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Ugochukwu ICI, Rhimi W, Chebil W, Rizzo A, Tempesta M, Giusiano G, Tábora RFM, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Part 1: Understanding the role of Malassezia spp. in skin disorders: Malassezia yeasts as commensal or pathogenic organisms of human and animal skin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1327-1338. [PMID: 37883074 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2276367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malassezia spp. are a group of lipid-dependent basidiomycetes yeasts acting as commensal organisms of the human and animal skin. However, under some not well-defined circumstances, these yeasts may switch to opportunistic pathogens triggering a number of skin disorders with different clinical presentations. The genus comprises of 18 lipid-dependent species with a variable distribution in the hosts and pathologies thus suggesting a host- and microbe-specific interactions. AREA COVERED This review highlighted and discussed the most recent literature regarding the genus Malassezia as a commensal or pathogenic organisms highlighting Malassezia-associated skin disorders in humans and animals and their antifungal susceptibility profile. A literature search of Malassezia associated skin disorders was performed via PubMed and Google scholar (up to May 2023), using the different keywords mainly associated with Malassezia skin disorders and Malassezia antifungal resistance. EXPERT OPINION Malassezia yeasts are part of the skin mycobiota and their life cycle is strictly associated with the environment in which they live. The biochemical, physiological, or immunological condition of the host skin selects Malassezia spp. or genotypes able to survive in a specific environment by changing their metabolisms, thus producing virulence factors or metabolites which can cause skin disorders with different clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Wissal Chebil
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Suzuki K, Cho O, Nagahama T, Sugita T. Short sequence repeats of the intergenic spacer regions of ribosomal RNA genes in Malassezia globosa and M. restricta colonizing the scalps of male individuals with and without androgenetic alopecia. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:350-352. [PMID: 35396869 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the short sequence repeats (SSRs) of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region 1 of the rRNA genes in Malassezia globosa and M. restricta, which predominantly colonize the scalp in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). No AGA-specific SSRs were found in the M. globosa IGS region, whereas a (CT)6 :(AT)8 SSR was predominantly detected in the M. restricta IGS region in the AGA group. Malassezia colonization was higher in the scalps of patients with M. restricta (CT)6 :(AT)8 SSRs than in the scalps of patients without M. restricta (CT)6 :(AT)8 SSRs. These observations suggest that this specific SSR type in M. restricta is involved in the development or exacerbation of AGA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan.,Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Otomi Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagahama
- Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Kojima A, Osawa N, Oba M, Katayama Y, Omatsu T, Mizutani T. Validation of the usefulness of 26S rDNA D1/D2, internal transcribed spacer, and intergenic spacer 1 for molecular epidemiological analysis of Macrorhabdus ornithogaster. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:244-250. [PMID: 34937831 PMCID: PMC8920720 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (MO) is an infectious fungus that causes
gastric damage in birds. In this study, we established nested and seminested polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) methods that specifically amplify the domain D1/D2 region (D1/D2) of
26S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA, and intergenic spacer
(IGS) 1 region from avian feces. Phylogenetic analysis of MO collected from Japanese pet
birds showed little genetic variation; analysis based on these regions did not distinguish
between host species order, differences in MO shape, or host gastrointestinal symptoms.
These regions were found to be unsuitable for molecular epidemiological studies of MO and
further investigation into other genetic regions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kojima
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Little Bird and Small Animal Hospital LITTLE BIRD
| | - Nanako Osawa
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Mami Oba
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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4
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Theelen B, Christinaki AC, Dawson TL, Boekhout T, Kouvelis VN. Comparative analysis of Malassezia furfur mitogenomes and the development of a mitochondria-based typing approach. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6375414. [PMID: 34562093 PMCID: PMC8510979 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia furfur is a yeast species belonging to Malasseziomycetes, Ustilaginomycotina and Basidiomycota that is found on healthy warm-blooded animal skin, but also involved in various skin disorders like seborrheic dermatitis/dandruff and pityriasis versicolor. Moreover, Malassezia are associated with bloodstream infections, Crohn's disease and pancreatic carcinoma. Recent advances in Malassezia genomics and genetics have focused on the nuclear genome. In this work, we present the M. furfur mitochondrial (mt) genetic heterogenicity with full analysis of 14 novel and six available M. furfur mt genomes. The mitogenome analysis reveals a mt gene content typical for fungi, including identification of variable mt regions suitable for intra-species discrimination. Three of them, namely the trnK–atp6 and cox3–nad3 intergenic regions and intron 2 of the cob gene, were selected for primer design to identify strain differences. Malassezia furfur strains belonging to known genetic variable clusters, based on AFLP and nuclear loci, were assessed for their mt variation using PCR amplification and sequencing. The results suggest that these mt regions are excellent molecular markers for the typing of M. furfur strains and may provide added value to nuclear regions when assessing evolutionary relationships at the intraspecies level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasia C Christinaki
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 11 Mandalay Rd, #17-01, Singapore 308232, Singapore.,Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vassili N Kouvelis
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece
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Cao B, Haelewaters D, Schoutteten N, Begerow D, Boekhout T, Giachini AJ, Gorjón SP, Gunde-Cimerman N, Hyde KD, Kemler M, Li GJ, Liu DM, Liu XZ, Nuytinck J, Papp V, Savchenko A, Savchenko K, Tedersoo L, Theelen B, Thines M, Tomšovský M, Toome-Heller M, Urón JP, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Yurkov AM, Zamora JC, Zhao RL. Delimiting species in Basidiomycota: a review. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Rhimi W, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Malassezia spp. Yeasts of Emerging Concern in Fungemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:370. [PMID: 32850475 PMCID: PMC7399178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are lipid-dependent yeasts, inhabiting the skin and mucosa of humans and animals. They are involved in a variety of skin disorders in humans and animals and may cause bloodstream infections in severely immunocompromised patients. Despite a tremendous increase in scientific knowledge of these yeasts during the last two decades, the epidemiology of Malassezia spp. related to fungemia remains largely underestimated most likely due to the difficulty in the isolation of these yeasts species due to their lipid-dependence. This review summarizes and discusses the most recent literature on Malassezia spp. infection and fungemia, its occurrence, pathogenicity mechanisms, diagnostic methods, in vitro susceptibility testing and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Bart Theelen
