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Waterman HR, Dufort MJ, Posso SE, Ni M, Li LZ, Zhu C, Raj P, Smith KD, Buckner JH, Hamerman JA. Lupus IgA1 autoantibodies synergize with IgG to enhance plasmacytoid dendritic cell responses to RNA-containing immune complexes. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadl3848. [PMID: 38959329 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to nuclear antigens are hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) where they contribute to pathogenesis. However, there remains a gap in our knowledge regarding how different isotypes of autoantibodies contribute to this autoimmune disease, including the production of the critical type I interferon (IFN) cytokines by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in response to immune complexes (ICs). We focused on IgA, which is the second-most prevalent isotype in serum and, along with IgG, is deposited in glomeruli in individuals with lupus nephritis. We show that individuals with SLE have serum IgA autoantibodies against most nuclear antigens, correlating with IgG against the same antigen. We investigated whether IgA autoantibodies against a major SLE autoantigen, Smith ribonucleoprotein (Sm/RNP), played a role in IC activation of pDCs. We found that pDCs expressed the IgA-specific Fc receptor, FcαR, and IgA1 autoantibodies synergized with IgG in RNA-containing ICs to generate robust primary blood pDC IFN-α responses in vitro. pDC responses to these ICs required both FcαR and FcγRIIa, showing synergy between these Fc receptors. Sm/RNP IC binding to and internalization by pDCs were greater when ICs contained both IgA1 and IgG. Circulating pDCs from individuals with SLE had higher binding of IgA1-containing ICs and higher expression of FcαR than pDCs from healthy control individuals. Although pDC FcαR expression correlated with the blood IFN-stimulated gene signature in SLE, Toll-like receptor 7 agonists, but not IFN-α, up-regulated pDC FcαR expression in vitro. Together, we show a mechanism by which IgA1 autoantibodies contribute to SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R Waterman
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Matthew J Dufort
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sylvia E Posso
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Minjian Ni
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lucy Z Li
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kelly D Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Waterman HR, Dufort MJ, Posso SE, Ni M, Li LZ, Zhu C, Raj P, Smith KD, Buckner JH, Hamerman JA. Lupus IgA1 autoantibodies synergize with IgG to enhance pDC responses to RNA-containing immune complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.07.556743. [PMID: 37745328 PMCID: PMC10515763 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.07.556743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to nuclear antigens are hallmarks of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) where they contribute to pathogenesis. However, there remains a gap in our knowledge regarding how different isotypes of autoantibodies contribute to disease, including the production of the critical type I interferon (IFN) cytokines by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in response to immune complexes (ICs). We focused on IgA, which is the second most prevalent isotype in serum, and along with IgG is deposited in glomeruli in lupus nephritis. Here, we show that individuals with SLE have IgA autoantibodies against most nuclear antigens, correlating with IgG against the same antigen. We investigated whether IgA autoantibodies against a major SLE autoantigen, Smith ribonucleoproteins (Sm/RNPs), play a role in IC activation of pDCs. We found that pDCs express the IgA-specific Fc receptor, FcαR, and there was a striking ability of IgA1 autoantibodies to synergize with IgG in RNA-containing ICs to generate robust pDC IFNα responses. pDC responses to these ICs required both FcαR and FcγRIIa, showing a potent synergy between these Fc receptors. Sm/RNP IC binding to and internalization by pDCs were greater when ICs contained both IgA1 and IgG. pDCs from individuals with SLE had higher binding of IgA1-containing ICs and higher expression of FcαR than pDCs from healthy control individuals. Whereas pDC FcαR expression correlated with blood ISG signature in SLE, TLR7 agonists, but not IFNα, upregulated pDC FcαR expression in vitro. Together, we show a new mechanism by which IgA1 autoantibodies contribute to SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R. Waterman
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Washington; Seattle, USA
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Matthew J. Dufort
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Sylvia E. Posso
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute
| | - Minjian Ni
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Lucy Z. Li
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Washington; Seattle, USA
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, USA
| | - Kelly D. Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington; Seattle, USA
| | - Jane H. Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute
| | - Jessica A. Hamerman
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Washington; Seattle, USA
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington; Seattle, USA
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Malherbe DC, Kimble JB, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Meyer M, Cody SG, Hyde M, Alter G, Bukreyev A. A Single-Dose Intranasal Combination Panebolavirus Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S648-S659. [PMID: 37469133 PMCID: PMC10651208 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebolaviruses Ebola (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV), and Bundibugyo (BDBV) cause severe human disease, which may be accompanied by hemorrhagic syndrome, with high case fatality rates. Monovalent vaccines do not offer cross-protection against these viruses whose endemic areas overlap. Therefore, development of a panebolavirus vaccine is a priority. As a vaccine vector, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) has the advantages of needle-free administration and induction of both systemic and local mucosal antibody responses in the respiratory tract. METHODS To minimize the antivector immunity, genes encoding the HPIV3 envelope proteins F and HN were removed from the vaccine constructs, resulting in expression of only the ebolavirus envelope protein-glycoprotein. These second-generation vaccine constructs were used to develop a combination vaccine against EBOV, SUDV, and BDBV. RESULTS A single intranasal vaccination of guinea pigs or ferrets with the trivalent combination vaccine elicited humoral responses to each of the targeted ebolaviruses, including binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as Fc-mediated effector functions. This vaccine protected animals from death and disease caused by lethal challenges with EBOV, SUDV, or BDBV. CONCLUSIONS The combination vaccine elicited protection that was comparable to that induced by the monovalent vaccines, thus demonstrating the value of this combination trivalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - J Brian Kimble
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - S Gabrielle Cody
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Hyde
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Hitchings MDT, Borgert BA, Shir A, Yang B, Grantz KH, Ball J, Moreno CA, Rand K, Small PA, Fowke KR, Cummings DAT. Dynamics of Anti-influenza Mucosal IgA Over a Season in a Cohort of Individuals Living or Working in a Long-term Care Facility. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:383-390. [PMID: 36740584 PMCID: PMC10428196 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological surveys are used to ascertain influenza infection and immunity, but evidence for the utility of mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) as a correlate of infection or protection is limited. METHODS We performed influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance on 220 individuals living or working in a retirement community in Gainesville, Florida from January to May 2018, and took pre- and postseason nasal samples of 11 individuals with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed influenza infection and 60 randomly selected controls. Mucosal IgA against 10 strains of influenza was measured from nasal samples. RESULTS Overall, 28.2% and 11.3% of individuals experienced a 2-fold and 4-fold rise, respectively, in mucosal IgA to at least 1 influenza strain. Individuals with PCR-confirmed influenza A had significantly lower levels of preseason IgA to influenza A. Influenza-associated respiratory illness was associated with a higher rise in mucosal IgA to influenza strains of the same subtype, and H3N2-associated respiratory illness was associated with a higher rise in mucosal IgA to other influenza A strains. CONCLUSIONS By comparing individuals with and without influenza illness, we demonstrated that mucosal IgA is a correlate of influenza infection. There was evidence for cross-reactivity in mucosal IgA across influenza A subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brooke A Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam Shir
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyra H Grantz
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob Ball
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carlos A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Parker A Small
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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5
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Ortiz JR, Bernstein DI, Hoft DF, Woods CW, McClain MT, Frey SE, Brady RC, Bryant C, Wegel A, Frenck RW, Walter EB, Abate G, Williams SR, Atmar RL, Keitel WA, Rouphael N, Memoli MJ, Makhene MK, Roberts PC, Neuzil KM. A Multicenter, Controlled Human Infection Study of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Healthy Adults. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:287-298. [PMID: 36702771 PMCID: PMC10420403 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the associations between baseline influenza virus-specific hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) titers and subsequent symptomatic influenza virus infection in a controlled human infection study. METHODS We inoculated unvaccinated healthy adults aged 18-49 years with an influenza A/California/04/2009/H1N1pdm-like virus (NCT04044352). We collected serial safety labs, serum for HAI and MN, and nasopharyngeal swabs for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. Analyses used the putative seroprotective titer of ≥40 for HAI and MN. The primary clinical outcome was mild-to-moderate influenza disease (MMID), defined as ≥1 postchallenge positive qualitative RT-PCR test with a qualifying symptom/clinical finding. RESULTS Of 76 participants given influenza virus challenge, 54 (71.1%) experienced MMID. Clinical illness was generally very mild. MMID attack rates among participants with baseline titers ≥40 by HAI and MN were 64.9% and 67.9%, respectively, while MMID attack rates among participants with baseline titers <40 by HAI and MN were 76.9% and 78.3%, respectively. The estimated odds of developing MMID decreased by 19% (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% confidence interval, .62-1.06]; P = .126) for every 2-fold increase in baseline HAI. There were no significant adverse events. CONCLUSIONS We achieved a 71.1% attack rate of MMID. High baseline HAI and MN were associated with protection from illness. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04044352.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio; Departments of
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Internal Medicine and
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Micah T McClain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Rebecca C Brady
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio; Departments of
| | - Christopher Bryant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Therapeutic Research Unit, The Emmes Company, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ashley Wegel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Therapeutic Research Unit, The Emmes Company, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Robert W Frenck
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio; Departments of
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Sarah R Williams
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Departments of Molecular Virology & Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mamodikoe K Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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6
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Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:146-157. [PMID: 36634620 PMCID: PMC9832587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that replicate in the human respiratory mucosa without infecting systemically, including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, endemic coronaviruses, RSV, and many other "common cold" viruses, cause significant mortality and morbidity and are important public health concerns. Because these viruses generally do not elicit complete and durable protective immunity by themselves, they have not to date been effectively controlled by licensed or experimental vaccines. In this review, we examine challenges that have impeded development of effective mucosal respiratory vaccines, emphasizing that all of these viruses replicate extremely rapidly in the surface epithelium and are quickly transmitted to other hosts, within a narrow window of time before adaptive immune responses are fully marshaled. We discuss possible approaches to developing next-generation vaccines against these viruses, in consideration of several variables such as vaccine antigen configuration, dose and adjuventation, route and timing of vaccination, vaccine boosting, adjunctive therapies, and options for public health vaccination polices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Tomic A, Pollard AJ, Davis MM. Systems Immunology: Revealing Influenza Immunological Imprint. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050948. [PMID: 34065617 PMCID: PMC8160800 DOI: 10.3390/v13050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding protective influenza immunity and identifying immune correlates of protection poses a major challenge and requires an appreciation of the immune system in all of its complexity. While adaptive immune responses such as neutralizing antibodies and influenza-specific T lymphocytes are contributing to the control of influenza virus, key factors of long-term protection are not well defined. Using systems immunology, an approach that combines experimental and computational methods, we can capture the systems-level state of protective immunity and reveal the essential pathways that are involved. New approaches and technological developments in systems immunology offer an opportunity to examine roles and interrelationships of clinical, biological, and genetic factors in the control of influenza infection and have the potential to lead to novel discoveries about influenza immunity that are essential for the development of more effective vaccines to prevent future pandemics. Here, we review recent developments in systems immunology that help to reveal key factors mediating protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tomic
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK;
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (M.M.D.)
