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Hu J, Zeng Z, Chen X, Zhang M, Hu Z, Gu M, Wang X, Gao R, Hu S, Chen Y, Liu X, Peng D, Liu X. Phosphorylation of PB2 at serine 181 restricts viral replication and virulence of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in mice. Virol Sin 2024; 39:97-112. [PMID: 38103645 PMCID: PMC10877443 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose a pandemic threat to public health, resulting a high mortality rate annually and during pandemic years. Posttranslational modification of viral protein plays a substantial role in regulating IAV infection. Here, based on immunoprecipitation (IP)-based mass spectrometry (MS) and purified virus-coupled MS, a total of 89 phosphorylation sites distributed among 10 encoded viral proteins of IAV were identified, including 60 novel phosphorylation sites. Additionally, for the first time, we provide evidence that PB2 can also be acetylated at site K187. Notably, the PB2 S181 phosphorylation site was consistently identified in both IP-based MS and purified virus-based MS. Both S181 and K187 are exposed on the surface of the PB2 protein and are highly conserved in various IAV strains, suggesting their fundamental importance in the IAV life cycle. Bioinformatic analysis results demonstrated that S181E/A and K187Q/R mimic mutations do not significantly alter the PB2 protein structure. While continuous phosphorylation mimicked by the PB2 S181E mutation substantially decreases viral fitness in mice, PB2 K187Q mimetic acetylation slightly enhances viral virulence in mice. Mechanistically, PB2 S181E substantially impairs viral polymerase activity and viral replication, remarkably dampens protein stability and nuclear accumulation of PB2, and significantly weakens IAV-induced inflammatory responses. Therefore, our study further enriches the database of phosphorylation and acetylation sites of influenza viral proteins, laying a foundation for subsequent mechanistic studies. Meanwhile, the unraveled antiviral effect of PB2 S181E mimetic phosphorylation may provide a new target for the subsequent study of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zixiong Zeng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Manyu Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Dey S, Mondal A. Unveiling the role of host kinases at different steps of influenza A virus life cycle. J Virol 2024; 98:e0119223. [PMID: 38174932 PMCID: PMC10805039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01192-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a major public health concern causing contagious respiratory illnesses that result in around 290,000-650,000 global deaths every year. Their ability to constantly evolve through antigenic shifts and drifts leads to the emergence of newer strains and resistance to existing drugs and vaccines. To combat this, there is a critical need for novel antiviral drugs through the introduction of host-targeted therapeutics. Influenza viruses encode only 14 gene products that get extensively modified through phosphorylation by a diverse array of host kinases. Reversible phosphorylation at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues dynamically regulates the structure, function, and subcellular localization of viral proteins at different stages of their life cycle. In addition, kinases influence a plethora of signaling pathways that also regulate virus propagation by modulating the host cell environment thus establishing a critical virus-host relationship that is indispensable for executing successful infection. This dependence on host kinases opens up exciting possibilities for developing kinase inhibitors as next-generation anti-influenza therapy. To fully capitalize on this potential, extensive mapping of the influenza virus-host kinase interaction network is essential. The key focus of this review is to outline the molecular mechanisms by which host kinases regulate different steps of the influenza A virus life cycle, starting from attachment-entry to assembly-budding. By assessing the contributions of different host kinases and their specific phosphorylation events during the virus life cycle, we aim to develop a holistic overview of the virus-host kinase interaction network that may shed light on potential targets for novel antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Dey
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arindam Mondal
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Cross EM, Marin O, Ariawan D, Aragão D, Cozza G, Di Iorio E, Forwood JK, Alvisi G. Structural determinants of phosphorylation-dependent nuclear transport of HCMV DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:199-209. [PMID: 38158756 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44 is transported into the nucleus by importin (IMP) α/β through a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS), and this region is susceptible to cdc2-mediated phosphorylation at position T427. Whilst phosphorylation within and close to the UL44 NLS regulates nuclear transport, the details remain elusive, due to the paucity of structural information regarding the role of negatively charged cargo phosphate groups. We addressed this issue by studying the effect of UL44 T427 phosphorylation on interaction with several IMPα isoforms by biochemical and structural approaches. Phosphorylation decreased UL44/IMPα affinity 10-fold, and a comparative structural analysis of UL44 NLS phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptides complexed with mouse IMPα2 revealed the structural rearrangements responsible for phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of UL44 nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Cross
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Daryl Ariawan
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Iorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Ren C, Chen T, Zhang S, Gao Q, Zou J, Li P, Wang B, Zhao Y, OuYang A, Suolang S, Zhou H. PLK3 facilitates replication of swine influenza virus by phosphorylating viral NP protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2275606. [PMID: 37874309 PMCID: PMC10768867 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2275606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Swine H1N1/2009 influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease in pigs, which poses a great threat to pig production and human health. In this study, we investigated the global expression profiling of swine-encoded genes in response to swine H1N1/2009 influenza A virus (SIV-H1N1/2009) in newborn pig trachea (NPTr) cells. In total, 166 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DE) according to the gene microarray. After analyzing the DE genes which might affect the SIV-H1N1/2009 replication, we focused on polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3). PLK3 is a member of the PLK family, which is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase in eukaryotes and well known for its role in the regulation of cell cycle and cell division. We validated that the expression of PLK3 was upregulated after SIV-H1N1/2009 infection. Additionally, PLK3 was found to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP), significantly increased NP phosphorylation and oligomerization, and promoted viral ribonucleoprotein assembly and replication. Furthermore, we identified serine 482 (S482) as the phosphorylated residue on NP by PLK3. The phosphorylation of S482 regulated NP oligomerization, viral polymerase activity and growth. Our findings provide further insights for understanding the replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyue Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biaoxiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aotian OuYang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sizhu Suolang
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Ahmad B, Lerma-Reyes R, Mukherjee T, Nguyen HV, Weber AL, Schulze WX, Comer JR, Schrick K. Nuclear localization of HD-Zip IV transcription factor GLABRA2 is driven by Importin α. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565550. [PMID: 37961624 PMCID: PMC10635128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