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,The Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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7
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Madani M, Ward L, Vierstraete A, De Boer SH, Moens M. The ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) in the potato and tobacco cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis and G. tabacum. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 48:101441. [PMID: 31470078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis (PCN), and tobacco cyst nematode (TCN), G. tabacum, are the most important parasitic nematodes of potato and tobacco worldwide. Ribosomal DNA provides useful molecular data for diagnostics, the study of polymorphisms and for evolutionary research in eukaryotic organisms including nematodes. Here we present data on the structure and organization of a rarely studied part of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the PCN and TCN genome of cyst nematodes. This region has shown potential for diagnostic purposes and population studies in other organisms including nematodes. In nematodes, the ribosomal RNA gene cluster comprises three genes: 5.8S, 18S and 28S rRNA, which are separated by spacer regions: the intergenic spacer (IGS), non-transcribed spacer (NTS), externally transcribed spacer (EST) and the internally transcribed spacer (ITS). The intergenic spacer (IGS) region consists of an external transcribed spacer (ETS) and a non-transcribed spacer (NTS) which is located between the 28S of one repeat and the 18S gene of the next repeat within the rRNA genes cluster. In this study, the first flanking portion of the IGS was amplified, cloned and sequenced from PCN and TCN. Primers were then designed to amplify the whole IGS sequence. PCR amplification of IGS from G. tabacum, G. pallida, and G. rostochiensis yielded respectively: a single amplicon of 3 kb, three amplicons sized 2.5, 2.6 and 2.9 kb, and two amplicons sized 2.8 and 2.9 kb. Results showed that Globodera spp. has more than one variant copy of the IGS, with both long and short repetitive DNA elements. An approximately 400 bp long region without any internal repetitive elements, were identified in a position between the two repetitive regions suggesting that there is a 5S gene in the IGS of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Madani
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown Laboratory, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Len Ward
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown Laboratory, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Andy Vierstraete
- Biology Department, Gent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Solke H De Boer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown Laboratory, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Maurice Moens
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9280, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Takahagi S, Tanaka A, Hide M. Sweat allergy. Allergol Int 2018; 67:435-441. [PMID: 30075993 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweat allergy is defined as a type I hypersensitivity against the contents of sweat, and is specifically observed in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and cholinergic urticaria (CholU). The allergic reaction is clinically revealed by positive reactions in the intradermal skin test and the basophil histamine release assay by sweat. A major histamine-releasing antigen in sweat, MGL_1304, has been identified. MGL_1304 is produced at a size of 29 kDa by Malassezia (M.) globosa and secreted into sweat after being processed and converted into the mature form of 17 kDa. It induces significant histamine release from basophils of patients with AD and/or CholU with MGL_1304-specific IgE, which is detected in their sera. Patients with AD also show cross-reactivity to MGL_1304-homologs in Malassezia restricta and Malassezia sympodialis, but MGL_1304 does not share cross antigenicity with human intrinsic proteins. Malassezia or its components may penetrate the damaged epidermis of AD lesions and interact with the skin immune system, resulting in the sensitization and reaction to the fungal antigen. As well as the improvement of impaired barrier functions by topical interventions, approaches such as anti-microbial treatment, the induction of tolerance and antibody/substance neutralizing the sweat antigen may be beneficial for the patients with intractable AD or CholU due to sweat allergy. The identification of antigens other than MGL_1304 in sweat should be the scope for future studies, which may lead to better understanding of sweat allergy and therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takahagi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Akio Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hide
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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Aghaei Gharehbolagh S, Kordbacheh P, Hashemi SJ, Daie Ghazvini R, Asgari Y, Agha Kuchak Afshari S, Seyedmousavi S, Rezaie S. MGL_3741 gene contributes to pathogenicity of Malassezia globosa in pityriasis versicolor. Mycoses 2018; 61:938-944. [PMID: 30106184 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacid dehydratase (DHAD) is a key enzyme in biosynthetic pathway of isoleucine and valine. This pathway is absent in human but exists in various organisms such as fungi. Using RNA-seq analysis in this study, we identified MGL_3741gene which encodes DHAD protein in Malassezia globosa (M. globosa). Furthermore, we found that mentioned gene is homologous to the Ustilago maydis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus ILV3P. For understanding the probable role of this gene in pathogenicity of M. globosa, we applied Real-time PCR to investigate the differentially expressed of the MGL_3741 gene in healthy and pathogenic states. Our results indicate a significant difference between two mentioned stats. These results revealed that ILV3-like gene in M. globosa can be related to the pathogenicity of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Aghaei Gharehbolagh
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parivash Kordbacheh
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Agha Kuchak Afshari
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Infection Biology and Antimicrobial Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sassan Rezaie
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Abstract
Yeasts from the genus Malassezia belongs to normal commensal skin flora of warm-blooded vertebrates. These yeasts may act as opportunistic pathogens and cause skin diseases in humans and animals under certain conditions. The identification of Malassezia species is based on the phenotypic or genotypic diagnostics. The methods used for the phenotypic identification is determined by: the growth on Sabouraud agar, growth on selective media (Leeming-Notman agar, Dixon agar, Chrom Malassezia agar), the ability to utilise different concentrations of Tween, monitoring of the growth on CEL agar (soil enriched with castor oil) and TE agar (Tween-esculine agar), and the catalase test. The genotypic identification uses molecular methods like: the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment lenght polymorphism (AFLP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the DNA sequence analysis.
