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Montaner-Angoiti E, Llobat L. Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1777-1799. [PMID: 37438495 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes a disease called leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female sandflies. There are several different species of Leishmania that can cause various forms of the disease, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Leishmania parasites have a variety of reservoirs, including humans, domestic animals, horses, rodents, wild animals, birds, and reptiles. Leishmaniasis is endemic of 90 countries, mainly in South American, East and West Africa, Mediterranean region, Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. In recent years, cases have been detected in other countries, and it is already an infection present throughout the world. The increase in temperatures due to climate change makes it possible for sandflies to appear in countries with traditionally colder regions, and the easy movement of people and animals today, facilitate the appearance of Leishmania species in new countries. These data mean that leishmaniasis will probably become an emerging zoonosis and a public health problem in the coming years, which we must consider controlling it from a One Health point of view. This review summarizes the prevalence of Leishmania spp. around the world and the current knowledge regarding the animals that could be reservoirs of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Montaner-Angoiti
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Khorram M, Masjedi H, Tabrizi F, Rezaei M, Tabarsi P, Marjani M, Pourabdoullah M, Sheikholeslami FM. The Accuracy of Diagnosis and Genotyping of Leishmania Species Based on Spliced Leader Mini-Exon Gene by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Sequencing Assays. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023; 18:331-341. [PMID: 37886256 PMCID: PMC10597884 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v18i3.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of genotyping of Leishmania species by the spliced leader mini-exon gene. Methods Suspected leishmaniasis patients, referred to Masieh Daneshvary Hospital, Tehran, Iran were included from May 2017 to September 2021. The Leishmania species were genotyped by PCRRFLP based on the SL mini-exon gene and the ITS1 region of SSU-rRNA gene and compared with the sequencing results. The expressed metabolites of metacyclic promastigotes were evaluated by Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Results Out of 66 suspected cases, 36 (54.4%) were positive for Leishmania species based on the PCR assays. In 21 (31.8%) cases, promastigotes grew on culture tubes. Based on the RFLP of SL RNA profile, 13 (19.7%) L. tropica, 9 (13.6%) L. major, 3 (4.5%) L. infantum, and 8 (12.1%) C. fasciculata isolates, isolated from culture media, were identified; however, 3 (4.5%) cases were unidentifiable due to the low number of parasites. Seventeen metabolites were expressed by the metacyclic forms of L. major, L. tropica and C. fasciculata isolates. The top differential metabolites expressed more in C. fasciculata were FAD, p-Methoxybenzyl alcohol and S-b-G-5, 5-G-b-S (A = CH2) (P<0.005) whereas Veratryl glycerols and D-(+)-Mannose were significantly increased in L. major and Betulin, LTyrosine in L. tropica (P<0.01). Conclusion The invaluable techniques such as sequencing and 1H-NMR confirmed the results of genotyping of Leishmania species based on the SL mini-exon gene. SL mini exon gene can be used as a diagnostic tool to differentiate various Leishmania genotypes and detect contamination of culture media with C. fasciculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Khorram
- Department of New Sciences and Technologies, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Masjedi
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tabrizi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Rezaei
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Marjani
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihan Pourabdoullah
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh-Maryam Sheikholeslami
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dr. Khosroshahi’s Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
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Calvopiña M, Fonseca-Carrera D, Villacrés-Granda I, Toapanta A, Chiluisa-Guacho C, Bastidas-Caldes C. New Primers for Detection and Differentiation between Leishmania viannia and L. leishmania Subgenera by Polymerase Chain Reaction. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023; 18:351-361. [PMID: 37886249 PMCID: PMC10597875 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v18i3.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Leishmania is the parasitic protozoan responsible for leishmaniases, a disease that can cause a range of cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral infections. Two subgenera L. Viannia and L. Leishmania are known to infect humans in the tropics and subtropics of the Americas. The aim of the present study was to develop a new pair of primers for the two subgenera and test in clinical samples. Methods We designed two new pairs of primers for a PCR method from two conserved genes, cysteine proteinase B (cpb) and N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosfate deacetylase-like protein (nagA), as specific markers for those two respective subgenera. Primers were tested with 16 microscopical positive clinical samples from the Amazon region of Ecuador obtained in 2010-2020 period. Results The cpb presented a band of 172 bp and the nagA a band of 300 bp, thus clearly differentiating L. viannia from L. leishmania. Additionally, primers identified and differentiated the clinical samples in the two subgenera. Conclusion The new primers targeting different two genes and standardized in a PCR assay could identified and differentiated Leishmania parasites at subgenus level. This protocol could be used for Leishmania genus identification and diagnosis at the subgenus level and for determining the parasite's geographical distribution where different Leishmania subgenera are found in the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Calvopiña
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Fonseca-Carrera
- Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences (FICA), Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Irina Villacrés-Granda
- Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences (FICA), Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alberto Toapanta
- Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences (FICA), Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Chiluisa-Guacho
- National Institute for Investigation in Public Health “Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez (INSPI)”, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Bastidas-Caldes
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences (FICA), Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Doctoral Program in Public and Animal Health, Universidad de Extremadura, Extremadura, Spain
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Mathison BA, Bradley BT. Review of the Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Leishmaniasis. Lab Med 2022:6873137. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infection caused by kinetoplastid protozoans in the genera Leishmania and Endotrypanum. The disease occurs worldwide in the tropics and subtropics and can be particularly burdensome in resource-limited settings. Diseases caused by leishmaniasis range in severity from mild cutaneous lesions to life-threatening visceral and disfiguring mucocutaneous illnesses. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is needed to ensure proper clinical management of patients afflicted with this disease. Complicating matters of diagnosis and treatment are the diversity of species within these 2 genera and the variable specificity of diagnostic assays. This mini-review provides laboratory professionals with an overview of Leishmania epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and treatments with additional emphasis placed on the nuances involved in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A Mathison
- Insitute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Benjamin T Bradley
- Insitute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
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Cutolo AA, Motoie G, Menz I, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Persistent cutaneous canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an area with predominance of Nyssomyia neivai in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e007121. [PMID: 34550212 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused mainly by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which is endemic throughout Brazil. Canine ACL cases were investigated in a rural area of Monte Mor, São Paulo, where a human ACL case had been confirmed. Dogs were evaluated through clinical and laboratory diagnosis including serology, cytological tissue preparations and PCR on skin lesions, lymph node and bone marrow samples. Entomological investigations on sandflies trapped in the surroundings of the study area were performed for 14 months. Nyssomyia neivai was the predominant phlebotomine species, comprising 94.65% of the captured specimens (832 out of 879). This species was the most abundant in all trapping sites, including human homes and dog shelters. Ny. whitmani, Migonemyia migonei, Pintomyia monticola, Evandromyia cortellezzii, Pi. fischeri and Expapilata firmatoi were also captured. Two of the three dogs examined were positive for anti-Leishmania IgG in ELISA using the antigen Fucose mannose ligand and skin samples were positive for L. (V.) braziliensis in PCR, but all the samples collected were negative for L. (L.) infantum. One of the dogs had a confirmed persistent infection for more than one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Antonio Cutolo
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - IAL, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - IAL, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Ghafari SM, Fotouhi-Ardakani R, Parvizi P. Designing and developing a high-resolution melting technique for accurate identification of Leishmania species by targeting amino acid permease 3 and cytochrome oxidase II genes using real-time PCR and in silico genetic evaluation. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105626. [PMID: 32652055 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination, accurate identification, and reliable techniques are required for accurate identification of Leishmania parasites. High-resolution melting (HRM) is recognized as an authentic and exact method. The main objective of this research was optimizing HRM analysis for detecting and screening Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and mix infections. Thirty-six DNA samples of Leishmania parasite were prepared and analyzed. Two gene regions of amino acid permease 3 (AAP3) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) were targeted and six pairs of specific new primers were designed. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to predict DNA temperature resolution for each species and compared with in-vitro results. The genetic diversity of the selected gene regions was analyzed using PCR-sequencing method and DnaSP 5.10.01 software. They were submitted in GenBank (KU680818- KU680821 and KY041643- KY041649). The haplotype diversity for both AAP3 and COII genes was 96% and 87%, respectively. Tajima's D index was 0.65 for AAP3 and 0.36 for COII. CLC Genomics Workbench 11 software predictions were significant and close to these findings. The designed primers could be able to identify at least two Leishmania species. Temperature variations in HRM technique separated Iranian Leishmania parasites of L. major, L. tropica and mix infections. The target genes and our modified HRM method proved this technique could be useful in both clinical and experimental settings. Also, it can be effective for detecting Leishmania parasites in different hosts such as humans, reservoir hosts and vectors. Indeed, HRM can be used as a technique in Leishmania identification as well as for ecological and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Maryam Ghafari
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Fotouhi-Ardakani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Hong A, Zampieri RA, Shaw JJ, Floeter-Winter LM, Laranjeira-Silva MF. One Health Approach to Leishmaniases: Understanding the Disease Dynamics through Diagnostic Tools. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100809. [PMID: 33019713 PMCID: PMC7599840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are zoonotic vector-borne diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that affect millions of people around the globe. There are various clinical manifestations, ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, all of which are associated with different Leishmania species. Transmission of these parasites is complex due to the varying ecological relationships between human and/or animal reservoir hosts, parasites, and sand fly vectors. Moreover, vector-borne diseases like leishmaniases are intricately linked to environmental changes and socioeconomic risk factors, advocating the importance of the One Health approach to control these diseases. The development of an accurate, fast, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for leishmaniases is a priority, and the implementation of various control measures such as animal sentinel surveillance systems is needed to better detect, prevent, and respond to the (re-)emergence of leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyun Hong
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
| | - Ricardo Andrade Zampieri
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
| | - Jeffrey Jon Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Laranjeira-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
- Correspondence:
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Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Sánchez-Montes S, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I, Paternina LE. Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from Veracruz, Mexico. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105492. [PMID: 32298655 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites causing different clinical forms of leishmaniases that represent a serious emerging public health problem worldwide. Mexico harbours a large diversity of sand flies, yet only six species have been considered suspected vectors of Leishmania. The disease has been recorded in 25 states, where the State of Veracruz has recorded the highest number of cases with leishmaniases, although no systematic or epidemiological surveillance studies of Leishmania vectors have been carried out in the region. For that reason, the aim of this study was to perform the molecular detection of Leishmania DNA in phlebotomine sand flies collected from a humid tropical region in Veracruz. We confirmed the presence of Leishmania DNA in eight sand fly species. Sand flies with the highest infection were Psathyromyia aclydifera and Pychodopygus panamensis. This is also the first report of Leishmania DNA in Psathyromyia aclydifera, Psathyromyia carpenteri, Dampfomyia beltrani and Brumptomyia mesai. Our findings highlight the importance of entomological surveys and epidemiological studies, since they enable to determine whether sand fly species may be potential Leishmania vectors in a given area of the Mexico, as transmission dynamics can vary in the different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokomi N Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06720, México
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06720, México
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06720, México.
