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Mancon A, Raccagni AR, Gagliardi G, Moschese D, Rizzo A, Giacomelli A, Cutrera M, Salari F, Bracchitta F, Antinori S, Gori A, Rizzardini G, Castagna A, Gismondo MR, Nozza S, Mileto D. Evaluation of analytical performance of the STANDARD TM M10 MPX/OPX assay for the simultaneous DNA detection and clade attribution of Monkeypox virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2337666. [PMID: 38572513 PMCID: PMC11018020 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2337666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection confirmation needs reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays; in addition, viral clade attribution is a key factor in containment measures, considering a more severe syndrome in clade I and the possibility of simultaneous circulation. This study evaluates the performance of all-in-one STANDARD M10 MPX/OPX (SD BIOSENSOR, South Korea - M10). Frozen samples from 205 subjects were selected and stratified according to routine test results (RealStar® Orthopoxvirus PCR Kit 1.0, Altona DIAGNOTICS, Germany - RS; RS-1): in detail, 100 negative skin lesions (SL) and 200 positive samples at the variable stage of infection were analysed. Positive samples were retested with RS (RS-2). Positive and Negative Percent Agreements (PPA, NPA) were calculated. The median (IQR) Ct values of RS and M10 (OPXV target) assays were highly similar. The PPA of M10 compared to RS-1 was 89.5% considering system interpretation, and 96.0% when the operator classified results as positive if any target was detected; NPA was 100%. Comparing the RS-2 run and M10, an overall concordance of 95.3% between assays was found; however, considering operator interpretation, M10 returned more positive results than RS-2. The occurrence of False-Negative results was likely associated with the influence of thawing on low viral concentration; no False-Positive tests were observed. All samples collected at the time of Mpox diagnosis were positive and M10 correctly attributed the clade (West-Africa/II). The M10 MPX/OPX assay demonstrated high reliability in confirming MPXV infection and clade attribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mancon
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Davide Moschese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Rizzo
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Spinello Antinori
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mileto
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, via C. Golgi 19, 20133Milan, Italy
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Viral agents (2nd section). Transfusion 2024; 64 Suppl 1:S19-S207. [PMID: 38394038 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
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Blacksell SD, Dhawan S, Kusumoto M, Khanh Le K, Summermatter K, O'Keefe J, Kozlovac J, Al Muhairi SS, Sendow I, Scheel CM, Ahumibe A, Masuku ZM, Bennett AM, Kojima K, Harper DR, Hamilton K. The Biosafety Research Road Map: The Search for Evidence to Support Practices in the Laboratory-Mpox/Monkeypox Virus. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2023; 28:152-161. [PMID: 37736424 PMCID: PMC10510687 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2022.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The virus formerly known as monkeypox virus, now called mpoxv, belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and can cause mpox disease through both animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission. The unexpected spread of mpoxv among humans has prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Methods We conducted a literature search to identify the gaps in biosafety, focusing on five main areas: how the infection enters the body and spreads, how much of the virus is needed to cause infection, infections acquired in the lab, accidental release of the virus, and strategies for disinfecting and decontaminating the area. Discussion The recent PHEIC has shown that there are gaps in our knowledge of biosafety when it comes to mpoxv. We need to better understand where this virus might be found, how much of it can spread from person-to-person, what are the effective control measures, and how to safely clean up contaminated areas. By gathering more biosafety evidence, we can make better decisions to protect people from this zoonotic agent, which has recently become more common in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya Dhawan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marina Kusumoto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kim Khanh Le
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Joseph O'Keefe
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Kozlovac
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Indrawati Sendow
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Christina M. Scheel
- WHO Collaborating Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, Office of the Associate Director for Laboratory Science, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony Ahumibe
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Zibusiso M. Masuku
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Kazunobu Kojima
- Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R. Harper
- The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hamilton
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
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Majie A, Saha R, Sarkar B. The outbreak of the monkeypox virus in the shadow of the pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48686-48702. [PMID: 36854947 PMCID: PMC9974386 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (MPXV) was first identified in 1959. Since then, the incidence of the disease has been sporadic. The endemic regions were identified in Africa's central and western areas. However, the infection started to spread in 2017 to non-endemic regions such as North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Since May 2022, the non-endemic areas reported 62,635 till 20th September 2022. Although the monkeypox virus has a mortality of ≥ 10%, it showed only 82 mortalities worldwide in 2022. The common symptoms include chills, fever, fatigue, and skin lesions, and the complications include secondary respiratory tract infections, encephalitis, blindness, and severe diarrhea. The factors responsible for spreading the virus include improper handling and consumption of infected bushmeat, unprotected sexual intercourse, contact with an infected person, no smallpox vaccination, improper hygiene, lower diagnostic capacity, and strong travel history from the endemic regions. The therapeutic strategy is symptom-based treatment and supportive care. Antivirals and vaccines such as Tecovirimat, Brincidofovir, Cidofovir, Imvamune, and ACAM2000 have shown promising results. The primary purpose of the review is to perform an epidemiological study and investigate the pathobiology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and some associated complications of the monkeypox virus in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Majie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
| | - Rajdeep Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
| | - Biswatrish Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
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5
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Lim EY, Whitehorn J, Rivett L. Monkeypox: a review of the 2022 outbreak. Br Med Bull 2023; 145:17-29. [PMID: 36751952 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In May 2022, the World Health Organisation declared a multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries following cases reported from 12 member states that were not endemic for monkeypox virus. SOURCES OF DATA Pubmed search. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The virology, epidemiology, transmission, incubation and aspects of infection control are described. Clinical features of previous and current outbreaks are described, with growing observations that the current outbreak presents with clinical features distinct from previous outbreaks. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY There are variations in clinical presentations seen in the current outbreak that have not been seen in prior outbreaks. More research is needed to investigate the reasons for these differences. GROWING POINTS The higher numbers of HIV-positive patients in the current outbreak has allowed better description of the disease in patients co-infected with HIV and monkeypox. The absence of more severe symptoms in HIV-positive patients in the current outbreak could possibly be due to the fact that most of these patients had well-controlled HIV, although further characterization of this cohort of patients would be useful. AREAS FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Current treatment and vaccination options have been extrapolated from studies of other Orthopox viruses. There remains a need for more data on the safety and efficacy of these options in the context of monkeypox infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Y Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Whitehorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge CB21 5XA, UK
| | - Lucy Rivett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge CB21 5XA, UK
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Molecular detection of monkeypox and related viruses: challenges and opportunities. Virus Genes 2023; 59:343-350. [PMID: 36746846 PMCID: PMC9901828 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent widespread emergence of monkeypox (mpox), a rare and endemic zoonotic disease by monkeypox virus (MPXV), has made global headlines. While transmissibility (R0 ≈ 0.58) and fatality rate (0-3%) are low, as it causes prolonged morbidity, the World Health Organization has declared monkeypox as a public health emergency of international concern. Thus, effective containment and disease management require quick and efficient detection of MPXV. In this bioinformatic overview, we summarize the numerous molecular tests available for MPXV, and discuss the diversity of genes and primers used in the polymerase chain reaction-based detection. Over 90 primer/probe sets are used for the detection of poxviruses. While hemagglutinin and A-type inclusion protein are the most common target genes, tumor necrosis factor receptor and complement binding protein genes are frequently used for distinguishing Clade I and Clade II of MPXV. Problems and possibilities in the detection of MPXV have been discussed.