GLABRA2 (GL2), a class IV homeodomain leucine-zipper (HD-Zip IV) transcription factor (TF) from Arabidopsis , is a developmental regulator of specialized cell types in the epidermis. GL2 contains a putative monopartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) partially overlapping with its homeodomain (HD). We demonstrate that NLS deletion or alanine substitution of its basic residues (KRKRKK) affects nuclear localization and results in a loss-of-function phenotype. Fusion of the predicted NLS (GTNKRKRKKYHRH) to the fluorescent protein EYFP is sufficient for its nuclear localization in roots and trichomes. The functional NLS is evolutionarily conserved in a distinct subset of HD-Zip IV members including PROTODERMAL FACTOR2 (PDF2). Despite partial overlap of the NLS with the HD, genetic dissection of the NLS from PDF2 indicates that nuclear localization and DNA binding are separable functions. Affinity purification of GL2 from plant tissues followed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics identified Importin α (IMPα) isoforms as potential GL2 interactors. NLS structural prediction and molecular docking studies with IMPα-3 revealed major interacting residues. Split-ubiquitin cytosolic yeast two-hybrid assays suggest interaction between GL2 and four IMPα isoforms from Arabidopsis. Direct interactions were verified in vitro by co-immunoprecipitation with recombinant proteins. IMPα triple mutants ( impα- 1,2,3 ) exhibit defects in EYFP:GL2 nuclear localization in trichomes but not in roots, consistent with tissue-specific and redundant functions of IMPα isoforms in Arabidopsis . Taken together, our findings provide mechanistic evidence for IMPα-dependent nuclear localization of GL2 and other HD-Zip IV TFs in plants. One sentence summary GLABRA2, a representative HD-Zip IV transcription factor from Arabidopsis , contains an evolutionarily conserved monopartite nuclear localization sequence that is recognized by Importin α for translocation to the nucleus, a process that is necessary for cell-type differentiation of the epidermis.
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Sun H, Tu S, Luo D, Dai C, Jin M, Chen H, Zou J, Zhou H. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 mediates arginine symmetric dimethylation of influenza A virus PB2 and supports viral replication. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29171. [PMID: 37830751 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) relies on intricate and highly coordinated associations with host factors for efficient replication and transmission. Characterization of such factors holds great significance for development of anti-IAV drugs. Our study identified protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a novel host factor indispensable for IAV replication. Silencing PRMT5 resulted in drastic repression of IAV replication. Our findings revealed that PRMT5 interacts with each protein component of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) and promotes arginine symmetric dimethylation of polymerase basic 2 (PB2). Overexpression of PRMT5 enhanced viral polymerase activity in a dose-dependent manner, emphasizing its role in genome transcription and replication of IAV. Moreover, analysis of PB2 protein sequences across various subtypes of IAVs demonstrated the high conservation of potential RG motifs recognized by PRMT5. Overall, our study suggests that PRMT5 supports IAV replication by facilitating viral polymerase activity by interacting with PB2 and promoting its arginine symmetric dimethylation. This study deepens our understanding of how IAV manipulates host factors to facilitate its replication and highlights the great potential of PRMT5 to serve as an anti-IAV therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaoyu Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Didan Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiahui Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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Gunnarsson PA, Babu MM. Predicting evolutionary outcomes through the probability of accessing sequence variants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2903. [PMID: 37506212 PMCID: PMC10381947 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection can only operate on available genetic variation. Thus, determining the probability of accessing different sequence variants from a starting sequence can help predict evolutionary trajectories and outcomes. We define the concept of "variant accessibility" as the probability that a set of genotypes encoding a particular protein function will arise through mutations before subject to natural selection. This probability is shaped by the mutational biases of nucleotides and the structure of the genetic code. Using the influenza A virus as a model, we discuss how a more accessible but less fit variant can emerge as an adaptation rather than a more fit variant. We describe a genotype-accessibility landscape, complementary to the genotype-fitness landscape, that informs the likelihood of a starting sequence reaching different parts of genotype space. The proposed framework lays the foundation for predicting the emergence of adaptive genotypes in evolving systems such as viruses and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Alexander Gunnarsson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Structural Biology and Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - M. Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Structural Biology and Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Ning H, Chiu SH, Xu X, Ma Y, Chen JL, Yang G. The Immunosuppressive Roles of PD-L1 during Influenza A Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108586. [PMID: 37239931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefits of targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in various cancers represent a strategy for the treatment of immunosuppressive diseases. Here, it was demonstrated that the expression levels of PD-L1 in cells were greatly upregulated in response to H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Overexpression of PD-L1 promoted viral replication and downregulated type-I and type-III interferons and interferon-stimulated genes. Moreover, the association between PD-L1 and Src homology region-2, containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2), during IAV/H1N1 infection was analyzed by employing the SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099), siSHP2, and pNL-SHP2. The results showed that the expressions of PD-L1 mRNA and protein were decreased under SHP099 or siSHP2 treatment, whereas the cells overexpressing SHP2 exhibited the opposite effects. Additionally, the effects of PD-L1 on the expression of p-ERK and p-SHP2 were investigated in PD-L1-overexpressed cells following WSN or PR8 infection, determining that the PD-L1 overexpression led to the decreased expression of p-SHP2 and p-ERK induced by WSN or PR8 infection. Taken together, these data reveal that PD-L1 could play an important role in immunosuppression during IAV/H1N1 infection; thus, it may serve as a promising therapeutic target for development of novel anti-IAV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Ning
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Chiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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9
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The ubiquitination landscape of the influenza A virus polymerase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:787. [PMID: 36774438 PMCID: PMC9922279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During influenza A virus (IAV) infections, viral proteins are targeted by cellular E3 ligases for modification with ubiquitin. Here, we decipher and functionally explore the ubiquitination landscape of the IAV polymerase proteins during infection of human alveolar epithelial cells by applying mass spectrometry analysis of immuno-purified K-ε-GG (di-glycyl)-remnant-bearing peptides. We have identified 59 modified lysines across the three subunits, PB2, PB1 and PA of the viral polymerase of which 17 distinctively affect mRNA transcription, vRNA replication and the generation of recombinant viruses via non-proteolytic mechanisms. Moreover, further functional and in silico analysis indicate that ubiquitination at K578 in the PB1 thumb domain is mechanistically linked to dynamic structural transitions of the viral polymerase that are required for vRNA replication. Mutations K578A and K578R differentially affect the generation of recombinant viruses by impeding cRNA and vRNA synthesis, NP binding as well as polymerase dimerization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the ubiquitin-mediated charge neutralization at PB1-K578 disrupts the interaction to an unstructured loop in the PB2 N-terminus that is required to coordinate polymerase dimerization and facilitate vRNA replication. This provides evidence that IAV exploits the cellular ubiquitin system to modulate the activity of the viral polymerase for viral replication.
