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Aydin F, Karakaya E, Kayman T, Abay S, Saticioglu IB. Helicobacter turcicus sp. nov., a catalase-negative new member of the Helicobacter genus, isolated from Anatolian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) in Turkey. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven Gram-negative, curved and S-shaped, oxidase activity positive, catalase activity negative bacterial isolates recovered from faeces of Anatolian ground squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) in the city of Kayseri, Turkey, were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Results of a genus-specific PCR revealed that these isolates belonged to the genus
Helicobacter
. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the 11 isolates had over 99 % sequence identity with each other and were most closely related to
Helicobacter ganmani
CMRI H02T with 97.0–97.1 % identity levels and they formed a novel phylogenetic line within the genus
Helicobacter
. Faydin-H64 and Faydin-H70T strains were subjected to gyrA and atpA gene and whole genome sequence analyses. These two
Helicobacter
strains formed separate phylogenetic clades, divergent from other known
Helicobacter
species. The DNA G+C content and genome size of the strain Faydin-H70T were 35.3 mol% and 1.7 Mb, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain Faydin-H70T and its close phylogenetic neighbour H. winghamensis ATCC BAA-430T were determined as 81.7 and 34.9 %, respectively. Pairwise sequence comparison showed that it was closely related to
H. ganmani
CMRI H02T however it shared the highest ANI and dDDH values with H. winghamensis ATCC BAA-430T. The data obtained from the polyphasic taxonomy approach, including phenotypic characterization and whole-genome sequences, revealed that these strains represent a novel species within the genus
Helicobacter
, for which the name Helicobacter turcicus sp. nov., is proposed with Faydin-H70T as the type strain (=DSM 112556T=LMG 32335T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Aydin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Karakaya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tuba Kayman
- Medical Microbiology Clinic, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Secil Abay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
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Aydin F, Saticioglu IB, Ay H, Kayman T, Karakaya E, Abay S. Description of the two novel species of the genus Helicobacter: Helicobacter anatolicus sp. nov., and Helicobacter kayseriensis sp. nov., isolated from feces of urban wild birds. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2022.126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Lardinois B, Belkhir L, Verroken A. Helicobacter canis: A Review of Microbiological and Clinical Features. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:814944. [PMID: 35281304 PMCID: PMC8905544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.814944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter canis, an enterohepatic Helicobacter, has proven its role in human diseases and has been rediscussed in recent years as its zoonotic potential is increasingly described. Routine microbiological detection of this pathogen is a difficult task as its culture may fail due to fastidious growth. It is therefore supposed that many clinical laboratories under-recognize H. canis infections. A review of all clinical and microbiological literature currently available from previous relevant H. canis human clinical cases, mainly bacteremia, added with a clinical case observed at the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, was performed. Clinical features of H. canis reports show the presence of underlying clinical conditions in 89% of the cases, bacteremia in 83%, associated fever in 58%, and recent close contact with pets in 83%, especially dogs. The observed microbiological trends from 10 cases of bacteremia were a median of 4 days until positive blood culture bottle detection, subcultures showing a thin layer of small colonies under microaerophilic atmosphere at 35–42°C after 3–4 days of growth, and an identification requiring 16S rRNA sequencing given the difficulties observed with MALDI-TOF MS. Low MICs were observed for penicillins, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, carbapenems, and metronidazole in opposition to high MICs for ciprofloxacin. A frequent association of H. canis and bacteremia in immunocompromised patients with recurrent fever in contact with pets, especially dogs, was identified. Considering the fastidious growing capacities, final identification from blood cultures may not be expected before 7 days. Intravenous ceftriaxone, oral doxycycline, or metronidazole has been suggested as efficient therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lardinois
- Department of Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leïla Belkhir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexia Verroken
- Department of Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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van Wezel E, van der Beek E, Siebrecht M, Stel A, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Meessen N. Pet-related bacterial zoonotic infections: Three cases of severe infections in the immunocompromised host. IDCases 2022; 30:e01623. [PMID: 36204686 PMCID: PMC9530478 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pets can have many positive effects on their owners. However, close contact with pets offers optimal conditions for transmission of micro-organisms. Especially immunocompromised patients are at risk for zoonotic infections. Here we describe the diagnosis, microbiology and treatment of three patients with severe zoonotic infections with Helicobacter canis, Pasteurella multocida and Capnocytophaga canimorsus. With this case report we would like to emphasize the importance of awareness for pet-related zoonotic infections in immunocompromised patients.
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Varon C, Azzi-Martin L, Khalid S, Seeneevassen L, Ménard A, Spuul P. Helicobacters and cancer, not only gastric cancer? Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1138-1154. [PMID: 34425210 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter genus actually comprises 46 validly published species divided into two main clades: gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacters. These bacteria colonize alternative sites of the digestive system in animals and humans, and contribute to inflammation and cancers. In humans, Helicobacter infection is mainly related to H. pylori, a gastric pathogen infecting more than half of the world's population, leading to chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that can evolve into two types of gastric cancers: gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric MALT lymphoma. In addition, H. pylori but also non-H. pylori Helicobacter infection has been associated with many extra-gastric malignancies. This review focuses on H. pylori and its role in gastric cancers and extra-gastric diseases, as well as malignancies induced by non-H. pylori Helicobacters. Their different virulence factors and their involvement in carcinogenesis is discussed. This review highlights the importance of both gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacters in gastrointestinal and liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Varon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lamia Azzi-Martin
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sadia Khalid
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Akadeemia RD 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lornella Seeneevassen
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Armelle Ménard
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pirjo Spuul
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Akadeemia RD 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Cytolethal distending toxin: from genotoxin to a potential biomarker and anti-tumor target. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:150. [PMID: 34379213 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) belongs to the AB toxin family and is produced by a plethora of Gram-negative bacteria. Eight human-affecting enteropathogens harbor CDT that causes irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), dysentery, chancroid, and periodontitis worldwide. They have a novel molecular mode of action as they interfere in the eukaryotic cell-cycle progression leading to G2/M arrest and apoptosis. CDT, the first bacterial genotoxin described, is encoded in a single operon possessing three proteins, CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC. CdtA and CdtC are needed for the binding of the CDT toxin complex to the cholesterol-rich lipid domains of the host cell while the CdtB is the active moiety. Sequence and 3D structural-based analysis of CdtB showed similarities with nucleases and phosphatases, it was hypothesized that CdtB exercises a biochemical function identical to both these enzymes. CDT is secreted through the outer membrane vesicles from the producing bacteria. It is internalized in the target cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and translocated to the host cell nucleus through the Golgi complex and ER. This study discusses the virulence role of CDT, causing pathogenicity by acting as a tri-perditious complex in the CDT-producing species with an emphasis on its potential role as a biomarker and an anti-tumor agent.