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Development of an RNA Strand-Specific Hybridization Assay To Differentiate Replicating versus Nonreplicating Influenza A Viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00252-20. [PMID: 32245834 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00252-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of influenza A virus (IAV) from negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) requires the generation of positive-sense RNA (+RNA). Most molecular assays, such as conventional real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR), detect total RNA in a sample without differentiating vRNA from +RNA. These assays are not designed to distinguish IAV infection versus exposure of an individual to an environment enriched with IAVs but wherein no viral replication occurs. We therefore developed a strand-specific hybridization (SSH) assay that differentiates between vRNA and +RNA and quantifies relative levels of each RNA species. The SSH assay exhibited a linearity of 7 logs with a lower limit of detection of 6.0 × 102 copies of molecules per reaction. No signal was detected in samples with a high load of nontarget template or influenza B virus, demonstrating assay specificity. IAV +RNA was detected 2 to 4 h postinoculation of MDCK cells, whereas synthesis of cold-adapted IAV +RNA was significantly impaired at 37°C. The SSH assay was then used to test IAV rRT-PCR positive nasopharyngeal specimens collected from individuals exposed to IAV at swine exhibitions (n = 7) or while working at live bird markets (n = 2). The SSH assay was able to differentiate vRNA and +RNA in samples collected from infected, symptomatic individuals versus individuals who were exposed to IAV in the environment but had no active viral replication. Data generated with this technique, especially when coupled with clinical data and assessment of seroconversion, will facilitate differentiation of actual IAV infection with replicating virus versus individuals exposed to high levels of environmental contamination but without virus infection.
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9
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Sherman AC, Mehta A, Dickert NW, Anderson EJ, Rouphael N. The Future of Flu: A Review of the Human Challenge Model and Systems Biology for Advancement of Influenza Vaccinology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:107. [PMID: 31065546 PMCID: PMC6489464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Novel approaches to advance the field of vaccinology must be investigated, and are particularly of importance for influenza in order to produce a more effective vaccine. A systematic review of human challenge studies for influenza was performed, with the goal of assessing safety and ethics and determining how these studies have led to therapeutic and vaccine development. A systematic review of systems biology approaches for the study of influenza was also performed, with a focus on how this technology has been utilized for influenza vaccine development. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for influenza human challenge studies, and for systems biology studies that have addressed both influenza infection and immunological effects of vaccination. Results: Influenza human challenge studies have led to important advancements in therapeutics and influenza immunization, and can be performed safely and ethically if certain criteria are met. Many studies have investigated the use of systems biology for evaluating immune response to influenza vaccine, and several promising molecular signatures may help advance our understanding of pathogenesis and be used as targets for influenza interventions. Combining these methodologies has the potential to lead to significant advances in the field of influenza vaccinology and therapeutics. Conclusions: Human challenge studies and systems biology approaches are important tools that should be used in concert to advance our understanding of influenza infection and provide targets for novel therapeutics and immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Caryn Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Gawron MA, Duval M, Carbone C, Jaiswal S, Wallace A, Martin JC, Dauphin A, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Luban J, Cavacini LA. Human Anti-HIV-1 gp120 Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity Cloned from Humanized Mice Infected with HIV-1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:799-804. [PMID: 30593536 PMCID: PMC6344273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing, anti-HIV-1 gp120 mAbs have been isolated from infected individuals, and there is considerable interest in developing these reagents for Ab-based immunoprophylaxis and treatment. As a means to identify potentially new anti-HIV Abs, we exploited humanized NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice systemically infected with HIV-1 to generate a wide variety of Ag-specific human mAbs. The Abs were encoded by a diverse range of variable gene families and Ig classes, including IgA, and several showed significant levels of somatic mutation. Moreover, the isolated Abs not only bound target Ags with similar affinity as broadly neutralizing Abs, they also demonstrated neutralizing ability against multiple HIV-1 clades. The use of humanized mice will allow us to use our knowledge of HIV-1 gp120 structure and function, and the immune response targeting this protein, to generate native human prophylactic Abs to reduce the infection and spread of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Gawron
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Mark Duval
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Smita Jaiswal
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Aaron Wallace
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Joseph C Martin
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Ann Dauphin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | | | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Lisa A Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126;
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11
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IgA tetramerization improves target breadth but not peak potency of functionality of anti-influenza virus broadly neutralizing antibody. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007427. [PMID: 30605488 PMCID: PMC6317788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunoglobulins comprise mainly secretory IgA antibodies (SIgAs), which are the major contributor to pathogen-specific immune responses in mucosal tissues. These SIgAs are highly heterogeneous in terms of their quaternary structure. A recent report shows that the polymerization status of SIgA defines their functionality in the human upper respiratory mucosa. Higher order polymerization of SIgA (i.e., tetramers) leads to a marked increase in neutralizing activity against influenza viruses. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of SIgA polymerization remain elusive. Here, we developed a method for generating recombinant tetrameric monoclonal SIgAs. We then compared the anti-viral activities of these tetrameric SIgAs, which possessed variable regions identical to that of a broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibody F045-092 against influenza A viruses, with that of monomeric IgG or IgA. The tetrameric SIgA showed anti-viral inhibitory activity superior to that of other forms only when the antibody exhibits low-affinity binding to the target. By contrast, SIgA tetramerization did not substantially modify anti-viral activity against targets with high-affinity binding. Taken together, the data suggest that tetramerization of SIgA improved target breadth, but not peak potency of antiviral functions of the broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibody. This phenomenon presumably represents one of the mechanisms by which SIgAs present in human respiratory mucosa prevent infection by antigen-drifted influenza viruses. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cross neutralization of viruses by SIgAs might facilitate the development of vaccine strategies against viral infection of mucosal tissues. SIgAs exist as mainly dimers and tetramers and play critical roles in mucosal immune responses against influenza. Detailed characterization of these anti-viral SIgA is important for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying anti-viral immunity. Here, we describe a means of generating a recombinant tetrameric monoclonal SIgA to enable exhaustive characterization of tetrameric SIgAs. The tetrameric monoclonal SIgA possessing variable regions of anti-influenza viruses broadly neutralizing antibody show that tetramerization of SIgA improves target breadth, but not the peak potency, of their anti-viral functions. These results broaden our knowledge about the fundamental role of SIgA tetramerization in anti-viral humoral response at the human respiratory mucosa.