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De Angelis M, De Filippis B, Balaha M, Giampietro L, Miteva MT, De Chiara G, Palamara AT, Nencioni L, Mollica A. Nitrostilbenes: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Potential Anti-Influenza Virus Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091061. [PMID: 36145282 PMCID: PMC9505218 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural stilbene polyphenolic compound found in several plant species. It is characterized by antioxidant properties, and its role in controlling viral replication has been demonstrated for different viral infections. Despite its promising antiviral properties, RSV biological activity is limited by its low bioavailability and high metabolic rate. In this study, we optimized its structure by synthesizing new RSV derivatives that maintained the phenolic scaffold and contained different substitution patterns and evaluated their potential anti-influenza virus activity. The results showed that viral protein synthesis decreased 24 h post infection; particularly, the nitro-containing compounds strongly reduced viral replication. The molecules did not exert their antioxidant properties during infection; in fact, they were not able to rescue the virus-induced drop in GSH content or improve the antioxidant response mediated by the Nrf2 transcription factor and G6PD enzyme. Similar to what has already been reported for RSV, they interfered with the nuclear-cytoplasmic traffic of viral nucleoprotein, probably inhibiting cellular kinases involved in the regulation of specific steps of the virus life cycle. Overall, the data indicate that more lipophilic RSV derivatives have improved antiviral efficacy compared with RSV and open the way for new cell-targeted antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Angelis
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.D.F.); (L.N.); Tel.: +39-0871-3479-433-535 (B.D.F.); +39-0649-914-608 (L.N.)
| | - Marwa Balaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Letizia Giampietro
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariya Timotey Miteva
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.D.F.); (L.N.); Tel.: +39-0871-3479-433-535 (B.D.F.); +39-0649-914-608 (L.N.)
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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11
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Wang C, Qu R, Zong Y, Qin C, Liu L, Gao X, Sun H, Sun Y, Chang KC, Zhang R, Liu J, Pu J. Enhanced stability of M1 protein mediated by a phospho-resistant mutation promotes the replication of prevailing avian influenza virus in mammals. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010645. [PMID: 35793327 PMCID: PMC9258882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can evolve multiple strategies to combat host antiviral defenses and establish efficient infectivity in mammals, including humans. H9N2 AIV and its reassortants (such as H5N6 and H7N9 viruses) pose an increasing threat to human health; however, the mechanisms involved in their increased virulence remain poorly understood. We previously reported that the M1 mutation T37A has become predominant among chicken H9N2 isolates in China. Here, we report that, since 2010, this mutation has also been found in the majority of human isolates of H9N2 AIV and its emerging reassortants. The T37A mutation of M1 protein enhances the replication of H9N2 AIVs in mice and in human cells. Interestingly, having A37 instead of T37 increases the M1 protein stability and resistance to proteasomal degradation. Moreover, T37 of the H9N2 M1 protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase G (PKG), and this phosphorylation induces the rapid degradation of M1 and reduces viral replication. Similar effects are also observed in the novel H5N6 virus. Additionally, ubiquitination at K187 contributes to M1-37T degradation and decreased replication of the virus harboring T37 in the M1 protein. The prevailing AIVs thereby evolve a phospho-resistant mutation in the M1 protein to avoid viral protein degradation by host factors, which is advantageous in terms of replication in mammalian hosts. H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and its reassortants (such as H5N6 and H7N9 viruses) pose an increasing threat to human health, but the mechanisms involved in their increased virulence remain poorly understood. Notably, the role of viral M1 protein in increasing the mammalian infection of AIV has been rarely reported. Here, we demonstrate that a phospho-resistant T37A mutation, encoded by the M1 protein of recently prevalent chicken H9N2 virus, increases M1 protein stability and viral replication in mammalian cells. The T37, but not the A37, in H9N2 M1 protein can be phosphorylated by protein kinase G (PKG). Through the T37A mutation, viral M1 protein evades phosphorylation-mediated proteasomal degradation, resulting in increased avian H9N2 virus replication in mice and in human cells. Similar effects were also observed for the novel H5N6 virus. This study provides insight into a novel strategy by which AIV evades mammalian host defenses. It is necessary to pay close attention to the epidemiological and public health implications of AIVs carrying this mutant M1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Runkang Qu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Boergeling Y, Brunotte L, Ludwig S. Dynamic phospho-modification of viral proteins as a crucial regulatory layer of influenza A virus replication and innate immune responses. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1493-1504. [PMID: 34062629 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are small RNA viruses with a genome of about 13 kb. Because of this limited coding capacity, viral proteins have evolved to fulfil multiple functions in the infected cell. This implies that there must be mechanisms allowing to dynamically direct protein action to a distinct activity in a spatio-temporal manner. Furthermore, viruses exploit many cellular processes, which also have to be dynamically regulated during the viral replication cycle. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are fundamental for the control of many cellular responses. There is accumulating evidence that this mechanism represents a so far underestimated level of regulation in influenza virus replication. Here, we focus on the current knowledge of dynamics of phospho-modifications in influenza virus replication and show recent examples of findings underlining the crucial role of phosphorylation in viral transport processes as well as activation and counteraction of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149Münster, Germany
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13
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Lu J, Wu T, Zhang B, Liu S, Song W, Qiao J, Ruan H. Types of nuclear localization signals and mechanisms of protein import into the nucleus. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:60. [PMID: 34022911 PMCID: PMC8140498 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization signals (NLS) are generally short peptides that act as a signal fragment that mediates the transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. This NLS-dependent protein recognition, a process necessary for cargo proteins to pass the nuclear envelope through the nuclear pore complex, is facilitated by members of the importin superfamily. Here, we summarized the types of NLS, focused on the recently reported related proteins containing nuclear localization signals, and briefly summarized some mechanisms that do not depend on nuclear localization signals into the nucleus. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juane Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Suke Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjun Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Haihua Ruan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