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Ochoa S, Collado L. Enterohepatic Helicobacter species - clinical importance, host range, and zoonotic potential. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:728-761. [PMID: 34153195 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1924117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Helicobacter defined just over 30 years ago, is a highly diverse and fast-growing group of bacteria that are able to persistently colonize a wide range of animals. The members of this genus are subdivided into two groups with different ecological niches, associated pathologies, and phylogenetic relationships: the gastric Helicobacter (GH) and the enterohepatic Helicobacter (EHH) species. Although GH have been mostly studied, EHH species have become increasingly important as emerging human pathogens and potential zoonotic agents in the last years. This group of bacteria has been associated with the development of several diseases in humans from acute pathologies like gastroenteritis to chronic pathologies that include inflammatory bowel disease, and liver and gallbladder diseases. However, their reservoirs, as well as their routes of transmission, have not been well established yet. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge of taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical role of the EHH group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ochoa
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Collado
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Ochoa S, Ojeda J, Martínez OA, Vidal-Veuthey B, Collado L. Exploring the role of healthy dogs as hosts of enterohepatic Helicobacter species using cultivation-dependent and -independent approaches. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:344-352. [PMID: 33586362 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterohepatic Helicobacter (EHH) species have been increasingly associated with acute gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease and hepatobiliary diseases in humans. However, their host range and transmission routes are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of EHH in healthy dogs using both cultivation-dependent and -independent methods. Three hundred and ninety faecal samples from domestic dogs without gastrointestinal symptoms were analysed between June 2018 and July 2019 in Valdivia (South of Chile). Samples were inoculated on selective medium and in parallel were filtrated over an antibiotic-free blood agar. Both media were incubated in a microaerobic atmosphere at 37°C for 7 days. Colonies were identified by PCR and phylogenetic analysis. A subset of 50 samples (half of them positive for EHH by cultivation and the remaining half negative) was analysed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) for direct detection. Cultivation method detected EHH in 15.4% (60/390) of the samples, being the most prevalent species H. canis (5.8%, 23/390) and H. canicola (5.1%, 20/390), followed by H. bilis (3.6%, 14/390) and 'H. winghamensis' (1.3%, 5/390). In contrast, PCR-DGGE method detected Helicobacter DNA in almost all (96%, 48/50) tested samples. On the other hand, the method used also allowed to isolate other Campylobacterales, in fact 44.3% (173/390) of the samples were positive for Campylobacter upsaliensis (43.3%, 169/390) followed by C. jejuni (2.0%, 8/390). Moreover, two strains that presented Campylobacter-like morphology were finally identified as Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens. Our results indicate that healthy domestic dogs commonly carry EHH and other Campylobacter species. However, further studies are needed to determine whether and how these Helicobacter and Campylobacter species can be transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Ochoa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Ojeda
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Oscar A Martínez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Boris Vidal-Veuthey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Collado
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Takemura LS, Marcasso RA, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AA, Bracarense APL. Helicobacter infection in the hepatobiliary system and hepatic lesions: a possible association in dogs. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 50:297-305. [PMID: 30637645 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-018-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter infection has been associated with hepatobiliary diseases in humans and animals. The aims of this study were to identify Helicobacter species in the hepatobiliary tract of dogs and to elucidate the possible association of these bacteria in liver diseases. Twenty-seven gastric and hepatobiliary samples were collected from 33 dogs with hepatic lesions and 17 dogs with no liver histological changes. Warthin-Starry staining, immunohistochemical assay, and PCR were performed to detect the presence of Helicobacter. Helicobacter genus was detected in 21.2% of the samples with hepatic lesions. The main lesion was chronic hepatitis. Immunohistochemistry revealed infection in liver (1/5) and gallbladder (1/3) 32 samples. The sequence analysis of seven amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene of Helicobacter genus from hepatobiliary samples showed 97.8 to 100% of nucleotide identity with gastric helicobacter. One amplicon of the ureA and ureB gene of Helicobacter genus from the stomach showed 89.1 to 90.7% nucleotide identity with H. heilmannii. The presence of Helicobacter genus in liver samples showing hepatic lesions suggests the involvement of these bacteria in the etiology of hepatobiliary disease in dogs. DNA sequences were similar to gastric Helicobacter species, reinforcing the hypothesis of bacterial translocation from the stomach to liver by the biliary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Takemura
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Parana, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - R A Marcasso
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Parana, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - E Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Parana, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - A A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Parana, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - A P L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Parana, 86057-970, Brazil.
