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Sexually Transmitted Infections among Street, Hotel, and Residence-Based Female Sex Workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Prevalence from Three HIV/STI Drop-in-Centers. SEXES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes2010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Considering a growing number of female sex workers (FSWs) in Bangladesh, there remains a greater need to reduce sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates, as lower social and cultural status cause FSWs to have less access to education, employment opportunities, and health care, including opportunities for HIV tests, counseling, and medical care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 546 street, hotel, and residence-based FSWs. This current study aimed to identify the prevalence and to ascertain the associated risk factors among the FSW populations in Dhaka. Results: We found a majority of the participants were in the working age of more than 26 years for the FSW profession, with a mean age of 28 years. While the majority were unemployed (42.5%), alcohol abuse (p = 0.01) and drug dependency (p = 0.01) had an association, and inconsistency of condom use had a higher risk factor (AOR = 3.54) for a new STI case. Conclusions: FSW-oriented service platform should be integrated with health literacy interventions in urban and rural locations in Bangladesh. Understanding the differences in risk patterns and tailoring intervention will increase contraception use and lower STI cases and improve overall FSW quality of life.
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Lee AC, Mullany LC, Quaiyum M, Mitra DK, Labrique A, Christian P, Ahmed P, Uddin J, Rafiqullah I, DasGupta S, Rahman M, Koumans EH, Ahmed S, Saha SK, Baqui AH. Effect of population-based antenatal screening and treatment of genitourinary tract infections on birth outcomes in Sylhet, Bangladesh (MIST): a cluster-randomised clinical trial. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7:e148-e159. [PMID: 30554751 PMCID: PMC6293967 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third of preterm births are attributed to pregnancy infections. We implemented a community-based intervention to screen and treat maternal genitourinary tract infections, with the aim of reducing the incidence of preterm birth. METHODS We did an unblinded cluster-randomised controlled trial in two subdistricts of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Clusters were defined as the contiguous area served by a single community health worker, and each cluster comprised several contiguous villages, contained roughly 4000 people, and had about 120 births per year. Eligible participants within clusters were all ever-married women and girls of reproductive age (ie, aged 15-49 years) who became pregnant during the study period. Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1) to the intervention or control groups via a restricted randomisation procedure. In both groups, community health workers made home visits to identify pregnant women and girls and provide antenatal and postnatal care. Between 13 and 19 weeks' gestation, participants in the intervention group received home-based screening for abnormal vaginal flora and urinary tract infections. A random 10% of the control group also received the intervention to examine the similarity of infection prevalence between groups. If present, abnormal vaginal flora (ie, Nugent score ≥4 was treated with oral clindamycin (300 mg twice daily for 5 days) and urinary tract infections with cefixime (400 mg once daily for 3 days) or oral nitrofurantoin (100 mg twice daily for 7 days). Both infections were retreated if persistent. The primary outcome was the incidence of preterm livebirths before 37 weeks' gestation among all livebirths. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01572532. The trial is closed to new participants, with follow-up completed. FINDINGS Between Jan 2, 2012, and July 28, 2015, 9712 pregnancies were enrolled (4840 in the intervention group, 4391 in the control group, and 481 in the control subsample). 3818 livebirths in the intervention group and 3557 livebirths in the control group were included in the primary analysis. In the intervention group, the prevalence of abnormal vaginal flora was 16·3% (95% CI 15·1-17·6) and that of urinary tract infection was 8·6% (7·7-9·5). The effective coverage of successful treatment in the intervention group was 58% in participants with abnormal vaginal flora (ie, abnormal vaginal flora resolved in 361 [58%] of the 622 participants who initially tested positive), and 71% in those with urinary tract infections (ie, resolution in 224 [71%] of the 317 participants who initially tested positive). Overall, the incidence of preterm livebirths before 37 weeks' gestation did not differ significantly between the intervention and control groups (21·8% vs 20·6%; relative risk 1·07 [95% CI 0·91-1·24]). INTERPRETATION A population-based antenatal screening and treatment programme for genitourinary tract infections did not reduce the incidence of preterm birth in Bangladesh. FUNDING Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and Saving Lives at Birth Grand Challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cc Lee
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke C Mullany
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Quaiyum
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Alain Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Parvez Ahmed
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iftekhar Rafiqullah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sushil DasGupta
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmoodur Rahman