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Suzuki T, Ainai A, Hasegawa H. Functional and structural characteristics of secretory IgA antibodies elicited by mucosal vaccines against influenza virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:5297-5302. [PMID: 28780981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are major targets for pathogens. The secretions covering mucosal surfaces contain several types of molecules that protect the host from infection. Among these, mucosal immunoglobulins, including secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies, are the major contributor to pathogen-specific immune responses. IgA is the primary antibody class found in many external secretions and has unique structural and functional features not observed in other antibody classes. Recently, extensive efforts have been made to develop novel vaccines that induce immunity via the mucosal route. S-IgA is a key molecule that underpins the mechanism of action of these mucosal vaccines. Thus, precise characterization of S-IgA induced by mucosal vaccines is important, if the latter are to be used successfully in a clinical setting. Intensive studies identified the fundamental characteristics of S-IgA, which was first discovered almost half a century ago. However, S-IgA itself has not gained much attention of late, despite its importance to mucosal immunity; therefore, some important questions remain. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular characteristics of S-IgA and its role in intranasal mucosal vaccines against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Ellis JA, Gow SP, Lee LB, Lacoste S, Ball EC. Comparative efficacy of intranasal and injectable vaccines in stimulating Bordetella bronchiseptica-reactive anamnestic antibody responses in household dogs. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2017; 58:809-815. [PMID: 28761185 PMCID: PMC5508940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the comparative efficacy of injectable and intranasal vaccines to stimulate Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb)-reactive anamnestic antibodies, a trial was conducted using 144 adult household dogs of various breeds and ages, which had been previously administered intranasal Bb vaccine approximately 12 months before enrollment. Dogs were randomized into 2 groups and blood, nasal swabs, and pharyngeal swabs were collected prior to the administration of single component Bb vaccines intranasally or parenterally. Ten to 14 days later all dogs were resampled to measure changes in systemic and local antibody to Bb. There were no differences in the changes in Bb-reactive serum IgG and nasal IgA between the groups, whereas intranasally vaccinated dogs had significantly higher Bb-reactive serum IgA. These data indicate that both of the current generation of intranasal (modified-live) and injectable (acellular) Bb vaccines can stimulate anamnestic local and systemic antibody responses in previously vaccinated, Bb-seropositive adult household dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Ellis
- Address all correspondence to Dr. John Ellis; e-mail:
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14
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Nabi R, Moldoveanu Z, Wei Q, Golub ET, Durkin HG, Greenblatt RM, Herold BC, Nowicki MJ, Kassaye S, Cho MW, Pinter A, Landay AL, Mestecky J, Kozlowski PA. Differences in serum IgA responses to HIV-1 gp41 in elite controllers compared to viral suppressors on highly active antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180245. [PMID: 28671952 PMCID: PMC5495342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for natural control of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) replication in elite controllers (EC) remain incompletely defined. To determine if EC generate high quality HIV-specific IgA responses, we used Western blotting to compare the specificities and frequencies of IgA to HIV antigens in serum of gender-, age- and race-matched EC and aviremic controllers (HC) and viremic noncontrollers (HN) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Concentrations and avidity of IgA to HIV antigens were measured using ELISA or multiplex assays. Measurements for IgG were performed in parallel. EC were found to have stronger p24- and V1V2-specific IgG responses than HN, but there were no IgG differences for EC and HC. In contrast, IgA in EC serum bound more frequently to gp160 and gag proteins than IgA in HC or HN. The avidity of anti-gp41 IgA was also greater in EC, and these subjects had stronger IgA responses to the gp41 heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), a reported target of anti-bacterial RNA polymerase antibodies that cross react with gp41. However, EC did not demonstrate greater IgA responses to E. coli RNA polymerase or to peptides containing the shared LRAI sequence, suggesting that most of their HR1-specific IgA antibodies were not induced by intestinal microbiota. In both EC and HAART recipients, the concentrations of HIV-specific IgG were greater than HIV-specific IgA, but their avidities were comparable, implying that they could compete for antigen. Exceptions were C1 peptides and V1V2 loops. IgG and IgA responses to these antigens were discordant, with IgG reacting to V1V2, and IgA reacting to C1, especially in EC. Interestingly, EC with IgG hypergammaglobulinemia had greater HIV-specific IgA and IgG responses than EC with normal total IgG levels. Heterogeneity in EC antibody responses may therefore be due to a more focused HIV-specific B cell response in some of these individuals. Overall, these data suggest that development of HIV-specific IgA responses and affinity maturation of anti-gp41 IgA antibodies occurs to a greater extent in EC than in subjects on HAART. Future studies will be required to determine if IgA antibodies in EC may contribute in control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Helen G. Durkin
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostastistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Marek J. Nowicki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Michael W. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunity and Emerging Pathogens, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Institute of immunology and Microbiology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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15
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Gould VMW, Francis JN, Anderson KJ, Georges B, Cope AV, Tregoning JS. Nasal IgA Provides Protection against Human Influenza Challenge in Volunteers with Low Serum Influenza Antibody Titre. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:900. [PMID: 28567036 PMCID: PMC5434144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of there being a number of vaccines, influenza remains a significant global cause of morbidity and mortality. Understanding more about natural and vaccine induced immune protection against influenza infection would help to develop better vaccines. Virus specific IgG is a known correlate of protection, but other factors may help to reduce viral load or disease severity, for example IgA. In the current study we measured influenza specific responses in a controlled human infection model using influenza A/California/2009 (H1N1) as the challenge agent. Volunteers were pre-selected with low haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titres in order to ensure a higher proportion of infection; this allowed us to explore the role of other immune correlates. In spite of HAI being uniformly low, there were variable levels of H1N1 specific IgG and IgA prior to infection. There was also a range of disease severity in volunteers allowing us to compare whether differences in systemic and local H1N1 specific IgG and IgA prior to infection affected disease outcome. H1N1 specific IgG level before challenge did not correlate with protection, probably due to the pre-screening for individuals with low HAI. However, the length of time infectious virus was recovered from the nose was reduced in patients with higher pre-existing H1N1 influenza specific nasal IgA or serum IgA. Therefore, IgA contributes to protection against influenza and should be targeted in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M W Gould
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - James N Francis
- Altimmune, London BioScience Innovation CentreLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Anderson
- Altimmune, London BioScience Innovation CentreLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Georges
- Altimmune, London BioScience Innovation CentreLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Alethea V Cope
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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Ellis JA, Gow SP, Waldner CL, Shields S, Wappel S, Bowers A, Lacoste S, Xu Z, Ball E. Comparative efficacy of intranasal and oral vaccines against Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs. Vet J 2016; 212:71-7. [PMID: 27256028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the comparative efficacy of vaccines administered intranasally or orally to protect puppies from disease subsequent to experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), a randomized controlled trial was performed using 48 approximately 8-week-old specific pathogen free, Bb naive Beagle puppies. Puppies were randomized into three groups and administered vaccines containing Bb intranasally or orally, or a placebo intranasally. Twenty-one days later, all dogs were challenge exposed via aerosol administration of Bb. Clinical signs, nasal bacterial shedding and immune responses were monitored for 28 days after challenge. Intranasally vaccinated puppies had significantly lower rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing (i.e. were less sick clinically) than control puppies. The distinction between the orally vaccinated puppies and the control puppies was less consistent. The orally vaccinated puppies had less coughing and less retching than the control puppies, but nasal discharge and sneezing did not differ from control animals. Orally vaccinated puppies had higher rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing than the intranasally vaccinated puppies. Although both intranasal and oral Bb vaccines stimulated immune responses associated with disease sparing following Bb infection, the intranasal route of delivery conferred superior clinical outcomes. The observed difference in clinical efficacy suggests the need to question the rationale for the use of currently available orally administered Bb vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ellis
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4.