| | - Luís E Paternina
- Grupo Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Carrera 14 No. 16B-32 (CP 700003), Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia.
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Veasey JV, Zampieri RA, Lellis RF, Freitas THPD, Winter LMF. Identification of Leishmania species by high-resolution DNA dissociation in cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:459-468. [PMID: 32518010 PMCID: PMC7335872 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background American cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious dermatosis caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which comprises a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations depending on the parasite species involved in the infections and the immunogenetic response of the host. The use of techniques for amplification of the parasites DNA based on polymerase chain reaction polymerase chain reaction and the recent application of combined techniques, such as high-resolution DNA dissociation, have been described as a viable alternative for the detection and identification of Leishmania spp. in biological samples. Objectives To identify the Leishmania species using the polymerase chain reaction high-resolution DNA dissociation technique in skin biopsies of hospital-treated patients, and compare with results obtained by other molecular identification techniques. Methods A retrospective study assessing patients with suspected American cutaneous leishmaniasis seen at a hospital in São Paulo/Brazil was conducted. The paraffin blocks of 22 patients were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction high-resolution DNA dissociation to confirm the diagnosis and identify the species. Results Of the 22 patients with suspected American cutaneous leishmaniasis, the parasite was identified in 14, comprising five cases (35.6%) of infection by L. amazonensis, four (28.5%) by L. braziliensis, two (14.4%) by L. amazonensis + L. infantum chagasi, two (14.4%) by L. guyanensis, and one (7.1%) by Leishmania infantum chagasi. In one of the samples, in which the presence of amastigotes was confirmed on histopathological examination, the polymerase chain reaction high-resolution DNA dissociation technique failed to detect the DNA of the parasite. Study limitations The retrospective nature of the study and small number of patients. Conclusions The method detected and identified Leishmania species in paraffin-embedded skin biopsies with a sensitivity of 96.4% and could be routinely used in the public health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Verrinder Veasey
- Dermatology Clinic, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Andrade Zampieri
- Department of Physiology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rute Facchini Lellis
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís Helena Proença de Freitas
- Dermatology Clinic, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Conter CC, Mota CA, Dos Santos BA, de Souza Braga L, de Souza Terron M, Navasconi TR, Fernandes ACBS, Demarchi IG, de Castro KRR, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV. PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: A systematic review. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107773. [PMID: 31605671 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the primers that were designed to detect New World Leishmania were systematically reviewed to report the characteristics of each target, detection limit, specificity of the primers designed and diagnostic sensibility. The papers identified in the databases PubMed and Web of Science involved 50 studies. Minicircle is the most applied target in molecular research for diagnosis, due to its high sensitivity in detecting Leishmania in different clinical samples, a characteristic that can be partially attributed to the higher number of copies of the minicircle per cell. The other molecular targets shown in this review were less sensitive to diagnostic use because of the lower number of copies of the target gene per cell, but more specific for identification of the subgenus and/or species. The choice of the best target is an important step towards the result of the research. The target allows the design of primers that are specific to the genus, subgenus or a particular species and also imparts sensitivity to the method for diagnosis. The findings of this systematic review provide the advantages and disadvantages of the main molecular targets and primers designed for New World Leishmania, offering information so that the researcher can choose the PCR system best suited to their research need. This is a timely and extremely thorough review of the primers designed for New World Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cella Conter
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Mota
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Laís de Souza Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Taísa Rocha Navasconi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Gene expression profile of cytokines produced in biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 189:69-75. [PMID: 30273562 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) causes a local inflammatory process, inducing expression of several cytokine genes. Particularly, IFN-γ can predict to disease susceptibility. Based in these data, this study was aimed to investigate the gene expression profile of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-27, TNF-γ, TGF-β and IL-6 produced in biopsies from ACL patients; and whether the gene expression profile of IFN-γ could determine the disease evolution. Gene expression of 6 cytokines was investigated in 40 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL); and 10 FFPE biopsies from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) (control). All 50 patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Gene expression was determined by qPCR; and a normal control group was used for calculations (5 normal biopsies). Values were expressed as Relative Quantification (RQ). The 40 CL patients were classified into 2 groups. CLlowIFN-γ, 35 patients with RQ for IFN-γ below 100; and CLhighIFN-γ, 5 (12.5%) patients with RQ above 100. Significant increase of mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-27 was shown in CLhighIFN-γ group when compared with CLlowIFN-γ and ML groups. TNF-α levels in CLlowIFN-γ group were higher than CLhighIFN-γ and ML groups. TGF-β and IL-6 were similar in 3 groups. Comparison of cytokine expression/group showed that CLlowIFN-γ group had an equilibrium between the cytokines analyzed. In ML group, IFN-γ was over-expressed; but in CLhighIFN-γ group, besides IFN-γ, IL-27 was also over-expressed. The immune response to Leishmania induces to identification of some markers, which can be determined by analysis by gene expression of cytokines produced in biopsies.
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Añez N, Rojas A, Scorza-Dagert JV, Morales C. Successful treatment against American cutaneous leishmaniasis by intralesional infiltration of a generic antimonial compound-lidocaine combination. A follow up study. Acta Trop 2018; 185:261-266. [PMID: 29883574 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and twenty-two lesions caused by Leishmania braziliensis in 92 patients were treated using weekly intralesional (IL) infiltrations of a generic pentavalent antimonial compound, combined with local anesthetics. The topical therapy produced satisfactory healing in all the included patients, bearing from single-small ulcers to multiple or big lesions, after receiving an average 6 ± 3 IL infiltrations (90 mgSb5+each). The rapid effect of this compound was demonstrated by the observed decrease of the Leishmania-amastigote population following microscopical grading in complicated ulcers after receiving two infiltrations. Neither discomfort nor side effects after infiltrations were recorded from the treated patients at any time. In addition, no signs of cutaneous relapse or mucosal lesion were detected during follow up after a decade clinical healing in 22% of the treated patients. Investment to produce the generic antimonial-IL treatment resulted significantly lower than the standard antimonial systemic therapy, and its cost/risk is discussed. The minimal dose of Sb5+ causing non-side effects or patient discomfort, the low production cost and the here demonstrated successful results, lead us to propose this generic antimonial compound as an alternative therapy for leishmanial-control in areas where American cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Añez
- Investigaciones Parasitológicas "J. F. Torrealba", Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
| | - Agustina Rojas
- Investigaciones Parasitológicas "J. F. Torrealba", Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - José Vicente Scorza-Dagert
- Instituto Experimental "J. Witremundo Torrealba, Núcleo Rafael Rangel, Universidad de Los Andes, Trujillo, Venezuela
| | - Carmen Morales
- Instituto Experimental "J. Witremundo Torrealba, Núcleo Rafael Rangel, Universidad de Los Andes, Trujillo, Venezuela
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a deadly parasitic disease, is a major public health concern globally. Countries affected by VL have signed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases and committed to eliminate VL as a public health problem by 2020. To achieve and sustain VL elimination, it will become progressively important not to miss any remaining cases in the community who can maintain transmission. This requires accurate identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers using highly sensitive diagnostic tools at the primary health service setting. The rK39 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is the most widely used tool and with its good sensitivity and specificity is the first choice for decentralized diagnosis of VL in endemic areas. However, this test cannot discriminate between current, subclinical, or past infections and is useless for diagnosis of relapses and as a prognostic (cure) test. Importantly, as the goal of elimination of VL as a public health problem is approaching, the number of people susceptible to infection will increase. Therefore, correct diagnosis using a highly sensitive diagnostic test is crucial for applying appropriate treatment and management of cases. Recent advances in molecular techniques have improved Leishmania detection and quantification, and therefore this technology has become increasingly relevant due to its possible application in a variety of clinical sample types. Most importantly, given current problems in identifying asymptomatic individuals because of poor correlation between the main methods of detection, molecular tests are valuable for VL elimination programs, especially to monitor changes in burden of infection in specific communities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the available VL diagnostics and discusses the usefulness of molecular methods in the diagnosis, quantification, and species differentiation as well as their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India.