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Naznin M, Salam MA, Hossain MZ, Alam MS. Current status of gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility with special reference to Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone: Report from a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34:1397-1401. [PMID: 30559792 PMCID: PMC6290201 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.346.16144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Successful treatment of gonorrhea has always been jeopardized by the emergence of resistance to antibiotics recommended as first-line therapies. The present investigation was carried out to demonstrate the current status of antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae with a special reference to azithromycin and ceftriaxone. Methods: Microscopical detection in Gram-stained smear and isolation by culture in Thayer-Martin medium were done for 60 clinically suspected gonorrhea patients using urethral discharge or prostatic secretion for male and endocervical secretion for female. Isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method against eight antimicrobial drugs including azithromycin and ceftriaxone. Results: Culture yielded a total of 25(42%) isolates of N. gonorrhoeae from 60 clinically suspected patients of both sexes; 21 from male (17 from urethral discharge and 04 from prostatic secretion) and 04 from female (endocervical secretion). Isolates of N. gonorrhoeae showed moderate to high resistance (60 to 88%) to penicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and cefixime. While resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone was 60% and 48% respectively, which was also moderate. Conclusion: Our findings indicate moderate to the high resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to conventional antibiotics. It also showed moderate resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone, current dual therapy recommended by the WHO for the treatment of genital gonorrhea, which is alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Naznin
- Mahmuda Naznin, MPhil. Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdus Salam
- Md. Abdus Salam, PhD, FRCP. Professor of Microbiology, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zahid Hossain
- Md. Zahid Hossain, MBBS. Lecturer, Department of Virology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shah Alam
- Md. Shah Alam, MPhil. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh
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Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among Street-Based and Residence-Based Female Sex Workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44:21-28. [PMID: 27898572 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) in Bangladesh remain at elevated risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) although the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among them is low. Recent information on the burden and etiological diagnosis of STIs among them has been lacking. This study examines prevalence and risk behaviors of selected STIs among FSWs in Dhaka in 2014. METHODS Between August and October 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted among street-based and residence-based FSWs receiving HIV prevention services at 24 drop in centers in Dhaka. Participants underwent behavioral interview, clinical examination, and laboratory testing for selected STIs using cervical swabs and blood. RESULTS The sample consisted of 371 streets and 329 residence FSWs. Prevalence of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and active syphilis were 5.1%, 4.6%, 1.3% in street FSWs and were 5.8%, 8.2%, and 0.6% for residence FSWs which are lower compared with the previously reported rates. The following factors were associated with having any STI: being ≤5 years in sex trade (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.9; P < 0.01), and having a cervical discharge (odds ratio, 2.6, 95% confidence interval, 1.5-4.6; P < 0.01). Resistance to cefixime and azithromycin was observed for 1 and 3 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite receiving HIV/STI prevention services, bacterial STIs remain prevalent among FSWs suggesting the need for more effective management of STIs. The guidelines for management of STIs need revision in view of the emerging resistance.
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Sarma H, Islam MA, Khan JR, Chowdhury KIA, Gazi R. Impact of teachers training on HIV/AIDS education program among secondary school students in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181627. [PMID: 28742103 PMCID: PMC5524404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2007, the Government of Bangladesh incorporated a chapter on HIV/AIDS into the national curriculum for an HIV-prevention program for school students. For the efficient dissemination of knowledge, an intervention was designed to train the teachers and equip them to educate on the topic of HIV/AIDS. The present study intended to understand the impact of this intervention by assessing the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to HIV/AIDS, among the targeted students. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted with the students at randomly selected schools from two adjacent districts. Considering exposure to intervention, one district was assigned for intervention and the other as a control. In total, 1,381 students, aged 13-18 years (or above) were interviewed, 675 from the control areas and 706 from the intervention areas. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed on the collected data. RESULTS A significantly higher proportion (p<0.001) of students in the intervention areas attended HIV/AIDS classes, demonstrated better knowledge and fewer misconceptions regarding the transmission and prevention of HIV. The same was derived regarding their attitude towards people living with HIV, as a higher proportion (p<0.001) responded positively, compared to the control groups of the study. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that students in intervention area were more likely to have good knowledge on HIV transmission (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.74-4.22) and prevention (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.41-3.26) compared to the students in the control areas. CONCLUSIONS The training programme needs to be scaled up, since it is likely to have an impact among students; we have witnessed that the interventions particularly helped increase HIV/AIDS knowledge among students and positively change the students' attitudes towards HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haribondhu Sarma