| | - S P Gow
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - C L Waldner
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - S Shields
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - S Wappel
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - A Bowers
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - S Lacoste
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Z Xu
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
| | - E Ball
- Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA
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17
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Duhan V, Khairnar V, Friedrich SK, Zhou F, Gassa A, Honke N, Shaabani N, Gailus N, Botezatu L, Khandanpour C, Dittmer U, Häussinger D, Recher M, Hardt C, Lang PA, Lang KS. Virus-specific antibodies allow viral replication in the marginal zone, thereby promoting CD8(+) T-cell priming and viral control. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19191. [PMID: 26805453 PMCID: PMC4726415 DOI: 10.1038/srep19191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically used human vaccination aims to induce specific antibodies that can guarantee long-term protection against a pathogen. The reasons that other immune components often fail to induce protective immunity are still debated. Recently we found that enforced viral replication in secondary lymphoid organs is essential for immune activation. In this study we used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to determine whether enforced virus replication occurs in the presence of virus-specific antibodies or virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. We found that after systemic recall infection with LCMV-WE the presence of virus-specific antibodies allowed intracellular replication of virus in the marginal zone of spleen. In contrast, specific antibodies limited viral replication in liver, lung, and kidney. Upon recall infection with the persistent virus strain LCMV-Docile, viral replication in spleen was essential for the priming of CD8(+) T cells and for viral control. In contrast to specific antibodies, memory CD8(+) T cells inhibited viral replication in marginal zone but failed to protect mice from persistent viral infection. We conclude that virus-specific antibodies limit viral infection in peripheral organs but still allow replication of LCMV in the marginal zone, a mechanism that allows immune boosting during recall infection and thereby guarantees control of persistent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Sarah-Kim Friedrich
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Fan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Asmae Gassa
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cologne University, Heart Center, Kerpener strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Nicole Gailus
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lacramioara Botezatu
- Department of Hematology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Cyrus Khandanpour
- Department of Hematology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany.,Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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18
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Spinner JL, Oberoi HS, Yorgensen YM, Poirier DS, Burkhart DJ, Plante M, Evans JT. Methylglycol chitosan and a synthetic TLR4 agonist enhance immune responses to influenza vaccine administered sublingually. Vaccine 2015; 33:5845-5853. [PMID: 26392012 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a vaccine-preventable contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza (flu) viruses which can lead to hospitalization and sometimes even death. Current flu vaccines delivered intramuscularly (IM) or intradermally (ID) are less effective at eliciting protective mucosal immune responses and vaccines delivered intranasally (IN) possess potential safety concerns. Sublingual (SL) vaccination is a promising alternative route for vaccine delivery which has been indicated as safe and effective at inducing protective immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments. We evaluated the efficacy of methylglycol chitosan (MGC) and a synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonist (CRX-601), alone or in combination, for improving systemic and mucosal immune responses to a monovalent detergent-split flu virus vaccine delivered SL. SL vaccination of mice with split-flu vaccine formulated with either MGC or CRX-601 resulted in specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA titers that were significantly greater than titers from non-adjuvanted vaccination and equivalent to or greater than titers in mice vaccinated IM. Our results demonstrate that SL vaccination utilizing MGC or CRX-601 as adjuvants is a viable alternative route of vaccination for flu which can elicit systemic immune responses equivalent to or greater than IM vaccination with the added benefit of stimulating a robust specific mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Spinner
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | | | | | - David J Burkhart
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Martin Plante
- Neomed Institute, 7171 Frederick Banting, Montreal, QC, Canada H4S 1Z9
| | - Jay T Evans
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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20
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21
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Memoli MJ, Czajkowski L, Reed S, Athota R, Bristol T, Proudfoot K, Fargis S, Stein M, Dunfee RL, Shaw PA, Davey RT, Taubenberger JK. Validation of the wild-type influenza A human challenge model H1N1pdMIST: an A(H1N1)pdm09 dose-finding investigational new drug study. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:693-702. [PMID: 25416753 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy volunteer wild-type influenza challenge models offer a unique opportunity to evaluate multiple aspects of this important virus. Such studies have not been performed in the United States in more than a decade, limiting our capability to investigate this virus and develop countermeasures. We have completed the first ever wild-type influenza A challenge study under an Investigational New Drug application (IND). This dose-finding study will lead to further development of this model both for A(H1N1)pdm09 and other strains of influenza. METHODS Volunteers were admitted to an isolation unit at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center for a minimum of 9 days. A reverse genetics, cell-based, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-produced, wild-type A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was administered intranasally. Escalating doses were given until a dose was reached that produced disease in a minimum of 60% of volunteers. RESULTS An optimal dose of 10(7) tissue culture infectious dose 50 was reached that caused mild to moderate influenza disease in 69% of individuals with mean viral shedding for 4-5 days and significant rises in convalescent influenza antibody titers. Viral shedding preceded symptoms by 12-24 hours and terminated 2-3 days prior to symptom resolution, indicating that individuals may be infectious before symptom development. As expected, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea were most common, but interestingly, fever was observed in only 10% of individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first healthy volunteer influenza challenge model using a GMP-produced wild-type virus under an IND. This unique clinical research program will facilitate future studies of influenza pathogenesis, animal model validation, and the rapid, efficient, and cost-effective evaluation of efficacy of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Clinical Trials Registration.NCT01646138.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Memoli
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lindsay Czajkowski
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Reed
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rani Athota
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tyler Bristol
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathleen Proudfoot
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah Fargis
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew Stein
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca L Dunfee
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Richard T Davey
- Clinical Research Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Gallorini S, Taccone M, Bonci A, Nardelli F, Casini D, Bonificio A, Kommareddy S, Bertholet S, O'Hagan DT, Baudner BC. Sublingual immunization with a subunit influenza vaccine elicits comparable systemic immune response as intramuscular immunization, but also induces local IgA and TH17 responses. Vaccine 2014; 32:2382-8. [PMID: 24434044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease that remains a major health problem world-wide. Needle and syringe are still the primary delivery devices, and injection of liquid vaccine into the muscle is still the primary route of immunization. Vaccines could be more convenient and effective if they were delivered by the mucosal route. Elicitation of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses, such as pathogen neutralizing antibodies (including mucosal IgA at the site of pathogen entry) and CD4(+) T-helper cells (especially the Th17 subset), have a critical role in vaccine-mediated protection. In the current study, a sublingual subunit influenza vaccine formulated with or without mucosal adjuvant was evaluated for systemic and mucosal immunogenicity and compared to intranasal and intramuscular vaccination. Sublingual administration of adjuvanted influenza vaccine elicited comparable antibody titers to those elicited by intramuscular immunization with conventional influenza vaccine. Furthermore, influenza-specific Th17 cells or neutralizing mucosal IgA were detected exclusively after mucosal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda Bonificio
- Vaccines Research, Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sushma Kommareddy
- Vaccines Research, Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Derek T O'Hagan
- Vaccines Research, Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z, Huang WQ, Alexander RC, Goepfert PA, Mestecky J. Comparative Evaluation of HIV-1 Neutralization in External Secretions and Sera of HIV-1-Infected Women. Open AIDS J 2012; 6:293-302. [PMID: 23346267 PMCID: PMC3549546 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific antibodies are detectable in external secretions by ELISA and western blot (WB), the presence of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies is difficult to evaluate due to the low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the presence of humoral factors of innate immunity. The objective of this study was to determine virus neutralization activity and the relative contribution of HIV-1-specific antibodies of various isotypes to virus neutralization in serum/plasma samples, cervicovaginal lavages (CVL), and rectal lavages (RL). Design: Serum/plasma, CVL, and RL samples were examined by ELISA, WB and HIV-1 neutralization assays. Selected samples were Ig depleted and analyzed for virus neutralization. Results: IgG specific for three HIV-1 ENV antigens was detected in all serum/plasma samples, while IgA to at least one ENV glycoprotein was found at the low levels in 95% samples. Serum/plasma samples had the ability to neutralize at least one of three clade B and two clade C viruses. The neutralizing titers were reduced significantly or became undetectable after IgG removal. In corresponding CVL and RL, HIV-1 ENV-specific IgG antibodies were readily detected compared to IgA. Furthermore, IgG in CVL had greater ability than IgA to reduce virus infectivity. The difference in HIV-1 neutralization before and after Ig depletion was not observed in RL, implying that innate humoral factors were involved in anti-HIV-1 activity. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies are almost exclusively of the IgG isotype in serum/plasma and CVL samples. HIV-1-specific binding antibodies detected in RL are not responsible for neutralization activity, suggesting that the antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions should be verified by means of a selective depletion of Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wei
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Wu YCB, Kipling D, Dunn-Walters DK. Age-Related Changes in Human Peripheral Blood IGH Repertoire Following Vaccination. Front Immunol 2012; 3:193. [PMID: 22787463 PMCID: PMC3391689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune protection against pulmonary infections, such as seasonal flu and invasive pneumonia, is severely attenuated with age, and vaccination regimes for the elderly people often fail to elicit effective immune response. We have previously shown that influenza and pneumococcal vaccine responses in the older population are significantly impaired in terms of serum antibody production, and have shown repertoire differences by CDR-H3 spectratype analysis. Here we report a detailed analysis of the B cell repertoire in response to vaccine, including a breakdown of sequences by class and subclass. Clustering analysis of high-throughput sequencing data enables us to visualize the response in terms of expansions of clonotypes, changes in CDR-H3 characteristics, and somatic hypermutation as well as identifying the commonly used IGH genes. We have highlighted a number of significant age-related changes in the B cell repertoire. Interestingly, in light of the fact that IgG is the most prevalent serum antibody and the most widely used as a correlate of protection, the most striking age-related differences are in the IgA response, with defects also seen in the IgM repertoire. In addition there is a skewing toward IgG2 in the IgG sequences of the older samples at all time points. This analysis illustrates the importance of antibody classes other than IgG and has highlighted a number of areas for future consideration in vaccine studies of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Bryan Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London School of Medicine London, UK
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25
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Bukreyev AA, Dinapoli JM, Yang L, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Mucosal parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine against Ebola virus replicates in the respiratory tract of vector-immune monkeys and is immunogenic. Virology 2010; 399:290-8. [PMID: 20129638 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously used human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) as a vector to express the Ebola virus (EBOV) GP glycoprotein. The resulting HPIV3/EboGP vaccine was immunogenic and protective against EBOV challenge in a non-human primate model. However, it remained unclear whether the vaccine would be effective in adults due to preexisting immunity to HPIV3. Here, the immunogenicity of HPIV3/EboGP was compared in HPIV3-naive and HPIV3-immune Rhesus monkeys. After a single dose of HPIV3/EboGP, the titers of EBOV-specific serum ELISA or neutralization antibodies were substantially less in HPIV3-immune animals compared to HPIV3-naive animals. However, after two doses, which were previously determined to be required for complete protection against EBOV challenge, the antibody titers were indistinguishable between the two groups. The vaccine virus appeared to replicate, at a reduced level, in the respiratory tract despite the preexisting immunity. This may reflect the known ability of HPIV3 to re-infect and may also reflect the presence of EBOV GP in the vector virion, which confers resistance to neutralization in vitro by HPIV3-specific antibodies. These data suggest that HPIV3/EboGP will be immunogenic in adults as well as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Prolonged protection against Intranasal challenge with influenza virus following systemic immunization or combinations of mucosal and systemic immunizations with a heat-labile toxin mutant. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:471-8. [PMID: 19193829 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00311-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality in the world, and there is a serious threat of a pandemic influenza with the potential to cause millions of deaths. Therefore, practical influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies that can confer protection against intranasal infection with influenza viruses are needed. In this study, we demonstrate that using LTK63, a nontoxic mutant of the heat-labile toxin from Escherichia coli, as an adjuvant for both mucosal and systemic immunizations, systemic (intramuscular) immunization or combinations of mucosal (intranasal) and intramuscular immunizations protected mice against intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of live influenza virus at 3.5 months after the second immunization.
