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Riccò M, Zanella I, Satta E, Ranzieri S, Corrado S, Marchesi F, Peruzzi S. BoDV-1 Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Rep 2023; 15:512-531. [PMID: 37755407 PMCID: PMC10534910 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric15030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) can cause a severe human syndrome characterized by meningo-myeloencephalitis. The actual epidemiology of BoDV-1 remains disputed, and our study summarized prevalence data among children and adolescents (<18-year-old). Through systematic research on three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MedRxiv), all studies, including seroprevalence rates for BoDV-1 antigens and specific antibodies, were retrieved, and their results were summarized. We identified a total of six studies for a total of 2692 subjects aged less than 18 years (351 subjects sampled for BoDV-1 antibodies and 2557 for antigens). A pooled seroprevalence of 6.09% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 2.14 to 16.17) was eventually calculated for BoDV-1 targeting antibodies and 0.76% (95% CI 0.26 to 2.19) for BoDV-1 antigens. Both estimates were affected by substantial heterogeneity. Seroprevalence rates for BoDV-1 in children and adolescents suggested that a substantial circulation of the pathogen does occur, and as infants and adolescents have relatively scarce opportunities for being exposed to hosts and animal reservoirs, the potential role of unknown vectors cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- Occupational Health and Safety Service on the Workplace/Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Department of Public Health, AUSL–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Elia Satta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Silvia Ranzieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Silvia Corrado
- ASST Rhodense, Dipartimento Della Donna e Area Materno-Infantile, UOC Pediatria, 20024 Garbagnate Milanese, Italy;
| | - Federico Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Simona Peruzzi
- Laboratorio Analisi Chimico Cliniche e Microbiologiche, Ospedale Civile di Guastalla, AUSL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42016 Guastalla, Italy;
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The Association Between Borna Disease Virus and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.57779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Azami M, Jalilian FA, Khorshidi A, Mohammadi Y, Tardeh Z. The association between Borna Disease Virus and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 34:67-73. [PMID: 29660614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder. The role of Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in the etiology of schizophrenia has been suggested by several studies. However, the existence of such association remained controversial. The present meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate this association. METHOD This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Science direct, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google scholar search engine were searched until January 15, 2017. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. Finally, random effects model was used for combining the results using Stata software version 11.1. RESULT Overall, 30 studies containing 2533 cases and 4004 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The combined odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between BDV and schizophrenia was estimated to be 2.72 (95%CI: 1.75-4.20). This association based on RT-PCR, WB, IFA, EIA, RLA, ECLIA methods was estimated to be 3.83 (95%CI: 1.59-9.20), 4.99 (95%CI: 1.80-13.85), 1.27 (95%CI: 0.23-7.12), 2.26 (95%CI: 0.48-10.64), 1.67 (95%CI: 0.50-5.56) and 2.88 (95%CI: 1.38-6.01), respectively. Subgroup analysis according to WBC, serum and plasma samples was estimated to be 3.31 (95%CI: 1.19-9.25), 2.21 (95% CI: 1.17-4.17), 2.21 (95%CI: 1.03-4.73) and 7.89 (95%CI: 1.75-35.53), respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicated the role of BDV in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Azami
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Khorshidi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tardeh
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Shatizadeh-Malekshahi S, Ahmadkhaniha HR, Kiani SJ, Nejati A, Janani L, Yavarian J. No molecular evidence of Borna disease virus among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 9:112-118. [PMID: 29214003 PMCID: PMC5715276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Viruses have been suggested as one of the risk factors for psychiatric disorders. Among infectious agents Borna disease virus (BDV) has been known as a neurotropic virus which is able to cause neurological disorders in different animals. Recently there were controversial findings about BDV association with pathogenesis of human psychotic disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we performed a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of BDV P40 RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of schizophrenia (SC), bipolar disorder (BD) patients and healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS Only one out of 120 (0.8 %) psychiatric patients and two samples (2.7%) in 75 HCs showed positive results. There were no significant molecular evidence of BDV infection in 120 psychotic patients (60 SC and 60 BD) and 75 matched HCs. CONCLUSION Our findings showed no association between BDV infection and pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders. This is an interesting issue given both the as yet un-clarified role of BDV in human mental disorders and addressing patients in the so far under-investigating Middle East era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Mental Health Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Iran Mental Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Janani