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14
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Zheng W, Cui L, Li M, Li Y, Fan W, Yang L, Li J, Sun L, Liu W. Nucleoprotein phosphorylation site (Y385) mutation confers temperature sensitivity to influenza A virus due to impaired nucleoprotein oligomerization at a lower temperature. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:633-643. [PMID: 32803713 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in viral proteins can lead to the cold adaption of influenza A virus and the cold-adapted virus is an important vaccination instrument. Here, we identify a novel strain of influenza A virus with cold sensitivity conferred by a mutation at a phosphorylation site within the nucleoprotein (NP). The highly conserved tyrosine 385 residue (Y385) of NP was identified as a phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. The constructive NP phosphorylation mimicked by Y385E mutation was fatal for virus replication, while the continuous Y385 dephosphorylation mimicked by Y385F mutation had little impact on virus replication in vitro. Notably, the Y385F virus showed much lower replicative capacity in turbinates of mice compared with the wild type virus. Moreover, the replication of Y385F virus was significantly reduced in both A549 and MDCK cells grown at 33°C, when compared to that at 37°C. These results indicated that the Y385F mutation led to cold sensitivity of virus. We further found that the cold sensitivity of Y385F virus could be attributed to diminished NP oligomerization rather than any changes in intracellular localization. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phosphorylation of NP may be a critical factor that regulates the temperature sensitivity of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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15
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Haas P, Muralidharan M, Krogan NJ, Kaake RM, Hüttenhain R. Proteomic Approaches to Study SARS-CoV-2 Biology and COVID-19 Pathology. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1133-1152. [PMID: 33464917 PMCID: PMC7839417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was declared a pandemic infection in March 2020. As of December 2020, two COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but there are no effective drugs to treat COVID-19, and pandemic mitigation efforts like physical distancing have had acute social and economic consequences. In this perspective, we discuss how the proteomic research community can leverage technologies and expertise to address the pandemic by investigating four key areas of study in SARS-CoV-2 biology. Specifically, we discuss how (1) mass spectrometry-based structural techniques can overcome limitations and complement traditional structural approaches to inform the dynamic structure of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, complexes, and virions; (2) virus-host protein-protein interaction mapping can identify the cellular machinery required for SARS-CoV-2 replication; (3) global protein abundance and post-translational modification profiling can characterize signaling pathways that are rewired during infection; and (4) proteomic technologies can aid in biomarker identification, diagnostics, and drug development in order to monitor COVID-19 pathology and investigate treatment strategies. Systems-level high-throughput capabilities of proteomic technologies can yield important insights into SARS-CoV-2 biology that are urgently needed during the pandemic, and more broadly, can inform coronavirus virology and host biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Haas
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robyn M. Kaake
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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16
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Li Y, Chai W, Min J, Ye Z, Tong X, Qi D, Liu W, Luo E, Li J, Ye X. Neddylation of M1 negatively regulates the replication of influenza A virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1242-1250. [PMID: 33016861 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification plays a critical role in viral replication. Previously we reported that neddylation of PB2 of influenza A virus (IAV) can inhibit viral replication. However, we found that NEDD8 overexpression can still inhibit the replication of PB2 K699R mutant viruses, implying that other viral protein(s) can be neddylated. In this study, we revealed that M1 of IAV can also be modified by NEDD8. We found that the E3 ligase HDM2 significantly promotes M1 neddylation. Furthermore, we identified M1 K187 as the major neddylation site. We generated an IAV M1 K187R mutant (WSN-M1 K187R) and compared the growth of wild-type and mutant viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The data showed that the replication of WSN-M1 K187R was more efficient than that of wild-type WSN. More importantly, we observed that overexpression of NEDD8 inhibited the replication of the wild-type WSN more effectively than that of WSN-M1 K187R. In addition, we found that the neddylation-deficient M1 mutant (M1 K187R) had a longer half-life than that of wild-type M1, indicating that the neddylation of M1 reduces stability. Then we performed a viral infection assay and found that WSN-M1 K187R exhibited greater virulence in mice than wild-type WSN, suggesting that the neddylation of M1 reduced IAV replication in vivo. In conclusion, we uncovered that neddylation of M1 by HDM2 negatively regulates the stability of M1, which in turn inhibits viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Wenjia Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, PR China
| | - Jie Min
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zhen Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Dandan Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xin Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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17
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Dawson AR, Wilson GM, Coon JJ, Mehle A. Post-Translation Regulation of Influenza Virus Replication. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:167-187. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010320-070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus exploits cellular factors to complete each step of viral replication. Yet, multiple host proteins actively block replication. Consequently, infection success depends on the relative speed and efficacy at which both the virus and host use their respective effectors. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) afford both the virus and the host means to readily adapt protein function without the need for new protein production. Here we use influenza virus to address concepts common to all viruses, reviewing how PTMs facilitate and thwart each step of the replication cycle. We also discuss advancements in proteomic methods that better characterize PTMs. Although some effectors and PTMs have clear pro- or antiviral functions, PTMs generally play regulatory roles to tune protein functions, levels, and localization. Synthesis of our current understanding reveals complex regulatory schemes where the effects of PTMs are time and context dependent as the virus and host battle to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Dawson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Gary M. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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18