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14
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[Molecular typing of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and species of the subgenus Viannia associated with cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in Colombia: A concordance study]. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:86-95. [PMID: 29668138 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) is the reference standard for the characterization of Leishmania species. The test is restricted to specialized laboratories due to its technical complexity, cost, and time required to obtain results. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) is used to identify Leishmania species. OBJECTIVE To establish the concordance between the two tests as identifying methods for circulating species in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 96 isolates from patients with cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis were selected and identified by MLEE and PCR-RFLP with miniexon and hsp70 as the molecular targets, which were used sequentially. Restriction enzymes HaeIII and BccI were similarly applied. Cohen's kappa coefficient and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS The kappa coefficient and the 95% CI between MLEE and PCR-RFLP displayed "very good" concordance with a coefficient of 0.98 (CI95%: 0.98 to 1.00). The identified species were Leishmania Viannia braziliensis, Leishmania Viannia panamensis, Leishmania Viannia guyanensis and Leishmania Leishmania amazonensis. A total of 80 of the 96 isolates were sequenced and the results obtained by PCR-RFLP were confirmed. CONCLUSION Due to the concordance obtained between tests results with the amplification of the genes miniexon and hsp70, PCR-RFLP is proposed as an alternative for identifying circulating Leishmania species in Colombia.
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Bilbao-Ramos P, Dea-Ayuela MA, Cardenas-Alegría O, Salamanca E, Santalla-Vargas JA, Benito C, Flores N, Bolás-Fernández F. Leishmaniasis in the major endemic region of Plurinational State of Bolivia: Species identification, phylogeography and drug susceptibility implications. Acta Trop 2017; 176:150-161. [PMID: 28751163 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Plurinational State of Bolivia is one of the Latin American countries with the highest prevalence of leishmaniasis, highlighting the lowlands of the Department of La Paz where about 50% of the total cases were reported. The control of the disease can be seriously compromised by the intrinsic variability of the circulating species that may limit the efficacy of treatment while favoring the emergence of resistance. Fifty-five isolates of Leishmania from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions from patients living in different provinces of the Department of La Paz were tested. Molecular characterization of isolates was carried out by 3 classical markers: the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1), the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt-b). These markers were amplified by PCR and their products digested by the restriction endonuclease enzymes AseI and HaeIII followed by subsequent sequencing of Cyt-b gene and ITS-1 region for subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The combined use of these 3 markers allowed us to assign 36 isolates (65.5%) to the complex Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, 4 isolates (7, 27%) to L. (Viannia) lainsoni. and the remaining 15 isolates (23.7%) to a local variant of L. (Leishmania) mexicana. Concerning in vitro drug susceptibility the amastigotes from all isolates where highly sensitive to Fungizone® (mean IC50 between 0.23 and 0.5μg/mL) whereas against Glucantime® the sensitivity was moderate (mean IC50 ranging from 50.84μg/mL for L. (V.) braziliensis to 18.23μg/mL for L. (L.) mexicana. L. (V.) lainsoni was not sensitive to Glucantime®. The susceptibility to miltefosine was highly variable among species isolates, being L. (L.) mexicana the most sensitive, followed by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) lainsoni (mean IC50 of 8.24μg/mL, 17.85μg/mL and 23.28μg/mL, respectively).
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16
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Soto LA, Caballero N, Fuentes LR, Muñoz PT, Gómez Echevarría JR, López MP, Bornay Llinares FJ, Stanford JL, Stanford CA, Donoghue HD. Leprosy Associated with Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Nicaragua and Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1103-1110. [PMID: 29031287 PMCID: PMC5637581 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Central America, few cases of leprosy have been reported, but the disease may be unrecognized. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and histology. Preliminary field work in Nicaragua and Honduras found patients, including many children, with skin lesions clinically suggestive of atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis or indeterminate leprosy. Histology could not distinguish these diseases although acid-fast organisms were visible in a few biopsies. Lesions healed after standard antimicrobial therapy for leprosy. In the present study, patients, family members, and other community members were skin-tested and provided nasal swabs and blood samples. Biopsies were taken from a subgroup of patients with clinical signs of infection. Two laboratories analyzed samples, using local in-house techniques. Mycobacterium leprae, Leishmania spp. and Leishmania infantum were detected using polymerase chain reactions. Mycobacterium leprae DNA was detected in blood samples and nasal swabs, including some cases where leprosy was not clinically suspected. Leishmania spp. were also detected in blood and nasal swabs. Most biopsies contained Leishmania DNA and coinfection of Leishmania spp. with M. leprae occurred in 33% of cases. Mycobacterium leprae DNA was also detected and sequenced from Nicaraguan and Honduran environmental samples. In conclusion, leprosy and leishmaniasis are present in both regions, and leprosy appears to be widespread. The nature of any relationship between these two pathogens and the epidemiology of these infections need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia Acosta Soto
- Sanatorio Fontilles, Alicante, Spain
- Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John L. Stanford
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Catriona Hargreaves Charitable Trust, Mill House, Claygate, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia A. Stanford
- Catriona Hargreaves Charitable Trust, Mill House, Claygate, Kent, United Kingdom
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17
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Teles CBG, Santos APDAD, Freitas RA, Oliveira AFJD, Ogawa GM, Rodrigues MS, Pessoa FAC, Medeiros JF, Camargo LMA. Phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) diversity and their Leishmania DNA in a hot spot of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis human cases along the Brazilian border with Peru and Bolivia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 0:0. [PMID: 27304023 PMCID: PMC4957494 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified the phlebotomine sandfly vectors involved in the transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil, which is located on the Brazil-Peru-Bolivia frontier. The genotyping of Leishmania in phlebotomines was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 6,850 sandflies comprising 67 species were captured by using CDC light traps in rural areas of the municipality. Three sandfly species were found in the state of Acre for the first time: Lutzomyia georgii, Lu. complexa and Lu. evangelistai. The predominant species was Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi and Lu. davisi (total 59.27%). 32 of 368 pools were positive for the presence of Leishmania DNA (16 pools corresponding to Lu. davisi, and 16 corresponding to Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi), with a minimal infection prevalence of 1.85% in Lu. davisi and 2.05% in Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi. The Leishmania species found showed maximum identity with L. (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in both phlebotomine species. Based on these results and similar scenarios previously described along the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia tri-border, the studied area must take into consideration the possibility of Lu. davisi and Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi as probable vectors of ACL in this municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Faculdade São Lucas, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula de Azevedo Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Rui Alves Freitas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus AM , Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Arley Faria José de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus AM , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Maerschner Ogawa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro RO , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil
| | - Moreno Souza Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus AM , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo
- Faculdade São Lucas, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro RO , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil
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18
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Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, Ravel C, Marty P, Delaunay P, Kasbari M, Granouillac B, Gradoni L, Sereno D. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 57:1-29. [PMID: 28159546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tim Downing
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Kasbari
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Granouillac
- IRD/UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France; Intertryp UMR IRD177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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19
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Bose PP, Kumar P. Visual assessment of parasitic burden in infected macrophage by plasmonic detection of leishmania specific marker RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:81-86. [PMID: 27720714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease and may prove fatal if not diagnosed and treated early. The amastigotes of Leishmania donovani nest in the macrophage of human host and thus, determination of parasitic burden in the infected macrophages has been the most crucial step in diagnosis, dose determination and medical management of relapse cases of this fatal disease. Microscopic count following Giemsa staining and other morphological analysis are the classical ways vastly used in the resource stringent endemic areas. The current method introduced a high throughput, rapid, cheap, non-gel, non-PCR and nonculture based visual detection platform employing salt triggered aggregation of gold nanoparticle in presence of extracted total RNA from infected macrophages and leishmania specific oligo-nucleotide probe to determine the parasite burden in macrophages. Amastigote's small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA, PMID 1565128) was used as the leishmania specific marker and its abundance in the total RNA extracts of infected macrophages were determined by this visual colorimetric assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 844102, India