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ashraful Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahidur Rahman Khan
- Center for Bioinformatics Learning Advancement and Systematics Training (cBLAST), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamal Ibne Amin Chowdhury
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rukhsana Gazi
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Wahed T, Alam A, Sultana S, Alam N, Somrongthong R. Sexual and reproductive health behaviors of female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174540. [PMID: 28369093 PMCID: PMC5378344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to document sexual and reproductive health (SRH) practices among female sex workers (FSWs) including abortion, pregnancy, use of maternal healthcare services and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) with the aim of developing recommendations for action. METHODS A total of 731 FSWs aged between 15 and 49 years were surveyed using a stratified sampling in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A workshop with 23 participants consisted of policy makers, researchers, program implementers was conducted to formulate recommendations. RESULTS About 61.3% of 731 FSWs reported SRH-related experiences in the past one year, including abortion (15.5%), ongoing pregnancy (9.0%), childbirth (8.3%) or any symptoms of STIs (41.6%). Among FSWs who had an abortion (n = 113), the most common methods included menstrual regulation through manual vacuum aspiration (47.8%), followed by Dilation and Curettage procedure (31%) and oral medicine from pharmacies (35.4%). About 57.5% of 113 cases reported post abortion complications. Among FSWs with delivery in the past year (n = 61), 27.7% attended the recommended four or more antenatal care visits and more than half did not have any postnatal visit. Adopting sustainable and effective strategies to provide accessible and adequate SRH services for FSWs was prioritized by workshop participants. CONCLUSION There was substantial unmet need for SRH care among FSWs in urban areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Therefore, it is important to integrate SRH services for FSWs in the formal healthcare system or integration of abortion and maternal healthcare services within existing HIV prevention services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Wahed
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research to policy Limited, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anadil Alam
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salima Sultana
- HIV/AIDS Sector, Save the Children, Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmul Alam
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ratana Somrongthong
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Simultaneous detection and identification of STI pathogens by multiplex Real-Time PCR in genital tract specimens in a selected area of Apulia, a region of Southern Italy. Infection 2017; 45:469-477. [PMID: 28260146 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genital tract infections are globally a major cause of morbidity in sexually active individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associations of co-infections of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and Ureaplasma parvum (UP) in specimens collected from female (SF) and male (SM) patients. METHODS 1575 samples from 1575 individuals from the geographical area around Bari, Apulia region in Southern Italy, were collected and analyzed by a multiplex Real-Time PCR (mRT-PCR) (AnyplexTM II STI-7, Seegene, Inc., Seoul, Korea) assay. RESULTS 455/1575 (28.89%) samples resulted positive for at least one of the targets named above. Statistically significant differences in prevalence of the pathogens between SF and SM were not detected except for UP (24.92% in SF vs 8.91% in SM). Prevalence of co-infections was 6.84 and 3.96% in SF and SM, respectively. Moreover, MH presence in SF, but not in SM, was associated with UU and UP. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest different patterns of infections between females and male and the importance of an increased vigilance of sexually transmitted pathogens to reduce the burden on general population and the sequelae or the complications on reproductive organs.
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Rana AKMM, Reza MM, Alam MS, Khatun M, Khan SI, Azim T. Effects of In-country and Cross-Border Mobility on Condom Use Among Transgender Women (hijras) in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. AIDS Behav 2016; 20:2165-2177. [PMID: 26837627 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In Bangladesh transgender women (hijras) are thought to be highly mobile that may be an impediment to condom use. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the extent of mobility of hijras, in-country and cross-border, and whether mobility affects condom use in anal intercourse. Hijras ≥15 years of age, receiving services from the Global Fund supported HIV prevention program were enrolled. A behavioral questionnaire was administered and blood was tested for antibodies to HIV and syphilis. Of 889 hijras sampled, 41.3 % never traveled, 26.4 % traveled in-country and 32.3 % crossed the border in the last year. HIV and active syphilis was at 0.8 and 1.8 % respectively. Among hijras who crossed the border condom use was less likely in last anal intercourse (AOR 0.68; 95 % CI 0.48-0.96), and consistently with new (AOR 0.59; 95 % CI 0.34-1.01) and regular clients (AOR 0.45; 95 % CI 0.27-0.76) in the last week. This study concludes that in Bangladesh hijras are highly mobile and cross-border mobility negatively affects condom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Masud Rana
- HIV and AIDS Program, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Sarani, Mohakahli, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Masud Reza
- HIV and AIDS Program, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Sarani, Mohakahli, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shah Alam
- HIV and AIDS Program, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Sarani, Mohakahli, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Khatun