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Hu J, Zhang L, Liu X. Role of Post-translational Modifications in Influenza A Virus Life Cycle and Host Innate Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:517461. [PMID: 33013775 PMCID: PMC7498822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.517461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout various stages of its life cycle, influenza A virus relies heavily on host cellular machinery, including the post-translational modifications (PTMs) system. During infection, influenza virus interacts extensively with the cellular PTMs system to aid in its successful infection and dissemination. The complex interplay between viruses and the PTMs system induces global changes in PTMs of the host proteome as well as modifications of specific host or viral proteins. The most common PTMs include phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, methylation, NEDDylation, and glycosylation. Many PTMs directly support influenza virus infection, whereas others contribute to modulating antiviral responses. In this review, we describe current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs in different stages of the influenza virus replication cycle. We also discuss the concerted role of PTMs in antagonizing host antiviral responses, with an emphasis on their impact on viral pathogenicity and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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19
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Differential Behaviours and Preferential Bindings of Influenza Nucleoproteins on Importins-α. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080834. [PMID: 32751671 PMCID: PMC7472415 DOI: 10.3390/v12080834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are negative single-stranded RNA viruses with nuclear transcription and replication. They enter the nucleus by using the cellular importin-α/-β nuclear import machinery. Influenza nucleoproteins from influenza A, B, C and D viruses possess a nuclear localization signal (NLS) localized on an intrinsically disordered extremity (NPTAIL). In this paper, using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), SEC-multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) analysis, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence anisotropy, we provide the first comparative study designed to dissect the interaction between the four NPTAILs and four importins-α identified as partners. All interactions between NPTAILs and importins-α have high association and dissociation rates and present a distinct and specific behaviour. D/NPTAIL interacts strongly with all importins-α while B/NPTAIL shows weak affinity for importins-α. A/NPTAIL and C/NPTAIL present preferential importin-α partners. Mutations in B/NPTAIL and D/NPTAIL show a loss of importin-α binding, confirming key NLS residues. Taken together, our results provide essential highlights of this complex translocation mechanism.
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20
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Zu S, Xue Q, He Z, Shi C, Zhang J, Wu W, Li W, Liu Z, Huang J, Jiao P, Liao M. Duck PIAS2 Promotes H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Replication Through Its SUMO E3 Ligase Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1246. [PMID: 32595623 PMCID: PMC7300270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein inhibitor of the activated STAT2 (PIAS2) has been implicated in many cellular processes and can also regulate viral replication in mammals. However, the role of PIAS2 in the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 replication in ducks is still unclear. Through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay, we identified that duck PIAS2 (duPIAS2) was one protein that interacted with the nucleoprotein (NP) from the H5N1 HPAIV strain of DK212. Through confocal microscopy images and Co-IP assay, we confirmed NP could interact with duPIAS2. Overexpression of duPIAS2 in primary duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells was shown to promote DK212 replication, and knockdown of duPIAS2 could repress DK212 replication. We further found duPIAS2 could promote NP SUMOylation through duck SUMO1 (duSUMO1), and the potential SUMOylation sites of NP were at lysines 7, 48, and 87. Furthermore, duPIAS2 promoted the replication of DK212, here relying on the activity of its SUMO E3 ligase. Duck SENP1 (duSENP1), a deSUMOylation enzyme, could repress NP SUMOylation and also inhibit DK212 replication. Together, we identified duPIAS2 could interact with NP and that duPIAS2 promoted H5N1 HPAIV replication, which might be related to NP SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopo Zu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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A human cell polarity protein Lgl2 regulates influenza A virus nucleoprotein exportation from nucleus in MDCK cells. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Chao TL, Gu SY, Lin PH, Chou YT, Ling TY, Chang SY. Characterization of Influenza A Virus Infection in Mouse Pulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2942. [PMID: 32038512 PMCID: PMC6985155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary stem/progenitor cells, which could be differentiated into downstream cells to repair tissue damage caused by influenza A virus, have also been shown to be the target cells of influenza virus infection. In this study, mouse pulmonary stem/progenitor cells (mPSCs) with capability to differentiate into type I or type II alveolar cells were used as an in vitro cell model to characterize replication and pathogenic effects of influenza viruses in PSCs. First, mPSCs and its immortalized cell line mPSCsOct4+ were shown to be susceptible to PR8, seasonal H1N1, 2009 pandemic H1N1, and H7N9 influenza viruses and can generate infectious virus particles, although with a lower virus titer, which could be attributed by the reduced vRNA replication and nucleoprotein (NP) aggregation in the cytoplasm. Nevertheless, a significant increase of interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-γ at 12 h and IFN-β at 24 h post infection in mPSCs implicates that mPSCs might function as a sensor to modulate immune responses to influenza virus infection. In summary, our results demonstrated mPSCs, as one of the target cells for influenza A viruses, could modulate early proinflammatory responses to influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ling Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Yi Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Han Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Chou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Cui L, Zheng W, Li M, Bai X, Yang W, Li J, Fan W, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Phosphorylation Status of Tyrosine 78 Residue Regulates the Nuclear Export and Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1816. [PMID: 31440228 PMCID: PMC6692485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nucleoprotein (NP) play significant roles in the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV), and the biological functions of each phosphorylation site on NP are not exactly the same in controlling viral replication. Here, we identified tyrosine 78 residue (Y78) of NP as a novel phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. Y78 is highly conserved, and the constant NP phosphorylation mimicked by Y78E delayed NP nuclear export through reducing the binding of NP to the cellular export receptor CRM1, and impaired virus growth. Furthermore, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors Dasatinib and AG490 reduced Y78 phosphorylation and accelerated NP nuclear export, suggesting that the Janus and Src kinases-catalyzed Y78 phosphorylation regulated NP nuclear export during viral replication. More importantly, we found that the NP phosphorylation could suppress NP ubiquitination via weakening the interaction between NP and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM22, which demonstrated a cross-talk between the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of NP. This study suggests that the phosphorylation status of Y78 regulates IAV replication by inhibiting the nuclear export and ubiquitination of NP. Overall, these findings shed new light on the biological roles of NP phosphorylation, especially its negative role in NP ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Bergmann S, Elbahesh H. Targeting the proviral host kinase, FAK, limits influenza a virus pathogenesis and NFkB-regulated pro-inflammatory responses. Virology 2019; 534:54-63. [PMID: 31176924 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections result in ∼500,000 global deaths annually. Host kinases link multiple signaling pathways at various stages of infection and are attractive therapeutic target. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates several cellular processes including NFkB and antiviral responses. We investigated how FAK kinase activity regulates IAV pathogenesis. Using a severe infection model, we infected IAV-susceptible DBA/2 J mice with a lethal dose of H1N1 IAV. We observed reduced viral load and pro-inflammatory cytokines, delayed mortality, and increased survival in FAK inhibitor (Y15) treated mice. In vitro IAV-induced NFkB-promoter activity was reduced by Y15 or a dominant negative kinase-dead FAK mutant (FAK-KD) independently of the viral immune modulator, NS1. Finally, we observed reduced IAV-induced nuclear localization of NFkB in FAK-KD expressing cells. Our data suggest a novel mechanism where IAV hijacks FAK to promote viral replication and limit its ability to contribute to innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bergmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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25
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Zheng W, Fan W, Zhang S, Jiao P, Shang Y, Cui L, Mahesutihan M, Li J, Wang D, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Naproxen Exhibits Broad Anti-influenza Virus Activity in Mice by Impeding Viral Nucleoprotein Nuclear Export. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1875-1885.e5. [PMID: 31067470 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has previously been shown to exert antiviral activity against influenza A virus by inhibiting nucleoprotein (NP) binding to RNA. Here, we show that naproxen is a potential broad, multi-mechanistic anti-influenza virus therapeutic, as it inhibits influenza B virus replication both in vivo and in vitro. The anti-influenza B virus activity of naproxen is more efficient than that of the commonly used neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in mice. Furthermore, the NP of influenza B virus (BNP) has a higher binding affinity to naproxen than influenza A virus NP (ANP). Specifically, naproxen targets the NP at residues F209 (BNP) and Y148 (ANP). This interaction antagonizes the nuclear export of NP normally mediated by the host export protein CRM1. This study reveals a crucial mechanism of broad-spectrum anti-influenza virus activity of naproxen, suggesting that the existing drug naproxen may be used as an anti-influenza drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengtao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Madina Mahesutihan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Elbahesh H. Influenza Virus Infections and Cellular Kinases. Viruses 2019; 11:E171. [PMID: 30791550 PMCID: PMC6410056 DOI: 10.3390/v11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a major cause of respiratory illness and are responsible for yearly epidemics associated with more than 500,000 annual deaths globally. Novel IAVs may cause pandemic outbreaks and zoonotic infections with, for example, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, which pose a threat to public health. Treatment options are limited and emergence of strains resistant to antiviral drugs jeopardize this even further. Like all viruses, IAVs depend on host factors for every step of the virus replication cycle. Host kinases link multiple signaling pathways in respond to a myriad of stimuli, including viral infections. Their regulation of multiple response networks has justified actively targeting cellular kinases for anti-cancer therapies and immune modulators for decades. There is a growing volume of research highlighting the significant role of cellular kinases in regulating IAV infections. Their functional role is illustrated by the required phosphorylation of several IAV proteins necessary for replication and/or evasion/suppression of the innate immune response. Identified in the majority of host factor screens, functional studies further support the important role of kinases and their potential as host restriction factors. PKC, ERK, PI3K and FAK, to name a few, are kinases that regulate viral entry and replication. Additionally, kinases such as IKK, JNK and p38 MAPK are essential in mediating viral sensor signaling cascades that regulate expression of antiviral chemokines and cytokines. The feasibility of targeting kinases is steadily moving from bench to clinic and already-approved cancer drugs could potentially be repurposed for treatments of severe IAV infections. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of cellular kinases to IAV infections and their value as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meineke
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Yun D, Wang H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Ma J, Ji Y, Huang Q, Chen J, Chen H, Lu D. Shuttling SLC2A4RG is regulated by 14-3-3θ to modulate cell survival via caspase-3 and caspase-6 in human glioma. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:163-175. [PMID: 30686753 PMCID: PMC6413354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with polygenic susceptibility. The cytoplasmic/nuclear shuttling protein, SLC2A4RG (SLC2A4 regulator), has been identified in the 20q13.33 region influencing glioma susceptibility by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine mapping analyses. Methods To discover the expression of SLC2A4RG and its relationship with patient prognosis, tissue microarray containing glioma samples and normal brains was constructed followed by immunohistochemical staining. The role of SLC2A4RG on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis was evaluated by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vivo, and subcutaneous and intracranial xenografts were performed to assess its functional effects. The mechanism underlying SLC2A4RG was further investigated via luciferase reporter analyses, ChIP, mass spectrometry, Co-IP, immunofluorescence, etc. Findings The potential tumor suppressor role of SLC2A4RG was further validated by in vitro and in vivo experiments that SLC2A4RG could attenuate cell proliferation via G2/M phase arrest and induce glioma cell apoptosis by direct transactivation of caspase-3 and caspase-6. Moreover, its function displaying showed to depend on the nuclear transportation of SLC2A4RG, however, bound with 14-3-3θ, it would be sequestered in the cytoplasm followed by reversal effect. Interpretation We identify a new pro-oncogenic mechanism whereby 14-3-3θ negatively regulates the nuclear function of the tumor suppressor SLC2A4RG, with significant therapeutic implications for the intervention of human glioma. Fund This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81372706, 81572501, and 81372235).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi No'2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiawei Ma
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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28