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Shchelkunova GA, Shchelkunov SN. Smallpox, Monkeypox and Other Human Orthopoxvirus Infections. Viruses 2022; 15:103. [PMID: 36680142 PMCID: PMC9865299 DOI: 10.3390/v15010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that vaccination against smallpox with live vaccinia virus led to serious adverse effects in some cases, the WHO, after declaration of the global eradication of smallpox in 1980, strongly recommended to discontinue the vaccination in all countries. This led to the loss of immunity against not only smallpox but also other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections in humans over the past years. An increasing number of human infections with zoonotic orthopoxviruses and, first of all, monkeypox, force us to reconsider a possible re-emergence of smallpox or a similar disease as a result of natural evolution of these viruses. The review contains a brief analysis of the results of studies on genomic organization and evolution of human pathogenic orthopoxviruses, development of modern methods for diagnosis, vaccination, and chemotherapy of smallpox, monkeypox, and other zoonotic human orthopoxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergei N. Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Bienes KM, Mao L, Selekon B, Gonofio E, Nakoune E, Wong G, Berthet N. Rapid Detection of the Varicella-Zoster Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification-Lateral Flow System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122957. [PMID: 36552964 PMCID: PMC9777233 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the etiological agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). VZV infections are ubiquitous and highly contagious, and diagnosis is mostly based on the assessment of signs and symptoms. However, monkeypox, an emerging infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has clinical manifestations that are similar to those of VZV infections. With the recent monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic regions, VZV infections are likely to be misdiagnosed in the absence of laboratory testing. Considering the lack of accessible diagnostic tests that discriminate VZV from MPXV or other poxviruses, a handy and affordable detection system for VZV is crucial for rapid differential diagnosis. Here, we developed a new detection method for VZV using recombinase-aided amplification technology, combined with the lateral flow system (RAA-LF). Given the prevalence of VZV worldwide, this method can be applied not only to distinguish VZV from other viruses causing rash, but also to foster early detection, contributing substantially to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrina Mae Bienes
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingjing Mao
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Ella Gonofio
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (N.B.)
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9
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Du M, Zhang SM, Shang WJ, Yan WX, Liu Q, Qin CY, Liu M, Liu J. 2022 Multiple-country Monkeypox Outbreak and Its Importation Risk into China: An Assessment Based on the Risk Matrix Method. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2022; 35:878-887. [PMID: 36443265 PMCID: PMC9641896 DOI: 10.3967/bes2022.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the 2022 multiple-country monkeypox outbreak and assess its importation risk into China. METHODS Data was from United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We described the global epidemic and calculated concentration index to measure economic-related inequality. Importation risk into China was evaluated and ranked by using risk matrix method and Borda count method, respectively. RESULTS As of July 29, 2022, of 79 countries or territories, 39 (49.37%, 39/79), 17 (21.52%, 17/79), 6 (7.59%, 6/79), 12 (15.19%, 12/79), and 5 (6.33%, 5/79) country or territories identified cases < 10, 10-, 51-, 101-, and > 1,000. There were economic-related health disparities exist in the distribution of cases (the concentration index = 0.42, P = 0.027), and the inequality disadvantageous to the rich (pro-poor). There were 12 (15.38%, 12/78), 15 (19.23%, 15/78), 6 (7.69%, 6/78), and 45 (57.69%, 45/78) countries or territories with extremely high, high, moderate, and low importation risk. United States and France ranked first with the highest Borda points of 156, and counts of zero. CONCLUSION Of 78 countries or territories, the key attention need be paid to the United States and France, relatively. As the epidemic progresses, preparing prevention and control measures to further reduce importation risk was crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shi Mo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Jing Shang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen Xin Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chen Yuan Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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10
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Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, Marcos MÁ, Vilella A, Navarro M, Rodriguez-Elena L, Riera J, Català A, Martínez MJ, Blanco JL. Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 35837964 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.28.2200503/cite/plaintext] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A monkeypox (MPX) outbreak has expanded worldwide since May 2022. We tested 147 clinical samples collected at different time points from 12 patients by real-time PCR. MPX DNA was detected in saliva from all cases, sometimes with high viral loads. Other samples were frequently positive: rectal swab (11/12 cases), nasopharyngeal swab (10/12 cases), semen (7/9 cases), urine (9/12 cases) and faeces (8/12 cases). These results improve knowledge on virus shedding and the possible role of bodily fluids in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Peiró-Mestres
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Fuertes
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Camprubí-Ferrer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Marcos
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Navarro
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Riera
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Català
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel J Martínez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Blanco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, Marcos MÁ, Vilella A, Navarro M, Rodriguez-Elena L, Riera J, Català A, Martínez MJ, Blanco JL. Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2200503. [PMID: 35837964 PMCID: PMC9284919 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.28.2200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A monkeypox (MPX) outbreak has expanded worldwide since May 2022. We tested 147 clinical samples collected at different time points from 12 patients by real-time PCR. MPX DNA was detected in saliva from all cases, sometimes with high viral loads. Other samples were frequently positive: rectal swab (11/12 cases), nasopharyngeal swab (10/12 cases), semen (7/9 cases), urine (9/12 cases) and faeces (8/12 cases). These results improve knowledge on virus shedding and the possible role of bodily fluids in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Peiró-Mestres
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Fuertes
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Camprubí-Ferrer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Marcos
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Navarro
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Riera
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Català
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel J Martínez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Blanco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Rastogi M, Singh SK. Advances in Molecular Diagnostic Approaches for Biothreat Agents. DEFENSE AGAINST BIOLOGICAL ATTACKS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123646 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03071-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The advancement in Molecular techniques has been implicated in the development of sophisticated, high-end diagnostic platform and point-of-care (POC) devices for the detection of biothreat agents. Different molecular and immunological approaches such as Immunochromatographic and lateral flow assays, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISA), Biosensors, Isothermal amplification assays, Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), Next Generation Sequencers (NGS), Microarrays and Microfluidics have been used for a long time as detection strategies of the biothreat agents. In addition, several point of care (POC) devices have been approved by FDA and commercialized in markets. The high-end molecular platforms like NGS and Microarray are time-consuming, costly, and produce huge amount of data. Therefore, the future prospects of molecular based technique should focus on developing quick, user-friendly, cost-effective and portable devices against biological attacks and surveillance programs.