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McCallum KE, Constantino-Casas F, Cullen JM, Warland JH, Swales H, Linghley N, Kortum AJ, Sterritt AJ, Cogan T, Watson PJ. Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:141-150. [PMID: 30499209 PMCID: PMC6335520 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of chronic hepatitis in dogs caused by Leptospira spp. are confined to small case series. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the identification of spirochetes in liver samples. Consequently, this technique may help elucidate the role of Leptospira spp. in cases of chronic hepatitis. Objectives To describe cases of hepatic leptospirosis in dogs diagnosed by FISH and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) speciation, with the absence of clinically relevant renal involvement. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs. Methods Retrospective case series from the University of Cambridge presented between 2013 and 2016 or cases consulted by telephone advice during this time period. Cases were selected based on histopathologically confirmed granulomatous hepatitis and leptospiral organisms identified by FISH and PCR speciation (Leptospira interrogans/kirschneri). Results All cases had increased liver enzyme activities, and FISH in combination with PCR speciation‐confirmed infection with L. interrogans/kirschneri. Four dogs underwent repeat liver biopsy, FISH and PCR speciation 4‐15 months after initial presentation and doxycycline treatment with 1 dog undergoing repeat sampling at necropsy. Three dogs that underwent repeat biopsy remained positive for L. interrogans/kirschneri infection. Six dogs were alive at the time of manuscript preparation and 4 dogs were euthanized as a result of progressive liver disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The presence of hepatic leptospiral organisms may be associated with chronic granulomatous hepatitis without clinical evidence of renal involvement. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the etiological role of these organisms in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McCallum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - James H Warland
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, NHS Blood & Transplant Donor Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Swales
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andre J Kortum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Sterritt
- Highcroft Veterinary Group, Whitchurch Veterinary Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Penny J Watson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Im J, Burney DP, McDonough SP, Nicholson B, Eatroff A, Simpson KW. Canine Hepatitis Associated with Intrahepatic Bacteria in Three Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 54:65-70. [PMID: 29131670 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes the detection of intrahepatic bacteria in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded histopathological sections from three dogs with neutrophilic, pyogranulomatous, or lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis. In each of these cases, eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled colocalization of intrahepatic bacteria with neutrophilic and granulomatous inflammation in samples that were negative for bacteria when evaluated by routine hematoxylin and eosin histopathology augmented with histochemical stains. Positive responses to antimicrobial therapy were observed in of 2 out of 2 patients that were treated with antimicrobials. These findings suggest that eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded histopathological sections is more sensitive than conventional histochemical stains for the diagnosis of bacteria-associated canine hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Im
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Derek P Burney
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Sean P McDonough
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Brigid Nicholson
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Adam Eatroff
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)
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12
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Scuron MD, Boesze-Battaglia K, Dlakić M, Shenker BJ. The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Contributes to Microbial Virulence and Disease Pathogenesis by Acting As a Tri-Perditious Toxin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:168. [PMID: 27995094 PMCID: PMC5136569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status and recent advances in our understanding of the role that the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) plays as a virulence factor in promoting disease by toxin-producing pathogens. A major focus of this review is on the relationship between structure and function of the individual subunits that comprise the AB2 Cdt holotoxin. In particular, we concentrate on the molecular mechanisms that characterize this toxin and which account for the ability of Cdt to intoxicate multiple cell types by utilizing a ubiquitous binding partner on the cell membrane. Furthermore, we propose a paradigm shift for the molecular mode of action by which the active Cdt subunit, CdtB, is able to block a key signaling cascade and thereby lead to outcomes based upon programming and the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) in a variety of cells. Based upon the collective Cdt literature, we now propose that Cdt is a unique and potent virulence factor capable of acting as a tri-perditious toxin that impairs host defenses by: (1) disrupting epithelial barriers; (2) suppressing acquired immunity; (3) promoting pro-inflammatory responses. Thus, Cdt plays a key role in facilitating the early stages of infection and the later stages of disease progression by contributing to persistence and impairing host elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Scuron
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mensur Dlakić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Swennes AG, Parry NMA, Feng Y, Sawyer E, Lohr BR, Twedt DC, Fox JG. Enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. in cats with non-haematopoietic intestinal carcinoma: a survey of 55 cases. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:814-820. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alton G. Swennes
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M. A. Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Sawyer
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryan R. Lohr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David C. Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Boutin SR, Rogers AB, Shen Z, Fry RC, Love JA, Nambiar PR, Suerbaum S, Fox JG. Hepatic Temporal Gene Expression Profiling in Helicobacter hepaticus-Infected A/JCr Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:678-93. [PMID: 15513911 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490524058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus infection of A/JCr mice is a model of infectious liver cancer. We monitored hepatic global gene expression profiles in H. hepaticus infected and control male A/JCr mice at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year of age using an Affymetrix-based oligonucleotide microarray platform on the premise that a specific genetic expression signature at isolated time points would be indicative of disease status. Model based expression index comparisons generated by dChip yielded consistent profiles of differential gene expression for H. hepaticus infected male mice with progressive liver disease versus uninfected control mice within each age group. Linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis allowed segregation of mice based on combined age and lesion status, or age alone. Up-regulation of putative tumor markers correlated with advancing hepatocellular dysplasia. Transcriptionally down-regulated genes in mice with liver lesions included those related to peroxisome proliferator, fatty acid, and steroid metabolism pathways. In conclusion, transcriptional profiling of hepatic genes documented gene expression signatures in the livers of H. hepaticus infected male A/JCr mice with chronic progressive hepatitis and preneoplastic liver lesions, complemented the histopathological diagnosis, and suggested molecular targets for the monitoring and intervention of disease progression prior to the onset of hepatocellular neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Boutin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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15
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Draft genome sequences of eight enterohepatic helicobacter species isolated from both laboratory and wild rodents. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/6/e01218-14. [PMID: 25428971 PMCID: PMC4246163 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01218-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The draft genome sequences of eight enterohepatic Helicobacter species, H. muridarum, H. trogontum, H. typhlonius, and five unnamed helicobacters, are presented here. Using laboratory mice pervasively infected with helicobacters, we characterized the presence of known virulence factors.
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16
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Draft genome sequences of six enterohepatic helicobacter species isolated from humans and one from rhesus macaques. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/5/e00857-14. [PMID: 25212613 PMCID: PMC4161742 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00857-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Draft genome sequences of seven enterohepatic Helicobacter species, H. bilis, H. canadensis, H. canis, H. cinaedi, H. winghamensis, H. pullorum, and H. macacae, are presented. These isolates were obtained from clinical patients and a nonhuman primate. Due to potential zoonotic risks, we characterized antibiotic resistance markers and Helicobacter virulence factors.