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Han SH, Cheon HI, Hur MS, Kim MJ, Jung WH, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Analysis of the skin mycobiome in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:366-373. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Han
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye In Cheon
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Min Seok Hur
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
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Ilahi A, Hadrich I, Goudjil S, Kongolo G, Chazal C, Léké A, Ayadi A, Chouaki T, Ranque S. Molecular epidemiology of a Malassezia pachydermatis neonatal unit outbreak. Med Mycol 2017; 56:69-77. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Ilahi A, Hadrich I, Neji S, Trabelsi H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Real-Time PCR Identification of Six Malassezia Species. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:671-677. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Cheikhrouhou F, Guidara R, Masmoudi A, Trabelsi H, Neji S, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Molecular Identification of Malassezia Species in Patients with Malassezia folliculitis in Sfax, Tunisia. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:583-589. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Performance of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identifying Clinical Malassezia Isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 55:90-96. [PMID: 27795342 PMCID: PMC5228266 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01763-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Malassezia comprises commensal yeasts on human skin. These yeasts are involved in superficial infections but are also isolated in deeper infections, such as fungemia, particularly in certain at-risk patients, such as neonates or patients with parenteral nutrition catheters. Very little is known about Malassezia epidemiology and virulence. This is due mainly to the difficulty of distinguishing species. Currently, species identification is based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Only molecular biology techniques identify species with certainty, but they are time-consuming and expensive. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) database for identifying Malassezia species by mass spectrometry. Eighty-five Malassezia isolates from patients in three French university hospitals were investigated. Each strain was identified by internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Forty-five strains of the six species Malassezia furfur, M. sympodialis, M. slooffiae, M. globosa, M. restricta, and M. pachydermatis allowed the creation of a MALDI-TOF database. Forty other strains were used to test this database. All strains were identified by our Malassezia database with log scores of >2.0, according to the manufacturer's criteria. Repeatability and reproducibility tests showed a coefficient of variation of the log score values of <10%. In conclusion, our new Malassezia database allows easy, fast, and reliable identification of Malassezia species. Implementation of this database will contribute to a better, more rapid identification of Malassezia species and will be helpful in gaining a better understanding of their epidemiology.
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Harada K, Saito M, Sugita T, Tsuboi R. Malassezia species and their associated skin diseases. J Dermatol 2016; 42:250-7. [PMID: 25736318 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are lipophilic fungi that occur on all skin surfaces of humans and animals as commensal and pathogenic organisms. In the 2000s, several new species were added to the Malassezia genus by Japanese researchers. The genus Malassezia now includes 14 species of basidiomycetous yeast. Culture-independent molecular analysis clearly demonstrated that the DNA of Malassezia spp. was predominantly detected in core body and arm sites, suggesting that they are the dominant fungal flora of the human body. Malassezia spp. have been implicated in skin diseases including pityriasis versicolor (PV), Malassezia folliculitis (MF), seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and atopic dermatitis (AD). While Malassezia spp. are directly responsible for the infectious diseases, PV and MF, they act as an exacerbating factor in AD and SD. The fatty acids generated by Malassezia lipase can induce inflammation of the skin, resulting in development of SD. Patch and serum immunoglobulin E tests revealed that AD patients were hypersensitive to Malassezia. However, these findings only partially elucidated the mechanism by which Malassezia spp. induce inflammation in the skin; understanding of the pathogenetic role of Malassezia spp. in SD or AD remains incomplete. In this article, the latest findings of Malassezia research are reviewed with special attention to skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Harada
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Leung MHY, Chan KCK, Lee PKH. Skin fungal community and its correlation with bacterial community of urban Chinese individuals. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:46. [PMID: 27558504 PMCID: PMC4997687 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput sequencing has led to increased insights into the human skin microbiome. Currently, the majority of skin microbiome investigations are limited to characterizing prokaryotic communities, and our understanding of the skin fungal community (mycobiome) is limited, more so for cohorts outside of the western hemisphere. Here, the skin mycobiome across healthy Chinese individuals in Hong Kong are characterized. RESULTS Based on a curated fungal reference database designed for skin mycobiome analyses, previously documented common skin colonizers are also abundant and prevalent in this cohort. However, genera associated with local terrains, food, and medicine are also detected. Fungal community composition shows interpersonal (Bray-Curtis ANOSIM = 0.398) and household (Bray-Curtis ANOSIM = 0.134) clustering. Roles of gender and age on diversity analyses are test- and site-specific, and, contrary to bacteria, the effect of household on fungal community composition dissimilarity between samples is insignificant. Site-specific, cross-domain positive and negative correlations at both community and operational taxonomic unit levels may uncover potential relationships between fungi and bacteria on skin. CONCLUSIONS The studied Chinese population presents similar major fungal skin colonizers that are also common in western populations, but local outdoor environments and lifestyles may also contribute to mycobiomes of specific cohorts. Cohabitation plays an insignificant role in shaping mycobiome differences between individuals in this cohort. Increased understanding of fungal communities of non-western cohorts will contribute to understanding the size of the global skin pan-mycobiome, which will ultimately help understand relationships between environmental exposures, microbial populations, and the health of global humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H. Y. Leung
- B5423-AC1, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Patrick K. H. Lee
- B5423-AC1, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Honnavar P, Chakrabarti A, Prasad GS, Singh P, Dogra S, Rudramurthy SM. β-Endorphin enhances the phospholipase activity of the dandruff causing fungi Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta. Med Mycol 2016; 55:150-154. [PMID: 27497434 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Endorphin is known to stimulate phospholipase production by Malassezia pachydermatis during canine dermatoses. The role of β-endorphin in Malassezia infection in humans is not well studied. The present study compares the influence of β-endorphin on Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta isolated from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis/dandruff (SD/D) and healthy controls. Malassezia isolates (five each of the two species from patients and healthy controls) were grown on modified Dixon's agar with or without 100 nmol/L β-endorphin. Phospholipase activity was quantified based on its ability to hydrolyze L-α-phosphatidylcholine dimyristoyl (phospholipid substrate). Free fatty acid was measured by a colorimetry method. In isolates from patients, the phospholipase activity significantly increased after exposure to β-endorphin (M. globosa, P = .04; M. restricta, P = .001), which did not occur in isolates from healthy controls. Moreover, after β-endorphin exposure the patient isolates had significantly higher (P = .0004) phospholipase activity compared to the healthy control isolates. The results suggest that isolates of M. globosa and M. restricta from patients may differ from those of healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Honnavar
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ghandam S Prasad
- Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprosy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Low DNA Sequence Diversity of the Intergenic Spacer 1 Region in the Human Skin Commensal Fungi Malassezia sympodialis and M. dermatis Isolated from Patients with Malassezia-Associated Skin Diseases and Healthy Subjects. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:839-842. [PMID: 27371104 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As DNA sequences of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region in the rRNA gene show remarkable intraspecies diversity compared with the small subunit, large subunit, and internal transcribed spacer region, the IGS region has been used as an epidemiological tool in studies on Malassezia globosa and M. restricta, which are responsible for the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) and seborrheic dermatitis (SD). However, the IGS regions of M. sympodialis and M. dermatis obtained from the skin of patients with AD and SD, as well as healthy subjects, lacked sequence diversity. Of the 105 M. sympodialis strains and the 40 M. dermatis strains, the sequences of 103 (98.1 %) and 39 (97.5 %), respectively, were identical. Thus, given the lack of intraspecies diversity in the IGS regions of M. sympodialis and M. dermatis, studies of the diversity of these species should be performed using appropriate genes and not the IGS.