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Jila Yavarian MD, PhD, Porsina Ave, Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Telefax: 00982188962343
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Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, Bode L, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J 2014; 11:161. [PMID: 25186971 PMCID: PMC4167498 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus (BDV) is an evolutionary old RNA virus, which infects brain and blood cells of humans, their primate ancestors, and other mammals. Human infection has been correlated to mood disorders and schizophrenia, but the impact of BDV on mental-health still remains controversial due to poor methodological and cross-national comparability. Method This first report from the Middle East aimed to determine BDV infection prevalence in Iranian acute psychiatric disorder patients and healthy controls through circulating immune complexes (CIC), antibodies (Ab) and antigen (pAg) in blood plasma using a standardized triple enzyme immune assay (EIA). Samples of 314 subjects (114 psychiatric cases, 69 blood donors, and 131 healthy controls) were assayed and data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results CICs revealed a BDV prevalence of one third (29.5%) in healthy Iranian controls (27.5% controls; 33.3% blood donors). In psychiatric patients CIC prevalence was higher than in controls (40.4%) and significantly correlating with bipolar patients exhibiting overt clinical symptoms (p = 0.005, OR = 1.65). CIC values were significantly elevated in bipolar (p = 0.001) and major depressive disorder (p = 0.029) patients as compared to controls, and in females compared to males (p = 0.031). Conclusion This study supports a similarly high prevalence of subclinical human BDV infections in Iran as reported for central Europe, and provides again an indication for the correlation of BDV infection and mood disorders. Further studies should address the morbidity risk for healthy carriers and those with elevated CIC levels, along with gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Depression is a debilitating psychiatric disorder and a growing global public health issue. However, the relationships between microbial infections and depression remains uncertain. A computerized literature search of Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library was conducted up to May 2013, and 6362 studies were initially identified for screening. Case-control studies detected biomarker of microorganism were included. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 studies were finally included to compare the detection of 16 infectious agents in unipolar depressed patients and healthy controls with a positive incident being defined as a positive biochemical marker of microbial infection. A customized form was used for data extraction. Pooled analysis revealed that the majority of the 16 infectious agents were not significantly associated with depression. However, there were statistically significant associations between depression and infection with Borna disease virus, herpes simplex virus-1, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Chlamydophila trachomatis.
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Arias I, Sorlozano A, Villegas E, de Dios Luna J, McKenney K, Cervilla J, Gutierrez B, Gutierrez J. Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2012; 136:128-36. [PMID: 22104141 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly disabling and limiting disorder for patients and the possibility that infections by some microorganisms may be associated to its development may allow prevention and recovery. In the current study we have done a meta-analysis of studies that have assessed the possible association between detection of different infectious agents and schizophrenia. We report results that support the idea that there is a statistically significant association between schizophrenia and infection by Human Herpesvirus 2 (OR=1.34; CI 95%: 1.09-1.70; p=0.05), Borna Disease Virus (OR=2.03; CI 95%: 1.35-3.06; p<0.01), Human Endogenous Retrovirus W (OR=19.31; CI 95%: 6.74-55.29; p<0.001), Chlamydophila pneumoniae (OR=6.34; CI 95%: 2.83-14.19; p<0.001), Chlamydophila psittaci (OR=29.05; CI 95%: 8.91-94.70; p<0.001) and Toxoplasma gondii (OR=2.70; CI 95%: 1.34-4.42; p=0.005). The implications of these findings are discussed and further research options are also explicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arias
- CAP El Clot, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