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Sasani F, Javanbakht J, Kabir FR, Agha Mohammad Hassan M, Pashaei AR. Evaluation of Gastric Lesions Based on Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter-Like Organisms (HLOs) in Cats; A Histopathological and Bacteriological Study. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e9129. [PMID: 25371810 PMCID: PMC4217658 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.9129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lesions induced by Helicobacter pylori in a candidate animal model should always be examined thoroughly. The resemblance of these lesions to those observed in humans can indicate whether the usage of this model will contribute to the understanding of the various pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of human H. pylori-associated diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform a histopathological and bacteriological evaluation of gastric lesions based on H. pylori and Helicobacter-like organisms (HLOs) in cats. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 28 cat’s (13 male and 15 female cases) gastric mucosae, which were tested by bacteriological and histopathological methods. Biochemical tests such as catalase, oxidase and urease were utilized in addition to Gram and Giemsa staining. Results: This research demonstrated that solely one case of H. pylori was isolated by gastric mucosal culture. Microscopically, the infected stomachs by HLOs comprised a mild to severe diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration into the subglandular and gastric mucosa. Lymphoid follicles were also marked, particularly within pyloric tissues and mostly in displaced mucosal glands. For 75% of the gastritis cases, both HLOs and rapid urease tests were positive, whereas 83% of cases were more than one-year-old with gastritis. Furthermore, 75% of cats indicated gastritis, though 25% encompassed no gastritis; hence 20% had negative results for the rapid urease test and 25% for the Giemsa staining test. Such results may indicate that cats without gastritis were considered as free of HLOs pathogenic bacteria. Conclusions: These results suggest that most cases of gastritis were located in the antral region. Additionally, the isolation of H. pylori from domestic cats raises the possibility of zoonotic characteristics for the slightly pathogen; therefore transmission occurs from cats to human and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Farhang Sasani, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9121573490, Fax: +98-6693233222, E-mail:
| | - Javad Javanbakht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farrokh Reza Kabir
- Department of Clinical Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Ali Reza Pashaei
- Private Veterinary Practitioner, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran
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18
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Swennes AG, Turk ML, Trowel EM, Cullin C, Shen Z, Pang J, Petersson KH, Dewhirst FE, Fox JG. Helicobacter canis colonization in sheep: a Zoonotic link. Helicobacter 2014; 19:65-8. [PMID: 24188726 PMCID: PMC3897236 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter canis has been associated with hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal disease in dogs, cats, and humans. Infection has not been documented in other species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sheep feces subjected to microaerobic culture. Isolates were characterized by genus-specific PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism, biochemical profiling, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. RESULTS Helicobacter canis was isolated from sheep feces and confirmed by the above methods. These isolates are distinct from other sheep-origin enterohepatic Helicobacter species previously isolated. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies sheep as H. canis reservoirs potentially important in zoonotic or foodborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alton G. Swennes
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,Corresponding author.
| | - Michelle L. Turk
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Elise M. Trowel
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Cassandra Cullin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jassia Pang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Katherine H. Petersson
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingstown, RI
| | - Floyd E. Dewhirst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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van der Vusse M, van Son W, Ott A, Manson W. Helicobacter canisbacteremia in a renal transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis 2013; 16:125-9. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.L. van der Vusse
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University Medical Centre; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - W.J. van Son
- Department of Nephrology; University Medical Centre; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - A. Ott
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - W. Manson
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University Medical Centre; Groningen The Netherlands
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20
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Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and liver cancer mortality in 67 rural Chinese counties. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1331-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Histopathology. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152035 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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van der Heijden M, de Vries M, van Steenbeek FG, Favier RP, Deijs M, Brinkhof B, Rothuizen J, van der Hoek L, Penning LC. Sequence-independent VIDISCA-454 technique to discover new viruses in canine livers. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:152-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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23
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Sjödin S, Trowald-Wigh G, Fredriksson M. Identification of Helicobacter DNA in feline pancreas, liver, stomach, and duodenum: Comparison between findings in fresh and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e28-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Bexfield NH, Andres-Abdo C, Scase TJ, Constantino-Casas F, Watson PJ. Chronic hepatitis in the English springer spaniel: clinical presentation, histological description and outcome. Vet Rec 2011; 169:415. [PMID: 21852307 PMCID: PMC3361955 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Medical records and liver histology of 68 English springer spaniels (ESS) with a histological diagnosis of CH were reviewed retrospectively. PCR was performed on liver tissue for canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), canine parvovirus, canine herpesvirus and pathogenic Leptospira species. Follow-up information was obtained to calculate survival times. Median age at presentation was three years seven months (range, seven months to eight years five months) and there were 48 female and 20 male dogs. Clinical signs were non-specific and five dogs were asymptomatic. All dogs had an increase in serum activity of one or more hepatobiliary enzymes. Histopathology demonstrated hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis with varying amounts of fibrosis. A predominantly lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate throughout the hepatic parenchyma was found in all 68 dogs, but 45 of these dogs also had a neutrophilic component to the inflammatory infiltrate. There was no significant copper accumulation and no aetiological agent was identified by PCR. The median survival time was 189 days (range, 1 to 1211 days), 38 dogs died within three months and 12 dogs survived more than a year following diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bexfield
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
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25
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Tankovic J, Smati M, Lamarque D, Delchier JC. First detection of Helicobacter canis in chronic duodenal ulcerations from a patient with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1830-1. [PMID: 21744440 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Jinadasa RN, Bloom SE, Weiss RS, Duhamel GE. Cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1851-1875. [PMID: 21565933 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a heterotrimeric AB-type genotoxin produced by several clinically important Gram-negative mucocutaneous bacterial pathogens. Irrespective of the bacterial species of origin, CDT causes characteristic and irreversible cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a broad range of cultured mammalian cell lineages. The active subunit CdtB has structural homology with the phosphodiesterase family of enzymes including mammalian DNase I, and alone is necessary and sufficient to account for cellular toxicity. Indeed, mammalian cells treated with CDT initiate a DNA damage response similar to that elicited by ionizing radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The mechanism of CDT-induced apoptosis remains incompletely understood, but appears to involve both p53-dependent and -independent pathways. While epithelial, endothelial and fibroblast cell lines respond to CDT by undergoing arrest of cell cycle progression resulting in nuclear and cytoplasmic distension that precedes apoptotic cell death, cells of haematopoietic origin display rapid apoptosis following a brief period of cell cycle arrest. In this review, the ecology of pathogens producing CDT, the molecular biology of bacterial CDT and the molecular mechanisms of CDT-induced cytotoxicity are critically appraised. Understanding the contribution of a broadly conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks progression of the mammalian cell cycle, ultimately causing cell death, should assist with elucidating disease mechanisms for these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika N Jinadasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephen E Bloom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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Patterson MM, Rogers AB, Fox JG. Experimental Helicobacter marmotae infection in A/J mice causes enterohepatic disease. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1235-1241. [PMID: 20616187 PMCID: PMC3052501 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.020479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter marmotae has been identified in the inflamed livers of Eastern woodchucks (Marmota monax) infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), as well as from the livers of WHV-negative woodchucks. Because the majority of WHV-positive woodchucks with hepatic tumours were culture or PCR positive for this helicobacter, and WHV-negative woodchucks with H. marmotae had hepatitis, the bacterium may have a role in tumour promotion related to chronic inflammation. In this study, the type strain of H. marmotae was inoculated intraperitoneally into 48 male and female A/J mice, a strain noted to be susceptible to Helicobacter hepaticus-induced liver tumours. Sixteen mice served as mock-dosed controls. At 6, 12 and 18 months post-inoculation (p.i.), there were statistically significant (P<0.05) differences in mean inflammation scores for the caecum and proximal colon between experimentally infected and control mice. Differences in hepatic inflammation were significant (P<0.05) at 6 and 12 months p.i. between the two groups but not at the 18 month time point. Two infected male mice had livers with severe hepatitis, and the liver samples were culture positive for H. marmotae. Serum IgG levels in the mice dosed with H. marmotae were elevated for the duration of the study. These results demonstrate that the woodchuck helicobacter can successfully colonize mice and cause enterohepatic disease. In the future, a mouse-adapted strain of H. marmotae could be selected to maximize colonization and lesion development. Such a woodchuck helicobacter-infected mouse model could be used to dissect potential mechanisms of microbial co-carcinogenesis involved in tumour development in woodchucks with WHV and in humans with hepatitis B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Patterson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 16-825, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arlin B Rogers
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 16-825, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 16-825, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Casswall TH, Németh A, Nilsson I, Wadström T, Nilsson HO. Helicobacter species DNA in liver and gastric tissues in children and adolescents with chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:160-7. [PMID: 20095882 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903426915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) have previously been found in adults with hepatobiliary diseases. Here, we report the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and EHS in liver and gastric tissue in children and adolescents with chronic liver disease (CLD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-seven consecutive children and adolescents with CLD with or without ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease (UC/CD) were investigated. Tissue samples were analysed using a Helicobacter genus-specific 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and DNA-sequence analysis. Sera from 61 subjects were also analysed using enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting. RESULTS The Helicobacter PCR was positive in 3/23 (13%) livers from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and UC, and in 1/2 livers from patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and UC. Sequenced PCR products matched the 16S rDNA of H. hepaticus, H. muridarum, H. canis, and H. pylori, respectively. H. ganmani and H. bilis were detected in gastric tissues from two AIH patients. H. hepaticus and H. pullorum were found in livers from two patients with acute liver failure and intrahepatic cholestasis. Antibody reactivity to Helicobacter cell-surface proteins was negative. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori and EHS can be detected in the livers of some patients with UC and concomitant liver disease, as well as in other children with liver diseases. Multicentre studies from different locations are needed to find out whether these bacteria play a pathogenetic role or whether their presence is an epiphenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Casswall
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Astrid Lindgren's Children's Hospital at Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Elwood C, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Freiche V, German AJ, Gualtieri M, Hall E, den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K. Emesis in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:4-22. [PMID: 20137004 PMCID: PMC7167204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emesis is a common presenting sign in small animal practice. It requires a rational approach to management that is based upon a sound understanding of pathophysiology combined with logical decision making. This review, which assesses the weight of available evidence, outlines the physiology of the vomiting reflex, causes of emesis, the consequences of emesis and the approach to clinical management of the vomiting dog. The applicability of diagnostic testing modalities and the merit of traditional approaches to management, such as dietary changes, are discussed. The role and usefulness of both traditional and novel anti-emetic drugs is examined, including in specific circumstances such as following cytotoxic drug treatment. The review also examines areas in which common clinical practice is not necessarily supported by objective evidence and, as such, highlights questions worthy of further clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elwood
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
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30
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Tu QV, Okoli AS, Kovach Z, Mendz GL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: prevalence and molecular pathogenesis of Helicobacter spp. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:1283-301. [PMID: 19995189 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans. The association of other Helicobacter spp. with extragastric diseases in animals is well established, and a role of these bacteria in human liver disease is becoming clearer. Several case-control studies have reported possible associations of Helicobacter spp. with various liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma, which is the fifth most common type of carcinoma among men worldwide, and the eighth most common among women. Thus, it is important to understand molecular mechanisms that may lead to hepatotoxicity or hepatocellular dysfunction in which Helicobacter spp. may play a role in inducing malignant transformation of liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc V Tu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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31
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Goo MJ, Ki MR, Lee HR, Yang HJ, Yuan DW, Hong IH, Park JK, Hong KS, Han JY, Hwang OK, Kim DH, Do SH, Cohn RD, Jeong KS. Helicobacter pylori promotes hepatic fibrosis in the animal model. J Transl Med 2009; 89:1291-303. [PMID: 19736546 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection has been reported to be very common in patients with chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis. To elucidate the pathological effect of H. pylori infection on the progression of hepatic fibrosis, C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were orally inoculated with H. pylori, and hepatic fibrosis was induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration. We observed the histopathological changes and the presence of H. pylori genes by PCR in the liver. Significant increase in the fibrotic score as well as in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels was shown in the CCl(4)+H. pylori group compared with that in the CCl(4)-treated group. Compared with the CCl(4)-treated group, alpha-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-beta1 were enhanced; however, senescence marker protein-30, a multifunctional protein protecting hepatocytes against oxidative stress and apoptosis, was suppressed in the CCl(4)+H. pylori group. The 16S rRNA (400 bp) was demonstrated by PCR for H. pylori genes from genomic DNA extracted from the liver, and H. pylori-infected mice showed 93.8% (15 of 16) seropositivity by contrast with seronegativity in all H. pylori-noninfected mice. In addition, immunohistochemical study against H. pylori showed positive antigen fragments in the liver of the infected groups. Consequently, our data suggest that H. pylori infection could be an important contributing infectious factor to the development of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Jung Goo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Buk-ku 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
This article serves to review the various infectious diseases that affect the liver primarily or as a part of systemic infection. Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Kearns
- Angell Animal Medical Center-Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Detection of Helicobacter pylori in paraffin-embedded specimens from patients with chronic liver diseases, using the amplification method. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1456-9. [PMID: 18975076 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter DNA has been detected in the liver specimens of patients with various hepato-biliary diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of H. pylori DNA in the liver tissue of Iranian patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD). Genomic DNA was extracted from the paraffin sections of 46 liver biopsies of patients with CLD and 13 from patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma as a control group. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was carried out using primers for H. pylori 16S rRNA and cagA genes. On analysis, 17 of the 46 patient samples were positive in H. pylori 16S rRNA PCR and 2 of the 13 were positive from the control group. None of the samples were positive for the cagA gene. This study showed the greater presence of H. pylori-like DNA in the liver samples from patients with CLD than in controls.