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27
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Carrat F, Vergu E, Ferguson NM, Lemaitre M, Cauchemez S, Leach S, Valleron AJ. Time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167:775-85. [PMID: 18230677 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of viral shedding and symptoms following influenza virus infection are key factors when considering epidemic control measures. The authors reviewed published studies describing the course of influenza virus infection in placebo-treated and untreated volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza virus. A total of 56 different studies with 1,280 healthy participants were considered. Viral shedding increased sharply between 0.5 and 1 day after challenge and consistently peaked on day 2. The duration of viral shedding averaged over 375 participants was 4.80 days (95% confidence interval: 4.31, 5.29). The frequency of symptomatic infection was 66.9% (95% confidence interval: 58.3, 74.5). Fever was observed in 37.0% of A/H1N1, 40.6% of A/H3N2 (p = 0.86), and 7.5% of B infections (p = 0.001). The total symptoms scores increased on day 1 and peaked on day 3. Systemic symptoms peaked on day 2. No such data exist for children or elderly subjects, but epidemiologic studies suggest that the natural history might differ. The present analysis confirms prior expert opinion on the duration of viral shedding or the frequency of asymptomatic influenza infection, extends prior knowledge on the dynamics of viral shedding and symptoms, and provides original results on the frequency of respiratory symptoms or fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Carrat
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR-S 707, Paris, France.
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28
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Bukreyev A, Rollin PE, Tate MK, Yang L, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Sanchez A. Successful topical respiratory tract immunization of primates against Ebola virus. J Virol 2007; 81:6379-88. [PMID: 17428868 PMCID: PMC1900097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00105-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus causes outbreaks of severe viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans. The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted by contact and by the aerosol route. These features make Ebola virus a potential weapon for bioterrorism and biological warfare. Therefore, a vaccine that induces both systemic and local immune responses in the respiratory tract would be highly beneficial. We evaluated a common pediatric respiratory pathogen, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), as a vaccine vector against Ebola virus. HPIV3 recombinants expressing the Ebola virus (Zaire species) surface glycoprotein (GP) alone or in combination with the nucleocapsid protein NP or with the cytokine adjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were administered by the respiratory route to rhesus monkeys--in which HPIV3 infection is mild and asymptomatic--and were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against a highly lethal intraperitoneal challenge with Ebola virus. A single immunization with any construct expressing GP was moderately immunogenic against Ebola virus and protected 88% of the animals against severe hemorrhagic fever and death caused by Ebola virus. Two doses were highly immunogenic, and all of the animals survived challenge and were free of signs of disease and of detectable Ebola virus challenge virus. These data illustrate the feasibility of immunization via the respiratory tract against the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which topical immunization through respiratory tract achieved prevention of a viral hemorrhagic fever infection in a primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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30
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31
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Zhang Q, Finn A. Mucosal immunology of vaccines against pathogenic nasopharyngeal bacteria. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:1015-21. [PMID: 15452151 PMCID: PMC1770445 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.016253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines during the 1990s was followed by dramatic decreases both in the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b related invasive disease and in nasopharyngeal carriage of the organism. The extent of this effect has been influenced by the fact that Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines reduce nasopharyngeal carriage and induce herd immunity. Based on the success of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines, chemical conjugation has been applied to the development of pneumococcal and meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Evidence has begun to accumulate that these new polysaccharide based conjugate vaccines can also reduce nasopharyngeal carriage and can induce immune responses at the local mucosal level, which may be responsible for these effects. This article reviews recent studies on mucosal immune responses induced by polysaccharide based vaccines and some protein vaccine antigens against several pathogenic nasopharyngeal bacteria, and discusses the mechanisms and functions of these immune responses that may help our understanding of mucosal immune responses to both immunisation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences South Bristol, Institute of Child Health, University of Bristol, UBHT Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8AE, UK
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32
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Cox RJ, Brokstad KA, Ogra P. Influenza virus: immunity and vaccination strategies. Comparison of the immune response to inactivated and live, attenuated influenza vaccines. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:1-15. [PMID: 14723616 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus is a globally important respiratory pathogen which causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. The virus is continuously undergoing antigenic change and thus bypasses the host's acquired immunity to influenza. Despite the improvement in antiviral therapy during the last decade, vaccination is still the most effective method of prophylaxis. Vaccination induces a good degree of protection (60-90% efficacy) and is well tolerated by the recipient. For those at risk of complications from influenza, annual vaccination is recommended due to the antigenic changes in circulating strains. However, there is still room for improvement in vaccine efficacy, long-lasting effect, ease of administration and compliance rates. The mucosal tissues of the respiratory tract are the main portal entry of influenza, and the mucosal immune system provides the first line of defence against infection. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and IgM are the major neutralizing antibodies directed against mucosal pathogens. These antibodies work to prevent pathogen entry and can function intracellularly to inhibit replication of virus. This review describes influenza virus infection, epidemiology, clinical presentation and immune system response, particularly as it pertains to mucosal immunity and vaccine use. Specifically, this review provides an update of the current status on influenza vaccination and concentrates on the two main types of influenza vaccines currently in use, namely the cold-adapted vaccine (CAV) given intranasally/orally, and the inactivated vaccine (IV) delivered subcutanously or intramuscularly. The commercially available trivalent IV (TIV) elicits good serum antibody responses but induces poorly mucosal IgA antibody and cell-mediated immunity. In contrast, the CAV may elicit a long-lasting, broader immune (humoral and cellular) response, which more closely resembles natural immunity. The immune response induced by these two vaccines will be compared in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cox
- Influenza Research Centre; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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33
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Gonzalez AM, Jaimes MC, Cajiao I, Rojas OL, Cohen J, Pothier P, Kohli E, Butcher EC, Greenberg HB, Angel J, Franco MA. Rotavirus-specific B cells induced by recent infection in adults and children predominantly express the intestinal homing receptor alpha4beta7. Virology 2003; 305:93-105. [PMID: 12504544 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo replication of rotaviruses is generally limited to enterocytes. Because of this restriction, most blood circulating rotavirus-specific B cells are hypothesized to originate in Peyer's patches and should express the intestinal homing receptor alpha4beta7. To test this hypothesis in humans, we used a flow cytometry assay that identifies antigen-activated (IgD-) B cells (CD19+) that express surface rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin. With this assay we could detect rotavirus-specific B cells in both children and adults with an acute rotavirus (RV) infection. Staining with an anti-alpha4beta7 monoclonal antibody, we could determine that B cells that express rotavirus-specific surface immunoglobulin predominantly express alpha4beta7. The response of rotavirus-specific antibody-secreting cells in the peripheral blood of children and adults with acute rotavirus infection was also studied by ELISPOT. The antibody-secreting cells of children were mainly of the IgM isotype, while the antibody-secreting cells of adults were predominantly of the IgA and IgG isotype. alpha4beta7+ and alpha4beta7- subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified using paramagnetic beads and then tested in the ELISPOT assay. Rotavirus-specific antibody-secreting cells were predominantly present in the alpha4beta7+ subpopulation. The flow cytometry assay we have described will permit future studies to characterize the phenotype of virus-specific B cells and could be useful in the study of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of RV vaccines and the identification of markers of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Gonzalez
