID: 32478836 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with dabigatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, reduces the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro and in vivo models. However, it remains to be determined whether dabigatran reduces the risk of S. aureus infections in humans. We investigated the incidence rate of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran compared with patients treated with the factor Xa-inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. METHODS In this observational cohort study, 112 537 patients with atrial fibrillation who initiated treatment with direct oral anticoagulants (August 2011-December 2017) were identified from Danish nationwide registries. The incidence rates of SAB in patients treated with dabigatran versus patients treated with the factor Xa-inhibitors were examined by multivariable Cox regression accounting for time-dynamic changes in exposure status during follow-up. RESULTS A total of 112 537 patients were included. During a median follow-up of 2.0 years, 186 patients in the dabigatran group and 356 patients in the factor Xa-inhibitor group were admitted with SAB. The crude incidence rate of SAB was lower in the dabigatran group compared with the factor Xa-inhibitor group (22.8 [95% confidence interval [CI], 19.7-26.3] and 33.8 [95% CI, 30.5-37.6] events per 10 000 person-years, respectively). In adjusted analyses, dabigatran was associated with a significantly lower incidence rate of SAB compared with factor Xa-inhibitors (incidence rate ratio, .76; 95% CI, .63-.93). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with dabigatran was associated with a significantly lower incidence rate of SAB compared with treatment with factor Xa-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad H Butt
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil L Fosbøl
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas A Gerds
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Eske Bruun
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paal S Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Gunnar H Gislason
- The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Investigation, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas B Olesen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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12
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Panizzi P, Krohn-Grimberghe M, Keliher E, Ye YX, Grune J, Frodermann V, Sun Y, Muse CG, Bushey K, Iwamoto Y, van Leent MMT, Meerwaldt A, Toner YC, Munitz J, Maier A, Soultanidis G, Calcagno C, Pérez-Medina C, Carlucci G, Riddell KP, Barney S, Horne G, Anderson B, Maddur-Appajaiah A, Verhamme IM, Bock PE, Wojtkiewicz GR, Courties G, Swirski FK, Church WR, Walz PH, Tillson DM, Mulder WJM, Nahrendorf M. Multimodal imaging of bacterial-host interface in mice and piglets with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/568/eaay2104. [PMID: 33148623 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute bacterial endocarditis is a rapid, difficult to manage, and frequently lethal disease. Potent antibiotics often cannot efficiently kill Staphylococcus aureus that colonizes the heart's valves. S. aureus relies on virulence factors to evade therapeutics and the host's immune response, usurping the host's clotting system by activating circulating prothrombin with staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand factor-binding protein. An insoluble fibrin barrier then forms around the bacterial colony, shielding the pathogen from immune cell clearance. Targeting virulence factors may provide previously unidentified avenues to better diagnose and treat endocarditis. To tap into this unused therapeutic opportunity, we codeveloped therapeutics and multimodal molecular imaging to probe the host-pathogen interface. We introduced and validated a family of small-molecule optical and positron emission tomography (PET) reporters targeting active thrombin in the fibrin-rich environment of bacterial colonies. The imaging agents, based on the clinical thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, are bound to heart valve vegetations in mice. Using optical imaging, we monitored therapy with antibodies neutralizing staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand factor-binding protein in mice with S. aureus endocarditis. This treatment deactivated bacterial defenses against innate immune cells, decreased in vivo imaging signal, and improved survival. Aortic or tricuspid S. aureus endocarditis in piglets was also successfully imaged with clinical PET/magnetic resonance imaging. Our data map a route toward adjuvant immunotherapy for endocarditis and provide efficient tools to monitor this drug class for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Marvin Krohn-Grimberghe
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,University Heart Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edmund Keliher
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yu-Xiang Ye
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jana Grune
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Frodermann
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yuan Sun
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Charlotte G Muse
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mandy M T van Leent
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anu Meerwaldt
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yohana C Toner
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jazz Munitz
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander Maier
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgios Soultanidis
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardivasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Bernard and Irene Schwarz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kay P Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sharron Barney
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Glenn Horne
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brian Anderson
- Swine Research and Education Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ashoka Maddur-Appajaiah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Paul E Bock
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Gregory R Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gabriel Courties
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - D Michael Tillson