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34
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Recordati C, Gualdi V, Craven M, Sala L, Luini M, Lanzoni A, Rishniw M, Simpson KW, Scanziani E. Spatial distribution of Helicobacter spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Helicobacter 2009; 14:180-91. [PMID: 19702848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs, the gastric Helicobacter spp. have been well studied, but there is little information regarding the other parts of the alimentary system. We sought to determine the spatial distribution of Helicobacter spp. in the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary system of dogs using culture-independent methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of stomach, duodenum, ileum, cecum, colon, pancreas, liver, and bile from six dogs were evaluated for Helicobacter spp. by genus, gastric, and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. Polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS In the stomach, Helicobacter spp. DNA was detected in all six dogs, with H. bizzozeronii and H. felis identified by specific polymerase chain reaction. Helicobacter organisms were localized within the surface mucus, the lumen of gastric glands, and inside parietal cells. The small intestine harbored gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. DNA/antigen in low amounts. In the cecum and colon, Helicobacter spp. DNA, with highest similarity to H. bilis/flexispira taxon 8, H. cinaedi, and H. canis, was detected in all six dogs. Helicobacter organisms were localized at the mucosal surface and within the crypts. Gastric Helicobacter spp. DNA was detected occasionally in the large intestine, but no gastric Helicobacter spp. were present in clone libraries or detected by FISH. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that in addition to the stomach, the large intestine of dogs is also abundantly colonized by Helicobacter spp. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the association between enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. and presence of intestinal inflammatory or proliferative disorders in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Recordati
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Poldervaart JH, Favier RP, Penning LC, van den Ingh TSGAM, Rothuizen J. Primary hepatitis in dogs: a retrospective review (2002-2006). J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:72-80. [PMID: 19175724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about etiology, disease progression, treatment outcome, survival time, and factors affecting prognosis in dogs with primary hepatitis (PH). OBJECTIVES To review retrospectively different forms of hepatitis in a referral population, by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Standardization criteria. ANIMALS One-hundred and one dogs examined for histologically confirmed PH between 2002 and 2006. Dogs with nonspecific reactive hepatitis were excluded. METHODS Retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed for prevalence, signalment, clinical and clinicopathologic manifestation, outcome, survival time, and prognostic factors for shortened survival. RESULTS PH occurred in 0.5% of dogs in this referral population. Acute (AH) and chronic hepatitis (CH) were diagnosed in 21 and 67 dogs, respectively. Progression from AH to CH occurred in 5/12 of the repeatedly sampled dogs. CH was idiopathic in 43 (64%) dogs, and was associated with copper accumulation in 24 (36%) dogs. Median survival time was longer in dogs with AH than in dogs with CH (either idiopathic or copper associated), and dogs with lobular dissecting hepatitis had the shortest survival time. Prognostic factors predicting shortened survival were associated with decompensated liver function and cirrhosis at initial examination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The majority of PH in dogs is CH. Previous studies appear to have underestimated the etiologic role of copper in both AH and CH. Prognosis is reduced in dogs with hepatic cirrhosis or cirrhosis-related clinical findings. Further research into etiology and treatment effectiveness in all PH forms is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Poldervaart
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chichlowski M, Hale LP. Effects of Helicobacter infection on research: the case for eradication of Helicobacter from rodent research colonies. Comp Med 2009; 59:10-17. [PMID: 19295050 PMCID: PMC2703140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mouse colonies with Helicobacter spp. has become an increasing concern for the research community. Although Helicobacter infection may cause clinical disease, investigators may be unaware that their laboratory mice are infected because the pathology of Helicobacter species is host-dependent and may not be recognized clinically. The effects of Helicobacter infections are not limited to the gastrointestinal system and can affect reproduction, the development of cancers in gastrointestinal organs and remote organs such as the breast, responses to vaccines, and other areas of research. The data we present in this review show clearly that unintentional Helicobacter infection has the potential to significantly interfere with the reliability of research studies based on murine models. Therefore, frequent screening of rodent research colonies for Helicobacter spp. and the eradication of these pathogens should be key goals of the research community.