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Kim SY, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Progress in Malassezia Research in Korea. Ann Dermatol 2015; 27:647-57. [PMID: 26719632 PMCID: PMC4695415 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2015.27.6.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts of the genus Malassezia are part of the normal flora of human skin. However, they are also associated with various skin diseases. Since the introduction of Malassezia to the Korean Dermatologic Society two decades ago, remarkable progress has been made in our knowledge of this genus. In this paper, we review recent developments in Malassezia research, including taxonomy and methods for species identification, recent genome analyses, Malassezia species distribution in healthy conditions and in specific skin diseases, trials investigating the mechanisms underlying Malassezia-related diseases, as well as therapeutic options. This review will enhance our understanding of Malassezia yeasts and related skin diseases in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tsakok T, Schulenburg H, Smith C, Till S, Flohr C. The Role of Yeast in Atopic Dermatitis Revisited: a Critical Appraisal. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-015-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Soares RC, Zani MB, Arruda ACBB, de Arruda LHF, Paulino LC. Malassezia intra-specific diversity and potentially new species in the skin microbiota from Brazilian healthy subjects and seborrheic dermatitis patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117921. [PMID: 25695430 PMCID: PMC4335070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are part of the resident cutaneous microbiota, and are also associated with skin diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis (SD). The role these fungi play in skin diseases and why they are pathogenic for only some individuals remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize Malassezia microbiota from different body sites in healthy and SD subjects from Brazil. Scalp and forehead samples from healthy, mild SD and severe SD subjects were collected. Non-scalp lesions from severe SD patients were also sampled. 5.8S rDNA/ITS2 amplicons from Malassezia sp. were analyzed by RFLP and sequencing. Results indicate that Malassezia microbiota did not group according to health condition or body area. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that three groups of sequences did not cluster together with any formally described species, suggesting that they might belong to potential new species. One of them was found in high proportions in scalp samples. A large variety of Malassezia subtypes were detected, indicating intra-specific diversity. Higher M. globosa proportions were found in non-scalp lesions from severe SD subjects compared with other areas, suggesting closer association of this species with SD lesions from areas other than scalp. Our results show the first panorama of Malassezia microbiota in Brazilian subjects using molecular techniques and provide new perspectives for further studies to elucidate the association between Malassezia microbiota and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Cardoso Soares
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bergamin Zani
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Campos Paulino
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Castellá G, Coutinho SDA, Cabañes FJ. Phylogenetic relationships of Malassezia species based on multilocus sequence analysis. Med Mycol 2014; 52:99-105. [PMID: 23902157 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.815372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Malassezia are lipophilic basidiomycetous yeasts, which are part of the normal cutaneous microbiota of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Currently, this genus consists of 14 species that have been characterized by phenetic and molecular methods. Although several molecular methods have been used to identify and/or differentiate Malassezia species, the sequencing of the rRNA genes and the chitin synthase-2 gene (CHS2) are the most widely employed. There is little information about the β-tubulin gene in the genus Malassezia, a gene has been used for the analysis of complex species groups. The aim of the present study was to sequence a fragment of the β-tubulin gene of Malassezia species and analyze their phylogenetic relationship using a multilocus sequence approach based on two rRNA genes (ITS including 5.8S rRNA and D1/D2 region of 26S rRNA) together with two protein encoding genes (CHS2 and β-tubulin). The phylogenetic study of the partial β-tubulin gene sequences indicated that this molecular marker can be used to assess diversity and identify new species. The multilocus sequence analysis of the four loci provides robust support to delineate species at the terminal nodes and could help to estimate divergence times for the origin and diversification of Malassezia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Genotype Analyses of Human Commensal Scalp Fungi, Malassezia globosa, and Malassezia restricta on the Scalps of Patients with Dandruff and Healthy Subjects. Mycopathologia 2014; 177:263-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jagielski T, Rup E, Ziółkowska A, Roeske K, Macura AB, Bielecki J. Distribution of Malassezia species on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and healthy volunteers assessed by conventional and molecular identification methods. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2014; 14:3. [PMID: 24602368 PMCID: PMC3975586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-14-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background The Malassezia yeasts which belong to the physiological microflora of human skin have also been implicated in several dermatological disorders, including pityriasis versicolor (PV), atopic dermatitis (AD), and psoriasis (PS). The Malassezia genus has repeatedly been revised and it now accommodates 14 species, all but one being lipid-dependent species. The traditional, phenotype-based identification schemes of Malassezia species are fraught with interpretative ambiguities and inconsistencies, and are thus increasingly being supplemented or replaced by DNA typing methods. The aim of this study was to explore the species composition of Malassezia microflora on the skin of healthy volunteers and patients with AD and PS. Methods Species characterization was performed by conventional, culture-based methods and subsequently molecular techniques: PCR-RFLP and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1/2 regions and the D1/D2 domains of the 26S rRNA gene. The Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results Malassezia sympodialis was the predominant species, having been cultured from 29 (82.9%) skin samples collected from 17 out of 18 subjects under the study. Whereas AD patients yielded exclusively M. sympodialis isolates, M. furfur isolates were observed only in PS patients. The isolation of M. sympodialis was statistically more frequent among AD patients and healthy volunteers than among PS patients (P < 0.03). Whether this mirrors any predilection of particular Malassezia species for certain clinical conditions needs to be further