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Lerche CJ, Schwartz F, Theut M, Fosbøl EL, Iversen K, Bundgaard H, Høiby N, Moser C. Anti-biofilm Approach in Infective Endocarditis Exposes New Treatment Strategies for Improved Outcome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643335. [PMID: 34222225 PMCID: PMC8249808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infective disease with increasing incidence worldwide. From early on, in the antibiotic era, it was recognized that high-dose and long-term antibiotic therapy was correlated to improved outcome. In addition, for several of the common microbial IE etiologies, the use of combination antibiotic therapy further improves outcome. IE vegetations on affected heart valves from patients and experimental animal models resemble biofilm infections. Besides the recalcitrant nature of IE, the microorganisms often present in an aggregated form, and gradients of bacterial activity in the vegetations can be observed. Even after appropriate antibiotic therapy, such microbial formations can often be identified in surgically removed, infected heart valves. Therefore, persistent or recurrent cases of IE, after apparent initial infection control, can be related to biofilm formation in the heart valve vegetations. On this background, the present review will describe potentially novel non-antibiotic, antimicrobial approaches in IE, with special focus on anti-thrombotic strategies and hyperbaric oxygen therapy targeting the biofilm formation of the infected heart valves caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The format is translational from preclinical models to actual clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Johann Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franziska Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Theut
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Loldrup Fosbøl
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Hogan S, Kasotakis E, Maher S, Cavanagh B, O'Gara JP, Pandit A, Keyes TE, Devocelle M, O'Neill E. A novel medical device coating prevents Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on medical device surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5490329. [PMID: 31095299 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of device related infections due to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on devices represents a significant challenge. Such infections have recently been shown to be dependent on the coagulation pathway via activation of pro-thrombin and fibrin production. Three direct-thrombin inhibitors, argatroban, hirudin and dabigatran, were examined to determine their effect on preventing S. aureus biofilm on plastic biochip surfaces under shear stress using an in vivo relevant model of infection. Surface functionalization of polyurethane discs via dityrosine covalent crosslinking with hirudin was performed and changes in bacterial density and microscopic appearances determined. The three direct-thrombin inhibitors prevented S. aureus biofilm formation on plasma-coated surfaces treated with these agents. Coating of polyurethane with one of these agents, hirudin, significantly inhibited biofilm formation on the modified surface. These findings reveal the exciting potential for coating biomaterial surfaces with direct thrombin inhibitors to prevent staphylococcal binding and subsequent device-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Hogan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Emmanouil Kasotakis
- CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sean Maher
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brenton Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James P O'Gara
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Marc Devocelle
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoghan O'Neill
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, Connolly Hospital, Dublin 15, Ireland
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15
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Zhang H, Luan Y, Jing S, Wang Y, Gao Z, Yang P, Ding Y, Wang L, Wang D, Wang T. Baicalein mediates protection against Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia by inhibiting the coagulase activity of vWbp. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114024. [PMID: 32413427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) necessitate the research on therapeutic tactics which are different from classical antibiotics in overcoming resistance andtreatinginfections. In S. aureus, von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp) is one of the key virulence determinants because it mediates not only the activation of thrombin to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, thereby enabling S. aureus to escape from the host immune clearance, but also the adhesion of S. aureus to host cells. Thus, vWbp is regarded as a promising druggable target to treat S. aureus-associated infections. Here we identify that baicalein, a natural compound isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis, can effectively block the coagulase activity of vWbp without inhibiting the growth of the bacteria. Through thermal shift and fluorescence quenching assays, we demonstrated that baicalein directly binds to vWbp. Molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis assays revealed that the Asp-75 and Lys-80 residues are necessary for baicalein binding to vWbp. Importantly, we demonstrated that baicalein treatment attenuates the virulence of S. aureus and protects mice from S. aureus-induced lethal pneumonia. In addition, baicalein can improve the therapeutic effect of penicillin G by 75% in vivo. These findings indicate that baicalein might be developed as a promising therapeutic agent against drug-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yongxin Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shisong Jing
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Zeyuan Gao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Dacheng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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16
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Liesenborghs L, Meyers S, Vanassche T, Verhamme P. Coagulation: At the heart of infective endocarditis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:995-1008. [PMID: 31925863 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening and enigmatic disease with a mortality of 30% and a pathophysiology that is poorly understood. However, at its core, an endocarditis lesion is mainly a fibrin and platelet blood clot infested with bacteria, clinging at the cardiac valves. Infective endocarditis therefore serves as a paradigm of immunothrombosis gone wrong. Immunothrombosis refers to the entanglement of the coagulation system with innate immunity and the role of coagulation in the isolation and clearance of invading pathogens. However, in the case of infective endocarditis, instead of containing the infection, immunothrombosis inadvertently creates the optimal shelter from the immune system and allows some bacteria to grow almost unimpeded. In every step of the disease, the coagulation system is heavily involved. It mediates the initial adhesion of bacteria to the leaflets, fuels the growth and maturation of a vegetation, and facilitates complications such as embolization and valve destruction. In addition, the number one cause of infective endocarditis, Staphylococcus aureus, has proven to be a true manipulator of immunothrombosis and thrives in the fibrin rich environment of an endocarditis vegetation. Considering its central role in infective endocarditis, the coagulation system is an attractive therapeutic target for this deadly disease. There is, however, a very delicate balance at play and the use of antithrombotic drugs in patients with endocarditis is often accompanied with a high bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Severien Meyers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Wang L, Li B, Si X, Liu X, Deng X, Niu X, Jin Y, Wang D, Wang J. Quercetin protects rats from catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus infections by inhibiting coagulase activity. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4808-4818. [PMID: 31094081 PMCID: PMC6584481 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase (Coa) activity is essential for the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), one of the most important pathogenic bacteria leading to catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). We have demonstrated that the mutation of coagulase improved outcomes in disease models of S aureus CRBSI, suggesting that targeting Coa may represent a novel antiinfective strategy for CRBSI. Here, we found that quercetin, a natural compound that does not affect S aureus viability, could inhibit Coa activity. Chemical biological analysis revealed that the direct engagement of quercetin with the active site (residues Tyr187, Leu221 and His228) of Coa inhibited its activity. Furthermore, treatment with quercetin reduced the retention of bacteria on catheter surfaces, decreased the bacterial load in the kidneys and alleviated kidney abscesses in vivo. These data suggest that antiinfective therapy targeting Coa with quercetin may represent a novel strategy and provide a new leading compound with which to combat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - BangBang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaosa Si
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingli Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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18
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Lerche CJ, Christophersen LJ, Goetze JP, Nielsen PR, Thomsen K, Enevold C, Høiby N, Jensen PØ, Bundgaard H, Moser C. Adjunctive dabigatran therapy improves outcome of experimental left-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215333. [PMID: 31002679 PMCID: PMC6474597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent and fatal cause of left-sided infective endocarditis (IE). New treatment strategies are needed to improve the outcome. S. aureus coagulase promotes clot and fibrin formation. We hypothesized that dabigatran, could reduce valve vegetations and inflammation in S. aureus IE. Methods We used a rat model of severe aortic valve S. aureus IE. All infected animals were randomized to receive adjunctive dabigatran (10 mg/kg b.i.d., n = 12) or saline (controls, n = 11) in combination with gentamicin. Valve vegetation size, bacterial load, cytokine, cell integrins expression and peripheral platelets and neutrophils were assessed 3 days post-infection. Results Adjunctive dabigatran treatment significantly reduced valve vegetation size compared to controls (p< 0.0001). A significant reduction of the bacterial load in aortic valves was seen in dabigatran group compared to controls (p = 0.02), as well as expression of key pro-inflammatory markers keratinocyte-derived chemokine, IL-6, ICAM-1, TIMP-1, L-selectin (p< 0.04). Moreover, the dabigatran group had a 2.5-fold increase of circulating platelets compared to controls and a higher expression of functional and activated platelets (CD62p+) unbound to neutrophils. Conclusion Adjunctive dabigatran reduced the vegetation size, bacterial load, and inflammation in experimental S. aureus IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars J. Christophersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia R. Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Enevold
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Ø. Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Mancini S, Oechslin F, Menzi C, Que YA, Claes J, Heying R, Veloso TR, Vanassche T, Missiakas D, Schneewind O, Moreillon P, Entenza JM. Marginal role of von Willebrand factor-binding protein and coagulase in the initiation of endocarditis in rats with catheter-induced aortic vegetations. Virulence 2019; 9:1615-1624. [PMID: 30280967 PMCID: PMC7000203 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1528845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of infective endocarditis (IE). While the role of S. aureus cell-wall associated protein clumping factor A (ClfA) in promoting IE has been already demonstrated, that of the secreted plasma-clotting factors staphylocoagulase (Coa) and von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp) has not yet been elucidated. We investigated the role of Coa and vWbp in IE initiation in rats with catheter-induced aortic vegetations, using Lactococcus lactis expressing coa, vWbp, clfA or vWbp/clfA, and S. aureus Newman Δcoa, ΔvWbp, ΔclfA or Δcoa/ΔvWbp/ΔclfA mutants. vWbp-expression increased L. lactis valve infection compared to parent and coa-expressing strains (incidence: 62%, versus 0% and 13%, respectively; P < 0.01). Likewise, expression of clfA increased L. lactis infectivity (incidence: 80%), which was not further affected by co-expression of vWbp. In symmetry, deletion of the coa or vWbp genes in S. aureus did not decrease infectivity (incidence: 68 and 64%, respectively) whereas deletion of clfA did decrease valve infection (incidence: 45%; P = 0.03 versus parent), which was not further affected by the triple deletion Δcoa/ΔvWbp/ΔclfA (incidence: 36%; P > 0.05 versus ΔclfA mutant). Coa does not support the initial colonization of IE (in L. lactis) without other key virulence factors and vWbp contributes to initiation of IE (in L. lactis) but is marginal in the present of ClfA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mancini
- a Department of Fundamental Microbiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Frank Oechslin
- a Department of Fundamental Microbiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Carmen Menzi
- a Department of Fundamental Microbiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Yok Ai Que
- b Department of Intensive Care Medicine , Bern University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jorien Claes
- c Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,d Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ruth Heying
- c Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Tiago Rafael Veloso
- a Department of Fundamental Microbiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- d Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Olaf Schneewind
- e Department of Microbiology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Philippe Moreillon
- a Department of Fundamental Microbiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - José Manuel Entenza