- Instituto de Genetica Humana Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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34
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Pierson RN, Crowe JE, Pfeiffer S, Atkinson J, Azimzadeh A, Miller GG. CD40-ligand in primate cardiac allograft and viral immunity. Immunol Res 2002; 23:253-62. [PMID: 11444390 DOI: 10.1385/ir:23:2-3:253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has studied the role of CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) in the primate immune response to allogenic and infectious challenges. We find that intensive early blockade of CD40L reliably attenuates acute rejection of primate cardiac allografts. Monotherapy fails to prevent late graft loss, which often occurs in association with rising antidonor antibody titers and allograft vasculopathy, despite continuing anti-CD40L therapy. In contrast, the primary humoral response to T helper dependent influenza viral antigen is inhibited during anti-CD40L therapy, and responses to subsequent immunization are blunted after discontinuation of therapy. These results are encouraging with regard to the tolerogenic potential of costimulatory blockade for specific T helper dependent antigens. However, these findings also indicate that pathogenic allograft responses in primates are probably not entirely CD40L-dependent. As such, additional immunomodulatory strategies are needed to facilitate tolerance to a transplanted organ.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- CD40 Ligand/drug effects
- CD40 Ligand/physiology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Graft Enhancement, Immunologic
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunoconjugates
- Isoantibodies/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Time Factors
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Pierson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nashville, TN, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Dental caries continues to be a costly and prevalent oral disease. Research efforts towards developing a well tolerated and effective vaccine against dental caries were initiated following the demonstration of a specific bacterial aetiology for this disease. The cariogenic mutans streptococci are the principal bacteria causing this disease. Specific immune defence against these bacteria is provided mainly by secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibodies present in saliva, which are generated by the common mucosal immune system. Progress in the development of a vaccine against dental caries has increased due to both advancements in molecular biology and our understanding of the mucosal immune system and mucosal vaccines. Advancements in molecular biology have facilitated the cloning and functional characterisation of virulence factors of the mutans streptococci, including the cell-surface fibrillar proteins, which mediate adherence to the tooth surface, and the glucosyltransferase enzymes, which synthesise adhesive glucans and allow microbial accumulation on the teeth. Current strategies for immunisation against dental caries are using these virulence factors as key antigens and incorporating them into novel mucosal vaccine systems and delivering them with or without adjuvants to mucosal IgA inductive sites. The most popular routes of mucosal immunisation are via the oral or nasal route. The mucosal immune system is functional in newborn infants, who develop salivary IgA antibodies as they become colonised by oral micro-organisms. Mucosal immunisation strategies result in the induction of salivary IgA antibody responses and pose fewer problems than parenteral injection of antigen. Therefore, mucosal immunisation of infants prior to the appearance of their first teeth may be a well tolerated and effective way to induce immunity against the colonisation of teeth by mutans streptococci and protection against subsequent dental caries. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the recent progress on the development of a vaccine against infection by Streptococcus mutans for the prevention of dental caries, with emphasis on the mucosal immune system and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-2170, USA.
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36
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Zhang Y, Smith PM, Jennings SR, O'Callaghan DJ. Quantitation of virus-specific classes of antibodies following immunization of mice with attenuated equine herpesvirus 1 and viral glycoprotein D. Virology 2000; 268:482-92. [PMID: 10704356 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antibody responses of CBA/J mice infected intranasally (i.n.) with either the attenuated KyA strain or the pathogenic RacL11 strain of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) or immunized with recombinant glycoprotein D (rgD) were investigated using the ELISPOT assay to measure EHV-1-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the regional lymphoid tissue of the respiratory tract. IgG, IgA, and IgM ASC specific for EHV-1 were detected in the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) and lungs 2 weeks after i.n. infection with EHV-1 strain KyA or RacL11, or immunization with heat-killed KyA or rgD. EHV-1-specific ASC were present in the MLN and lungs at 4 and 8 weeks, but declined in frequency by fivefold in the lung at 8 weeks. However, i.n. immunized (2 x 10(6) pfu KyA or 50 microgram rgD/mouse) mice infected at 8 weeks with pathogenic EHV-1 RacL11 resisted challenge and showed eight- and tenfold increases in MLN ASC and lung ASC, respectively, by 3 days after challenge. In contrast to the intranasal route of immunization, intraperitoneal immunization yielded ASC frequencies in the MLN and lungs that were only slightly above those of nonimmunized control mice. These data indicate that immunization with infectious or heat-killed EHV-1 KyA, or rgD, induces significant levels of virus-specific ASC both in the MLN and lungs, a specific memory B-cell response, and long-term protective immunity. The finding that the numbers of ASC induced by the pathogenic strain versus the attenuated strain of EHV-1, which were virtually identical, indicated that the ability to generate a B-cell response is independent of and does not contribute to EHV-1 virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, 71130, USA
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37
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Camacho MT, Outschoorn I, Echevarría C, Kovácová E, Yebra M, Maté I, Auffray P, Téllez A. Distribution of IgA subclass response to Coxiella burnetii in patients with acute and chronic Q fever. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 88:80-3. [PMID: 9683553 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1998.4547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The progression of Coxiella burnetii infection to acute or chronic Q fever has been attributed to biological characteristics of the bacterium and to the host immune response. We measured whether serum levels of total and specific subclasses IgA1 and IgA2 could be correlated with the course of disease in acute and chronic Q fever infections, and with the occurrence of endocarditis. In patients with chronic infection, total IgA2 levels were significantly increased. Q-fever-specific IgA1 antibodies were detectable in both acute and chronic infections, but only patients with endocarditis had IgA2 antibodies to C. burnetii phase II antigens. These findings indicate that the measurement of IgA subclasses may be a useful aid in the serological diagnosis of Q fever. Our results reinforce the idea that immunologically mediated host factors are important in the pathogenesis of Q fever and in the disease outcome of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Camacho
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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38
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Kauppi-Korkeila M, Saarinen L, Eskola J, Käyhty H. Subclass distribution of IgA antibodies in saliva and serum after immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:237-42. [PMID: 9486387 PMCID: PMC1904911 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA subclass distribution of antibodies against capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was studied in saliva and serum samples of children vaccinated with two (n = 58) or three doses (n = 53) of Hib vaccine. One month after the second dose of Hib conjugate vaccine, at 7 months old, 40% of the children had IgA1 and 41% had IgA2 anti-Hib PS antibodies in saliva. One month after the third dose, at 15-25 months old, IgA1 was the predominating subclass; 72% of the children had IgA1, 26% had IgA2 anti-Hib PS in saliva. The mean concentration of IgA1 anti-Hib PS, expressed as optical density (OD) values, was significantly higher after three doses (OD 80.7) than after two doses (OD 18.9). The mean concentration of IgA2 did not change significantly after the third dose (OD 23.8 after two doses, OD 18.1 after three doses). In serum, IgA1 anti-Hib PS predominated both after two (17% had IgA1, none had IgA2) and three doses (72% had IgA1, 4% had IgA2) of Hib vaccine. In conclusion, both IgA1 and IgA2 anti-Hib PS were found in saliva of immunized children after two doses of Hib conjugate vaccine, whereas the third vaccine dose induced a shift towards IgA1 anti-Hib PS dominance in saliva.