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Olson VA, Shchelkunov SN. Are We Prepared in Case of a Possible Smallpox-Like Disease Emergence? Viruses 2017; 9:E242. [PMID: 32962316 PMCID: PMC5618008 DOI: 10.3390/v9090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was the first human disease to be eradicated, through a concerted vaccination campaign led by the World Health Organization. Since its eradication, routine vaccination against smallpox has ceased, leaving the world population susceptible to disease caused by orthopoxviruses. In recent decades, reports of human disease from zoonotic orthopoxviruses have increased. Furthermore, multiple reports of newly identified poxviruses capable of causing human disease have occurred. These facts raise concerns regarding both the opportunity for these zoonotic orthopoxviruses to evolve and become a more severe public health issue, as well as the risk of Variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) to be utilized as a bioterrorist weapon. The eradication of smallpox occurred prior to the development of the majority of modern virological and molecular biological techniques. Therefore, there is a considerable amount that is not understood regarding how this solely human pathogen interacts with its host. This paper briefly recounts the history and current status of diagnostic tools, vaccines, and anti-viral therapeutics for treatment of smallpox disease. The authors discuss the importance of further research to prepare the global community should a smallpox-like virus emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Sergei N. Shchelkunov
- Department of Genomic Research and Development of DNA Diagnostics of Poxviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk Region, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Hedman J, Knutsson R, Ansell R, Rådström P, Rasmusson B. Pre-PCR processing in bioterrorism preparedness: improved diagnostic capabilities for laboratory response networks. Biosecur Bioterror 2014; 11 Suppl 1:S87-101. [PMID: 23971826 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2012.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic DNA analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a valuable tool for rapid detection of biothreat agents. However, analysis is often challenging because of the limited size, quality, and purity of the biological target. Pre-PCR processing is an integrated concept in which the issues of analytical limit of detection and simplicity for automation are addressed in all steps leading up to PCR amplification--that is, sampling, sample treatment, and the chemical composition of PCR. The sampling method should maximize target uptake and minimize uptake of extraneous substances that could impair the analysis--so-called PCR inhibitors. In sample treatment, there is a trade-off between yield and purity, as extensive purification leads to DNA loss. A cornerstone of pre-PCR processing is to apply DNA polymerase-buffer systems that are tolerant to specific sample impurities, thereby lowering the need for expensive purification steps and maximizing DNA recovery. Improved awareness among Laboratory Response Networks (LRNs) regarding pre-PCR processing is important, as ineffective sample processing leads to increased cost and possibly false-negative or ambiguous results, hindering the decision-making process in a bioterrorism crisis. This article covers the nature and mechanisms of PCR-inhibitory substances relevant for agroterrorism and bioterrorism preparedness, methods for quality control of PCR reactions, and applications of pre-PCR processing to optimize and simplify the analysis of various biothreat agents. Knowledge about pre-PCR processing will improve diagnostic capabilities of LRNs involved in the response to bioterrorism incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hedman
- Johannes Hedman, PhD, is employed as a specialist at the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL) and holds a research position at Applied Microbiology, Lund University. Rickard Knutsson, PhD, is Director of Security Department, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden . Ricky Ansell, PhD, is employed as forensic advisor and senior reporting officer at the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL). Birgitta Rasmusson, PhD, is employed as research director at the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL) and holds a position as adjunct professor at Applied Microbiology, Lund University. Peter Rådström, PhD, is employed as professor Applied Microbiology, Lund University
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Kitamoto N, Kobayashi T, Kato Y, Wakamiya N, Ikuta K, Tanaka T, Ueda S, Miyamoto H, Kato S. Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Orthopoxviruses and Their Application for Direct Immunofluorescence Test. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:219-25. [PMID: 15781995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Variola virus (smallpox virus), vaccinia virus (VV), cowpox virus (CPV) and ectromelia virus (EV) belong to the genus Orthopoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. To establish the possible diagnosis for smallpox infection, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against VV and CPV were produced. The cross-reactivity of seven MAbs with cells infected with various strains of the orthopoxviruses (CPV, VV and EV) was confirmed by an immunofluorescence (IF) test and other immunological analyses. Four and three MAbs reacted with the common antigen of all poxviruses (probably NP antigen) and the antigen involved in neutralization, respectively. We developed the IF test using these MAbs. The direct IF test required only 45 min to perform. Smallpox infection is now eradicated, but it is important to prepare for the diagnosis of smallpox in an emergency. The direct IF assay using MAbs cross-reactive with orthopoxviruses is rapid, simple, specific, applicable for multiple samples, and will make it possible to screen for and detect orthopoxviruses that include variola virus with tissue impression smears from skin lesions in most laboratories or institutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Kitamoto
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan.