- a Department of Fundamental Microbiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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20
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Tam K, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus Secreted Toxins and Extracellular Enzymes. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0039-2018. [PMID: 30873936 PMCID: PMC6422052 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0039-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable pathogen capable of causing infections in different sites of the body in a variety of vertebrate animals, including humans and livestock. A major contribution to the success of S. aureus as a pathogen is the plethora of virulence factors that manipulate the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. Many of these immune modulating virulence factors are secreted toxins, cofactors for activating host zymogens, and exoenzymes. Secreted toxins such as pore-forming toxins and superantigens are highly inflammatory and can cause leukocyte cell death by cytolysis and clonal deletion, respectively. Coagulases and staphylokinases are cofactors that hijack the host's coagulation system. Exoenzymes, including nucleases and proteases, cleave and inactivate various immune defense and surveillance molecules, such as complement factors, antimicrobial peptides, and surface receptors that are important for leukocyte chemotaxis. Additionally, some of these secreted toxins and exoenzymes can cause disruption of endothelial and epithelial barriers through cell lysis and cleavage of junction proteins. A unique feature when examining the repertoire of S. aureus secreted virulence factors is the apparent functional redundancy exhibited by the majority of the toxins and exoenzymes. However, closer examination of each virulence factor revealed that each has unique properties that have important functional consequences. This chapter provides a brief overview of our current understanding of the major secreted virulence factors critical for S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, NY 10016
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, NY 10016
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21
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Li B, Jin Y, Xiang H, Mu D, Yang P, Li X, Zhong L, Cao J, Xu D, Gong Q, Wang T, Wang L, Wang D. An Inhibitory Effect of Dryocrassin ABBA on Staphylococcus aureus vWbp That Protects Mice From Pneumonia. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:7. [PMID: 30728809 PMCID: PMC6351477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp), secreted by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), can activate host prothrombin, convert fibrinogen to fibrin clots, induce blood clotting, and contribute to pathophysiology of S. aureus-related diseases, including infective endocarditis, staphylococcal sepsis and pneumonia. Therefore, vWbp is an promising drug target in the treatment of S. aureus-related infections. Here, we report that dryocrassin ABBA (ABBA), a natural compound derived from Dryopteris crassirhizoma, can significantly inhibit the coagulase activity of vWbp in vitro by directly interacting with vWbp without killing the bacteria or inhibiting the expression of the vWbp. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that ABBA binds to the "central cavity" in the elbow of vWbp by interacting with Arg-70, His-71, Ala-72, Gly-73, Tyr-74, Glu-75, Tyr-83, and Gln-87 in vWbp, thus interfering with the binding of vWbp to prothrombin. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that ABBA can attenuate injury and inflammation of mouse lung tissues caused by S. aureus and increase survival of mice. Together these findings indicate that ABBA is a promising lead drug for the treatment of S. aureus-related infections. This is the first report of potential inhibitor which inhibit the coagulase activity of vWbp by directly interacting with vWbp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangbang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingli Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Mu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianmei Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junjie Cao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Shen Yang Weijia Animal Husbandry Company Limited, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Gong
- College of Humanities & Sciences of Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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22
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Singh V, Phukan UJ. Interaction of host and Staphylococcus aureus protease-system regulates virulence and pathogenicity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:585-607. [PMID: 30483863 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various health care- and community-associated infections as well as certain chronic TH2 driven inflammatory diseases. It is a potent pathogen with serious virulence and associated high morbidity. Severe pathogenicity is accredited to the S. aureus secreted virulence factors such as proteases and host protease modulators. These virulence factors promote adhesion and invasion of bacteria through damage of tight junction barrier and keratinocytes. They inhibit activation and transmigration of various immune cells such as neutrophils (and neutrophil proteases) to evade opsono-phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial killing. Additionally, they protect the bacteria from extracellular killing by disrupting integrity of extracellular matrix. Platelet activation and agglutination is also impaired by these factors. They also block the classical as well as alternative pathways of complement activation and assist in spread of infection through blood and tissue. As these factors are exquisite factors of S. aureus mediated disease development, we have focused on review of diversification of various protease-system associated virulence factors, their structural building, diverse role in disease development and available therapeutic counter measures. This review summarises the role of protease-associated virulence factors during invasion and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Liesenborghs L, Verhamme P, Vanassche T. Staphylococcus aureus, master manipulator of the human hemostatic system. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:441-454. [PMID: 29251820 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coagulation system does not only offer protection against bleeding, but also aids in our defense against invading microorganisms. The hemostatic system and innate immunity are strongly entangled, which explains why so many infections are complicated by either bleeding or thrombosis. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), currently the most deadly infectious agent in the developed world, causes devastating intravascular infections such as sepsis and infective endocarditis. During these infections S. aureus comes in close contact with the host hemostatic system and proves to be a master in manipulating coagulation. The coagulases of S. aureus directly induce coagulation by activating prothrombin. S. aureus also manipulates fibrinolysis by triggering plasminogen activation via staphylokinase. Furthermore, S. aureus binds and activates platelets and interacts with key coagulation proteins such as fibrin(ogen), fibronectin and von Willebrand factor. By manipulating the coagulation system S. aureus gains a significant advantage over the host defense mechanisms. Studying the interplay between S. aureus and the hemostatic system can therefore lead to new innovative therapies for battling S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liesenborghs