- HIV and AIDS Program, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Sarani, Mohakahli, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sharful Islam Khan
- HIV and AIDS Program, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Sarani, Mohakahli, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Azim
- HIV and AIDS Program, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Sarani, Mohakahli, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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Medicine Sellers for Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Effect of a Quasi-Experimental Training Intervention in Bangladesh. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:570340. [PMID: 26491678 PMCID: PMC4600558 DOI: 10.1155/2015/570340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study used a quasi-experimental pre-post design to test whether short training can improve medicine sellers' (MSs) practices and skills for prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Bangladesh. The training included lectures, printed materials, and identification of referral sites. Difference-in-differences estimation was used to determine the effects of intervention on key primary and secondary outcomes. Advice given by the MSs in intervention group for partner treatment and condoms use increased significantly by 11% and 9%, respectively, after adjusting for baseline differences in education, religion, age, duration of training, and study site. Referral of clients to qualified service providers increased by 5% in the intervention group compared to the comparison group, but this change was not found to be statistically significant. Significantly higher proportion of MSs in the intervention group recognized the recommended medications as per the national syndromic management guidelines in Bangladesh for treatment of urethral discharge and genital ulcer symptoms. Short training intervention was found to be effective in improving MSs' practice of promoting condom use and partner treatment to the clients. We anticipate the need for broad based training programs of MSs to improve their skills for the prevention and control of STI/HIV in Bangladesh.
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Marlow HM, Shellenberg K, Yegon E. Abortion services for sex workers in Uganda: successful strategies in an urban clinic. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2014; 16:931-943. [PMID: 24945605 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2014.922218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex workers' need for safe abortion services in Uganda is greater than that of the population of women of reproductive age because of their number of sexual contacts, the inconsistent use of contraception and their increased risk of forced sex, rape or other forms of physical and sexual violence. We sought to understand sex workers' experiences with induced abortion services or post-abortion care (PAC) at an urban clinic in Uganda. We conducted nine in-depth interviews with sex workers. All in-depth interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, translated, computer recorded and coded for analysis. We identified several important programmatic considerations for safe abortion services for sex workers. Most important is creating community-level interventions in which women can speak openly about abortion, creating a support network among sex workers, training peer educators, and making available a community outreach educator and community outreach workshops on abortion. At the health facility, it is important for service providers to treat sex workers with care and respect, allow sex workers to be accompanied to the health facility and guarantee confidentiality. These programmatic elements help sex workers to access safe abortion services and should be tried with all women of reproductive age to improve women's access to safe abortion in Uganda.
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McCormick DF, Rahman M, Zadrozny S, Alam A, Ashraf L, Neilsen GA, Kelly R, Menezes P, Miller WC, Hoffman IF. Prevention and control of sexually transmissible infections among hotel-based female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sex Health 2014; 10:478-86. [PMID: 24262217 DOI: 10.1071/sh12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hotel-based sex workers in Bangladesh have high rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs), high client turnover and low condom use. Two monthly clinic-based strategies were compared: periodic presumptive treatment (PPT) and enhanced syndromic management (ESM) - one round of presumptive treatment followed by treatment based on assessment and laboratory tests. METHODS A randomised controlled trial compared PPT and ESM by prevalence and incidence, behaviour, retention, cost and STI incidence and prevalence. Demographic, behavioural and clinical data were collected from women at two clinics in Dhaka. All women received presumptive treatment and were randomised to receive PPT or ESM at nine monthly visits. RESULTS In total, 549 women (median age: <20 years) were enrolled. At baseline, the prevalence of chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) and gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) was 41% (ESM: 41%; PPT: 42%). After 9 months, chlamydia and gonorrhoea decreased to 7% overall, (ESM: 7.4%; PPT: 6.8%). At each visit, 98% of women receiving ESM met the therapy criteria and were treated. Retention was low (50%). Total costs were 50% lower per visit for each woman for PPT (ESM: $11.62 v. PPT: $5.80). The number of sex work sessions was reduced from 3.3 to 2.5 (P<0.001), but income did not change. Coercion was reduced but condom use at last sex did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS Monthly PPT and ESM were effective approaches for STI control. PPT offered a feasible, low-cost alternative to ESM. Educational aspects led to a reduction in coercion and fewer sessions. Implementation studies are needed to improve condom use and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan F McCormick
- University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