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Ito K, Yamaoka Y, Ota H, El-Zimaity H, Graham DY. Adherence, internalization, and persistence of Helicobacter pylori in hepatocytes. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2541-9. [PMID: 18320323 PMCID: PMC3128246 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although Helicobacter pylori have been identified in the liver, the role of Helicobacter sp. in human liver diseases remains unclear. This study explored whether H. pylori were internalized and could persist in hepatocytes. The majority of an inoculum of H. pylori (1 x 10(7) colony forming units) adhered to hepatocytes. Using the gentamicin invasion assay we found that approximately 2% were internalized and persisted following passage for more than 2 months. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of intracellular Helicobacter. The number of adherent or internalized H. pylori was significantly greater with hepatocytes than with gastric epithelial cells (P < 0.05) and was also dependent on cag pathogenicity island (PAI), VacA, OipA, or BabA status. Transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm adherence and invasion of H. pylori into hepatocytes. Internalization of H. pylori was inhibited by antibodies to beta1-integrin receptors, genistein, and cytochalasin D (P < 0.05) consistent with beta1-integrin acting as a surface receptor with additional requirements for tyrosine kinase phosphorylation and actin polymerization. In summary, H. pylori both adhered to and invaded into hepatocytes in vitro, depending on the virulent factors, and persisted within hepatocytes during subcultures. beta1-integrin is likely a receptor involved in internalization of H. pylori into hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hala El-Zimaity
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Y. Graham
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ito K, Yamaoka Y, Yoffe B, Graham DY. Disturbance of apoptosis and DNA synthesis by Helicobacter pylori infection of hepatocytes. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2532-40. [PMID: 18253829 PMCID: PMC3118987 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of infection of hepatocytes with the well-characterized Helicobacter species, H. pylori. Cell number doubled during each 24 h period in mock cultures or following infection with H. pylori 401C (CagA-, VacA-, BabA-, OipA-) (P < 0.05). In contrast, infection with the more virulent H. pylori NCTC11637 (CagA+, VacA+, BabA+, OipA+) resulted in cell arrest (P < 0.05). Furthermore, NCTC11637 activated caspase-3 and increased DNA fragmentation 6.1 +/- 1.2 fold (P < 0.01) and the number of apoptotic bodies 9.4 +/- 3.5 fold (P < 0.01) compared to controls. The effect was greater than with the less virulent strain 401C (3.8 +/- 0.6 fold and 3.9 +/- 1.7, respectively, P < 0.05). Strain NCTC11637 at low concentrations increased cellular DNA synthesis 139 +/- 6% (P < 0.05) but decreased it to 16 +/- 7% (P < 0.01) at high concentrations. In contrast, strain 401C increased DNA synthesis 155 +/- 14% of controls (P < 0.05) at high concentrations. The presence of intracellular NCTC11637 within hepatocytes increased DNA fragmentation 3.0 +/- 0.4 fold (P < 0.01) greater than in controls. H. pylori infection resulted in strain-species-dependent effects on hepatocytes, and virulent strain caused cell arrest and apoptosis of infected hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, GI Section, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Medicine, GI Section, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Boris Yoffe
- Department of Medicine, GI Section, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Y. Graham
- Department of Medicine, GI Section, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd. 3A-320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Occurrence and species level diagnostics of Campylobacter spp., enteric Helicobacter spp. and Anaerobiospirillum spp. in healthy and diarrheic dogs and cats. Vet Microbiol 2008; 129:304-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pellicano R, Ménard A, Rizzetto M, Mégraud F. Helicobacter species and liver diseases: association or causation? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:254-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
On the basis of biochemical, phenotypic and 16S rRNA analyses, Helicobacter canis was isolated and identified from an otherwise healthy 7-month-old girl with intermittent fever. Blood cultures signalled bacterial growth after 5 days that was characterized as small gram-negative spiral rods. Subculturing on Colombia plates with 5% sheep blood, chocolate agar and brucella agar, aerobically and anaerobically as well as in a microaerophilic atmosphere, showed scanty growth after an additional 4 days. Secondarily seeded with fluid from the original bottle, the paediatric blood bottles repeatedly signalled growth after one night's incubation, whereas the conventially treated bottles did not support growth after 7 days' incubation. From the secondary seeded paediatric bottles a pure culture was isolated on chocolate agar plates, and identified as H. canis. This case indicates that blood culture systems should be compared and improved for their capacity to detect Helicobacter and related pathogenic bacteria species. Further studies are also needed to determine the importance of H. canis as a primary pathogen, and the role of cats in the possible zoonotic spread of H. canis to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Prag
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Viborg County Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
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42
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Infectious Disorders of the Liver. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Greiter-Wilke A, Scanziani E, Soldati S, McDonough S, McDonough P, Center S, Rishniw M, Simpson K. Association ofHelicobacterwith Cholangiohepatitis in Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Tiwari SK, Khan AA, Ibrahim M, Habeeb MA, Habibullah CM. Helicobacter pylori and other Helicobacter species DNA in human bile samples from patients with various hepato-biliary diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2181-6. [PMID: 16610018 PMCID: PMC4087643 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i14.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the presence of Helicobacter species by nested PCR of 16S rRNA genes followed by the presence of Helicobacter pylori(H pylori)16S rRNA, ureA, cagA genes in bile obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) from 60 Indian subjects.
METHODS: Sixty bile samples were obtained from patients diagnosed with various hepato-biliary diseases and control subjects at ERCP. PCR analysis was carried out using primers for Helicobacter genus 16S rRNA gene and H pylori (16S rRNA, ureA and cagA) genes. Gastric H pylori status was also assessed from biopsies obtained at endoscopy from patients with various hepato-biliary diseases and controls. The control group mainly consisted of subjects with gastric disorders. Sequencing analysis was performed to confirm that PCR products with 16S rRNA and cagA primers were derived from H pylori.
RESULTS No Helicobacters were grown in culture from the bile samples. Helicobacter DNA was detected in bile of 96.7% and 6.6% of groups I and II respectively. Ten from group I were positive for 16S rRNA and ureA and 9 were positive for cagA gene. In contrast of the 2 from the control, 1 amplified with 16S rRNA, ureA and cagA primers used. The sequences of the 16S rRNA genes and cagA were 99% similar to Helicobacter pylori.