evaluated. The overall concordance between phenotypic and molecular methods was quite high (65%), with the discordant results being rather due to the presence of multiple species in a single culture (co-colonization) than true misidentification. All Malassezia isolates were susceptible to cyclopiroxolamine and azole drugs, with M. furfur isolates being somewhat more drug tolerant than other Malassezia species. Conclusions This study provides an important insight into the species composition of Malassezia microbiota in human skin. The predominance of M. sympodialis in both normal and pathologic skin, contrasts with other European countries, reporting M. globosa and M. restricta as the most frequently isolated Malassezia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Gaitanis G, Velegraki A, Mayser P, Bassukas ID. Skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:455-463. [PMID: 23806162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The implication of the yeast genus Malassezia in skin diseases has been characterized by controversy, since the first description of the fungal nature of pityriasis versicolor in 1846 by Eichstedt. This is underscored by the existence of Malassezia yeasts as commensal but also by their implication in diseases with distinct absence of inflammation despite the heavy fungal load (pityriasis versicolor) or with characteristic inflammation (eg, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, folliculitis, or psoriasis). The description of 14 Malassezia species and subsequent worldwide epidemiologic studies did not reveal pathogenic species but rather disease-associated subtypes within species. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the interaction of Malassezia yeasts with the skin is multifaceted and entails constituents of the fungal wall (melanin, lipid cover), enzymes (lipases, phospholipases), and metabolic products (indoles), as well as the cellular components of the epidermis (keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and melanocytes). Understanding the complexity of their interactions will highlight the controversies on the clinical presentation of Malassezia-associated diseases and unravel the complexity of skin homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens Greece
| | - Peter Mayser
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ioannis D Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
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Sugita T, Saito M, Ito T, Kato Y, Tsuboi R, Takeuchi S, Nishikawa A. The Basidiomycetous YeastsCryptococcus diffluensandC. liquefaciensColonize the Skin of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 47:945-50. [PMID: 14695444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research showed that lipophilic yeasts, Malassezia species, colonize the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) at a high frequency. In this study, we found that two basidiomycetous yeasts, Cryptococcus diffluens and C. liquefaciens, colonize the skin significantly more frequently in AD patients than in healthy subjects. Transparent dressings were applied to the skin of 36 AD patients and 30 healthy subjects and then transferred onto Sabouraud dextrose agar. Colonies recovered from the medium were identified by DNA sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions and the D1/D2 26S rRNA gene. C. diffluens and C. liquefaciens were isolated from 42% (15/36) and 33% (12/36) of AD patients and from 20% (6/30) and 20% (6/30) of healthy subjects, respectively. In addition, fungal DNA was extracted directly from the dressings and amplified in a specific nested PCR assay. C. diffluens and C. liquefaciens DNA were detected in dressings from 97% (35/36) and 86% (31/36) of the AD patients and 47% (14/30) and 37% (11/30) of the healthy subjects, respectively. These findings show that Malassezia spp. are not the only yeasts that colonize the skin of AD patients; Cryptococcus spp. also are present in a high proportion of patients. The role of these microorganisms in AD is as yet unknown, but the current findings, in combination with previous results, indicate that C. diffluens, C. liquefaciens, M. globosa, and M. restricta together colonize the skin surface of AD patients at a high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, Amaya M, Saito M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. A New Yeast,Malassezia yamatoensis, Isolated from a Patient with Seborrheic Dermatitis, and Its Distribution in Patients and Healthy Subjects. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:579-83. [PMID: 15322337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, new Malassezia species have been found regularly in Japanese subjects. We isolated another new Malassezia species from a Japanese patient with seborrheic dermatitis (SD), and named it M. yamatoensis. In its physiological characteristics and the utilization of Tween by M. yamatoensis is similar to that of M. furfur and M. dermatis. It is distinguished by its growth temperature. To examine the distribution of the microorganism in the skin of patients with SD and atopic dermatitis (AD), and healthy subjects, we applied transparent dressings to the skin, and detected M. yamatoensis DNA using a non-culture-based method that consisted of nested PCR with specific primers. M. yamatoensis DNA was detected from 3 of 31 SD patients (9.7%), 5 of 36 AD patients (13.9%), and 1 of 22 healthy subjects (4.6%). Therefore, M. yamatoensis is a rare member of the cutaneous microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Genotype Analysis ofMalassezia restrictaas the Major Cutaneous Flora in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:755-9. [PMID: 15502408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic yeasts of the genus Malassezia colonize the skin surface of humans and are an exacerbating factor in atopic dermatitis (AD). Two species, M. restricta and M. globosa are major cutaneous microflora in both AD patients and healthy subjects. We compared the DNA sequences of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region, located between the 26S and 5S rRNA genes of M. restricta colonizing the skin surfaces of 13 AD patients and 12 healthy subjects, and of three CBS stock strains as references. The IGS 1 sequences were divided into two major groups, corresponding to AD patients and healthy subjects. These findings suggest that a specific genotype of M. restricta plays a significant role in AD, although M. restricta commonly colonizes both AD patients and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sugita T, Shiraki Y, Hiruma M. Genotype Analysis of the Variable Internal Repeat Region in the rRNA Gene ofTrichophyton tonsuransIsolated from Japanese Judo Practitioners. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:57-60. [PMID: 16428874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tinea capitis due to Trichophyton tonsurans is currently epidemic among Japanese Judo practitioners. T. tonsurans has seven genotypes in a variable internal repeat (VIR) region of the rRNA gene. All 101 isolates obtained from Japanese Judo practitioners had the identical genotype. This suggests that a specific genotype strain occurs throughout Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Distribution of Malassezia Species in Patients with Pityriasis versicolor Compared with Healthy Individuals in Yazd, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Epidemiological characteristics of Malassezia folliculitis and use of the May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain to diagnose the infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:450-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is one of the most common infectious skin diseases, as well as the most common dermatosis associated with pigmentation alterations of the skin. PV is prevalent in 1% of the population living in temperate climate zones and more common during the summer. In tropical areas, PV is found in up to 50% of all patients consulting a dermatologist. Of the known Malassezia species, M. globosa is currently felt to play a key role in the pathogenesis of PV, as it is most commonly found in PV lesions. In addition, its round-shaped cells may contribute to the characteristic histology of the disease ("spaghetti and meatballs"). However, the clinical appearance of PV including hyper- and hypopigmentation, fluorescence of the lesions, as well as a lack of inflammation despite high fungal load cannot fully be explained by the presence of M. globosa, which is also found on healthy skin. In M. furfur a tryptophan-dependent metabolic pathway generates a number of indole pigments, which may be associated with the clinical appearance of PV. In the model organism Ustilago maydis it was shown that the formation of the indole compounds occurs spontaneously after initial conversion of tryptophan into indole pyruvate controlled by the key enzyme aminotransferase Tam 1. We review the present knowledge of PV and highlight the potential role of Tam1 in explaining the poorly understood aspects of the disease. Promising therapeutic results using the application of Tam1 inhibitors to treat PV support the enzyme's important role in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Mayser
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie - Standort Gießen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Gaffkystr. 14, 35385, Gießen, Deutschland.
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Kim JY, Hahn HJ, Choe YB, Lee YW, Ahn KJ, Moon KC. Molecular biological identification of malassezia yeasts using pyrosequencing. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:73-9. [PMID: 23467187 PMCID: PMC3582932 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A Pyrosequencing assay has been used in identification of fungal species such as Candida or Aspergillus and diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori but there has been no report on successful isolation and identification of Malassezia yeasts using the pyrosequencing method. Objective Examine the applicability and plausibility of the pyrosequencing method in identification of the Malassezia species. Methods At internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sites 1 and 2, three primers were developed using Pyrosequencing Assay Design Software (Biotage AB). Pyrosequencing was performed on 11 standard strains and 83 genomic DNA samples obtained from 66 healthy controls aged from 1 to 80. Results The eleven Malassezia standard species and 83 genomic DNA samples were successfully identified using the pyrosequencing assay. Conclusion The pyrosequencing method is a new tool for analysis of Malassezia yeasts, and its precision and rapidity suggests its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Han SH, Chung TH, Nam EH, Park SH, Hwang CY. Molecular analysis of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine skin and ear in Korea. Med Mycol 2012; 51:396-404. [PMID: 23167706 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.740575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated Malassezia species and genotypes colonizing dogs, comparing those recovered from the ear canal with those from other anatomical body sites, as well as from diseased and healthy skin. The Malassezia isolates were obtained from four types of skin samples, i.e., diseased ear, diseased skin, healthy ear, and healthy skin. Sequences of the 26S ribosomal DNA region, the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS-1) and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) DNA region were analyzed. These confirmed the presence of Malassezia pachydermatis, which could be separated into three main sequence genotype groups (A, B, C). Genotype A was the most common, only two genotype B isolates were recovered from diseased skin lesion and genotype C was more likely to be isolated from ear samples than from other healthy or diseased-skin sites. The present findings provide the basis for further studies of genotypic diversity in M. pachydermatis, as well as their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Zhang E, Tajima M, Tsuboi R, Sugita T. Sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer region of the rRNA gene of Cryptococcus albidus isolated from the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy individuals. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 57:74-6. [PMID: 23140516 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The yeast species Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus was found to more often colonize the skin surface of patients with atopic dermatitis (77.0%, 47/61) than that of healthy subjects (37.5%, 15/40). The intergenic spacer 1 region of the rRNA gene of this species consists of four sequence types: I, II, III and IV. Types I and II were predominant among healthy subjects and atopic dermatitis patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Park HJ, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Skin Characteristics in Patients with Pityriasis Versicolor Using Non-Invasive Method, MPA5. Ann Dermatol 2012. [PMID: 23197911 PMCID: PMC3505776 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.4.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin pigmentary changes of pityriasis versicolor may occur as either hyperpigmented or hypopigmented lesions, depending on the outcome of interactions between Malassezia yeasts and the skin, such as lipoperoxidation process, stimulus of inflammatory cell to melanocytes, and increased thickness of keratin layer. Objective To investigate skin characteristic factors that enhance the susceptibility to Malassezia yeasts and provoke different color changes of pityriasis versicolor patients. Methods To clarify these factors, we investigated the skin characteristics of pityriasis versicolor patients, using a non-invasive method known as MPA 5® (Courage and Khazaka, Germany). A total of 90 normal healthy subjects and 30 pityriasis versicolor patients were included in this study. Results Both hyperpigmented and hypopigmented pityriasis versicolor skin lesions showed higher humidity, increased sebum excretion rate and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values than normal healthy subjects. But no significant difference of specific Malassezia yeasts species between hyperpigmented and hypopigmented skin lesions was evident. Conclusion These results indicate that higher humidity and increased sebum level provide a better growing environment of Malassezia yeasts in the skin, leading to the assumption that interaction between Malassezia yeasts and skin barrier