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Lipkin WI, Briese T, Hornig M. Borna disease virus - fact and fantasy. Virus Res 2011; 162:162-72. [PMID: 21968299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The occasion of Brian Mahy's retirement as editor of Virus Research provides an opportunity to reflect on the work that led one of the authors (Lipkin) to meet him shortly after the molecular discovery and characterization of Borna disease virus in the late 1980s, and work with authors Briese and Hornig to investigate mechanisms of pathogenesis and its potential role in human disease. This article reviews the history, molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathobiology of bornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St., 17th Floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Rackova S, Janu L, Kabickova H. Borna disease virus (BDV) circulating immunocomplex positivity in addicted patients in the Czech Republic: a prospective cohort analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10:70. [PMID: 20825673 PMCID: PMC2944235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-10-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is an RNA virus belonging to the family Bornaviridae. Borna disease virus is a neurotropic virus that causes changes in mood, behaviour and cognition. BDV causes persistent infection of the central nervous system. Immune changes lead to activation of infection. Alcohol and drug dependence are associated with immune impairment. METHODS We examined the seropositivity of BDV circulating immunocomplexes (CIC) in patients with alcohol and drug dependence and healthy individuals (blood donors). We examined 41 addicted patients for the presence of BDV CIC in the serum by ELISA at the beginning of detoxification, and after eight weeks of abstinence. This is the first such study performed in patients with alcohol and drug dependence. RESULTS BDV CIC positivity was detected in 36.59% of addicted patients on day 0 and in 42.86% on day 56. The control group was 37.3% positive. However, we did not detect higher BDV CIC positivity in addicted patients in comparison with blood donors (p = 0.179). The significantly higher level of BDV CIC was associated with lower levels of GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) (p = 0.027) and approached statistical significance with the lower age of addicted patients (p = 0.064). We did not find any association between BDV CIC positivity and other anamnestic and demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In our study addicted patients did not have significantly higher levels of BDV CIC than the control group. The highest levels of BDV CIC were detected in patients with lower levels of GGT and a lower age. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the ethical committee of the University Hospital Medical Faculty of Charles University in Pilsen, Czech Republic (registration number 303/2001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Rackova
- Psychiatric Department, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Charles University in Pilsen, Alej svobody 80, Pilsen 301 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubos Janu
- Psychiatric Department, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Charles University in Pilsen, Alej svobody 80, Pilsen, 301 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kabickova
- Klinlab s.r.o, Department of Molecular Biology and Parasitology, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, Prague, 100 00, Czech Republic
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Na KS, Tae SH, Song JW, Kim YK. Failure to detect borna disease virus antibody and RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Investig 2009; 6:306-12. [PMID: 20140130 PMCID: PMC2808801 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2009.6.4.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic agent causing various neuropsychiatric symptoms in animals. Over the past two decades, it has been suggested that BDV might be associated with human psychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate whether BDV is associated with psychiatric patients in Korea. METHODS We recruited 60 normal controls and 198 psychiatric patients (98 patients with depressive disorder, 60 with schizophrenia, and 40 with bipolar disorder). We used an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test for the BDV antibody and a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for p24 and p40 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Neither the BDV antibody nor p24, p40 RNA was detected in controls and patients groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BDV might not be associated with psychiatric patients in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Tae
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Thakur R, Sarma S, Sharma B. Role of Borna disease virus in neuropsychiatric illnesses: are we inching closer? Indian J Med Microbiol 2009; 27:191-201. [PMID: 19584498 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.53200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The biological cause of psychiatric illnesses continues to be under intense scrutiny. Among the various neurotropic viruses, Borna disease virus (BDV) is another virus that preferentially targets the neurons of the limbic system and has been shown to be associated with behavioural abnormalities. Presence of various BDV markers, including viral RNA, in patients with affective and mood disorders have triggered ongoing debate worldwide regarding its aetiopathogenic relationship. This article analyses its current state of knowledge and recent advances in diagnosis in order to prove or refute the association of BDV in causation of human neuropsychiatric disorders. This emerging viral causative association of behavioural disorders, which seems to be inching closer, has implication not only for a paradigm shift in the treatment and management of neuropsychiatric illnesses but also has an important impact on the public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, IHBAS, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India.