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20
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Saldarriaga OA, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Porrozzi R, Baldeviano GC, Lescano AG, de Los Santos MB, Fernandez OL, Saravia NG, Costa E, Melby PC, Travi BL. An Innovative Field-Applicable Molecular Test to Diagnose Cutaneous Leishmania Viannia spp. Infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004638. [PMID: 27115155 PMCID: PMC4845993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis is widely distributed in Central and South America. Leishmania of the Viannia subgenus are the most frequent species infecting humans. L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis are also responsible for metastatic mucosal leishmaniasis. Conventional or real time PCR is a more sensitive diagnostic test than microscopy, but the cost and requirement for infrastructure and trained personnel makes it impractical in most endemic regions. Primary health systems need a sensitive and specific point of care (POC) diagnostic tool. We developed a novel POC molecular diagnostic test for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) spp. Parasite DNA was amplified using isothermal Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) with primers and probes that targeted the kinetoplast DNA. The amplification product was detected by naked eye with a lateral flow (LF) immunochromatographic strip. The RPA-LF had an analytical sensitivity equivalent to 0.1 parasites per reaction. The test amplified the principal L. Viannia species from multiple countries: L. (V.) braziliensis (n = 33), L. (V.) guyanensis (n = 17), L. (V.) panamensis (n = 9). The less common L. (V.) lainsoni, L. (V.) shawi, and L. (V.) naiffi were also amplified. No amplification was observed in parasites of the L. (Leishmania) subgenus. In a small number of clinical samples (n = 13) we found 100% agreement between PCR and RPA-LF. The high analytical sensitivity and clinical validation indicate the test could improve the efficiency of diagnosis, especially in chronic lesions with submicroscopic parasite burdens. Field implementation of the RPA-LF test could contribute to management and control of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of sandflies that produces skin ulcers. The severe, disfiguring form of the disease is characterized by parasite dissemination to the mucosa of the nose and palate. Current diagnosis is based on microscopy which has low sensitivity in chronic cases. Molecular methods (PCR) that detect parasite DNA are highly sensitive but costs and personnel training make it impossible to implement it in resource-limited areas. We developed a novel molecular method (RPA-LF) that could be applied in the field because it does not require sophisticated equipment. It is also very sensitive and specific to detect the principal Leishmania species that produce cutaneous leishmaniasis in Latin America. Future field implementation of RPA-LF could have a positive impact on disease management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Saldarriaga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Castellanos-Gonzalez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Andrés G. Lescano
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Olga L. Fernandez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Nancy G. Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Erika Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gualda KP, Marcussi LM, Neitzke-Abreu HC, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Cardoso RF, Silveira TGV. NEW PRIMERS FOR DETECTION OF Leishmania infantum USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:377-83. [PMID: 26603223 PMCID: PMC4660445 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. The diagnosis of VL is confirmed by parasitological and serological tests, which are not always sensitive or specific. Our aim was to design new primers to perform a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detecting L. infantum. Sequences of the minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) were obtained from GenBank, and the FLC2/RLC2 primers were designed. Samples of DNA from L. infantum, Leishmania amazonensis,Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania naiffi, Leishmania lainsoni, Leishmania panamensis,Leishmaniamajor and Trypanosoma cruzi were used to standardize the PCR. PCR with FLC2/RLC2 primers amplified a fragment of 230 bp and the detection limit was 0.2 fg of L. infantum DNA. Of the parasite species assayed, only L. infantum DNA was amplified. After sequencing, the fragment was aligned to GenBank sequences, and showed (99%) homology with L. infantum. In the analysis of blood samples and lesion biopsy from a dog clinically suspected to have VL, the PCR detected DNA from L. infantum. In biopsy lesions from humans and dogs with cutaneous leishmaniasis, the PCR was negative. The PCR with FLC2/RLC2 primers showed high sensitivity and specificity, and constitutes a promising technique for the diagnosis of VL.
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Colombo FA, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Meira CDS, Motoie G, Gava R, Hiramoto RM, de Almeida ME, da Silva AJ, Cutolo AA, Menz I. Performance of a real time PCR for leishmaniasis diagnosis using a L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein as target in canine samples. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:156-62. [PMID: 26297683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis represents an important public health issue in different parts of the world, requiring that measures be put in place to control the spread of the disease worldwide. The canine leishmaniasis diagnosis is not easy based on clinical signs, since dogs may not develop the infection with recognizable signs. Thus, the laboratorial diagnosis is essential to ascertain the incidence and prevalence of canine leishmaniasis especially in areas with major control efforts. Although, the diagnosis can be performed by the use of different approaches, the molecular methods such as PCR have become an indispensable tool for leishmaniases diagnosis. A TaqMan assay for real-time PCR (Linj31-qPCR) was developed to determine the parasite occurrence in clinical cases of leishmaniasis. The assay targets an L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein region. The specificity of the assay was verified by using Leishmania World Health Organization reference strains including parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania), subgenus L. (Viannia), other Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi. The sensitivity was verified by using isolates of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum. The usefulness of the assay for diagnosis was ascertained by testing 277 samples from dogs in regions endemic for visceral and/or cutaneous leishmaniasis and from regions in which leishmaniasis was not endemic in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was determined on these animals by conventional PCR and three serological tests. The dog samples were divided into four groups. I, dogs with CVL (n = 101); II, dogs with other diseases and without CVL (n = 97); III, dogs with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 7), and, IV, dogs without CVL (n = 72) from areas where leishmaniasis was not endemic as control group. Results indicated that Linj31-qPCR was able to identify parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania) with no cross-amplification with other parasite subgenera. The Linj31-qPCR detected Leishmania parasites DNA in 98% of samples from Group I. In conclusion this methodology can be used as routine diagnostic tools to detect parasites from subgenus Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Colombo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Micro-organismos da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristina da Silva Meira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Hiramoto
- Nucleo de Parasitoses Sistemicas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos E de Almeida
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandre J da Silva
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andre Antonio Cutolo
- Setor de Controle de Zoonoses e Vetores, Prefeitura Municipal de Monte Mor, Monte Mor, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Menz
- Ingrid Menz Micro Empresa, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Ferreira LT, Gomes AHDS, Pereira-Chioccola VL. GENOTYPE CHARACTERIZATION OF Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ISOLATED FROM HUMAN AND CANINE BIOPSIES WITH AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015. [PMID: 26200968 PMCID: PMC4544252 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) can be caused by Leishmania
(Viannia) braziliensis complex. The evolution of ATL initially results
in lesions and can develop into disseminated or diffuse forms. The genetic
diversity of L. (V.) braziliensis in some endemic areas of Brazil
has been poorly studied, such as in the state of São Paulo. This study analyzed
the genetic diversity of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates collected
from patients and dogs with LTA from the state of São Paulo. Methods: Leishmaniasis diagnosis was determined by PCR. The 132 biopsies were collected in
different regions of Sao Paulo State, Brazil (36 municipalities). The genetic
characterization of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates was tested by
RFLP-PCR using DNA extracted from biopsies. The primer set amplified a specific
region of Leishmania internal transcribed spacers of the
ribosomal DNA locus. Results: Of the 132 samples, 52 (40%) were completely genotyped by RFLP-PCR (44 from human
patients and eight from dogs). The results showed nine distinct patterns. The
majority of the genotyped samples were from Sorocaba (30), and the others were
distributed among 14 other municipalities. The first pattern was more frequent (29
samples), followed by pattern 2 (nine samples) and pattern 3 (three samples).
Patterns 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were composed of two samples each and pattern 5 of one
sample. Conclusion: These results suggest that polymorphic strains of L. (V.)
braziliensis circulate in the state of São Paulo. These data agree
with studies from other regions of Brazil, showing great variability among the
natural populations of endemic foci.