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Abstract
With the eradication of smallpox about 30 years ago, the identification and differentiation of other poxviruses with varying pathogenicity in humans present a challenge for diagnostic facilities. While a clinical differentiation can be demanding, electron microscopy is the fastest approach to identify poxviruses. Molecular techniques, based on specific genomic sequences, are routinely applied to identify poxvirus species and distinguish between individual virus variants. In this chapter, we present detailed protocols for both techniques and discuss questions relevant to fast and reliable diagnostics of poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150159 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Lamien CE, Lelenta M, Goger W, Silber R, Tuppurainen E, Matijevic M, Luckins AG, Diallo A. Real time PCR method for simultaneous detection, quantitation and differentiation of capripoxviruses. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:134-40. [PMID: 21029751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) comprises three members namely, sheep poxvirus (SPPV), goat poxvirus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) affecting sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. CaPV infections produce similar symptoms in sheep and goats, and the three viruses cannot be distinguished serologically. Since there are conflicting opinions regarding the host specificity of CaPVs, particularly for goatpox and sheeppox viruses, the development of rapid genotyping tools will facilitate more accurate disease diagnosis and surveillance for better management of capripox outbreaks. This paper describes a species-specific, real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), based on unique molecular markers that were found in the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene sequences of CaPVs, that uses dual hybridization probes for their simultaneous detection, quantitation and genotyping. The assay can differentiate between CaPV strains based on differences in the melting point temperature (Tm) obtained after fluorescence melting curve analysis (FMCA). It is highly sensitive and presents low intra- and inter-run variation. This real time PCR assay will make a significant contribution to CaPV diagnosis and to the better understanding of the epidemiology of CaPVs by enabling rapid genotyping and gene-based classification of viral strains and unequivocal identification of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Euloge Lamien
- FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Schroeder K, Nitsche A. Multicolour, multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of human-pathogenic poxviruses. Mol Cell Probes 2009; 24:110-3. [PMID: 19879351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
After eradication of variola virus, one of the most dangerous infectious diseases affecting mankind, today other poxviruses of different genera can cause infection in humans. These viruses include human-specific molluscipoxviruses as well as zoonotic orthopoxviruses and parapoxviruses. While non-variola orthopoxvirus infections mostly cause mild symptoms in immunocompetent persons, they can evoke severe disease in immunocompromised patients. Since the typical poxviral skin lesions are rarely diagnosed by physicians, PCR-based identification of suspected poxviruses is often required. To simplify the PCR-based diagnosis of human-pathogenic poxviruses, we established a multicolour multiplex real-time PCR that simultaneously detects and differentiates human-pathogenic poxviruses in one reaction. Using 5' nuclease probes labelled with FAM for orthopoxviruses, VIC for parapoxviruses and FAM and VIC for molluscipoxviruses, respectively, amplification of poxviral DNA resulted in a genus-specific reporter-dye profile. Validation with 36 human clinical specimens and DNA of pathogens causing pox-like skin lesions demonstrated the specificity of the assay. Probit analysis revealed a limit of detection of 9.7, 22.08 and 28.1 copies/assay (95% CI) for molluscipoxvirus, orthopoxvirus and parapoxvirus DNA, respectively. The combinatorial multicolour strategy applied has the potential to be used in further applications targeting even more than three pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Schroeder
- Robert Koch-Institut, Centre for Biological Safety 1, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Eshoo MW, Whitehouse CA, Nalca A, Zoll S, Ecker JA, Hall TA, Pennella TTD, Duncan DD, Desai A, Moradi EK, Rudnick K, Libby B, Ranken R, Sampath R, Hofstadler SA, Ecker DJ, Blyn LB. Rapid and high-throughput pan-Orthopoxvirus detection and identification using PCR and mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6342. [PMID: 19623263 PMCID: PMC2710004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orthopoxvirus contains several species of related viruses, including the causative agent of smallpox (Variola virus). In addition to smallpox, several other members of the genus are capable of causing human infection, including monkeypox, cowpox, and other zoonotic rodent-borne poxviruses. Therefore, a single assay that can accurately identify all orthopoxviruses could provide a valuable tool for rapid broad orthopovirus identification. We have developed a pan-Orthopoxvirus assay for identification of all members of the genus based on four PCR reactions targeting Orthopoxvirus DNA and RNA helicase and polymerase genes. The amplicons are detected using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) on the Ibis T5000 system. We demonstrate that the assay can detect and identify a diverse collection of orthopoxviruses, provide sub-species information and characterize viruses from the blood of rabbitpox infected rabbits. The assay is sensitive at the stochastic limit of PCR and detected virus in blood containing approximately six plaque-forming units per milliliter from a rabbitpox virus-infected rabbit.
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22
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Loveless BM, Mucker EM, Hartmann C, Craw PD, Huggins J, Kulesh DA. Differentiation of Variola major and Variola minor variants by MGB-Eclipse probe melt curves and genotyping analysis. Mol Cell Probes 2009; 23:166-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Valones MAA, Guimarães RL, Brandão LAC, de Souza PRE, de Albuquerque Tavares Carvalho A, Crovela S. Principles and applications of polymerase chain reaction in medical diagnostic fields: a review. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:1-11. [PMID: 24031310 PMCID: PMC3768498 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822009000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in molecular methods have revolutionized the detection and characterization of microorganisms in a broad range of medical diagnostic fields, including virology, mycology, parasitology, microbiology and dentistry. Among these methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has generated great benefits and allowed scientific advancements. PCR is an excellent technique for the rapid detection of pathogens, including those difficult to culture. Along with conventional PCR techniques, Real-Time PCR has emerged as a technological innovation and is playing an ever-increasing role in clinical diagnostics and research laboratories. Due to its capacity to generate both qualitative and quantitative results, Real-Time PCR is considered a fast and accurate platform. The aim of the present literature review is to explore the clinical usefulness and potential of both conventional PCR and Real-Time PCR assays in diverse medical fields, addressing its main uses and advances.
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24
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Artificial plasmid engineered to simulate multiple biological threat agents. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 81:1129-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Putkuri N, Piiparinen H, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Detection of human orthopoxvirus infections and differentiation of smallpox virus with real-time PCR. J Med Virol 2008; 81:146-52. [PMID: 19031452 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We developed a real-time PCR protocol to detect orthopoxviruses (OPVs) from different clinical specimens and to separate variola virus from other OPVs. In our protocol, we used automated nucleic acid extraction system together with real-time PCR to create a simple, safe and fast procedure to obtain an initial result. The sensitivity was better by using designed hybridization probes as compared to SYBR green I for detection. The detection limit ranged from 13 to 1,300 copies per 20 microl reaction volume depending on the sample type. The PCR detected all OPVs pathogenic to human (variola, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia) as well as camelpox and ectromelia viruses. Amplification of variola virus sequences could be distinguished from other OPVs by melting curve analysis. We also demonstrated the applicability of the assay in human cases of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Putkuri
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Aitichou M, Saleh S, Kyusung P, Huggins J, O'Guinn M, Jahrling P, Ibrahim S. Dual-probe real-time PCR assay for detection of variola or other orthopoxviruses with dried reagents. J Virol Methods 2008; 153:190-5. [PMID: 18725245 PMCID: PMC9534013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A real-time, multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on dried PCR reagents was developed. Only variola virus could be specifically detected by a FAM (6-carboxyfluorescein)-labeled probe while camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox and vaccinia viruses could be detected by a TET (6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine)-labeled probe in a single PCR reaction. Approximately 25 copies of cloned variola virus DNA and 50 copies of genomic orthopoxviruses DNA could be detected with high reproducibility. The assay exhibited a dynamic range of seven orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficient value greater than 0.97. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay, as determined from 100 samples that contained nucleic acids from a multitude of bacterial and viral species were 96% and 98%, respectively. The limit of detection, sensitivity and specificity of the assay were comparable to standard real-time PCR assays with wet reagents. Employing a multiplexed format in this assay allows simultaneous discrimination of the variola virus from other closely related orthopoxviruses. Furthermore, the implementation of dried reagents in real-time PCR assays is an important step towards simplifying such assays and allowing their use in areas where cold storage is not easily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aitichou
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Rapid ultrafiltration concentration and biosensor detection of enterococci from large volumes of Florida recreational water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4792-8. [PMID: 18515479 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00052-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring recreational waters for fecal contamination by standard methodologies involves culturing indicator bacteria, such as fecal coliforms and enterococci. Delayed reporting of microbial water quality parameters increases the likelihood of public exposure to pathogens of fecal origin, making the development of rapid methods important for public health protection. A rapid assay for enterococci was developed using a combined ultrafiltration-biosensor procedure. Twelve 100-liter water samples were collected from upper Tampa Bay over a 9-month period. The samples were collected on site by dead-end hollow-fiber ultrafiltration. Postfiltration processing of the initial retentates included sonication and micrometer-level sieve passage to remove interfering particles. Centrifugation was utilized for secondary concentration. Grab samples were collected simultaneously with the ultrafiltered samples. Concentrations of enterococci in all grab and ultrafiltration samples were determined by the standard method (EPA method 1600) for calculation of recovery efficiencies and concentration factors. Levels of enterococci increased twofold in initial retentates and by 4 orders of magnitude in final retentates over ambient concentrations. An aliquot of each final retentate was adsorbed onto polystyrene waveguides for immunoassay analysis of enterococci with a microfluidic fiber optic biosensor, the Raptor. Enterococci were detected when concentrations in the ambient water exceeded the regulatory standard for a single sample (> or =105 CFU/100 ml). The combined ultrafiltration-biosensor procedure required 2.5 h for detection compared to 24 for the standard method. This study demonstrated that enterococci can be detected rapidly using on-site ultrafiltration, secondary concentration, and biosensor analysis.