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Hoque SM, Hossain MA, Paul SK, Mahmud MC, Ahmed S, Mahmud NU, Khan ER, Sakib MAM, Ghosh S, Kobayashi N. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by immunological and genetic methods in female sex workers and the local female population of reproductive age in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Jpn J Infect Dis 2013; 66:256-9. [PMID: 23698492 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.66.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the accurate prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Mymensingh, a local area in central-northern Bangladesh, 40 female sex workers (FSW) and 110 sexually active women (SAW, non-FSW) of reproductive age from a local community with clinical symptoms were examined by an immunochromatography test (ICT) and plasmid-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during a 1-year period from July 2011 to June 2012 using the endocervical swab as a specimen. By ICT and/or PCR, the C. trachomatis detection rate was 58% and 27% in FSW and SAW, respectively, showing a significant difference (P < 0.01). Two C. trachomatis strains from FSW were determined to be serovar D by ompA-based PCR and sequencing analysis. The highest prevalence was found among women aged 15 to 35 years. A lower socioeconomic status was considered to be an important risk factor for C. trachomatis infection in FSW but not in SAW. This is the first study to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infections in FSW and SAW in the same local area in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syada Monira Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Symptoms of sexually transmitted infections and care-seeking behaviors of male clients of female sex workers in Bangladesh. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [PMID: 23191954 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e318273718e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Bangladesh, male clients (MCs) of female sex workers (FSWs) represent diverse occupational categories from different socioeconomic strata, and they are considered a bridging group to transmit sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to their spousal and nonspousal female partners. This study aimed to better understand sexual behaviors, STI symptoms, and care-seeking behaviors among MCs of FSWs in Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among MCs from November 2005 to July 2006 in 3 types of sex trade settings in Bangladesh. Of 1565 MCs included in this study, 531 were from brothels, 515 from hotels, and 519 from street-based settings. RESULTS Among the MCs, 32.2% reported having had STI symptoms within the last 1 year before the interview and 81.5% sought care for those symptoms. Among those who reported symptoms, 44.5% received treatment from pharmacies, 37.4% received treatment from qualified medical professionals, 8.6%, received treatment from nongovernment organization clinics, and 7.8% went to herbal providers. Male clients who had only 1 to 4 years of schooling were 2.4 times more likely to have STI symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-3.8) compared with the MCs having 10 or more years of schooling. The MCs who had sex with more than 3 nonmarital sexual partners in the last month were 2 times more likely to have STI symptoms (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.8). The MCs who used condoms consistently in their non-marital sexual contacts were significantly less likely (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3-0.6) to have STI symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Reported risk behaviors, STI symptoms and care-seeking behavior suggest that MCs are a potential risk group for transmission of HIV and STIs. The study findings underscore the need to target HIV/STI prevention intervention for MCs, which are predominantly geared toward FSWs.
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Haseen F, Chawdhury FAH, Hossain ME, Huq M, Bhuiyan MU, Imam H, Rahman DMM, Gazi R, Khan SI, Kelly R, Ahmed J, Rahman M. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviour among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:553-9. [PMID: 22930291 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2012.011373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers (YCHBFSWs) in nine randomly selected hotels in Bangladesh to examine sexual-risk behaviour, condom use and determinants of condom use in last sex, knowledge of HIV, sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and STI care-seeking behaviour. A prestructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical information; urine specimens (before sex) and blood were collected for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, syphilis and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) infection. One thousand and thirteen participants were enroled in the study. Approximately half of them reported visiting female sex workers (FSWs) at least once a month and 25% visited FSWs at least once a week. Only 12% of participants reported regular condom use. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, syphilis and HSV2 was 2.2%, 3.9%, 7.2%, 2.6% and 12.9%, respectively. Only 15.3% of the YCHBFSW sought STI care in the past year. Negotiation of condom use with FSWs was the main determinant (odds ratio = 17.95) for condom use at last sex. Male clients of FSWs, including YCHBFSW, are an important bridge population for HIV transmission in Bangladesh and HIV interventions should be designed and implemented for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Haseen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Sarafian I. Process assessment of a peer education programme for HIV prevention among sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh : A social support framework. Soc Sci Med 2012; 75:668-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gani MS, Chowdhury AMR, Nyström L. Urban-rural and socioeconomic variations in the knowledge of STIs and AIDS among Bangladeshi adolescents. Asia Pac J Public Health 2011; 26:182-95. [PMID: 21980146 DOI: 10.1177/1010539511425083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study used data from the Bangladesh Adolescents Survey 2005 to identify socioeconomic and urban-rural determinants of knowledge regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS transmission. A cluster sampling of 11 986 adolescents was conducted from April to August 2005. Data were analyzed using SPSS applying principle component analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis, and prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall knowledge of transmission of STIs was poor (4.5%), showing urban adolescents having twice the knowledge of rural adolescents (PR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.6-2.2). HIV/AIDS knowledge level was high (68%), with a 40% higher knowledge among urban adolescents (PR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3-1.4). Probability of knowledge of STIs and HIV/AIDS transmission was lowest in 12- to 14-year-old uneducated female household workers of the poorest socioeconomic status in rural settings (0.0002 and 0.064, respectively). The urban-rural factor was more important than the socioeconomic factor. Health promotion and education programs can play an important role in improving the sexual reproductive health knowledge situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Showkat Gani
- 1Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Facility, United Nations Development Programme, Rangamati, Bangladesh
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Factors associated with partner referral among patients with sexually transmitted infections in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med 2010; 71:1921-6. [PMID: 20943297 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the demographic, behavioural and psychosocial factors associated with partner referral for patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is important for designing appropriate intervention strategies. A survey was conducted among STI clients in three government and three non-governmental organization-operated clinics in Dhaka and Chittagong city in Bangladesh. Demographic and psychosocial information was collected using a questionnaire guided by the Attitude-Social Influence-Self Efficacy model. Partner referral data were collected by verification of referral cards when partners appeared at the clinics within one month of interviewing the STI clients. Of the 1339 clients interviewed, 81% accepted partner referral cards but only 32% actually referred their partners; 37% of these referrals were done by clients randomly assigned to a single counselling session vs. 27% by clients not assigned to a counselling session (p < 0.0001). Among psychosocial factors, partner referral intention was best predicted by attitudes and perceived social norms of the STI clients. Actual partner referral was significantly associated with intention to refer partner and attitudes of the index clients. Married clients were significantly more likely to refer their partners, and clients with low income were less likely to refer partners. Intervention programmes must address psychosocial and socio-economic issues to improve partner referral for STIs in Bangladesh.
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Alam N, Streatfield PK, Shahidullah M, Mitra D, Vermund SH, Kristensen S. Effect of single session counselling on partner referral for sexually transmitted infections management in Bangladesh. Sex Transm Infect 2010; 87:46-51. [PMID: 20656725 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2009.040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the role of single session counselling on partner referral among index cases diagnosed as having sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Bangladesh. METHODS A quasirandomised trial was conducted in 1339 index cases with symptomatic STIs in 3 public and 3 non-government organisation operated clinics. RESULTS Out of 1339 index cases, partner referral was achieved by 37% in the counselling group and 27% in the non-counselling group. Index cases in the counselling group and non-counselling group were similar in terms of condom use rates, STI symptoms and duration of disease. A quarter of the index cases reported having more than one sex partner in last 3 months, and 39% reported having commercial sex partners. Only 8% of the index cases reported using condoms during their last sex act. Partner referral rates were higher among index clients with higher age, higher income, those who attended NGO clinics, those who had only one partner and among those who had no commercial partners, but counselling had significantly positive impact in all of these subgroups. In multivariate analysis, the probability of partner referral was 1.3 times higher among index cases in the counselling group (prevalence ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) as compared to index cases in the non-counselling group. CONCLUSIONS Patient-oriented single session counselling was found to have a modest but significant effect in increasing partner referral for STIs in Bangladesh, greater emphasis should be placed on examining further development and dissemination of partner referral counselling in STI care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Huq M, Chawdhury FAH, Mitra DK, Islam MA, Salahuddin G, Das J, Rahman M. A pilot study on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among clients of brothel-based female sex workers in Jessore, Bangladesh. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21:300-1. [PMID: 20378907 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.008458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections among clients of female sex workers (FSWs) was studied. A total of 156 condoms were collected from clients of 13 sex workers during three consecutive days. Condoms used by clients of FSWs were collected and DNA was extracted from the seminal fluid and used for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis and T. vaginalis among clients of FSWs was 4.5% (7/156), 2.5% (4/156) and 7% (11/156), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huq