CONCLUSION: Helicobacters are associated with the pathogenesis of various hepato-biliary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Tiwari
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 058, India
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45
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Boomkens SY, de Rave S, Pot RGJ, Egberink HF, Penning LC, Rothuizen J, Zondervan PE, Kusters JG. The role of Helicobacter spp. in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 44:221-5. [PMID: 15866219 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter species DNA has been detected in liver tissue of patients affected by primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). To investigate a potential causative relation between Helicobacter species and PBC/PSC, we compared the presence of Helicobacter species-specific DNA in liver tissue of patients with PBC/PSC (n=18/n=13) with those of a control group of patients with various liver diseases with known cause (n=29). A PCR with Helicobacter genus-specific 16S rRNA primers was performed on DNA isolated from paraffin embedded liver tissue. Control patients had hepatitis-B (n=9), alcoholic cirrhosis (n=14), or non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease (n=6). There was no significant difference between the incidence of Helicobacter spp.-specific DNA in PBC/PSC (9/31; 29%) and the control group (10/29; 34%). Sequence analysis confirmed Helicobacter spp. DNA. Because Helicobacter spp. DNA can be found in approximately one-third of all samples tested, it is unlikely that PSC and PBC are caused by Helicobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Y Boomkens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Boomkens SY, Slump E, Egberink HF, Rothuizen J, Penning LC. PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:49-55. [PMID: 15917133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM ASSESSED Hepatitis, either acute or chronic, is a relatively common hepatic disease in dogs. Several forms of canine hepatitis can occur, some with a defined cause, most cases have an unknown etiology. The similarities between canine hepatitis and human viral hepatitis suggest that canine hepatitis may have a viral etiology too. OBJECTIVE To test liver tissue of dogs with hepatitis for the presence of candidate agents based on their known association with hepatitis in other mammals. METHODS AND APPROACH The following infectious agents were tested by PCR: Hepadnaviridae, Helicobacter spp., Leptospira spp., Borrelia spp., hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus. Also canine adenovirus and parvovirus were included. Ninety-eight liver tissue samples of dogs with various histologically diagnoses forms of hepatitis were tested. Primers were designed on conserved regions in the genome of each of these agents, to increase the likelihood of detection by PCR. To further increase sensitivity, nested PCRs for all agents were designed. Finally, for each agent a nested short primer PCR (SPP) was performed. RESULTS None of these agents were detected by nested PCR and nested SPP. However, in two acute hepatitis liver samples parvovirus was detected by nested PCR, and one of these was also detected by nested SPP. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis in dogs is not caused by agents with high homology to known infectious agents that cause hepatitis in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Y Boomkens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Boomkens SY, Kusters JG, Hoffmann G, Pot RGJ, Spee B, Penning LC, Egberink HF, van den Ingh TSGAM, Rothuizen J. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bile of cats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 42:307-11. [PMID: 15477044 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic cholangitis (LC) in cats is a biliary disease of unknown etiology. Helicobacter spp. were recently implicated in human primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Because of the similarities between PSC/PBC with LC, we hypothesized that Helicobacter spp. are involved in feline LC. A PCR with Helicobacter genus-specific 16S rRNA primers was performed on DNA isolated from feline bile samples. Four of the 15 (26%) LC samples were positive, whereas only 8/51 (16%) of non-LC samples were PCR positive (p=0.44). Sequence analysis of the amplicons revealed a 100% identity with the Helicobacter pylori specific DNA fragments. Our data suggest an etiological role of H. pylori in feline LC and that cats are a potential zoonotic reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Y Boomkens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shen Z, Xu S, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Pena JA, Modlin IM, Kidd M, Fox JG. A novel enterohepatic Helicobacter species 'Helicobacter mastomyrinus' isolated from the liver and intestine of rodents. Helicobacter 2005; 10:59-70. [PMID: 15691316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of novel Helicobacter species have been isolated from both animals and humans. Many of these helicobacters colonize the lower gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary tract and are associated with diseases. METHODS A spiral-shaped bacterium, with bipolar single-sheathed flagella, was isolated from the liver and cecum of mastomys (the African rodent, Mastomys natalenis), from the feces and ceca of normal mice, and also from the cecum of a mouse with proctitis. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and fluorophore-enhanced repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (FERP or rep-PCR) analysis were used to classify the organism. RESULTS The bacterium grew at 37 and 42 degrees C under microaerobic conditions, rapidly hydrolyzed urea, and was catalase and oxidase positive. It did not reduce nitrate to nitrite, and was resistant to cephalothin and nalidixic acid. Like many other enterohepatic Helicobacter species, this organism expressed cytolethal distending toxin and causes cell distention. CONCLUSIONS The organism was classified as a novel Helicobacter species for which we propose the name 'Helicobacter mastomyrinus'. Although 'H. mastomyrinus', like Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter bilis, colonizes the liver of rodents, the pathogenic potential of this novel helicobacter is unknown.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Toxins/analysis
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Cecum/microbiology
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Feces/microbiology
- Female
- Genes, rRNA
- Helicobacter/classification
- Helicobacter/isolation & purification
- Helicobacter/physiology
- Helicobacter/ultrastructure
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter Infections/pathology
- Helicobacter Infections/veterinary
- Intestines/microbiology
- Liver/microbiology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muridae
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Rodent Diseases/microbiology
- Rodent Diseases/pathology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Urea/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Boomkens SY, Penning LC, Egberink HF, van den Ingh TSGAM, Rothuizen J. Hepatitis with special reference to dogs. A review on the pathogenesis and infectious etiologies, including unpublished results of recent own studies. Vet Q 2004; 26:107-14. [PMID: 15559391 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2004.9695174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of hepatitis in dogs are mostly unknown. Known causes of canine hepatitis are infectious (CAV-1), toxic (e.g. aflatoxin), and metabolic (copper accumulation). In order to understand the unknown causes, research in this field is necessary. Despite the marked progress in the knowledge on viral causes for human hepatitis, the involvement of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of hepatitis in the dog is still largely unknown. It is, like in human hepatitis, very likely that more than one causative infectious agent may cause hepatitis in the dog. This review presents the various forms of hepatitis in the dog, the known infectious and non-infectious causes of canine hepatitis, the infectious causes of hepatitis in man and other animals, and finally our recent infection and molecular studies to investigate possible infectious causes of canine hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Boomkens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companian Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Watson PJ. Chronic hepatitis in dogs: a review of current understanding of the aetiology, progression, and treatment. Vet J 2004; 167:228-41. [PMID: 15080872 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis is common in dogs in primary and referral practice but the cause is usually unknown. This paper reviews the literature on potential causes of chronic hepatitis in dogs (infectious, autoimmune, metabolic, toxic, and breed-associated) together with the literature on the progression of the disease and on treatments. This is compared with the current understanding of aetiology, progression, and treatment of chronic hepatitis in man. Unfortunately, little is known about the aetiology and progression of the canine disease and very few therapies have been subjected to critical trials. It is difficult therefore to draw conclusions about causes and effective treatment in dogs. Even the histological description for canine chronic hepatitis has yet to be standardised. Much research remains to be done and this review suggests some potential areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Watson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK.
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