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28
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Orthopoxvirus detection in environmental specimens during suspected bioterror attacks: inhibitory influences of common household products. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:32-7. [PMID: 17965204 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01501-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After terrorists attacked the United States in 2001, the appearance of letters and other objects containing powdery substances with unknown potentials for biological threat focused attention on the speed, sensitivity, and reliability of diagnostic methods. This study summarizes the abilities and limitations of real-time PCR, electron microscopy (EM), and virus isolation when used to detect potential bioweapons. In particular, we investigated the inhibitory influences of different common household products present in environmental specimens on PCR yield, EM detection, and virus isolation. We used vaccinia virus as a model for orthopoxviruses by spiking it into specimens. In the second part of the study, we describe modifications of diagnostic methods to overcome inhibitory effects. A variety of PCR amplification enhancers, DNA extraction protocols, and applications of internal controls were evaluated to improve diagnostic simplicity, speed, and reliability. As a result, we strongly recommend using at least two different frontline techniques in parallel, e.g., EM and PCR. A positive result obtained by any one of these techniques should be followed by a biological method to confirm the putative diagnosis. Confirmatory methods include virus isolation followed by an agent-specific immunofluorescence assay to confirm the presence of replication-competent particles.
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29
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Kurth A, Nitsche A. Fast and reliable diagnostic methods for the detection of human poxvirus infections. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the most prominent poxvirus, Variola virus, was successfully eradicated in the last century, several other poxviruses cause zoonotic infections that, in the early stages, resemble Variola virus infections with varying pathogenicity in humans. Over recent decades, numerous diagnostic methods for the detection of poxviruses have been established. As a result of technical progress and the advancement in molecular techniques, only a small selection of these methods meet the demands of being rapid and reliable. This review briefly introduces human poxviruses, summarizes the methods available, discusses their pros and cons and provides recommendations for a ‘fast and reliable diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurth
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Clem AL, Sims J, Telang S, Eaton JW, Chesney J. Virus detection and identification using random multiplex (RT)-PCR with 3'-locked random primers. Virol J 2007; 4:65. [PMID: 17598900 PMCID: PMC1950496 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCR-based detection and identification of viruses assumes a known, relatively stable genome. Unfortunately, high mutation rates may lead to extensive changes in viral nucleic acid sequences making dedicated PCR primer use problematic. Furthermore, in bioterrorism, viral consensus sequences can be genetically modified as a countermeasure to RT-PCR and DNA chip detection. Accordingly, there is a great need for the development of rapid and universal virus detection and identification technologies. Results We report herein that viral genomic DNA or RNA can be separated from host nucleic acids in plasma by filtration and nuclease digestion, and randomly amplified in a single PCR using a mixture of primers designed to be resistant to primer-dimer amplification (5'-VVVVVVVVAA-3', V = A, G or C; 38 or 6561 primers). We have termed this novel PCR method Random Multiplex (RT)-PCR since hundreds of overlapping PCR amplifications occur simultaneously. Using this method, we have successfullydetected and partially sequenced 3 separate viruses in human plasma without using virus-specific reagents (i.e., Adenovirus Type 17, Coxsackievirus A7, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus B). The method is sensitive to ~1000 genome equivalents/ml and may represent the fastest means of detection of unknown viruses. Conclusion These studies suggest that the further development of random multiplex (RT)-PCR may lead to a diagnostic assay that can universally detect viruses in donated blood products as well as in patients suffering with idiopathic disease states of possible viral etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Clem
- Molecular Targets Program, Medical Oncology, J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jonathan Sims
- Molecular Targets Program, Medical Oncology, J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sucheta Telang
- Molecular Targets Program, Medical Oncology, J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John W Eaton
- Molecular Targets Program, Medical Oncology, J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jason Chesney
- Molecular Targets Program, Medical Oncology, J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Deepak SA, Kottapalli KR, Rakwal R, Oros G, Rangappa KS, Iwahashi H, Masuo Y, Agrawal GK. Real-Time PCR: Revolutionizing Detection and Expression Analysis of Genes. Curr Genomics 2007; 8:234-51. [PMID: 18645596 PMCID: PMC2430684 DOI: 10.2174/138920207781386960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology by Kary Mullis in 1984 gave birth to real-time PCR. Real-time PCR - detection and expression analysis of gene(s) in real-time - has revolutionized the 21(st) century biological science due to its tremendous application in quantitative genotyping, genetic variation of inter and intra organisms, early diagnosis of disease, forensic, to name a few. We comprehensively review various aspects of real-time PCR, including technological refinement and application in all scientific fields ranging from medical to environmental issues, and to plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Deepak
- Department of Studies in Applied Botany and Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006,
India
| | - KR Kottapalli
- Plant Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-
8602, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - R Rakwal
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Laboratory for
Agricultural Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 8207, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - G Oros
- Plant Protection Institute,
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - KS Rangappa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore,
Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - H Iwahashi
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Masuo
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - GK Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for
Agricultural Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 8207, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Scaramozzino N, Ferrier-Rembert A, Favier AL, Rothlisberger C, Richard S, Crance JM, Meyer H, Garin D. Real-time PCR to identify variola virus or other human pathogenic orthopox viruses. Clin Chem 2007; 53:606-13. [PMID: 17332145 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.068635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variola virus (family Poxviridae, genus Orthopoxvirus) and the closely related cowpox, vaccinia, and monkeypox viruses can infect humans. Efforts are mounting to replenish the smallpox vaccine stocks, optimize diagnostic methods for poxviruses, and develop new antivirals against smallpox, because it is feared that variola virus might be used as a weapon of bioterrorism. METHODS We developed an assay for the detection of variola virus DNA. The assay is based on TaqMan chemistry targeting the 14-kD protein gene. For the 1st stage of the assay we used genus consensus primers and a mixture of 2 probes (14-kD POX and 14-kD VAR) spanning the 14-kD protein-encoding gene for detection of all human pathogenic orthopoxviruses. We then tested positive samples with the specific orthopoxvirus-specific probe 14-kD POX to identify monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses and with the 14-kD VAR probe to identify variola viruses. The assay was established on 4 different PCR cycler platforms. It was assessed in a study with 85 different orthopoxvirus species and strains that included variola, camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses at concentrations ranging from 100 ng/L to 1 microg/L. RESULTS The assay detected as little as 0.05 fg of DNA, corresponding to 25 copies of DNA, and enabled differentiation of variola virus from the other orthopoxviruses. CONCLUSIONS This real-time PCR assay provides a rapid method for the early detection and differentiation of smallpox and other human pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale Scaramozzino