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Childers NK, Tong G, Michalek SM. Nasal immunization of humans with dehydrated liposomes containing Streptococcus mutans antigen. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 12:329-35. [PMID: 9573806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1997.tb00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five healthy female adult volunteers were intranasally immunized twice (7-day interval) with 250 micrograms of a crude glucosyltransferase (GTF) preparation from Streptococcus mutans in liposomes. Parotid saliva, nasal wash, and serum were collected prior to and at weekly intervals for 6 weeks following the first immunization for analysis of anti-GTF activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of IgA1 anti-GTF activity increased in the nasal wash from all five individuals after immunization. Increases in salivary IgA1 and IgA2 anti-GTF activities were observed to a lesser extent. Increased serum IgM and IgA (but not IgG) anti-GTF activities were seen in immunized subjects. Nasal immunization with a dehydrated liposome-protein vaccine was effective in inducing an apparent secretory IgA antibody response, which was primarily of the IgA1 subclass. These results provide the first evidence of the effective use of a nasal liposome-protein vaccine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Childers
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0007, USA
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40
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Takao SI, Kiyotani K, Sakaguchi T, Fujii Y, Seno M, Yoshida T. Protection of mice from respiratory Sendai virus infections by recombinant vaccinia viruses. J Virol 1997; 71:832-8. [PMID: 8985426 PMCID: PMC191127 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.1.832-838.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of protection of mice from Sendai virus, which is exclusively pneumotropic and causes a typical respiratory disease, by immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses (RVVs) were investigated. Although the RVV carrying a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Sendai virus (Vac-HN) propagated in the noses and lungs of mice by either intranasal (i.n.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, no vaccinia virus antigens were detected in the mucosal layer of upper and lower airways of the i.p.-inoculated mice. The mice immunized i.n. with Vac-HN or Vac-F (the RVV carrying a fusion protein gene of Sendai virus) demonstrated the strong resistance to Sendai virus challenge both in the lung and in the nose, whereas the i.p.-immunized mice showed almost no resistance in the nose but showed a partial resistance in the lung. Titration of Sendai virus-specific antibodies in the nasal wash (NW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and serum collected from the Vac-F-immunized mice showed that the NW from the i.n.-immunized mice contained immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies but no IgG and the BAL from the mice contained both IgA and IgG antibodies. On the other hand, neither IgA nor IgG antibodies were detected in the NW from the i.p.-immunized mice and only IgG antibodies were detected in the BAL, although both i.n.- and i.p.-immunized mice exhibited similar levels of serum IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies. The resistance to Sendai virus in the noses of i.n.-immunized mice could be abrogated by the intranasal instillation of anti-mouse IgA but not of anti-IgG antiserum, while the resistance in the lung was not significantly abrogated by such treatments. These results demonstrate that IgA is a major mediator for the immunity against Sendai virus induced by the RVVs and IgG is a supplementary one, especially in the lung, and that the RVV should be intranasally inoculated to induce an efficient mucosal immunity even if it has a pantropic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Takao
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Japan
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41
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Johnson S, Opstad NL, Douglas JM, Janoff EN. Prolonged and preferential production of polymeric immunoglobulin A in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4339-44. [PMID: 8926108 PMCID: PMC174376 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.10.4339-4344.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an invasive mucosal pathogen for which host defense is dependent on capsular polysaccharide-specific antibody. Capsule-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA are produced following pneumococcal vaccination and infection. Serum IgA has two molecular forms, polymeric and monomeric. These forms may modulate the avidity of antigen binding and evolve over time as the immune response matures. Therefore, we sequentially characterized the molecular forms of serum IgA to three serotypes of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (types 8, 12F, and 14) after pneumococcal vaccination and after natural infection with type 14 S. pneumoniae. Although typically the form of IgA in antigen-specific systemic responses to protein antigens is predominantly polymeric in sera of patients shortly after exposure and shifts to the monomeric form in sera obtained several weeks later, the form of IgA in response to each pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide remained predominantly polymeric 1 month after natural infection and up to I year following vaccination. In contrast, IgA to pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharide was both polymeric and monomeric. Moreover, the form of IgA in response to polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate (PRP), the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, was predominantly monomeric in the sera of 8 of 10 subjects tested 1 to 3 months after vaccination with either PRP alone or the diphtheria toxoid conjugate of PRP. We conclude that systemic responses to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides are distinct in the production of predominantly polymeric IgA over time. The persistence of polymeric IgA may facilitate binding and clearance of pneumococci from the systemic circulation or reflect limited maturation of the immune response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johnson
- Department of Medicine, VA Lakeside Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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42
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Mäkelä MJ, Nikkari S, Meurman O, Laine M, Arvilommi H. Virus-specific, antibody-secreting cells during upper respiratory infections. J Med Virol 1995; 47:416-20. [PMID: 8636712 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890470420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune response of 18 army recruits with febrile upper respiratory infection (URI) was studied by enumerating virus-specific, antibody-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. Diagnosis was based on viral antigen detection in nasopharyngeal specimens, virus isolation from throat swabs, or on antibody measurement from paired serum samples. At the time of the sample collection, three viruses, including adenovirus, influenza A, and influenza B, were found mainly to cause URIs among the recruits, and ELISPOT assay for enumeration of the specific antibody-secreting cells was selected for these viruses. Of the 36 patients with febrile URI studied, viral diagnosis was made in 18 cases, which included 11 patients with adenovirus infection, three with influenza A, and four with influenza B. The first blood sample was collected at the first signs of URI and the second and third samples at 2-week intervals. The adenovirus-positive patients developed a strong IgG class antibody-secreting cell response against the homologous virus, which peaked at the first sample and decreased steeply by the second and third samples. In the influenza A and B patients, the response was similar kinetically to that seen in adenovirus-positive patients. In those cases where also IgA and IgM class antibody-secreting cells were determined, the IgG response dominated. The ELISPOT method has potential also as a diagnostic tool for respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mäkelä
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, Finland
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43
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Steinmetz I, Schiffmann P, Brenneke B. Secretory monoclonal IgA class-switch variants against bacterial enteric pathogens in bile and intestinal secretions. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 11:329-36. [PMID: 8541811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1995.tb00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study we analyzed the molecular forms of monoclonal IgA class-switch variants (moIgA variants) and their transport into murine respiratory secretions. The aim of the present study is to characterize the transport of moIgA variants into bile and intestinal secretions so that their applicability in a passive immunization model of the gut can be evaluated. Different moIgA variants were directly isolated from IgG1 and IgG2a producing hybridoma clones specific for the same surface determinants of bacterial enteric pathogens (Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni) as their respective parent IgG clones. Hepatobiliary transport experiments clearly revealed the selective transport of biologically active polymeric forms of the IgA variants into the murine and rat bile after intravenous injection. Biotinylation of polymeric IgA variants prior to intravenous injection resulted in the recovery of functional, labeled SIgA. Moreover biotin-labeled polymeric IgA variant was recovered in bile with an increased molecular weight, suggesting that the secretory component had been added during passage through the liver. When IgA variant and IgG parent clones were both used in a murine backpack tumor model for passive immunization, IgA variant was selectively transported into intestinal secretions in comparison to IgG. The experimental model described here is suitable for use in comparative studies on the role of IgA and IgG with identical specificity in invasive infections of the intestinal tract.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Bile/metabolism
- Biological Transport
- Biotin
- Body Fluids/metabolism
- Campylobacter jejuni/immunology
- Female
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Hybridomas/metabolism
- Hybridomas/transplantation
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin A/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Weight
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology
- Rats
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Secretory Component/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- I Steinmetz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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44
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Islam D, Wretlind B, Ryd M, Lindberg AA, Christensson B. Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and dynamics of Shigella-specific antibody responses in serum and stool samples in shigellosis. Infect Immun 1995; 63:2054-61. [PMID: 7729920 PMCID: PMC173264 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.5.2054-2061.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the humoral immunological responses at the subclass level in shigellosis, specific antibody responses against Shigella dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), S. flexneri Y LPS, invasion plasmid-coded protein antigens (Ipa), and Shiga toxin were analyzed. Antibody responses of 41 patients with S. dysenteriae 1 infection (SDIP) and 15 patients with S. flexneri infection (SFIP) were compared with those of controls (n = 40). The levels of total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, IgM, and albumin in serum and stool samples were analyzed. In addition, total IgA (t-IgA), secretory IgA (s-IgA), and antigen-specific s-IgA in fecal samples were analyzed to evaluate the specificities and magnitudes of the mucosal immune responses. By comparing the relative increases in optical density for each IgG subclass separately, it was determined that the anti-LPS (homologous) response initially increased in the order IgG2 > IgG1 > IgG3 > IgG4 and that this order changed to IgG2 > IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG4 later in the disease. The IgG subclass response against protein antigens initially showed the order IgG1 > IgG3 > IgG2 > IgG4, which changed to IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG2 > IgG4 later in the disease. A significant increase in the proportion of IgA2 among t-IgA compared with that in controls was seen in both SDIP and SFIP, while significant changes in the proportions of IgG1 and IgG2 among t-IgG compared with controls was seen only in SDIP. The anti-LPS IgA2 response was more prominent in SDIP than in SFIP. We found an early peak of antigen-specific s-IgA in fecal samples, with a shorter duration than the corresponding response in serum samples. The simultaneous increase of serum IgA, fecal t-IgA, and s-IgA in SDIP compared with those in SFIP suggests that there is a massive increase in the local IgA production, giving an increase in systemic IgA concomitant with an extensive gut mucosal inflammation leading to an increased loss of albumin, IgG, and IgA with a high ratio of t-IgA to s-IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Islam