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Li Q, Wang Z, Zhu D, Xu M, Chen X, Peng D, Iwata Y, Xie P. Detection and analysis of Borna disease virus in Chinese patients with neurological disorders. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:399-403. [PMID: 19364367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic RNA virus that is known to cause neurological disturbances in various animal species, potentially even humans. However, the association between BDV infection and human neurological disorders remains unclear. METHODS Between August 2005 and March 2006, 65 patients with neurological disorders were enrolled into our study. The presence of BDV p24 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by using nested reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay. RESULTS Borna disease virus p24 RNA was detected from PBMCs in six patients with viral encephalitis by using nested RT-PCR assay. However, BDV p24 RNA was not detected in patients with multiple sclerosis or peripheral nerve diseases. CONCLUSION There might be possible associations between BDV infection and human viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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PATTI ANNAMARIA, VULCANO ANTONELLA, CANDELORI ELISA, DONFRANCESCO RENATO, LUDWIG HANNS, BODE LIV. Borna disease virus infection in Italian children. A potential risk for the developing brain? APMIS 2008:70-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00m12.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wensman JJ, Thorén P, Hakhverdyan M, Belák S, Berg M. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of Borna disease virus. J Virol Methods 2007; 143:1-10. [PMID: 17376545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA virus, which infects cells of the central nervous system (CNS) in many different species. BDV is the causative agent of the neurological disorders in horses and sheep termed classical Borna disease (BD), as well as staggering disease in cats. At present, the diagnosis staggering disease or feline BD is made by histopathology or immunohistochemistry of the CNS. In order to obtain a better clinical diagnostic tool, a duplex real-time RT-PCR assay (rRT-PCR) was developed. TaqMan probes and primers specific for the BDV P and BDV L genes were designed by aligning the sequences of known BDV strains. After optimisation, the sensitivity and specificity of the rRT-PCR were established. The detection limit was set to 10-100 viral genomic copies per reaction and the assay detects the BDV strains V and He/80, as well as the most divergent BDV strain known so far, No/98. Furthermore, the system detected feline BDV variants in five naturally infected cats and a feline isolate used in experimental infection of cats. This rRT-PCR assay will be a powerful tool in further studies of BDV, including epidemiological screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Joint Research and Development Division in Virology of National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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Miranda HC, Nunes SOV, Calvo ES, Suzart S, Itano EN, Watanabe MAE. Detection of Borna disease virus p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from Brazilian mood and psychotic disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2006; 90:43-7. [PMID: 16324750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is a virus that naturally infects a broad range of warm-blooded animals. BDV is an enveloped virus, non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA genome and has an organization characteristic of a member of Bornaviridae in the order of Mononegavirale. In the present work we investigated the presence of BDV p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from 30 psychiatric patients (19 with mood disorder and 11 with psychotic disorder) and 30 healthy volunteers as the control group. METHODS All subjects were interviewed by structured diagnostic criteria categorized according to the DSM-IV, Axis I (SCID-V). The presence of BDV p24 RNA was investigated by nested reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using specific primers to p24 from BDV. The specificity of the detection was analyzed by the sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS The mean duration of illness in mood and psychotic patients with p24 RNA of BDV was 25 (+/-12.3) years and the median age was 43.77 (+/-15.2) years. There were no significant differences in gender and age among patients and control group, neither duration of illness among patients with mood and psychotic disorders in the presence or absence of p24 RNA of BDV. We found a frequency of 33.33% (10/30) of BDV-RNA on patient's group and 13.33% (4/30) on control group. The given sequences revealed identity with GenBank database sequence for BDV. CONCLUSION The detection of a higher level of BDV-RNA in the peripheral blood cells of patients than on control group should help our understanding of the pathogenesis in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cristina Miranda
- Department of Pathological Sciences-Immunology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Matsunaga H, Tanaka S, Sasao F, Nishino Y, Takeda M, Tomonaga K, Ikuta K, Amino N. Detection by radioligand assay of antibodies against Borna disease virus in patients with various psychiatric disorders. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:671-6. [PMID: 15879032 PMCID: PMC1112074 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.5.671-676.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a radioligand assay, which preserves the natural form of the antigen, antibodies against Borna disease virus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein were detected in 11 and 19 sera of 171 psychiatric patients, respectively. Compared with results by Western blotting, three and nine sera were concordantly positive, respectively. The four sera showing the highest levels of antibodies by radioligand assay were all negative by Western blotting; however, dilution and inhibition tests supported the positive results. Our results suggest the importance of conformational structure to detect human anti-Borna disease virus antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsunaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka General Medical Center, Bandai-higashi 3-1-56, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8558, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri 65804-0089, USA.