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Costa KFDL, Amóra SSA, Couto CFDA, Souza CDSFD, Silva LF, d'Escoffier LN, Sousa MLRD, Kazimoto TA. Awareness of visceral leishmaniasis and its relationship to canine infection in riverside endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:607-12. [PMID: 25467263 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0167-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An awareness of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is necessary to encourage the population to participate in prevention and control in collaboration with more efficient, centrally organized health programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness of the riverside population regarding VL and the association between awareness and the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). METHODS In total, 71 people living in riverside areas in the City of Mossoró in State of Rio Grande do Norte participated of the study, and 71 dogs were tested for CVL by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Association analysis of several variables related to knowledge of the riverside population regarding CVL positivity was performed, yielding odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and significance was determined using chi-square (χ2) and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Among individuals whose dogs tested positive for CVL, 60% did not know the cure for CVL, and these subjects were three times more likely to have a dog test positive for CVL than those who were aware the cure for CVL. Knowledge of CVL cure was the only variable that remained in the logistic model after the successive removal of variables, with an adjusted OR of 3.11 (95%CI: 1.1-8,799; p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS Insufficient awareness regarding VL in riverside areas with CVL-positive dogs was associated with increased rates of canine infection, which suggests that changes in habits and the adoption of attitudes and preventive practices may contribute to the control and prevention of this disease. This study reinforces the need to invest in better health education programs regarding VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalidia Felipe de Lima Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN
| | - Sthenia Santos Albano Amóra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN
| | | | | | - Luanna Fernandes Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN
| | - Luiz Ney d'Escoffier
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Thais Aparecida Kazimoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN
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Ena J, Pasquau F, del Mar López-Perezagua M, Martinez-Peinado C, Arjona F. Screening for subclinical Leishmania infection in HIV-infected patients living in eastern Spain. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 108:356-61. [PMID: 25468205 DOI: 10.1179/2047773214y.0000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We anticipated that patients with HIV infection living in endemic areas were at greater risk of infection which can reactivate due to immunosuppression; therefore, we analyzed the prevalence of latent Leishmania infantum infection in patients infected with HIV. METHODS A total of 179 patients with HIV infection were screened for the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) (Leishmania-spot IF; bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). All patients were followed up for at least 1 year. The primary end-point was to confirm the presence of Leishmania infection. RESULTS Significant titer of antibodies to Leishmania was detected in six (3%; 95% confidence interval: 0.5-5.5%) asymptomatic patients. Two of them had visceral leishmaniasis that was confirmed by parasite visualization in clinical samples, the presence of Leishmania promastigotes in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, and/or urinary antigen test. Among 173 patients with indirect immunofluorescent antibody test below 1:40, one HIV-infected patient severely immunosuppressed, confirmed negative by IFAT, was diagnosed of visceral leishmaniasis. CONCLUSION The use of indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for Leishmania screening is not justified in asymptomatic patients with HIV infection living in endemic areas due to the small rate of significant antibody titer and the low frequency of clinical disease.
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Hitakarun A, Tan-ariya P, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Piyaraj P, Naaglor T, Siriyasatien P, Tiwananthagorn S, Leelayoova S. Comparison of PCR methods for detection of Leishmania siamensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:458. [PMID: 25274259 PMCID: PMC4188918 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania siamensis, a newly identified species, has been reported as a causative agent of leishmaniasis in Thailand. This organism has been identified and genetically characterized using PCR techniques based on several target genes. However, the sensitivities and specificities of these methods for the diagnosis of L. siamensis infection have never been evaluated. METHODS To evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of PCR methods to detect L. siamensis infection, PCR for different genetic markers, i.e., the small subunit ribosomal RNA region (SSU-rRNA), the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1), cysteine protease B (cpb), cytochrome b (cyt b), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), the spliced leader mini-exon, and the triose-phosphate isomerase (tim) genes were compared. RESULTS Both the ITS1-PCR and the SSU rRNA-PCR could detect promastigote of L. siamensis at concentrations as low as 0.05 parasites/μl or the DNA concentration at 2.3 pg/μl. Though the ITS1-PCR method only recognized 8 samples as positive, all of these could be assessed as true positive according to microscopic diagnosis and/or amplifying the results of the PCR and their sequencing, while other methods also produced false positive results. Compared with the ITS1-PCR method, the PCR amplified SSU-rRNA and cpb gene showed 100% sensitivity for the detection of L. siamensis in clinical specimens. The PCR amplified mini-exon and hsp70 gene also gave a high sensitivity of 87.5%. In contrast, the PCR methods for cyt b and tim gene showed low sensitivity. The PCR methods for cyt b, mini-exon and tim gene showed 100% specificity compared with the ITS1-PCR. CONCLUSION As a result, the ITS1-PCR method is a suitable target for PCR-based detection of L. siamensis infection in clinical specimens due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The results of this study can be used for molecular diagnosis as well as in epidemiological studies of L. siamensis in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atitaya Hitakarun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Peerapan Tan-ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | | | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Tawee Naaglor
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Tellevik MG, Muller KE, Løkken KR, Nerland AH. Detection of a broad range of Leishmania species and determination of parasite load of infected mouse by real-time PCR targeting the arginine permease gene AAP3. Acta Trop 2014; 137:99-104. [PMID: 24859532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the world's most neglected infectious diseases, affecting around 12 million people and more than 350 million at risk of infection. The clinical picture varies from self-healing cutaneous lesions to severe visceral infections, but still no commercial vaccines for humans are available and the currently used drugs have unpleasant side effects. Here we report a real-time PCR assay targeting the arginine permease gene AAP3 that can be applied for all the nine different species of the Leishmania genus tested; 4 Old World species and 5 New World species, from both L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia) subgenera. No cross-reaction was seen with Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, human or mouse genomic DNA. The assay has a high sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 10fg DNA for L. (L.) major and L. (L.) donovani, and 100fg DNA for L. (V.) braziliensis, and can be used for both qualitative and quantitative purposes. This AAP3-Assay, run in duplex with a host specific gene-assay, was also successfully used for quantification of parasite load of footpads from L. (L.) major-infected mice. It can therefore be a valuable tool in applications like monitoring effects of drugs, the selection of vaccine candidates and in screening patients, including asymptomatic carriers.
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Evaluation of PCR in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in two different epidemiological regions: Campinas (SP) and Teresina (PI), Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1088-95. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYUsing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis has greater sensitivity and specificity than culture and visualization of the parasite. This study compares PCR for the diagnosis of the genus and species ofLeishmaniawith serological techniques used for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Brazil, considering two regions. We analysed peripheral blood samples collected from 195 dogs in the Campinas (SP) and Teresina (PI) regions. ELISA was performed as a serological method and PCR was performed using specific primers for the genusLeishmaniaspp. and the speciesLeishmania chagasi. In Campinas, a greater sensitivity of PCR (88·24%) (P = 0·0455) compared to Teresina (14·71%) (P < 0·0001) was observed, and an agreement was observed for Cohen's kappa index (0·9096). Both PCR and ELISA showed discordance for sensitivity (Campinas 100%, Teresina 21·74%), specificity (Campinas 30·77%, Teresina 100%), positive predictive value (Campinas 68·97%, Teresina 100%), negative predictive value (Campinas 100%, Teresina 37·94%) and Cohen's kappa index (0·1238). This study confirms the importance of PCR in analysis of the canine reservoir, and as an effective method for the detection of active and recent infection.