materials makes disruption of skin barrier causing increased TEWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Vlachos C, Gaitanis G, Alexopoulos EC, Papadopoulou C, Bassukas ID. Phospholipase activity after β-endorphin exposure discriminates Malassezia strains isolated from healthy and seborrhoeic dermatitis skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:1575-8. [PMID: 22757641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase activity and its induction by β-endorphin have been associated with pathogenic Malassezia pachydermatis animal isolates. OBJECTIVE To evaluate Malassezia phosholipase activity in human isolates from seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) and healthy controls before and after β-endorphin exposure. METHODS Eighty-four volunteers with or without SD (N = 41) were sampled. Isolated Malassezia strains were incubated in Dixon's medium with and without 100 nmol/L β-endorphin. Subsequently, phospholipase activity was assessed in egg-yolk agar and the results were compared employing Wilcoxon sign test for paired data, chi-squared test and multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 64 Malassezia strains were isolated. SD strains tended to have decreased phospholipase activity before (P = 0.057) and increased after exposure to β-endorphin (P = 0.061) compared to isolates from healthy skin. Phospholipase activity after β-endorphin exposure related to basal enzyme activity as a measure of per strain phospholipase inducibility by β-endorphin did not depend on Malassezia species (P = 0.652). However, this latter biochemical trait discriminates strains isolated from SD lesional and healthy skin (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION β-endorphin exposure modifies the in vitro phosholipase activity in Malassezia species isolated from SD lesional skin. This is in accordance with emerging evidence that enhanced local lipase activity is involved in the pathogenesis of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Vlachos
- Departments ofSkin and Venereal DiseasesMicrobiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
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Nagata R, Nagano H, Ogishima D, Nakamura Y, Hiruma M, Sugita T. Transmission of the major skin microbiota, Malassezia, from mother to neonate. Pediatr Int 2012; 54:350-5. [PMID: 22300401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2012.03563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin surface colonization starts after birth. It is thought that early microbial colonization affects the development of skin immune functions. Although Malassezia is the predominant fungus in the skin microbiota in healthy individuals, the microorganism is associated with atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. In the present study, transmission of skin microbiota from mothers to their neonates was elucidated using the Malassezia microbiota as an indicator. METHODS Temporal changes in the level of Malassezia colonization of the skin from 27 neonates and mothers were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The genotypes of Malassezia colonizing the neonate and mother were also determined. RESULTS Malassezia was detected from 89% and 100% of neonate samples on days 0 and 1 after birth, respectively. Subsequently, the level of Malassezia colonization of the neonates increased with time, whereas that of the mothers did not change. The Malassezia diversity of neonates shifted to the adult type by day 30. The genotype of Malassezia colonizing the skin of neonates agreed well with that of Malassezia colonizing the skin of the mothers. CONCLUSION Fungal microbiota colonization of neonates began on day 0, and the fungal microbiota of neonates had changed to the adult type by day 30. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a molecular analysis of the fungal microbiota of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
In the last 15 years, the genus Malassezia has been a topic of intense basic research on taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, immunology, and metabolomics. Currently, the genus encompasses 14 species. The 1996 revision of the genus resulted in seven accepted taxa: M. furfur, M. pachydermatis, M. sympodialis, M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta, and M. slooffiae. In the last decade, seven new taxa isolated from healthy and lesional human and animal skin have been accepted: M. dermatis, M. japonica, M. yamatoensis, M. nana, M. caprae, M. equina, and M. cuniculi. However, forthcoming multidisciplinary research is expected to show the etiopathological relationships between these new species and skin diseases. Hitherto, basic and clinical research has established etiological links between Malassezia yeasts, pityriasis versicolor, and sepsis of neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Their role in aggravating seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, folliculitis, and onychomycosis, though often supported by histopathological evidence and favorable antifungal therapeutic outcomes, remains under investigation. A close association between skin and Malassezia IgE binding allergens in atopic eczema has been shown, while laboratory data support a role in psoriasis exacerbations. Finally, metabolomic research resulted in the proposal of a hypothesis on the contribution of Malassezia-synthesized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands to basal cell carcinoma through UV radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Zhang E, Sugita T, Tsuboi R, Yamazaki T, Makimura K. The opportunistic yeast pathogen Trichosporon asahii colonizes the skin of healthy individuals: analysis of 380 healthy individuals by age and gender using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:483-8. [PMID: 21707737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Deep-seated trichosporonosis is an opportunistic fungal infection with a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. The major causative agent is Trichosporon asahii; its route of infection is not clear. To elucidate whether this microorganism is part of the cutaneous microbiota, we examined skin samples from 380 healthy Japanese ranging in age from 0 to 82 years using a nested PCR assay. The colonization frequency of T. asahii increased with age up to 13-15 years in male and 30-39 years in female subjects, subsequently decreasing gradually in both sexes until senescence. Of the nine genotypes of the intergenic spacer region of the T. asahii rRNA gene, type 1 predominated (81.7%), followed by types 4 (6.7%) and 6 (5.5%). The distribution of identified genotypes was similar to that for T. asahii isolated from clinical specimens (blood and urine) of patients with deep-seated trichosporonosis and quite different from that of environmental isolates. Additionally, T. asahii DNA was detected stably from skin samples over 1 year. The opportunistic yeast pathogen T. asahii is part of the cutaneous fungal microbiota in humans. Cutaneous T. asahii may be one of the routes through which deep-seated trichosporonosis is acquired, whereas environmental T. asahii is not associated with this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo