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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45
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Cello J, Svennerholm B. Detection of enterovirus-specific total and polymeric IgA antibodies in serum using a synthetic peptide or heated virion antigen in ELISA. J Med Virol 1994; 44:422-7. [PMID: 7897375 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890440420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of enterovirus-specific total and polymeric IgA antibodies was assessed in serum from different groups of patients and healthy controls by indirect ELISA using heated virions and synthetic peptide, both enteroviral broad reactive antigens. Total IgA antibody response against a synthetic peptide, representing an enterovirus group-common epitope, was detected in 52% of the patients with an acute enterovirus infection and in 12% of the patients with other infections (P = 0.02). We also found a significant difference (P = 0.005) in the prevalence of peptide IgA antibodies between serum samples collected from blood donors during summer (20%), the prevalent season of enterovirus infections, and winter (6%). A polymeric IgA activity against the peptide was detected in only three patients with an enterovirus infection. In contrast, when a heated coxsackie B5 (coxB5) virus antigen was used, the prevalence of total serum IgA antibodies was not significantly different between patients with an acute enterovirus infection and patients with other infections (71% vs. 53% respectively; P = 0.3). Also no difference was found between the two groups of blood donors (47% in summer vs. 51% in winter; P = 0.7). However, the prevalence of serum polymeric IgA antibodies against coxsackie B5 antigen was significantly greater (P = 0.02) in patients with an acute enterovirus infection (57%) than in patients with other infections (18%). These findings suggest that the presence (18%). These findings suggest that the presence of total peptide-IgA or of polymeric coxsackie B5-IgA in serum is a specific marker of acute enterovirus infection. Finally, we show that the total peptide-IgA- and polymeric coxsackie B5-ELISAs may have a diagnostic value for the serodiagnosis of enterovirus infections when they are used in combination with enteroviral IgG-ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cello
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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46
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Steinmetz I, Albrecht F, Häussler S, Brenneke B. Monoclonal IgA class-switch variants against bacterial surface antigens: molecular forms and transport into murine respiratory secretions. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:2855-62. [PMID: 7957576 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830241141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a new model for passive immunization of the respiratory tract with IgA in comparison to other isotypes. Monoclonal IgA-isotype-switch variants were isolated from different IgG-producing hybridoma clones specific for surface epitopes of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens. Analysis of the molecular form of the IgA variants revealed the simultaneous production of monomeric, dimeric and higher polymeric IgA by a single-cell line with predominance of the polymeric forms. The specificities of the IgA variants were identical to the parent IgG antibodies as demonstrated by inhibition experiments. The IgA variant antibodies were separated into monomers and polymers by gel filtration. Intravenous injection of the different molecular forms of IgA and of IgG into mice were used to investigate the transport characteristics of IgA into murine upper and lower respiratory tract secretions by the physiological route in comparison to IgG. Polymeric IgA variant, monomeric IgA variant and IgG were detected in immunologically active form in both nasal secretion and bronchoalveolar fluid as evidenced by binding to their antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative contribution of the specific exogenous monoclonal IgA and monoclonal IgG to total IgA and IgG, respectively, was determined in secretions. Comparison of the secretion to serum transport ratios clearly indicates selective transport of polymeric IgA variant into nasal secretions relative to IgG parent antibody. Molecular and functional characteristics of the IgA variants make them ideal for passive mucosal immunization experiments and identification of protective epitopes in mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Steinmetz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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47
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Depelchin S, Dehennin JP, Bottaro A, Carbonara A, Vaerman JP, Sibille Y. Validation of IgA1 and IgA2 measurements by a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay in serum and secretions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1994; 24:154-61. [PMID: 7819595 DOI: 10.1007/bf02592446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe specific, sensitive and reproducible immunoradiometric assays to measure total IgA and IgA subclass levels in biological fluids, which take into account the problem that polymeric forms are differently recognized in immunoassays. Sera from subjects totally deficient in one of the IgA subclasses allowed us to ensure the specificity of the subclass assays and to define the proportions of IgA1 (84%) and IgA2 (16%) in the normal pooled serum (from 30 blood donors) used as standard. With purified milk 11-S secretory IgA1 and 11-S secretory IgA2, we determined a correction factor for the corresponding polymeric forms using, respectively, monomeric IgA1 and monomeric IgA2 from pooled serum as standards. With the monoclonal antibodies used, purified 11-S secretory IgA1 was similarly recognized by both the total IgA assay and the IgA1 assay; both total IgA and IgA1 concentrations were underestimated compared with monomeric IgA or monomeric IgA1. In contrast, 11-S secretory IgA2 was better recognized by the IgA2 assay than by the total IgA assay and the values were thus overestimates. Considering this problem of recognition, we fractionated saliva and lung secretions by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation before measuring their IgA1 and IgA2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Depelchin
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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48
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Cox RJ, Brokstad KA, Zuckerman MA, Wood JM, Haaheim LR, Oxford JS. An early humoral immune response in peripheral blood following parenteral inactivated influenza vaccination. Vaccine 1994; 12:993-9. [PMID: 7975853 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunospot assay was used to examine the humoral immune response in 15 healthy volunteers immunized with either split or subunit inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine containing A/Beijing/353/89 (H3N2), A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) and B/Yamagata/16/88. The rapidity of the individual B-cell and serum antibody response was examined in lymphocyte and serum samples collected at various time intervals after vaccination. A rapid serological response was detected with increases in antibody titre detected in the majority of volunteers by 7-8 days postvaccination. Influenza-specific plasma cells were detected as early as 4 days postvaccination, higher numbers of IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were observed which peaked at 7-8 days postvaccination. The number of ASCs then declined, with low numbers of cells detected at 11 days postvaccination. Influenza-specific IgA ASCs were predominantly of the IgA1 subclass. This rapid immune response may have a bearing on future vaccination policies of unimmunized 'at risk groups' in times of high influenza activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cox
- Department of Medical Microbiology, London Hospital Medical College, Whitechapel, UK
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49
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Dusek DM, Progulske-Fox A, Brown TA. Systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice orally immunized with avirulent Salmonella typhimurium expressing a cloned Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin. Infect Immun 1994; 62:1652-7. [PMID: 8168925 PMCID: PMC186378 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.5.1652-1657.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis produces a variety of virulence factors that may have a function in the periodontal disease process. Determination of the role of these various factors in pathogenesis and identification of a means for protecting the host from the destructive effects of this organism are areas of vigorous investigation. In this study we demonstrate the potential of avirulent Salmonella typhimurium strains to stimulate a specific systemic and mucosal immune response to a cloned P. gingivalis hemagglutinin (HagB). An avirulent strain of S. typhimurium, chi 4072, expressing the hagB gene of P. gingivalis 381 on the plasmid pDMD1 was intragastrically administered to BALB/c mice. These mice mounted a serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA primary response against the hagB gene product and a mucosal immune response as measured by evaluation of saliva. IgA antibodies were also detected in bile. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using attenuated S. typhimurium strains as carriers of P. gingivalis virulence factors for subsequent evaluation of the systemic and mucosal immune response against these antigens. This system will provide a means for evaluating the virulence factors of P. gingivalis for their suitability in the construction of potential vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Dusek
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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50
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Hassan J, Feighery C, Bresnihan B, Keogan M, Fitzgerald MX, Whelan A. Serum IgA and IgG subclasses during treatment for acute respiratory exacerbation in cystic fibrosis: analysis of patients colonised with mucoid or non-mucoid strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa. Immunol Invest 1994; 23:1-13. [PMID: 8144195 DOI: 10.3109/08820139409063428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a high prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection which causes chronic infection of the mucosal surfaces of the lung. This results in recurrent immune stimulation and hypergammaglobulinemia. The present study examines the levels of circulating Ig classes, IgG and IgA subclasses in 13 adult patients with CF during acute pulmonary infection and post-exacerbation. Total serum IgG levels were raised in the patients during infection and post-treatment when compared to the normal range (mean +/- SEM: 17.21 +/- 1.4 g/l vs 16.45 +/- 1.5 g/l respectively; normal range 8-16 g/l). In contrast, total IgM (2.6 +/- 0.26 vs 2.69 +/- 2.74 g/l; normal range 0.6-2.8 g/l) and IgA levels (2.5 +/- 0.52 vs 2.41 +/- 0.48 g/l; normal range 0.5-4 g/l) remained unchanged when examined during all stages of the disease. Of the 13 patients studied, 69%, 39% and 31% had IgG, IgM and IgA levels respectively raised above the normal range values. The mean levels of individual IgG subclasses examined in this group of patients revealed values within the normal ranges, however IgG2 and IgG3 were increased in 31% and 46% of patients. Individual IgG3 levels fell in 77% (10/13) and IgG4 in 62% (8/13) of the patients post-exacerbation. With regard to IgA subclasses, significant reduction in the IgA1 levels were observed post treatment (3687 +/- 539 mg/l vs 2713 +/- 498 mg/l, p < 0.01). In contrast, IgA2 levels were increased from 279 +/- 49 mg/l to 421 +/- 69 mg/l, although statistical significance was not reached. Upon antibiotic treatment for infection, the findings in this study show that IgA1 which is susceptible to bacterial proteases is reduced with a concommitant increase in the protease resistant IgA2 subclass. Moreover, patients colonised with non-mucoid strains of P. aeroginosa had higher total IgA levels due to the raised IgA1 subclass whereas they had lower IgG levels due to low IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hassan
- Dept. of Immunology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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