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Phosphorylated VP30 of Marburg Virus Is a Repressor of Transcription. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00426-18. [PMID: 30135121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00426-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) cause hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, with high case fatality rates. MARV VP30 is known to be phosphorylated and to interact with nucleoprotein (NP), but its role in regulation of viral transcription is disputed. Here, we analyzed phosphorylation of VP30 by mass spectrometry, which resulted in identification of multiple phosphorylated amino acids. Modeling the full-length three-dimensional structure of VP30 and mapping the identified phosphorylation sites showed that all sites lie in disordered regions, mostly in the N-terminal domain of the protein. Minigenome analysis of the identified phosphorylation sites demonstrated that phosphorylation of a cluster of amino acids at positions 46 through 53 inhibits transcription. To test the effect of VP30 phosphorylation on its interaction with other MARV proteins, coimmunoprecipitation analyses were performed. They demonstrated the involvement of VP30 phosphorylation in interaction with two other proteins of the MARV ribonucleoprotein complex, NP and VP35. To identify the role of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the identified effects, a small molecule, 1E7-03, targeting a noncatalytic site of the enzyme that previously was shown to increase EBOV VP30 phosphorylation was used. Treatment of cells with 1E7-03 increased phosphorylation of VP30 at a cluster of phosphorylated amino acids from Ser-46 to Thr-53, reduced transcription of MARV minigenome, enhanced binding to NP and VP35, and dramatically reduced replication of infectious MARV particles. Thus, MARV VP30 phosphorylation can be targeted for development of future antivirals such as PP1-targeting compounds. IMPORTANCE The largest outbreak of MARV occurred in Angola in 2004 to 2005 and had a 90% case fatality rate. There are no approved treatments available for MARV. Development of antivirals as therapeutics requires a fundamental understanding of the viral life cycle. Because of the close similarity of MARV to another member of Filoviridae family, EBOV, it was assumed that the two viruses have similar mechanisms of regulation of transcription and replication. Here, characterization of the role of VP30 and its phosphorylation sites in transcription of the MARV genome demonstrated differences from those of EBOV. The identified phosphorylation sites appeared to inhibit transcription and appeared to be involved in interaction with both NP and VP35 ribonucleoproteins. A small molecule targeting PP1 inhibited transcription of the MARV genome, effectively suppressing replication of the viral particles. These data demonstrate the possibility developing antivirals based on compounds targeting PP1.
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29
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Dawson AR, Mehle A. Flu's cues: Exploiting host post-translational modifications to direct the influenza virus replication cycle. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007205. [PMID: 30235357 PMCID: PMC6147566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Dawson
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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CDC25B promotes influenza A virus replication by regulating the phosphorylation of nucleoprotein. Virology 2018; 525:40-47. [PMID: 30240957 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell division cycle 25 B (CDC25B) is a member of the CDC25 phosphatase family. It can dephosphorylate cyclin-dependent kinases and regulate the cell division cycle. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of CDC25B impairs influenza A virus (IAV) replication. Here, to further understand the regulatory mechanism of CDC25B for IAV replication, a CDC25B-knockout (KO) 293T cell line was constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. The present data indicated that the replication of IAV was decreased in CDC25B-KO cells. Additionally, CDC25B deficiency damaged viral polymerase activity, nucleoprotein (NP) self-oligomerization, and NP nuclear export. Most importantly, we found that the NP phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in CDC25B-KO cells. These findings indicate that CDC25B facilitates the dephosphorylation of NP, which is vital for regulating NP functions and the life cycle of IAV.
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31
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Li Y, Sun L, Zheng W, Madina Mahesutihan, Li J, Bi Y, Wang H, Liu W, Luo TR. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of threonine 188 in nucleoprotein is crucial for the replication of influenza A virus. Virology 2018; 520:30-38. [PMID: 29775781 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (NP) is a major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex that is responsible for viral replication, transcription and packaging of influenza A virus. Phosphorylation of NP plays an important role during viral infection. In the present study, we identified threonine 188 (T188) as a novel phosphorylated residue in the NP of influenza A virus by using mass spectrometry. T188 is located within nuclear export signal 2 (NES2) which is chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-independent. We observed that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of residue T188 regulated viral replication by controlling NES2-dependent NP nuclear export and the polymerase activity of the vRNP complex. Our findings provide further insights for understanding the replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Madina Mahesutihan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heran Wang
- International Department, Beijing National Day School, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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32
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Chen C, Fan W, Li J, Zheng W, Zhang S, Yang L, Liu D, Liu W, Sun L. A Promising IFN-Deficient System to Manufacture IFN-Sensitive Influenza Vaccine Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:127. [PMID: 29765910 PMCID: PMC5938381 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-sensitive and replication-incompetent influenza viruses are likely to be the alternatives to inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines. Some IFN-sensitive influenza vaccine candidates with modified non-structural protein 1 (NS1) are highly attenuated in IFN-competent hosts but induce robust antiviral immune responses. However, little research has been done on the manufacturability of these IFN-sensitive vaccine viruses. Here, RIG-I-knockout 293T cells were used to package the IFN-sensitive influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus expressing the mutant NS1 R38A/K41A. We found that the packaging efficiency of the NS1 R38A/K41A virus in RIG-I-knockout 293T cells was much higher than that in 293T cells. Moreover, the NS1 R38A/K41A virus almost lost its IFN antagonist activity and could no longer replicate in A549, MDCK, and Vero cells after 3-6 passages. This indicated that the replication of NS1 R38A/K41A virus is limited in conventional cells. Therefore, we further established a stable Vero cell line expressing the wild-type (WT) NS1 of the WSN virus, based on the Tet-On 3G system. The NS1 R38A/K41A virus was able to steadily propagate in this IFN-deficient cell line for at least 20 passages. In a mouse model, the NS1 R38A/K41A virus showed more than a 4-log reduction in lung virus titers compared to the WT virus at 3 and 5 days post infection. Furthermore, we observed that the NS1 R38A/K41A virus triggered high-level of IFN-α/β production in lung tissues and was eliminated from the host in a relatively short period of time. Additionally, this virus induced high-titer neutralizing antibodies against the WT WSN, A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), or A/California/04/2009 (CA04) viruses and provided 100% protection against the WT WSN virus. Thus, we found that the replication of the NS1 R38A/K41A virus was limited in IFN-competent cells and mice. We also presented a promising IFN-deficient system, involving a RIG-I-knockout 293T cell line to package the IFN-sensitive vaccine virus and a stable Vero cell line expressing NS1 to propagate the IFN-sensitive vaccine virus. The IFN-deficient system is applicable for the manufacture of IFN-sensitive vaccine virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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33