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées (CRSSA) Emile Pardé, Grenoble, France
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Kulagina NV, Shaffer KM, Ligler FS, Taitt CR. Antimicrobial peptides as new recognition molecules for screening challenging species. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2007; 121:150-157. [PMID: 18231571 PMCID: PMC1826611 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate binding of four targets of biodefense interest to immobilized antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in biosensor assays. Polymyxins B and E, melittin, cecropins A, B, and P, parasin, bactenecin and magainin-1, as well as control antibodies, were used as capture molecules for detection of Cy3-labeled Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), vaccinia virus, C. burnetti and B. melitensis. Although VEE, vaccinia virus and C. burnetti did not show any binding activity to their corresponding capture antibodies, B. melitensis bound to immobilized anti-Brucella monoclonal antibodies. The majority of the immobilized AMPs included in this study bound labeled VEE, vaccinia virus and C. burnetti in a concentration-dependent manner, and B. melitensis bound to polymyxin B, polymyxin E, and bactenecin. No binding was observed on immobilized magainin-1. In contrast to all bacterial targets tested to date, VEE and vaccinia virus demonstrated similar patterns of binding to all peptides. While the direct assay is generally replaced by a sandwich assay for analysis of real-world samples, direct binding experiments are commonly used to characterize specificity and sensitivity of binding molecules. In this case, they clearly demonstrate the capability of AMPs as recognition molecules for four biothreat agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V Kulagina
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, 20375-5348 USA
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Fedele CG, Negredo A, Molero F, Sánchez-Seco MP, Tenorio A. Use of internally controlled real-time genome amplification for detection of variola virus and other orthopoxviruses infecting humans. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4464-70. [PMID: 17065259 PMCID: PMC1698395 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00276-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox, once a devastating disease caused by Variola virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, was eradicated in 1980. However, the importance of variola virus infections has been stressed widely in the last few years, particularly following recent social events in the world. Today, variola virus is considered to be one of the most significant agents with potential use as a biological weapon. In this study we developed an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and simultaneous differentiation of variola virus from other orthopoxviruses. The assay is based on TaqMan 3'-minor groove binder (MGB) chemistry and uses generic primers, designed in highly conserved genomic regions of the crmB gene, and three TaqMan MGB probes designed to identify orthopoxviruses, variola virus, and an internal control. The results obtained suggest that the assay is rapid, sensitive, specific, and suitable for the generic detection of orthopoxviruses and the identification of variola virus and avoids false-negative results in a single reaction tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Fedele
- Alerts and Emergencies Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Pozuelo Majadahonda Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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35
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Martina BE, van Doornum G, Dorrestein GM, Niesters HG, Stittelaar KJ, Wolters MA, van Bolhuis HG, Osterhaus AD. Cowpox virus transmission from rats to monkeys, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1005-7. [PMID: 16707063 PMCID: PMC3373046 DOI: 10.3201/eid1206.051513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an outbreak of cowpox virus among monkeys at a sanctuary for exotic animals. Serologic analysis and polymerase chain reaction were performed on blood and swab samples from different rodent species trapped at the sanctuary during the outbreak. Sequence comparison and serologic results showed that brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) transmitted the virus to monkeys.
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36
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Sauerbrei A, Meier C, Meerbach A, Wutzler P. Inhibitory efficacy of cyclosal-nucleoside monophosphates of aciclovir and brivudin on DNA synthesis of orthopoxvi ruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2006; 17:25-31. [PMID: 16542003 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cycloSaligenyl-monophosphate (cycloSal-MP) derivatives of aciclovir (ACV), penciclovir (PCV) and brivudin (BVDU) can act as inhibitors of vaccinia virus and cowpox virus replication in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibatory efficacy on DNA synthesis in vaccinia and cowpox viruses of several cycloSal-pro-nucleotides of ACV and BVDU, which have proven activity against pox viruses. Viral DNA was quantified in treated and non-treated virus-infected cells by semi-quantitative PCR on the basis of the haemagglutinin protein gene of orthopoxviruses. As result, an inhibitory efficacy on vaccinia and cowpox virus DNA replication could be demonstrated for 3-methyl-cycloSal-ACVMP, 5-H-cycloSal-ACVMP, 6-chloro-7-ECM-cycloSal-3'-OH-BVDUMP, and 6-chloro-7-methyl-cycloSal-3'-OH-BVDUMP. At concentrations of 32-128 mg/ml, 3-methyl-cyc/oSal-ACVMP and 6-chloro-7-ECM-cycloSal-3'OH-BVDUMP inhibited synthesis of viral DNA to a similar extent as the well-known inhibitors of pox viruses, cidofovir and 5-iodo-dUrd (deoxyuridine). When concentrations of 128 mg/ml were administered, both test substances diminished the amount of viral genome copies by > or =4 log10 corresponding to > or =99.99% reduction. In conclusion, selected cycloSal-pro-nucleotide derivatives of ACV and BVDU can inhibit orthopoxviral DNA synthesis. The high inhibitory efficacy on both replication of viral DNA and infectious viral particles in cell cultures makes these compounds promising candidates for in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006. [PMCID: PMC7152372 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Espy MJ, Uhl JR, Sloan LM, Buckwalter SP, Jones MF, Vetter EA, Yao JDC, Wengenack NL, Rosenblatt JE, Cockerill FR, Smith TF. Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:165-256. [PMID: 16418529 PMCID: PMC1360278 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.165-256.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR has revolutionized the way clinical microbiology laboratories diagnose many human microbial infections. This testing method combines PCR chemistry with fluorescent probe detection of amplified product in the same reaction vessel. In general, both PCR and amplified product detection are completed in an hour or less, which is considerably faster than conventional PCR detection methods. Real-time PCR assays provide sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of conventional PCR combined with Southern blot analysis, and since amplification and detection steps are performed in the same closed vessel, the risk of releasing amplified nucleic acids into the environment is negligible. The combination of excellent sensitivity and specificity, low contamination risk, and speed has made real-time PCR technology an appealing alternative to culture- or immunoassay-based testing methods for diagnosing many infectious diseases. This review focuses on the application of real-time PCR in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Espy