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Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Pessoa E Silva R, de Morais RCS, Trajano-Silva LAM, Régis-da-Silva CG, Brandão-Filho SP, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Tracking false-negative results in molecular diagnosis: proposal of a triplex-PCR based method for leishmaniasis diagnosis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:16. [PMID: 24808911 PMCID: PMC4012836 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular biological methods have become increasingly relevant to the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis. Since various factors may affect the sensitivity of PCR assays, including DNA yield and purity, an optimal extraction method is pivotal. Losses of a parasite’s DNA during extraction may significantly impair its detection by PCR and lead to false-negative results. This study proposes a triplex PCR assay targeting the parasite’s DNA, an external control (pUC18) and an internal control (G3PD) for accurate diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Results Two primer pairs were designed to detect the plasmid pUC18 and a triplex PCR assay targeting the Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA, the external control and the internal control was standardized. The triplex PCR assay was assessed for its ability to detect the three target DNA fragments simultaneously. PCR products from pUC18 DNA resulted in bands of 368 (P1) and 316 (P2) base pairs (bp). The triplex PCR optimized with the chosen external control system (P1) allowed the simultaneous detection of the internal control (G3PD – 567 bp) as well as of small quantities (10 pg) of the target parasite’s DNA, detected by amplification of a 138 bp product. Conclusions The new tool standardized herein enables a more reliable interpretation of PCR results, mainly by contributing to quality assurance of leishmaniasis diagnosis. Furthermore, after simple standardization steps, this protocol could be applied to the diagnosis of other infectious diseases in reference laboratories. This triplex PCR enables the assessment of small losses during the DNA extraction process, problems concerning DNA degradation (sample quality) and the detection of L. braziliensis kDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rômulo Pessoa E Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | - Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Gustavo Régis-da-Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | - Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
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Silva MALD, Medeiros Z, Soares CRP, Silva EDD, Miranda-Filho DB, Melo FLD. A comparison of four DNA extraction protocols for the analysis of urine from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:193-7. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0233-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zulma Medeiros
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Brasil; Universidade de Pernambuco, Brasil
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Ceccarelli M, Galluzzi L, Migliazzo A, Magnani M. Detection and characterization of Leishmania (Leishmania) and Leishmania (Viannia) by SYBR green-based real-time PCR and high resolution melt analysis targeting kinetoplast minicircle DNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88845. [PMID: 24551178 PMCID: PMC3923818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease with a broad clinical spectrum which includes asymptomatic infection. A thorough diagnosis, able to distinguish and quantify Leishmania parasites in a clinical sample, constitutes a key step in choosing an appropriate therapy, making an accurate prognosis and performing epidemiological studies. Several molecular techniques have been shown to be effective in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. In particular, a number of PCR methods have been developed on various target DNA sequences including kinetoplast minicircle constant regions. The first aim of this study was to develop a SYBR green-based qPCR assay for Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum detection and quantification, using kinetoplast minicircle constant region as target. To this end, two assays were compared: the first used previously published primer pairs (qPCR1), whereas the second used a nested primer pairs generating a shorter PCR product (qPCR2). The second aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility to discriminate among subgenera Leishmania (Leishmania) and Leishmania (Viannia) using the qPCR2 assay followed by melting or High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis. Both assays used in this study showed good sensitivity and specificity, and a good correlation with standard IFAT methods in 62 canine clinical samples. However, the qPCR2 assay allowed to discriminate between Leishmania (Leishmania) and Leishmania (Viannia) subgenera through melting or HRM analysis. In addition to developing assays, we investigated the number and genetic variability of kinetoplast minicircles in the Leishmania (L.) infantum WHO international reference strain (MHOM/TN/80/IPT1), highlighting the presence of minicircle subclasses and sequence heterogeneity. Specifically, the kinetoplast minicircle number per cell was estimated to be 26,566±1,192, while the subclass of minicircles amplifiable by qPCR2 was estimated to be 1,263±115. This heterogeneity, also observed in canine clinical samples, must be taken into account in quantitative PCR-based applications; however, it might also be used to differentiate between Leishmania subgenera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ceccarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Fano (PU), Italy
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Fano (PU), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
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Abstract
This review describes the worldwide situation of visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis with an emphasis on diagnosis, including methods for the detection of antibodies, antigens, parasite DNA and of skin testing. The advantages and problems of each method are discussed and the need for a rapid, sensitive and low-cost diagnostic method for use in field conditions is highlighted. Recent advances in Leishmania genome sequencing, the use of DNA microarrays and protein microarray methodologies and their potential use for leishmaniasis diagnosis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto P Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Azmi K, Schonian G, Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Ereqat S, Abdeen Z. Development of assays using hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase gene sequences that distinguish strains of Leishmania tropica from different zymodemes and microsatellite clusters and their application to Palestinian foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2464. [PMID: 24086789 PMCID: PMC3784506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Palestinian strains of L.tropica characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) fall into two zymodemes, either MON-137 or MON-307. Methodology/Principle Findings Assays employing PCR and subsequent RFLP were applied to sequences found in the Hexokinase (HK) gene, an enzyme that is not used in MLEE, and the Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) gene, an enzyme that is used for MLEE, to see if they would facilitate consigning local strains of L.tropica to either zymodeme MON-137 or zymodeme MON-307. Following amplification and subsequent double digestion with the restriction endonucleases MboI and HaeIII, variation in the restriction patterns of the sequence from the HK gene distinguished strains of L.tropica, L.major and L.infantum and also exposed two genotypes (G) among the strains of L.tropica: HK-LtG1, associated with strains of L.tropica of the zymodemes MON-137 and MON-265, and HK-LtG2, associated with strains of L.tropica of the zymodemes MON-307, MON-288, MON-275 and MON-54. Following amplification and subsequent digestion by the restriction endonuclease MboI, variation in the sequence from the PGM gene also exposed two genotypes among the strains of L.tropica: PGM-G1, associated only with strains of L.tropica of the zymodeme MON-137; and PGM-G2, associated with strains of L.tropica of the zymodemes MON-265, MON-307, MON-288, MON-275 and MON-54, and, also, with six strains of L.major, five of L.infantum and one of L.donovani. The use of the HK and PGM gene sequences enabled distinction the L.tropica strains of the zymodeme MON-137 from those of the zymodeme MON-265. This genotyping system ‘correctly’ identified reference strains of L.tropica of known zymodemal affiliation and also from clinical samples, with a level of sensitivity down to <1 fg in the case of the former and to 1 pg of DNA in the case of the latter. Conclusions/Significance Both assays proved useful for identifying leishmanial parasites in clinical samples without resource to culture and MLEE. The species L. major, L. tropica and L. infantum exist in Palestine and Israel where the first two cause CL and the third usually causes VL although cases of CL without visible signs of VL have been reported from Palestine. This means that diagnosis of locally acquired leishmaniases requires identification of their causative agents for further management of cases. Two molecular biological methods based on sequences from the genes of the enzymes HK and PGM and employing PCRs and consecutive RFLPs were developed and used together to distinguish among strains of the three species and between the two subtypes of L. tropica found in Palestinian foci that coincide with zymodemes MON-137 and MON-307. They were applied to, both, isolated parasites grown as promastigotes and to amastigotes in tissue preparations from cases and were able to identify strains and indicate their zymodemal affiliations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifaya Azmi
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu-Deis, West Bank, Palestine
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriele Schonian
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lionel F. Schnur
- Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abedelmajeed Nasereddin
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu-Deis, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Suheir Ereqat
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu-Deis, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu-Deis, West Bank, Palestine
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Neitzke-Abreu HC, Venazzi MS, Bernal MVZ, Reinhold-Castro KR, Vagetti F, Mota CA, Silva NR, Aristides SMA, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Detection of DNA from Leishmania (Viannia): accuracy of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62473. [PMID: 23976920 PMCID: PMC3743517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) can occur in skin and mucosa, causing disfiguring lesions. The laboratory diagnosis of CL involves immunological methods and optical detection of the parasite, al of which have limitations. There is a need for more effective diagnostic methods for CL which wil allow treatment to be initiated more promptly in order to help prevent the development of severe forms of mucosal disease, and to estimate the prognosis of the infection. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been widely used to diagnose CL, because of its higher sensitivity. This study estimated the accuracy and compared PCRs of samples from lesion scarification (PCR-L) and blood sample-enriched leukocytes (PCR-B) with three conventional diagnostic techniques: parasite direct search (DS), Montenegro skin test (MST), and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF). The study included 276 patients under suspicion of CL. We conducted a cross-sectional study, in which patients were selected by convenience sampling. We used MP3H/MP1L primers to generate a Leishmania (Viannia) (minicircle kDNA) fragment of 70-bp. Of 106 patients with CL, 83.87%, 51.67%, 64.52%, 85.71%, or 96.10% tested positive by PCR-L, PCR-B, DS, IIF, or MST, respectively. Five patients tested positive only by PCR-L, and two other patients only by PCR-B. PCR-L is indicated for use in patients with chronic lesions or Leishmania reinfection, which may progress to mucosal lesion. PCR-B is indicated for use in patients with negative results in conventional tests or for patients with no apparent lesion. PCR is not only useful in diagnosing CL but also helps to identify the infecting species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Sabaini Venazzi
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine (DAB), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Kárin Rosi Reinhold-Castro
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program (PCS), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vagetti
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine (DAB), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Mota
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine (DAB), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Naielly Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine (DAB), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Mara Alessi Aristides
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine (DAB), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
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Optimization of single-tube nested PCR for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:206-10. [PMID: 23507078 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional nested PCR is a very sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. However, this type of PCR is notorious for contamination problems related to the processing of the product between the first and the second PCR steps. In order to have a PCR method that is just as efficient but without the risk of contamination, we attempted the optimization of a single-tube nested PCR (STNPCR) method. During the first and the second PCR steps, we used the small subunit of ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as targets, respectively. The performances of STNPCR and nested PCR in detecting the DNA of Leishmania chagasi were compared. In the case of STNPCR, the inner primers were immobilized on the interior of the tube cap by means of adsorption microtubes and then were solubilized before the second reaction. This procedure eliminated the need to open the microtube, which could have led to false-positive results through cross-contamination. The detection limit for the purified L. chagasi DNA was 1 fg by using nested PCR and 10 fg by using STNPCR. We also tested the specificity of the system against other parasites, and observed that Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was amplified with a detection limit of up to 1 pg. This study not only presents a promising tool for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, but also provides a new tool for the diagnosis of Chagas disease, either in mono-infection by T. cruzi or in co-infection with Leishmania spp.