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KULeuven - University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KULeuven - University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Vanassche
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KULeuven - University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Crosby HA, Kwiecinski J, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus Aggregation and Coagulation Mechanisms, and Their Function in Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 96:1-41. [PMID: 27565579 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human commensal bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can cause a wide range of infections ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to invasive diseases like septicemia, endocarditis, and pneumonia. Muticellular organization almost certainly contributes to S. aureus pathogenesis mechanisms. While there has been considerable focus on biofilm formation and its role in colonizing prosthetic joints and indwelling devices, less attention has been paid to nonsurface-attached group behavior like aggregation and clumping. S. aureus is unique in its ability to coagulate blood, and it also produces multiple fibrinogen-binding proteins that facilitate clumping. Formation of clumps, which are large, tightly packed groups of cells held together by fibrin(ogen), has been demonstrated to be important for S. aureus virulence and immune evasion. Clumps of cells are able to avoid detection by the host's immune system due to a fibrin(ogen) coat that acts as a shield, and the size of the clumps facilitates evasion of phagocytosis. In addition, clumping could be an important early step in establishing infections that involve tight clusters of cells embedded in host matrix proteins, such as soft tissue abscesses and endocarditis. In this review, we discuss clumping mechanisms and regulation, as well as what is known about how clumping contributes to immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Crosby
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - J Kwiecinski
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - A R Horswill
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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25
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Silva LN, Zimmer KR, Macedo AJ, Trentin DS. Plant Natural Products Targeting Bacterial Virulence Factors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9162-236. [PMID: 27437994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Decreased antimicrobial efficiency has become a global public health issue. The paucity of new antibacterial drugs is evident, and the arsenal against infectious diseases needs to be improved urgently. The selection of plants as a source of prototype compounds is appropriate, since plant species naturally produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that act as a chemical line of defense against microorganisms in the environment. Although traditional approaches to combat microbial infections remain effective, targeting microbial virulence rather than survival seems to be an exciting strategy, since the modulation of virulence factors might lead to a milder evolutionary pressure for the development of resistance. Additionally, anti-infective chemotherapies may be successfully achieved by combining antivirulence and conventional antimicrobials, extending the lifespan of these drugs. This review presents an updated discussion of natural compounds isolated from plants with chemically characterized structures and activity against the major bacterial virulence factors: quorum sensing, bacterial biofilms, bacterial motility, bacterial toxins, bacterial pigments, bacterial enzymes, and bacterial surfactants. Moreover, a critical analysis of the most promising virulence factors is presented, highlighting their potential as targets to attenuate bacterial virulence. The ongoing progress in the field of antivirulence therapy may therefore help to translate this promising concept into real intervention strategies in clinical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nunes Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Rigon Zimmer
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional do Semiárido , Campina Grande, Paraı́ba 58429-970, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silva Trentin
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
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26
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Kwiecinski J, Peetermans M, Liesenborghs L, Na M, Björnsdottir H, Zhu X, Jacobsson G, Johansson BR, Geoghegan JA, Foster TJ, Josefsson E, Bylund J, Verhamme P, Jin T. Staphylokinase Control of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation and Detachment Through Host Plasminogen Activation. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:139-48. [PMID: 26136471 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, a leading cause of persistent infections, are highly resistant to immune defenses and antimicrobial therapies. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of fibrin and staphylokinase (Sak) to biofilm formation. In both clinical S. aureus isolates and laboratory strains, high Sak-producing strains formed less biofilm than strains that lacked Sak, suggesting that Sak prevents biofilm formation. In addition, Sak induced detachment of mature biofilms. This effect depended on plasminogen activation by Sak. Host-derived fibrin, the main substrate cleaved by Sak-activated plasminogen, was a major component of biofilm matrix, and dissolution of this fibrin scaffold greatly increased susceptibility of biofilms to antibiotics and neutrophil phagocytosis. Sak also attenuated biofilm-associated catheter infections in mouse models. In conclusion, our results reveal a novel role for Sak-induced plasminogen activation that prevents S. aureus biofilm formation and induces detachment of existing biofilms through proteolytic cleavage of biofilm matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kwiecinski
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine
| | - Marijke Peetermans
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manli Na
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine
| | - Halla Björnsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology
| | - Gunnar Jacobsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elisabet Josefsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine
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27
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Zapotoczna M, McCarthy H, Rudkin JK, O'Gara JP, O'Neill E. An Essential Role for Coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Development Reveals New Therapeutic Possibilities for Device-Related Infections. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1883-93. [PMID: 26044292 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-level resistance to antimicrobial drugs is a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated, medical device-related infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis revealed that biofilms grown for ≤ 24 hours on biomaterials conditioned with human plasma under venous shear in iron-free cell culture medium were significantly more susceptible to antistaphylococcal antibiotics. Biofilms formed under these physiologically relevant conditions were regulated by SaeRS and dependent on coagulase-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. In contrast, SarA-regulated biofilms formed on uncoated polystyrene in nutrient-rich bacteriological medium were mediated by the previously characterized biofilm factors poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, fibronectin-binding proteins, or autolytic activity and were antibiotic resistant. Coagulase-mediated biofilms exhibited increased antimicrobial resistance over time (>48 hours) but were always susceptible to dispersal by the fibrinolytic enzymes plasmin or nattokinase. Biofilms recovered from infected central venous catheters in a rat model of device-related infection were dispersed by nattokinase, supporting the important role of the biofilm phenotype and identifying a potentially new therapeutic approach with antimicrobials and fibrinolytic drugs, particularly during the early stages of device-related infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zapotoczna
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - Hannah McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Justine K Rudkin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - James P O'Gara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eoghan O'Neill
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Department of Microbiology, Connolly Hospital, Dublin
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28
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Durante-Mangoni E, Molaro R, Iossa D. The role of hemostasis in infective endocarditis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2014; 16:435. [PMID: 25230604 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-014-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a thromboinflammatory disease of the endocardium, with pathophysiology mostly the result of the interplay between microorganisms and modifiers of the hemostasis system. In this setting, the evidence gathered so far warrants a more systematic appraisal. In this review article, experimental and clinical data on the role of hemostasis in IE are summarized. Starting from the current pathogenetic model of IE, we discuss the dual role of platelets in this condition, the microbial interaction with the hemostasis system, also describing nonspecific hemostasis changes during sepsis. We finally propose our hypothesis of thrombophilia as a possible trigger of IE, highlighting the challenges that the study of hemostasis in IE presents. The role of hemostasis in IE appears to be an exciting field of research. The activity of the hemostasis system is highly relevant in terms of susceptibility, progression, and treatment of IE. Pharmacologic modulation of hemostasis before and after IE onset is possible and represents still a largely unexplored area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Durante-Mangoni
- Internal Medicine, University of Naples S.U.N., Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi snc, 80131, Naples, Italy,
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29
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Vanassche T, Peetermans M, Van Aelst LNL, Peetermans WE, Verhaegen J, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O, Hoylaerts MF, Verhamme P. The role of staphylothrombin-mediated fibrin deposition in catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:92-100. [PMID: 23532100 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a frequent cause of catheter-related infections. S. aureus secretes the coagulases staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand factor-binding protein, both of which form a staphylothrombin complex upon binding to prothrombin. Although fibrinogen and fibrin facilitate the adhesion of S. aureus to catheters, the contribution of staphylothrombin-mediated fibrin has not been examined. In this study, we use a S. aureus mutant lacking both coagulases (Δcoa/vwb) and dabigatran, a pharmacological inhibitor of both staphylothrombin and thrombin, to address this question. Genetic absence or chemical inhibition of pathogen-driven coagulation reduced both fibrin deposition and the retention of S. aureus on catheters in vitro. In a mouse model of jugular vein catheter infection, dabigatran reduced bacterial load on jugular vein catheters, as well as metastatic kidney infection. Importantly, inhibition of staphylothrombin improved the efficacy of vancomycin treatment both in vitro and in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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30
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van Ryn J, Goss A, Hauel N, Wienen W, Priepke H, Nar H, Clemens A. The discovery of dabigatran etexilate. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:12. [PMID: 23408233 PMCID: PMC3569592 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world and is caused by an excessive stimulation of coagulation. Thrombin is a key serine protease in the coagulation cascade and numerous efforts have been made to develop safe and effective orally active direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs). Current anticoagulant therapy includes the use of indirect thrombin inhibitors (e.g., heparins, low-molecular-weight-heparins) and vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin. However there are several caveats in the clinical use of these agents including narrow therapeutic window, parenteral delivery, and food- and drug-drug interactions. Dabigatran is a synthetic, reversible DTI with high affinity and specificity for its target binding both free and clot-bound thrombin, and offers a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Large randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that dabigatran provides comparable or superior thromboprophylaxis in multiple thromboembolic disease indications compared to standard of care. This minireview will highlight the discovery and development of dabigatran, the first in a class of new oral anticoagulant agents to be licensed worldwide for the prevention of thromboembolism in the setting of orthopedic surgery and stroke prevent in atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne van Ryn