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Hilton 470, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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39
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Carletti F, Di Caro A, Calcaterra S, Grolla A, Czub M, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR, Horejsh D. Rapid, differential diagnosis of orthopox- and herpesviruses based upon real-time PCR product melting temperature and restriction enzyme analysis of amplicons. J Virol Methods 2005; 129:97-100. [PMID: 16005086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses tend to have non-specific early symptoms that cannot be differentiated readily from other infectious exanthemas, such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) or disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. A rapid assay was developed for the differential diagnosis of orthopoxviruses and herpesviruses based upon the melting temperatures of real-time PCR amplicons. A mean melting temperature difference of 8.7 degrees C was observed between the products amplified from the two virus families. Further identification of individual pathogens was made using restriction enzyme analysis. The assay was able to identify correctly viruses from quality control panels of herpes and orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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40
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Kallio-Kokko H, Uzcategui N, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A. Viral zoonoses in Europe. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:1051-77. [PMID: 16024128 PMCID: PMC7110368 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bio-weapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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41
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Fedorko DP, Preuss JC, Fahle GA, Li L, Fischer SH, Hohman P, Cohen JI. Comparison of methods for detection of vaccinia virus in patient specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4602-6. [PMID: 16145113 PMCID: PMC1234082 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4602-4606.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed a shell vial culture assay (SVA), real-time PCR, and a direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) for rapid detection of vaccinia virus from vaccination sites of Dryvax vaccine recipients. Of 47 samples assayed, 100% were positive by PCR, 89% were positive by SVA, and 40% were positive by DFA. DFA was limited by the need for adequate numbers of cells, with 32% of samples inadequate for interpretation. DFA performed better with specimens from patients who had not previously received the vaccine. PCR was positive for longer times postvaccination than was SVA. Infectious virus could be recovered after 45 min of acetone fixation of shell vial coverslips. Commercially available polyclonal antibodies cross-reacted with other orthopoxviruses and herpes simplex 1, but commercially available monoclonal antibodies were specific for vaccinia virus. In summary, PCR was the most sensitive test for detecting vaccinia virus in clinical specimens, while the DFA was the most rapid but the least sensitive test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Fedorko
- Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1508, USA.
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42
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Aitichou M, Javorschi S, Ibrahim MS. Two-color multiplex assay for the identification of orthopox viruses with real-time LUX- PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:323-8. [PMID: 16023830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The LUX [Light Upon eXtension] is a real-time detection system that can be used for the detection and quantification of pathogens nucleic acids. In this study we used a universal LUX approach, a variation of the LUX detection system, for identifying Orthopoxvirus nucleic acids in real time. This approach enables the design of sequence-specific primer sets in high identity genome sequences. The assay described here is designed to allow simultaneous detection of Variola and other orthopox viruses in a multiplex format, with a limit of detection in the range of 50--100 copies of the Orthopoxvirus genome. Regression analysis showed that the assay was linear over seven orders of magnitude, with 0.97 correlation coefficient. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay, as determined from a panel of 100 samples that contained nucleic acids from a variety of bacteria and viral species, were rated at 98%. Thus, the assay offers a sensitive and specific tool for simultaneous identification and quantification of Variola and other orthopox viruses, and the approach allows more flexible sequence-specific primers design for pox viruses as well as other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aitichou
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, SAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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43
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Fitzgibbon JE, Sagripanti JL. Simultaneous identification of orthopoxviruses and alphaviruses by oligonucleotide macroarray with special emphasis on detection of variola and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. J Virol Methods 2005; 131:160-7. [PMID: 16181687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of a method in macroarray format for the identification of alphaviruses and orthopoxviruses in samples of concern in biodefense is reported. Capture oligonucleotides designed to bind generic members of the orthopox- or alphavirus families and a collection of additional oligonucleotides to bind specifically nucleic acids from five individual alphaviruses, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis, or DNA from each of four orthopoxviruses, including variola virus (VAR) were deposited onto nylon membranes. Hybridization of digoxigenin labeled PCR products to the macroarray produced results easily observable to the naked eye. Multiplex RT-PCR utilizing both orthopox- and alphavirus-generic primers yielded amplification of DNA corresponding to the expected sizes of the orthopoxvirus and alphavirus fragments, respectively. Hybridization of samples to capture oligonucleotides in the macroarray membranes identified correctly generic orthopox- or alphaviral sequences. The hybridizations correctly identified each of the three alphaviruses and two orthopoxviruses tested. We observed cross-hybridization only once (between two alphaviruses) that was less intense than the spots formed by correct hybridization. The macroarray test described below is easy to perform, inexpensive, relatively fast, uncomplicated to interpret, and its end point is read visually without the need of additional equipment. This nucleic acid hybridization assay onto nylon membranes in macroarray format can help in detecting or excluding the presence of threat viruses in environmental samples and appears promising for a variety of biodefense applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Fitzgibbon
- Microbiology Branch, Research and Technology Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424, USA
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44
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Shchelkunov SN, Gavrilova EV, Babkin IV. Multiplex PCR detection and species differentiation of orthopoxviruses pathogenic to humans. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:1-8. [PMID: 15652214 PMCID: PMC9533918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A method for one-stage rapid identification of four orthopoxvirus species pathogenic to humans based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) was developed. Five pairs of oligonucleotide primers—one, genus-specific; and the rest, species-specific for variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses, respectively—were used concurrently for MPCR assay of orthopoxvirus DNAs. Specificity and sensitivity of the method developed were evaluated using DNAs of 57 orthopoxvirus strains, including the DNAs isolated from human case clinical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo 630559, Russia.