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Wang H, Wang N, Chen RY, Sharp GB, Ma Y, Wang G, Ding G, Wu Z. Prevalence and predictors of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among female sex workers in Yunnan Province, China. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:635-9. [PMID: 18725558 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and to evaluate the relationship between HSV-2 infection and sociodemographic factors and the sexual practices of female sex workers (FSWs) in Kaiyuan city, Yunnan Province, China. This cross-sectional study involved 737 FSWs and was carried out from March to May 2006 with confidential interviews and laboratory tests for HSV-2 and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). HSV-2 was the most common STI (68%), followed by Chlamydia trachomatis (26%), Trichomonas vaginalis (11%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (8%) and syphilis (7%). Prevalence of HIV-1 was 10.3%. Adjusted odds ratios of HSV-2 seroprevalence were 2.6 (95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.30-5.38) for HIV-1 infection, 2.0 (95% CI: 1.33-3.16) for vaginal douching, 2.0 (95% CI: 0.45-0.86) for condom breaking or falling off during sexual intercourse with the client in the previous week, 1.8 (95% CI: 1.07-3.18) for > or =5 years of commercial sex work, 1.6 (95% CI: 1.08-2.33) for > or =5 clients in the previous week, 0.6 (95% CI: 0.45-0.86) for > or =9 years of education. This study identifies a very high prevalence of HSV-2 infections among FSWs in Yunnan Province, with only a few who reported a prior history of genital herpes. HSV-2 serological screening and suppressive therapy should be considered for study populations. Education on the importance of diagnosis, treatment and prevention may help control the spread of HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
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Azim T, Khan SI, Haseen F, Huq NL, Henning L, Pervez MM, Chowdhury ME, Sarafian I. HIV and AIDS in Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2008; 26:311-324. [PMID: 18831227 PMCID: PMC2740703 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v26i3.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bangladesh initiated an early response to the HIV epidemic starting in the mid-1980s. Since then, the response has been enhanced considerably, and many HIV-prevention interventions among the most at-risk populations and the general youth are being undertaken. Alongside prevention activities, gathering of data has been a key activity fostered by both the Government and individual development partners. This paper reviews available sources of data, including routine surveillance (HIV and behavioural among most at-risk populations), general population surveys, and various research studies with the aim to understand the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Bangladesh. Available data show that the HIV epidemic is still at relatively low levels and is concentrated mainly among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dhaka city. In addition, when the passively-reported cases were analyzed, another population group that appears to be especially vulnerable is migrant workers who leave their families and travel abroad for work. However, all sources of data confirm that risk behaviours that make individuals vulnerable to HIV are high--this is apparent within most at-risk populations and the general population (adult males and youth males and females). Based on the current activities and the sources of data, modelling exercises of the future of the HIV epidemic in Dhaka suggest that, if interventions are not enhanced further, Bangladesh is likely to start with an IDU-driven epidemic, similar to other neighbouring countries, which will then move to other population groups, including sex workers, males who have sex with males, clients of sex workers, and ultimately their families. This review reiterates the often repeated message that if Bangladesh wants to be an example of how to avert an HIV epidemic, it needs to act now using evidence-based programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Azim
- Laboratory Sciences Division, ICDDR,B, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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Nessa K, Alam A, Chawdhury FAH, Huq M, Nahar S, Salauddin G, Khursheed S, Rahman S, Gurley E, Breiman RF, Rahman M. Field Evaluation of Simple Rapid Tests in the Diagnosis of Syphilis. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:316-20. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the sensitivity and specificity of rapid syphilis diagnostic tests (immunochromatographic strip [ICS] test and rapid test device [RTD]) performed by low-skilled paramedics in field clinics and by highly-skilled technologists in laboratories and compare them with the gold standard (rapid plasma reagin [RPR] and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination [TPHA]) tests for diagnosis of syphilis. A cross-sectional study was conducted among female sex workers (FSWs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from August 2004 to July 2005. Blood specimens were tested for syphilis using (i) ICS, (ii) RTD, (iii) RPR tests performed by low-skilled paramedics; and (i) ICS, (ii) RTD, (iii) RPR and (iv) TPHA tests by highly-skilled technologists. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICS and RTD test performed by low- and highly-skilled personnel were compared with the gold standard. A total of 684 FSWs were enrolled and the prevalence of syphilis among FSWs was 20.8% as determined by the gold standard. There was no significant difference in the performance of ICS test done by paramedics in the field when compared with the gold standard performed by highly-skilled technologists in the laboratory (sensitivity, 94.45%; specificity, 92.6%). The ICS test could fulfil the need for a non-invasive, rapid screening test for syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairun Nessa
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Anadil Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | | | - Mohsina Huq
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gazi Salauddin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Shayema Khursheed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Saifur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Emily Gurley
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Robert F Breiman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Motiur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