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ashley Goss
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Norbert Hauel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wienen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Henning Priepke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Nar
- Department of Lead Identification and Optimization Support, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Clemens
- Global Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGIngelheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Vanassche T, Kauskot A, Verhaegen J, Peetermans WE, van Ryn J, Schneewind O, Hoylaerts MF, Verhamme P. Fibrin formation by staphylothrombin facilitates Staphylococcus aureus-induced platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:1107-21. [PMID: 22437005 DOI: 10.1160/th11-12-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of intravascular infections such as infective endocarditis (IE). A typical feature of S. aureus is the ability to generate thrombin activity through the secretion of two prothrombin activating molecules, staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp), which bind to human prothrombin to form the enzymatically active staphylothrombin complex. The role of staphylothrombin in the interaction between S. aureus and platelets has not yet been studied. We found that in contrast with thrombin, staphylothrombin did not directly activate human platelets. However, the staphylothrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin initiated platelet aggregation and secondary activation and facilitated S. aureus-platelet interactions. Both the genetic absence of staphylocoagulase and vWbp and pharmacological inhibition of staphylothrombin increased the lag time to aggregation, and reduced platelet trapping by S. aureus in high shear stress conditions. The combined inhibition of staphylothrombin and immunoglobulin binding to platelets completely abolished the ability of S. aureus to aggregate platelets in vitro. In conclusion, although staphylothrombin did not directly activate platelets, the formation of a fibrin scaffold facilitated bacteria-platelet interaction, and the inhibition of staphylothrombin resulted in a reduced activation of platelets by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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DeDent A, Kim HK, Missiakas D, Schneewind O. Exploring Staphylococcus aureus pathways to disease for vaccine development. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:317-33. [PMID: 22130613 PMCID: PMC3539746 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal of the human skin or nares and a pathogen that frequently causes skin and soft tissue infections as well as bacteremia and sepsis. Recent efforts in understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis revealed key virulence strategies of S. aureus in host tissues: bacterial scavenging of iron, induction of coagulation pathways to promote staphylococcal agglutination in the vasculature, and suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses. Advances in all three areas have been explored for opportunities in vaccine design in an effort to identify the critical protective antigens of S. aureus. Human clinical trials with specific subunit vaccines have failed, yet provide important insights for the design of future trials that must address the current epidemic of S. aureus infections with drug-resistant isolates (MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea DeDent
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Vanassche T, Peetermans WE, Herregods MC, Herijgers P, Verhamme P. Anti-thrombotic therapy in infective endocarditis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 9:1203-19. [PMID: 21932963 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, infective endocarditis (IE) still carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. One of the determinants of an adverse outcome is the presence of systemic embolization and in particular, of CNS embolization. IE vegetations consist of bacteria, platelets and inflammatory cells in a fibrin mesh. The interactions between pathogens, platelets and the coagulation system are critical to vegetation initiation and growth. This understanding has led to the study of the effect of anti-thrombotic treatment on IE vegetation formation and embolization. Although it has been demonstrated that antiplatelet and anticoagulant strategies have an impact on in vitro and animal models of IE, results from the available clinical studies are conflicting. In this article, we provide an overview of the available experimental and clinical data on anti-thrombotic treatment in IE and summarize the current guidelines. An early diagnosis, prompt empiric antibiotic treatment and a careful selection of patients who benefit from early surgical intervention remain essential in the prevention of embolic complications. In patients who have other indications for antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment, the continuation of this treatment is deemed safe in the absence of hemorrhagic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Guggenberger C, Wolz C, Morrissey JA, Heesemann J. Two distinct coagulase-dependent barriers protect Staphylococcus aureus from neutrophils in a three dimensional in vitro infection model. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002434. [PMID: 22253592 PMCID: PMC3257306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pyogenic abscess-forming facultative pathogenic microorganism expressing a large set of virulence-associated factors. Among these, secreted proteins with binding capacity to plasma proteins (e.g. fibrinogen binding proteins Eap and Emp) and prothrombin activators such as Coagulase (Coa) and vWbp are involved in abscess formation. By using a three-dimensional collagen gel (3D-CoG) supplemented with fibrinogen (Fib) we studied the growth behavior of S. aureus strain Newman and a set of mutants as well as their interaction with mouse neutrophils by real-time confocal microscopy. In 3D-CoG/Fib, S. aureus forms microcolonies which are surrounded by an inner pseudocapsule and an extended outer dense microcolony-associated meshwork (MAM) containing fibrin. Coa is involved in formation of the pseudocapsule whereas MAM formation depends on vWbp. Moreover, agr-dependent dispersal of late stage microcolonies could be observed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the pseudocapsule and the MAM act as mechanical barriers against neutrophils attracted to the microcolony. The thrombin inhibitor argatroban is able to prevent formation of both pseudocapsule and MAM and supports access of neutrophils to staphylococci. Taken together, this model can simulate specific stages of S. aureus abscess formation by temporal dissection of bacterial growth and recruitment of immune cells. It can complement established animal infection models in the development of new treatment options. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens causing divers localized and metastatic abscess-forming infections. Here we studied the role of the staphylocoagulases Coa and vWbp in the formation of microcolony-associated fibrin structures. By using a three-dimensional collagen gel (3D-CoG) supplemented with human fibrinogen as a growth environment for staphylococci and as a neutrophil migration matrix, we were able to demonstrate that Coa is involved in producing a fibrin-containing pseudocapsule wrapping the staphylococcal microcolony whereas vWbp is required for establishing an extended outer fibrin meshwork. The pseudocapsule and the outer meshwork hinder neutrophils from attacking the staphylococci. Addition of the thrombin inhibitor argatroban prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and thus abolishes barrier formation. This in vitro model provides us with new options to study formation as well as prevention of staphylococcal abscesses under tissue-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Guggenberger
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julie A. Morrissey
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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McAdow M, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O. Staphylococcus aureus secretes coagulase and von Willebrand factor binding protein to modify the coagulation cascade and establish host infections. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:141-8. [PMID: 22222316 PMCID: PMC3388267 DOI: 10.1159/000333447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus secrete coagulases, polypeptides that bind to and activate prothrombin, thereby converting fibrinogen to fibrin and promoting the clotting of plasma or blood. Two staphylococcal products, the canonical coagulase (Coa) as well as the recently identified von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp), promote similar modifications of the coagulation cascade during host infection. Staphylococcal binding to fibrinogen or fibrin is an important attribute of disease pathogenesis, which leads to the formation of abscesses and bacterial persistence in host tissues and also enables the pathogen to cause lethal sepsis. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the product of coagulase activity, staphylococci captured within a fibrin meshwork, enable this pathogen to disseminate as thromboembolic lesions and to resist opsonophagocytic clearance by host immune cells. In addition, the coagulation products of staphylococci appear to display discrete differences when compared to those of thrombin-mediated coagulation, the latter representing a key innate defense mechanism against many invading pathogens. Preclinical evidence suggests that inactivation or neutralization of coagulases may prevent the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections, a strategy that could be used to combat the current epidemic of hospital-acquired infections with drug-resistant S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
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Vanassche T, Verhaegen J, Peetermans WE, VAN Ryn J, Cheng A, Schneewind O, Hoylaerts MF, Verhamme P. Inhibition of staphylothrombin by dabigatran reduces Staphylococcus aureus virulence. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2436-46. [PMID: 22040101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand binding protein (VWbp) bind to prothrombin to form the staphylothrombin complex that converts fibrinogen into fibrin. OBJECTIVES To study the role of staphylothrombin and its inhibition by dabigatran on Staphylococcus aureus virulence. METHODS We studied the effect of staphylothrombin inhibition on bacterial attachment to polystyrene surfaces, leukocyte activation and bactericidal activity for S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus Newman, and staphylocoagulase- and VWbp-negative S. aureus Newman mutants in the presence or absence of prothrombin and fibrinogen. We measured the abscess size after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. aureus Newman, as well as an S. aureus Newman mutant strain lacking staphylocoagulase and VWbp, in mice treated with either dabigatran or placebo. RESULTS Staphylothrombin-mediated fibrin increased the association of S. aureus to polystyrene surfaces and reduced the bactericidal activity of leukocytes. The absence or inhibition of staphylothrombin decreased the bacterial association, enhanced leukocyte activation and reduced bacterial survival in vitro. Abscess size was smaller in mice treated with dabigatran or infected with a coagulase-negative mutant. CONCLUSION Inhibition or the absence of staphylothrombin reduced S. aureus virulence in in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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McAdow M, Kim HK, DeDent AC, Hendrickx APA, Schneewind O, Missiakas DM. Preventing Staphylococcus aureus sepsis through the inhibition of its agglutination in blood. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002307. [PMID: 22028651 PMCID: PMC3197598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection is a frequent cause of sepsis in humans, a disease associated with high mortality and without specific intervention. When suspended in human or animal plasma, staphylococci are known to agglutinate, however the bacterial factors responsible for agglutination and their possible contribution to disease pathogenesis have not yet been revealed. Using a mouse model for S. aureus sepsis, we report here that staphylococcal agglutination in blood was associated with a lethal outcome of this disease. Three secreted products of staphylococci--coagulase (Coa), von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp) and clumping factor (ClfA)--were required for agglutination. Coa and vWbp activate prothrombin to cleave fibrinogen, whereas ClfA allowed staphylococci to associate with the resulting fibrin cables. All three virulence genes promoted the formation of thromboembolic lesions in heart tissues. S. aureus agglutination could be disrupted and the lethal outcome of sepsis could be prevented by combining dabigatran-etexilate treatment, which blocked Coa and vWbp activity, with antibodies specific for ClfA. Together these results suggest that the combined administration of direct thrombin inhibitors and ClfA-antibodies that block S. aureus agglutination with fibrin may be useful for the prevention of staphylococcal sepsis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McAdow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrea C. DeDent
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Antoni P. A. Hendrickx
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dominique M. Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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