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Nitsche A, Steger B, Ellerbrok H, Pauli G. Detection of vaccinia virus DNA on the LightCycler by fluorescence melting curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:187-95. [PMID: 15847936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After eradication of variola virus the worldwide vaccination program was stopped to avoid the severe complications observed in a small fraction of vaccinees. Hence, there is at least one non-vaccinated generation in the human population that is immunologically naive with respect to variola virus infections. The possibility of a deliberate release of variola virus by bioterrorist attacks has led to the resumption of vaccination of hospital employees and military personnel with vaccinia virus in certain parts of the world. However, the appearance of a single confirmed smallpox case worldwide would result in vaccination of possible contact persons with vaccinia virus. Therefore, reliable confirmation of vaccinia virus in patients presenting with smallpox-like syndromes is required. A vaccinia virus-specific single nucleotide polymorphism was identified in the gene B8R coding for a vaccinia virus IFNgamma receptor. Based on this polymorphism, the LightCycler real-time PCR assay detects vaccinia virus DNA in a linear range from 10(6) to 10 genome equivalents and discriminates vaccinia virus from other orthopoxviruses by fluorescence melting curve analysis (DeltaT = 9 degrees C). While the assay amplifies generically DNA of all orthopoxviruses tested, amplification curves are only displayed for vaccinia virus strains including strains formerly used for vaccination. In addition, an internal amplification control is described that allows reliable interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch-Institut, Zentrum für Biologische Sicherheit 1, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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46
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Stittelaar KJ, van Amerongen G, Kondova I, Kuiken T, van Lavieren RF, Pistoor FHM, Niesters HGM, van Doornum G, van der Zeijst BAM, Mateo L, Chaplin PJ, Osterhaus ADME. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects macaques against respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus. J Virol 2005; 79:7845-51. [PMID: 15919938 PMCID: PMC1143678 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7845-7851.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of classical smallpox vaccines based on vaccinia virus (VV) is associated with severe complications in both naive and immune individuals. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a highly attenuated replication-deficient strain of VV, has been proven to be safe in humans and immunocompromised animals, and its efficacy against smallpox is currently being addressed. Here we directly compare the efficacies of MVA alone and in combination with classical VV-based vaccines in a cynomolgus macaque monkeypox model. The MVA-based smallpox vaccine protected macaques against a lethal respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus and is therefore an important candidate for the protection of humans against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koert J Stittelaar
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Building Hoboken, Room Ee 17.26, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Donaldson KA, Kramer MF, Lim DV. A rapid detection method for Vaccinia virus, the surrogate for smallpox virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:322-7. [PMID: 15308237 PMCID: PMC7125742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Revised: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the World Health Organization’s announcement of total eradication in 1977 [J. Am. Med. Assoc. 281 (1999) 1735], smallpox was a worldwide pathogen. Vaccinations were ceased in 1980 and now with a largely unprotected world population, smallpox is considered the ideal biowarfare agent [Antiviral Res. 57 (2002) 1]. Infection normally occurs after implantation of the virus on the oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa [J. Am. Med. Assoc. 281 (1999) 2127]. Smallpox virus can be detected from the throats of exposed individuals prior to onset of illness and prior to the infectious stage of the illness. A rapid, sensitive real-time assay to detect Variola virus (smallpox) has been developed using the Vaccinia virus, a surrogate of smallpox, as a target. Cyanine 5 dye-labeled anti-Vaccinia antibody was used in a sandwich immunoassay to produce a fluorescent signal in the presence of the Vaccinia virus. The signal was detected using the Analyte 2000 biosensor (Research International, Monroe, WA). The Analyte 2000 uses a 635 nm laser diode to provide excitation light that is launched into a polystyrene optical waveguide. Fluorescent molecules within the evanescent wave are excited and a portion of their emission energy recouples into the waveguide. A photodiode quantifies the emission light at wavelengths between 670 and 710 nm. The biosensor was able to detect a minimum of 2.5×105 pfu/ml of Vaccinia virus in seeded throat culture swab specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Donaldson
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Defense, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620-5200, USA.
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48
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Hunt I. From gene to protein: a review of new and enabling technologies for multi-parallel protein expression. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 40:1-22. [PMID: 15721767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, increasingly greater demands and expectations are being placed on protein production laboratories to produce more proteins and in faster timelines. This has been coupled with an exponential increase in the number of requests for the production of proteins which lack structural and functional information. No longer can groups use literature available in the public domain solely to drive their expression strategy, and moreover current expression and concomitant purification strategies clearly do not meet modern-day demands for protein production. This review will therefore attempt to provide a definitive review of current 'best in class' cloning, expression and purification systems, and the adaptations and developments that have been made by laboratories, both academic and industrial, to enhance protein production throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hunt
- Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, UK.
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49
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Mackay IM, Arden KE, Nitsche A. Real-time Fluorescent PCR Techniques to Study Microbial-Host Interactions. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 34:255-330. [PMID: 38620210 PMCID: PMC7148886 DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(04)34010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes how real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performs and how it may be used to detect microbial pathogens and the relationship they form with their host. Research and diagnostic microbiology laboratories contain a mix of traditional and leading-edge, in-house and commercial assays for the detection of microbes and the effects they impart upon target tissues, organs, and systems. The PCR has undergone significant change over the last decade, to the extent that only a small proportion of scientists have been able or willing to keep abreast of the latest offerings. The chapter reviews these changes. It discusses the second-generation of PCR technology-kinetic or real-time PCR, a tool gaining widespread acceptance in many scientific disciplines but especially in the microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Mackay
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Clinical Medical Virology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine E Arden
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Beck RC, Kohn DJ, Tuohy MJ, Prayson RA, Yen-Lieberman B, Procop GW. Detection of polyoma virus in brain tissue of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy by real-time PCR and pyrosequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 13:15-21. [PMID: 15163004 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200403000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated 2 methods, a LightCycler PCR assay and pyrosequencing for the detection of the JC polyoma virus (JCV) in fixed brain tissue of 10 patients with and 3 control patients without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Nucleic acid extraction was performed after deparaffinization and proteinase K digestion. The LightCycler assay differentiates the BK virus (BKV), JCV, and SV40 using melt curve analysis. Conventional PCR was used with the same primers to generate products for pyrosequencing. Two sequencing primers were used that differentiate the polyoma viruses. Seven of 11 biopsies (1 patient had 2 biopsies) with PML were positive for JCV by real-time PCR and/or PCR/pyrosequencing. Three of 4 remaining biopsies were positive by real-time PCR but had melting points between JCV and SV40. The 4 specimens that were negative or atypical by LightCycler PCR were positive by traditional PCR, but 1 had an amplicon of lower molecular weight by gel electrophoresis. These were shown to represent JCV by at least 1 of the 2 pyrosequencing primers. The biopsies from patients without PML were PCR negative. Both the LightCycler and pyrosequencing assays are useful for confirming JCV in brain biopsies from patients with PML, but variant JCVs may require supplementary methods to confirm JCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose C Beck
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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