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Verma S, Avishek K, Sharma V, Negi NS, Ramesh V, Salotra P. Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the sensitive and rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 75:390-5. [PMID: 23433714 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is at the forefront in the search for innovative diagnostics for rapid and specific amplification of target DNA under isothermal conditions. We have applied LAMP assay using SYBR Green for clear-cut naked eye detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani in 200 clinical samples of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). The assay was positive in 53/55 VL blood samples (sensitivity, 96.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 87.7-99%), 15/15 VL bone marrow aspirate samples (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI, 79.6-100%), 60/62 PKDL tissue biopsy samples (sensitivity, 96.8%; 95% CI, 88.9-99.1%), and 1/68 control samples (specificity, 98.5%; 95% CI, 92.1-99.7%). The assay was specific for L. (L.) donovani, the causative species for VL and negative for L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) tropica, and L. (L.) major. This is the first comprehensive clinical study demonstrating the applicability of the LAMP assay for a rapid and reliable molecular diagnosis of VL and PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Verma
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India
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Whang I, Kang HS, Lee J. Identification of scuticociliates (Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, P. longisetus, Uronema marinum and Miamiensis avidus) based on the cox1 sequence. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Development of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Exp Parasitol 2012. [PMID: 23183165 PMCID: PMC3650576 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases that impose serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. A common feature of these diseases is that, following recovery from primary infection, animals become persistent carriers of the pathogen and continue to play a critical role in disease epidemiology, acting as reservoirs of infection. This study describes development and evaluation of multiplex and single PCR assays for simultaneous detection of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Following in silico screening for candidate target genes representing each of the pathogens, an optimised multiplex PCR assay was established using three primer sets, cytob1, MAR1bB2 and bovar2A, for amplification of genomic DNA of T. annulata, A. marginale and B. bovis respectively. The designed primer sets were found to be species-specific, generating amplicons of 312, 265 and 166 base pairs, respectively and were deemed suitable for the development of a multiplex assay. The sensitivity of each primer pair was evaluated using serial dilutions of parasite DNA, while specificity was confirmed by testing for amplification from DNA of different stocks of each pathogen and other Theileria, Babesia and Anaplasma species. Additionally, DNA preparations derived from field samples were used to evaluate the utility of the single and multiplex PCRs for determination of infection status. The multiplex PCR was found to detect each pathogen species with the same level of sensitivity, irrespective of whether its DNA was amplified in isolation or together with DNA representing the other pathogens. Moreover, single and multiplex PCRs were able to detect each species with equal sensitivity in serially diluted DNA representing mixtures of T. annulata, B. bovis and A. marginale, and no evidence of non-specific amplification from non-target species was observed. Validation that the multiplex PCR efficiently detects single and mixed infections from field samples was demonstrated. The developed assay represents a simple and efficient diagnostic for co-detection of tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis, and may be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies aimed at assessing the burden of multiple infection with tick-borne pathogens and improving control of the associated diseases in endemic regions.
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Mohammadiha A, Mohebali M, Haghighi A, Mahdian R, Abadi AR, Zarei Z, Yeganeh F, Kazemi B, Taghipour N, Akhoundi B. Comparison of real-time PCR and conventional PCR with two DNA targets for detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in human and dog blood samples. Exp Parasitol 2012; 133:89-94. [PMID: 23159412 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in northwestern Iran. Real-time PCR, conventional PCR, and the direct agglutination test (DAT) were used to diagnose Leishmania infantum infection in blood samples from 100 domestic dogs and 100 humans. Based on clinical evaluation, 82 humans and 72 dogs from the endemic area were categorized as having asymptomatic infection, DAT positive with no clinical signs of VL, or symptomatic infection, DAT positive with at least one sign of VL. Eighteen human samples containing no Leishmania antibodies (DAT(-)) and 28 dog DAT(-) sera from non-endemic areas with no history of VL constituted negative controls. All 46 DAT(-) samples were also negative by Dipstick rK39. Bone marrow material was used for parasitological examinations in symptomatic VL, and peripheral blood samples were used for detection of L. infantum infection using conventional PCR and real-time PCR in non-symptomatic subjects. Two DNA targets (ITS1 kDNA) were used for conventional PCR. L. infantum antibodies in sera were detected by DAT. Parasitemia was measured by real-time PCR targeting kDNA using Taqman Assay. All 72 (100%) symptomatic (38/38) and asymptomatic (34/34) dog DAT(+)samples, 45 of 48 (93.8%) symptomatic human DAT(+) samples, and 32 of 34 (94.1%) human asymptomatic cases were identified by real-time PCR. The mean (59.19 vs 12.38 parasite equivalents/mL of blood) and median (16.15 vs 1 parasite equivalents/mL of blood) ranges of parasitemia were higher in dogs than in humans (P<0.05). The highest agreement was obtained between real-time PCR and DAT (99% in dogs and 95% in humans). Sensitivity of 100% and 93.9%, specificity of 96.4% and 100%, positive predictive values of 98.6% and 100%, and negative predictive values of 100% and 78.3% were found by real-time PCR for dog and human samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadiha
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Marco JD, Barroso PA, Mimori T, Locatelli FM, Tomatani A, Mora MC, Cajal SP, Nasser JR, Parada LA, Taniguchi T, Korenaga M, Basombrío MA, Hashiguchi Y. Polymorphism-specific PCR enhances the diagnostic performance of American tegumentary leishmaniasis and allows the rapid identification of Leishmania species from Argentina. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:191. [PMID: 22894734 PMCID: PMC3449195 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of the leishmaniases poses enormous challenges in Argentina. The Polymorphism-Specific PCR (PS-PCR) designed and validated in our laboratories has been proven effective for typifying the Leishmania genus from cultured material. Here we evaluated the performance of this method in the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and the rapid identification of Leishmania spp. directly from clinical specimens. Methods A total of 63 patients from northwestern Argentina, with cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions, underwent an ATL diagnosis protocol which included clinical examination, Leishmanin skin test, and microscopic examination of dermal smears. In addition, we performed PS-PCR on DNA directly extracted from the specimens scraped from the lesions. Results Out of the 63 patients, 44 were classified as ATL cases and 19 as non-ATL cases. The diagnostic sensitivity of the microscopic analysis of dermal smears and PS-PCR individually were 70.5% and 81%, respectively. When performing both tests in parallel, this parameter increased significantly to 97.6% (p = 0.0018). The specificities, on the other hand, were 100%, 84.2%, and 83.3% for the combination, respectively (p > 0.05). Using the PS-PCR analysis we successfully identified the Leishmania spp. in 31 out of the 44 ATL cases. Twenty-eight (90.3%) cases were caused by L. (V.) braziliensis, two (6.5%) by L. (V.) guyanensis, and one (3.2%) by L. (V.) panamensis. Conclusions The efficacy of the ATL diagnosis was significantly improved by combining the dermal smear examination with a PS-PCR analysis. Our strategy allowed us to reach the diagnosis of ATL with high accuracy regarding the species of the etiological agent in 70.5% of the cases. Moreover, we diagnosed two cases of the disseminated cutaneous form caused by L. (V.) braziliensis and a cutaneous case due to L. (V.) panamensis infection, both findings reported for the first time in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Salta, Argentina.
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Oliveira DMD, Lonardoni MVC, Teodoro U, Silveira TGV. Comparison of different primes for PCR-based diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Braz J Infect Dis 2011; 15:204-10. [PMID: 21670918 DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(11)70176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze different primers that are commonly used in epidemiological studies for the detection of Leishmania DNA by PCR, and to compare them to the conventional direct parasite search for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five pairs of primers, four of them derived from Leishmania kDNA sequences (MP3H-MP1L; B1-B2; LBF1-LBR1; 13A-13B), and one derived from the SL RNA (mini-exon) gene repeat (LU5A-LB3C), reported previously, were used. RESULTS The MP3H-MP1L primers were the best at amplifying the DNA, detecting 2 fg of Leishmania spp. DNA. The 13A-13B primers presented the worst performance, detecting 512 x 10³ fg of DNA. CONCLUSION The wide variation in the analytical sensitivity of the primers used in the PCR, and the significant differences from the conventional method of ACL diagnosis found in this study, emphasize the importance of standardizing the PCR technique, analyzing sensitivity, and selecting suitable oligonucleotide primers.
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Rocha MN, Margonari C, Presot IM, Soares RP. Evaluation of 4 polymerase chain reaction protocols for cultured Leishmania spp. typing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 68:401-9. [PMID: 20926219 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania resulting in a variety of clinical manifestations, from self-healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques has made species identification easier, faster, and less labor intensive. The main targets for PCR amplification include kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA), miniexon, and conserved regions such as the internal transcribed spacer. The objective of this work was to evaluate 4 different PCR techniques designed to type Leishmania using laboratory strains. Parasites were subjected to 4 PCR procedures using specific Leishmania primers for miniexon (designated A1 and A2) and kDNA (designated B1 and B2, C1 and C2, and D1, D2 and D3). Discrimination between some species and the 2 main subgenera Leishmania and Viannia was achieved. Unweighted pair group method analysis resulted in the expected clustering of the 2 species from the subgenus Leishmania. However, some species in the subgenus Viannia could not be distinguished, representing a continued challenge for PCR-based protocols. Results are discussed in terms of advantages, limitations, and reproducibility of these 4 PCR-based techniques in the taxonomy of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcele Neves Rocha
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Roelfsema JH, Nozari N, Herremans T, Kortbeek LM, Pinelli E. Evaluation and improvement of two PCR targets in molecular typing of clinical samples of Leishmania patients. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Molecular approaches for a better understanding of the epidemiology and population genetics ofLeishmania. Parasitology 2010; 138:405-25. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYMolecular approaches are being used increasingly for epidemiological studies of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases. Several molecular markers resolving genetic differences betweenLeishmaniaparasites at species and strain levels have been developed to address key epidemiological and population genetic questions. The current gold standard, multilocus enzyme typing (MLEE), needs cultured parasites and lacks discriminatory power. PCR assays identifying species directly with clinical samples have proven useful in numerous field studies. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is potentially the most powerful phylogenetic approach and will, most probably, replace MLEE in the future. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) is able to discriminate below the zymodeme level and seems to be the best candidate for becoming the gold standard for distinction of strains. Population genetic studies by MLMT revealed geographical and hierarchic population structure inL. tropica, L. majorand theL. donovanicomplex. The existence of hybrids and gene flow betweenLeishmaniapopulations suggests that sexual recombination is more frequent than previously thought. However, typing and analytical tools need to be further improved. Accessible databases should be created and sustained for integrating data obtained by different researchers. This would allow for global analyses and help to avoid biases in analyses due to small sample sizes.