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Davidson F, Lycett C, Petrik J, Fazakerley JK. Investigation of frequency of active Borna disease virus infection in Scottish blood donors. Vox Sang 2004; 86:148-50. [PMID: 15023186 DOI: 10.1111/j.0042-9007.2004.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Borna disease virus (BDV) can infect a wide range of vertebrate species causing neurological disease. In order to ensure the safety of blood supplies, it is essential to monitor blood for emerging pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred individual white cell pellets and pools representing 25 000 plasma donations from human blood were screened for BDV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS BDV RNA was not detected in any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that BDV is not widely spread in the UK human population and does not represent a risk as a transfusion-transmitted agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Davidson
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Transfusion Transmitted Infection Group, Edinburgh, UK.
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Lefrère JJ, Mariotti M, Laperche S, Brossard Y, Girot R, Lefrère F. Prevalence of Borna disease virus RNA in populations at high or low risk for blood-borne infections. Transfusion 2004; 44:1396. [PMID: 15318870 DOI: 10.1111/j.0041-1132.2004.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Terayama H, Nishino Y, Kishi M, Ikuta K, Itoh M, Iwahashi K. Detection of anti-Borna Disease Virus (BDV) antibodies from patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders in Japan. Psychiatry Res 2003; 120:201-6. [PMID: 14527651 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between infection with the Borna Disease Virus (BDV) and the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders (DMS-IV) was investigated. Western blotting techniques were used to examine anti-p10-BDV antibodies in serum from 32 patients with schizophrenia and 33 patients with mood disorders in Japan. The results showed that 1 out of 25 controls (4.0%), 7 out of 32 patients with schizophrenia (21.9%) and 9 out of 33 patients with mood disorders (27.3%) were positive for anti-BDV-p10 antibodies. Compared with levels of anti-BDV-p10 antibodies in controls, the production of anti-BDV-p10 antibodies failed to show a statistically significant relationship with schizophrenia but did show a significant relationship with mood disorder. The subgroup of schizophrenia patients with positive syndromes had a non-significantly higher frequency of anti-BDV-p10 antibodies than the subgroup of patients with negative syndromes. Similarly, the production of anti-BDV-p10 antibodies was non-significantly higher among patients with the unipolar subtype of mood disorder than in those with the bipolar subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Terayama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Azabu University, 1-71-1 Futinobe, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
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Abstract
This article focuses on human Borna disease virus (BDV) infections, most notably on the development of valid diagnostic systems, which have arisen as a major research issue in the past decade. The significance of a novel modular triple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that is capable of specifically measuring anti-BDV antibodies as well as major structural proteins N (p40) and P (p24) in the blood, either as free antigens in the plasma or as antibody-bound circulating immune complexes (CICs), is explained. The impact of CICs and plasma antigen, which indicate periods of antigenemia in the course of BDV infection, along with other infection markers that are still in use is discussed. The review further provides new insight into possible links of BDV to human diseases, summarizing cross-sectional and longitudinal data which correlate acute depression with the presence and amount of antigen and CICs. Moreover, BDV prevalence in healthy people is reevaluated, suggesting that this was previously underestimated. Antiviral efficacy of amantadine, in vivo and in vitro, is outlined as well, with emphasis on wild-type (human and equine) versus laboratory strains. Finally, the pros and cons of the association of BDV with human disease, as detailed in the literature, are critically discussed and related to our data and concepts. This article supports existing correlative evidence for a pathogenic role of BDV infection in particular human mental disorders, in analogy to what has been proven for a variety of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Bode