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Sugita T, Takashima M. Recent trend of taxonomy and identification in pathogenic yeasts. Med Mycol J 2011; 52:107-15. [PMID: 21788722 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.52.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
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Lee YW, Byun HJ, Kim BJ, Kim DH, Lim YY, Lee JW, Kim MN, Kim D, Chun YJ, Mun SK, Kim CW, Kim SE, Hwang JS. Distribution of malassezia species on the scalp in korean seborrheic dermatitis patients. Ann Dermatol 2011; 23:156-61. [PMID: 21747613 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2011.23.2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia species play an important role in the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. In particular, M. restricta and M. globosa are considered to be the predominant organisms in seborrheic dermatitis of Western countries. However, species distribution of Malassezia in seborrheic dermatitis has not been clearly determined yet in Asia. OBJECTIVE To identify the distribution of Malassezia species on the scalp of seborrheic dermatitis patients in Korea using 26S rDNA PCR-RFLP analysis. METHODS A total of 40 seborrheic dermatitis patients and 100 normal healthy volunteers were included in this study. For the identification of Malassezia species, the scalp scales of the subjects were analyzed by 26S rDNA PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS The most commonly identified Malassezia species were M. restricta in the seborrheic dermatitis patients, and M. globosa in the normal controls. In the seborrheic dermatitis group, M. restricta was identified in 47.5%, M. globosa in 27.5%, M. furfur in 7.5%, and M. sympodialis in 2.5% of patients. In the healthy control group, M. globosa was identified in 32.0%, M. restricta in 25.0%, M. furfur in 8.0%, M. obtusa in 6.0%, M. slooffiae in 6.0%, and M. sympodialis in 4.0% of subjects. CONCLUSION M. restricta is considered to be the most important Malassezia species in Korean seborrheic dermatitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kobayashi T, Kano R, Nagata M, Hasegawa A, Kamata H. Genotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from canine healthy skin and atopic dermatitis by internal spacer 1 (IGS1) region analysis. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22:401-5. [PMID: 21401740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis from healthy dog skin and from dogs with atopic dermatitis were molecularly characterized using internal spacer 1 (IGS1) region analyses, and their phospholipase A2 activity and pH growth profiles were then characterized in vitro. The percentage of isolates from healthy dogs that had the following IGS1 subtypes (isotype, %) were as follows: 1A, 6%; 1B, 27%; 1C, 11%; 2A, 6%; 2B, 6%; 3A, 11%; 3C, 3%; and 3D, 24%. In contrast, 9% of isolates from dogs with atopic dermatitis were isotype IB and 91% were isotype 3D, indicating that isolates of subtype 3D were the most prevalent in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Production of phospholipase A2 was statistically higher in isolates of subtype 3D than in the other subtypes. The subtype 3D isolates showed enhanced growth on alkaline medium compared with non-3D subtype isolates. The main clinical sign of canine Malassezia dermatitis is waxy exudates on the skin, which predispose the patient to development of a yeast overgrowth of the subtype 3D. Increased phospholipase A2 production may be involved in the inflammatory process associated with Malassezia dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Variability in the IGS1 region of Rhodocollybia laulaha: is it allelic, genomic, or artificial? Fungal Biol 2011; 115:310-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cafarchia C, Gasser RB, Figueredo LA, Latrofa MS, Otranto D. Advances in the identification of Malassezia. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 25:1-7. [PMID: 21193026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Malassezia are lypophilic and/or lipid-dependent, unipolar budding yeasts that can become pathogenic under the influence of particular predisposing factors (e.g., changes in the cutaneous microenvironment and/or alterations in host defences). This genus comprises at least 14 species, which have been identified traditionally based on their morphology and biochemical features. However, phenetic characteristics often do not allow the identification or delineation of closely related Malassezia spp., such that molecular tools need to be used to assist in fundamental studies of the epidemiology and ecology of Malassezia as well as aspects of the pathogenesis and disease caused by members of this genus. This article briefly reviews the morphological and biochemical methods commonly used for the identification of Malassezia as well as DNA technological methods that have been established for the specific identification of members of this genus and the diagnosis of their infections. New avenues for the development of improved molecular-diagnostic methods to overcome diagnostic limitations and to underpin fundamental investigations of this interesting group of yeasts are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Mekha N, Sugita T, Makimura K, Poonwan N, Sawanpanyalert P, Ikeda R, Nishikawa A. The intergenic spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene of Penicillium marneffei shows almost no DNA sequence diversity. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:714-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang H, Zhang R, Ran Y, Dai Y, Lu Y, Wang P. Genetic polymorphism of Malassezia furfur isolates from Han and Tibetan ethnic groups in China using DNA fingerprinting. Med Mycol 2010; 48:1034-8. [PMID: 20507265 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.490568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported isolation rates of Malassezia yeast from human skin show geographic variations. In China, the populations of the Han (1,182.95 million) and Tibetan (5.41 million) ethnic groups are distributed over 9.6 and 3.27 million square kilometers respectively, making biodiversity research feasible and convenient. Malassezia furfur clinical strains (n = 29) isolated from different individuals, with or without associated dermatoses, of these two ethnic groups (15 Han and 12 Tibetan) were identified and analyzed with DNA fingerprinting using single primers specific to minisatellites. Using the Bionumerics software, we found that almost all M. furfur clinical isolates and type strains formed five distinct group clusters according to their associated skin diseases and the ethnic groups of the patients. These findings are the first to focus on the genetic diversity and relatedness of M. furfur in the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups in China and reveal genetic variation associated with related diseases, host ethnicity and geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Dermatovenerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Bellis FD, Castellá G, Cabañes FJ, Bond R. Absence of DNA sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer 1 region inMalassezia nanaisolates from cats. Med Mycol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780903170894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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