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Liang T, Ji H, Lian L, Wu T, Gu W, Wang W. A rapid assay for simultaneous detection of Spiroplasma eriocheiris and white spot syndrome virus in Procambarus clarkii by multiplex PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:532-8. [PMID: 20831654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous and rapid detection of Spiroplasma eriocheiris and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Procambarus clarkii with recommendations for application to other crustacea. METHODS AND RESULTS Three primer sets were mixed at a ratio of 1:3:1 to amplify specific fragments of the S. eriocheiris, WSSV, P. clarkii crayfish (control organism) genomes, respectively. S. eriocheiris and WSSV were used to challenge the susceptible crustacea in the experimental groups. Total DNA of the samples was purified and detected by multiplex PCR. The PCR-amplified products produced four groups of results as follows. One fragment of 1195 bp, amplified by the primer set ITS-crayfish/28S-crayfish, served as an internal control, showed no pathogen detection, thus confirming the specificity of our positive tests. Two groups represented by: (i) samples challenged by S. eriocheiris alone, or (ii) challenged by WSSV alone, yielded two fragments each; i.e. those from S. eriocheiris (271 bp) plus the internal control and those from WSSV (530 bp) plus the internal control. Finally, for the fourth group, in cases of double challenged treatments, all three amplified products were detected simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous and rapid detection of two pathogens in P. clarkii is important to maintain productive and healthy crayfish in aquaculture. The direct detection of S. eriocheiris and WSSV from P. clarkii is practicable with multiplex PCR. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that the two pathogens are simultaneously and rapidly detected in P. clarkii by multiplex PCR, thus increasing the efficiency of pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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da Silva RN, Amorim AC, Brandão RMSS, de Andrade HM, Yokoo M, Ribeiro ML, Bartchewsky W, Socorro-Silva A, de Castro JAF, do Monte SJH. Real-time PCR in clinical practice: a powerful tool for evaluating Leishmania chagasi loads in naturally infected dogs. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2010; 104:137-43. [PMID: 20406580 DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12647085215453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the less expensive SYBR-Green-based PCR assay, for quantifying Leishmania chagasi in smears of bone-marrow aspirates from naturally infected, mongrel dogs, was recently compared with that of a similar PCR based on TaqMan chemistry. Aspirates were obtained from 36 infected dogs and examined for parasites by direct examination, culture, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) using specific primers (based on the parasite's kinetoplast DNA), DNA extracted from a smear, and either the SYBR-Green or TaqMan chemistries. Every aspirate smear was found PCR-positive for L. chagasi (whether the assay employed SYBR Green or TaqMan) but only 74% of the aspirates were found positive by culture and only 33% by direct, microscopical examination. There was no evidence of PCR inhibition when the DNA was collected from smears, and the parasite loads estimated using the SYBR-Green PCR were almost identical to those estimated using the TaqMan PCR (r=0.99). As a method for quantifying parasite loads in dogs infected with L. chagasi (and, probably, other mammals infected with other leishmanial parasites), PCR based on SYBR Green may therefore be an appropriate and inexpensive alternative to PCR based on TaqMan, and a reliable clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia e Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
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Azmi K, Nasereddin A, Ereqat S, Schönian G, Abdeen Z. Identification of Old World Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP of the 7 spliced leader RNA gene and reverse dot blot assay. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15:872-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Verma S, Kumar R, Katara GK, Singh LC, Negi NS, Ramesh V, Salotra P. Quantification of parasite load in clinical samples of leishmaniasis patients: IL-10 level correlates with parasite load in visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10107. [PMID: 20404924 PMCID: PMC2852412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and accurate method to detect and quantify Leishmania parasite is urgently needed to facilitate early diagnosis of Leishmaniasis and monitoring of antileishmania therapy. In this study, real-time assay was applied to estimate parasite load in clinical samples of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients. The mean parasite load in blood of VL patients (n = 31) was 8,372 parasites/ml, while the mean parasite load in bone marrow aspirate (BMA) was 194,962 parasites/million nucleated cells (n = 12). Parasite load was undetectable after treatment with amphotericin B (n = 9) in VL, while a residual parasite burden was detected in 2 of 6 patients following treatment with sodium antimony gluconate. Further, circulating levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-2 were analysed in VL patients (n = 29) by Cytometric Bead Array to evaluate correlation with parasitic load. Interestingly, IL-10 levels correlated significantly with parasite load (r = 0.82, P<0.0001). The mean parasite load in dermal lesions of PKDL patients was 9,502 parasites/µg tissue DNA at pre-treatment stage (n = 25), with no detectable parasites after therapy (n = 5). Parasite burden was distinctly higher (P<0.0001) in nodular lesions (n = 12) (19,586 parasites/µg tissue DNA) compared to papular/macular lesions (n = 13, 193 parasites/µg tissue DNA). Further, chronic PKDL lesions showed significantly (P = 0.0166) higher parasite load in comparison with acute lesions. Results indicate that chronic, nodular cases constitute the major parasite reservoir for anthroponotic transmission. Our results establish that the high parasite load in VL is strongly correlated with a high level of IL-10, implicating IL-10 as a marker of disease severity. The assay is applicable for diagnosis as well as prognosis of both VL and PKDL, providing a simple molecular tool to monitor the efficacy of antileishmanial drugs or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Verma
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - V. Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Salotra
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Silva-Almeida M, Carvalho LOP, Abreu-Silva AL, d'Escoffier LN, Calabrese KS. Leishsmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection: Muscular involvement in BALB/c and C3H.HeN mice. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:315-8. [PMID: 19944691 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided some insights into Leishsmania (Leishmania) amazonensis muscular infection in dogs, although, muscular disease due to leishmaniasis has been poorly documented. The aim of our study was to evaluate involvement of Leishmania in muscular infection of two distinct mouse strains (BALB/c and C3H.He), with different genetic backgrounds. BALB/c mice, susceptible to Leishmania infection, showed, at the beginning of infection, a great number of infected macrophages among muscle fibers; however, in C3H.He resistant mice, muscle fibers were less damaged than in BALB/c mice, but some parasitized macrophages could be seen among them. A follow up of the infection showed an intense inflammatory infiltrate mainly composed of infected macrophages in BALB/c muscles and the presence of amastigotes within muscle fibers; while C3H.He mice exhibited a moderate inflammatory infiltrate among skeletal muscle fibers and an absence of amastigotes. Total destruction of muscles was observed in BALB/c mice in the late phase of infection (day 90) while C3H.He mice showed a process of muscle repair. We concluded that: (1) the muscles of BALB/c mice were more affected by leishmaniasis than those of C3/H.He mice; (2) Leishmania amastigotes are capable of infecting muscular fibers, as observed in BALB/c mice; (3) as inflammatory infiltrate is less intense in C3H.He mice these animals are capable of restoring muscular fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silva-Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 3 degrees andar, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 20045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lima Junior MSDC, Andreotti R, Dorval MEMC, Oshiro ET, Oliveira AGD, Matos MDFC. [Identification of Leishmania species isolated in human cases in Mato Grosso do Sul, by means of the polymerase chain reaction]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:303-8. [PMID: 19684979 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are endemic zoonoses in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Their etiological agents in this region of Brazil are Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a tool with high specificity and sensitivity for identifying Leishmania species. This study examined 39 cryopreserved isolates of Leishmania that had been collected by bone marrow aspiration and/or lesion biopsy, depending on the clinical suspicion. The isolates were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR using the following primers: RV1/RV2 for identifying Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, a1/a2 for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and b1/b2 for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi was the only species identified in the 37 cases of visceral leishmaniasis.Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was identified in two isolates from patients with a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The results obtained confirm that it is possible to use these three pairs of primers as a tool for characterizing Leishmania isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Sebastião da Costa Lima Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS
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