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Gul U, Kiliç A, Sakizligil B, Aksaray S, Bilgili S, Demirel O, Erinckan C. Magnitude of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Turkey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:1123-4. [PMID: 18194239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chen XS, Yin YP, Liang GJ, Gong XD, Li HS, Poumerol G, Thuy N, Shi MQ, Yu YH. Sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Yunnan, China. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:853-60. [PMID: 16375618 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2005.19.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional prevalence survey of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was conducted among female sex workers (FSWs) in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. A total of 505 FSWs participated in the survey. All eligible participants gave informed consent. Demographic, behavioral, and clinical information of the participants was gathered by direct structured interviews. Tampon swabs were collected to test for Chlamydia trachomatis, Nesseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis and serum specimens were collected to test for HIV antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening and Western blot confirmation, syphilis with rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and T. pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) confirmation, and for HSV-2 antibodies with the HerpeSelect 2 ELISA. The most prevalent bacterial STI was Chlamydia trachomatis (58.6%), followed by Trichomonas vaginalis (43.2%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (37.8%). Three hundred twenty-seven (65.1%) sex workers had serologic evidence of exposure to HSV-2 infection. Ten percent were positive for HIV infection, all injecting drug users (IDUs); and 9.5% had infection with syphilis. Comprehensive prevention and effective STI services for sex workers and their clients will be the key strategies to the control of STIs, including HIV. Policies and prevention strategies for STI/HIV need to focus on high-risk subpopulations, such as sex workers (particularly sex workers who inject drugs) and their clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Sheng Chen
- National Center for STD and Leprosy Control, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210-042, China.
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Hosain GMM, Chatterjee N. Beliefs, sexual behaviours and preventive practices with respect to HIV/AIDS among commercial sex workers in Daulatdia, Bangladesh. Public Health 2005; 119:371-81. [PMID: 15780324 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the rising prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) since 1994 in Bangladesh, the World Bank found the epidemic to be preventable provided vigorous and prompt action is taken. High-risk heterosexual contact, especially among commercial sex workers (CSWs), is a major mode of transmission. Formulation of relevant and effective prevention programmes for HIV/AIDS requires better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and practices in the high-risk groups. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey comprising face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire with items on knowledge, beliefs, condom use and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). SETTINGS In total, 300 CSWs were interviewed between July and October 2000 in Daulatdia brothel. Daulatdia is one of the largest river ports in Bangladesh. RESULTS Although most CSWs had heard of AIDS, correct knowledge of transmission and symptoms was lacking. HIV/AIDS was viewed as a remote threat, over-ridden by immediate economic and survival concerns. Although the majority of CSWs knew that condoms afforded protection against STDs/AIDS, only one-third of sex acts on the last day of work were protected through condom use. CSWs who were married, had been a CSW for less than 5 years, were with a new client, or had two or more clients in last working day reported significantly higher condom use. Client dissatisfaction was the major reason for not using condoms. Many did not obtain treatment for STDs in a timely fashion, if at all. CONCLUSIONS Bangladesh needs a comprehensive HIV programme that combines clinical and screening measures with behaviour change and communication interventions, along with change in social norms and attention to the rights of CSWs in order to avert a widespread epidemic.
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Nessa K, Waris SA, Alam A, Huq M, Nahar S, Chawdhury FAH, Monira S, Badal MU, Sultana J, Mahmud KF, Das J, Mitra DK, Sultan Z, Hossain N, Rahman M. Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Brothel-Based Sex Workers in Bangladesh: High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Infection. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32:13-9. [PMID: 15614116 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000148298.26228.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVE AND GOAL: The goal of this study was to study the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among brothel-based sex workers (SWs) in Bangladesh. STUDY A cross-sectional study was conducted among SWs in 4 randomly selected brothels. A sociodemographic and behavioral survey and pelvic examination was conducted. Specimens including endocervical swab, high vaginal swab, and blood were collected and were examined for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis candidiasis, and syphilis. RESULTS A total of 439 SWs were enrolled and 49.6% had genital symptoms. Among all SWs, 17.5% were positive for N. gonorrhoeae; 15.5% for C. trachomatis; 7.5% for T. vaginalis, and 6.6% had active syphilis. A total of 67.4% SWs were positive for at least 1 cervical and/or vaginal infection. CONCLUSION The prevalence of STIs/RTIs among SWs in brothels in Bangladesh is high. An intervention strategy addressing both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections and periodic screening of SWs for RTIs/STIs is essential for successful HIV and STIs prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairun Nessa
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
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