- Project Bornavirus Infections, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Hornig M, Briese T, Lipkin WI. Borna disease virus. J Neurovirol 2003; 9:259-73. [PMID: 12707857 DOI: 10.1080/13550280390194064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2002] [Revised: 02/06/2003] [Accepted: 02/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus, a negative-strand RNA virus, infects a wide variety of warm-blooded animals. Depending on the age of the host and the integrity of its immune response, infection may be asymptomatic or cause a broad spectrum of behavioral disorders. Unusual features of Borna disease virus biology include nuclear localization of replication and transcription; diverse strategies for regulation of gene expression; and interaction with signaling pathways resulting in subtle neuropathology. Although the question of human infection remains unresolved, burgeoning interest in this unique pathogen has provided tools for exploring the pharmacology and neurochemistry of neuropsychiatric disorders potentially linked to infection. Analysis of rodent models of infection has yielded insights into mechanisms by which neurotropic agents and/or immune factors may impact developing or mature central nervous system circuitry to effect complex disturbances in movement and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mady Hornig
- Center for Immunopathogenesis and Infectious Diseases, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of neurodegenerative Disorders, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lebain P, Vabret A, Freymuth F, Brazo P, Chabot B, Dollfus S, Henri B. Borna disease virus and psychiatric disorders. Schizophr Res 2002; 57:303-5. [PMID: 12223262 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Billich C, Sauder C, Frank R, Herzog S, Bechter K, Takahashi K, Peters H, Staeheli P, Schwemmle M. High-avidity human serum antibodies recognizing linear epitopes of Borna disease virus proteins. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:979-87. [PMID: 12062882 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent observation that Borna disease virus (BDV)-reactive antibodies from psychiatric patients exhibit only low avidity for BDV antigen called into question their diagnostic value and raised the possibility that antigenically related microorganisms or self antigens caused the production of these antibodies. We further characterized the specificity of these antibodies. METHODS We established a peptide array-based screening test that allows the identification of antibodies directed against linear epitopes of the two major BDV proteins, the nucleoprotein (N) and the phosphoprotein (P). RESULTS Initial tests employing sera of BDV-infected mice and rats or horses with Borna disease revealed a high specificity and sensitivity of this test. All sera recognized epitopes of N, P, or both. Sera of noninfected rats, mice, and horses showed no signals on either peptide array. Several human sera that recognized BDV antigen by indirect immunofluorescence contained antibodies that recognized various linear epitopes of one or even both BDV proteins. Remarkably, antibodies purified from such human serum by matrix-immobilized peptides showed high-avidity binding to BDV antigens when assayed by IFA or Western blotting. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that reactive antibodies found in psychiatric patients indeed indicate infection with BDV or a BDV-like agent. However, the poor affinity maturation of BDV-specific human antibodies remains unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Billich
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Schwemmle M. Borna disease virus infection in psychiatric patients: are we on the right track? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2001; 1:46-52. [PMID: 11871411 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animals infected with Borna disease virus (BDV) typically present with neurological dysfunction including behavioural abnormalities. Seroepidemiological surveys suggested that BDV infection can occur in human beings and is associated with mental disorders. Partly contradictory results from studies employing RT-PCR and serological screening led to debate over whether BDV can infect people at all. Critical evaluation of available data led to doubts about the diagnostic value of RT-PCR-based test results. A more consistent picture has emerged from serological studies because seropositive cases were found more frequently among psychiatric patients than among normal controls, supporting the notion that BDV might indeed be responsible for some psychiatric disorders. This view is now challenged by the observation that human BDV-reactive antibodies are of low avidity and might therefore represent cross-reacting antibodies. It remains to be shown whether these antibodies are indeed induced by BDV or by related antigens of unknown identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwemmle
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Takahashi K, Fukuda K. Borna disease virus and neuropsychiatric disease – a reappraisal. Trends Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the molecular biology and pathobiology of Borna disease virus, its epidemiology and role in human disease remain controversial. The challenges encountered in this field are a paradigm for the investigation of diseases potentially linked to complex host-microorganism interactions.
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