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Hatakeyama D, Shoji M, Yamayoshi S, Yoh R, Ohmi N, Takenaka S, Saitoh A, Arakaki Y, Masuda A, Komatsu T, Nagano R, Nakano M, Noda T, Kawaoka Y, Kuzuhara T. Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is acetylated by histone acetyltransferases PCAF and GCN5. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7126-7138. [PMID: 29555684 PMCID: PMC5950015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation plays crucial roles in transcriptional regulation and chromatin organization. Viral RNA of the influenza virus interacts with its nucleoprotein (NP), whose function corresponds to that of eukaryotic histones. NP regulates viral replication and has been shown to undergo acetylation by the cAMP-response element (CRE)–binding protein (CBP) from the host. However, whether NP is the target of other host acetyltransferases is unknown. Here, we show that influenza virus NP undergoes acetylation by the two host acetyltransferases GCN5 and P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) and that this modification affects viral polymerase activities. Western blot analysis with anti–acetyl-lysine antibody on cultured A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells infected with different influenza virus strains indicated acetylation of the viral NP. A series of biochemical analyses disclosed that the host lysine acetyltransferases GCN5 and PCAF acetylate NP in vitro. MS experiments identified three lysine residues as acetylation targets in the host cells and suggested that Lys-31 and Lys-90 are acetylated by PCAF and GCN5, respectively. RNAi-mediated silencing of GCN5 and PCAF did not change acetylation levels of NP. However, interestingly, viral polymerase activities were increased by the PCAF silencing and were decreased by the GCN5 silencing, suggesting that acetylation of the Lys-31 and Lys-90 residues has opposing effects on viral replication. Our findings suggest that epigenetic control of NP via acetylation by host acetyltransferases contributes to regulation of polymerase activity in the influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masaki Shoji
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Rina Yoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Naho Ohmi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Shiori Takenaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Ayaka Saitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yumie Arakaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Aki Masuda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Tsugunori Komatsu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Rina Nagano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711
| | - Takashi Kuzuhara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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34
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Luo W, Zhang J, Liang L, Wang G, Li Q, Zhu P, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Sun N, Huang S, Zhou C, Chang Y, Cui P, Chen P, Jiang Y, Deng G, Bu Z, Li C, Jiang L, Chen H. Phospholipid scramblase 1 interacts with influenza A virus NP, impairing its nuclear import and thereby suppressing virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006851. [PMID: 29352288 PMCID: PMC5792031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription and replication of the influenza A virus (IAV) genome occur in the nucleus of infected cells and are carried out by the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). As a major component of the vRNP complex, the viral nucleoprotein (NP) mediates the nuclear import of the vRNP complex via its nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Clearly, an effective way for the host to antagonize IAV infection would be by targeting vRNP nuclear import. Here, we identified phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) as a binding partner of NP by using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen. The interaction between NP and PLSCR1 in mammalian cells was demonstrated by using co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. We found that the stable overexpression of PLSCR1 suppressed the nuclear import of NP, hindered the virus life cycle, and significantly inhibited the replication of various influenza subtypes. In contrast, siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of PLSCR1 increased virus propagation. Further analysis indicated that the inhibitory effect of PLSCR1 on the nuclear import of NP was not caused by affecting the phosphorylation status of NP or by stimulating the interferon (IFN) pathways. Instead, PLSCR1 was found to form a trimeric complex with NP and members of the importin α family, which inhibited the incorporation of importin β, a key mediator of the classical nuclear import pathway, into the complex, thus impairing the nuclear import of NP and suppressing virus replication. Our results demonstrate that PLSCR1 negatively regulates virus replication by interacting with NP in the cytoplasm and preventing its nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Libin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guangwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qibing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pengyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shanyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pucheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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35
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Chen L, Wang C, Luo J, Su W, Li M, Zhao N, Lyu W, Attaran H, He Y, Ding H, He H. Histone Deacetylase 1 Plays an Acetylation-Independent Role in Influenza A Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1757. [PMID: 29312300 PMCID: PMC5733105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) take advantage of the host acetylation system for their own benefit. Whether the nucleoprotein (NP) of IAVs undergoes acetylation and the interaction between the NP and the class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) were largely unknown. Here, we showed that the NP protein of IAV interacted with HDAC1, which downregulated the acetylation level of NP. Using mass spectrometry, we identified lysine 103 as an acetylation site of the NP. Compared with wild-type protein, two K103 NP mutants, K103A and K103R, enhanced replication efficiency of the recombinant viruses in vitro. We further demonstrated that HDAC1 facilitated viral replication via two paths: promoting the nuclear retention of NP and inhibiting TBK1-IRF3 pathway. Our results lead to a new mechanism for regulating NP acetylation, indicating that HDAC1 may be a possible target for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Su
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Lyu
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hamidreza Attaran
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yapeng He
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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36
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Structural analysis of the complex between influenza B nucleoprotein and human importin-α. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17164. [PMID: 29215074 PMCID: PMC5719345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are negative strand RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus of the cell. The viral nucleoprotein (NP) is the major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein. In this paper we show that the NP of influenza B has a long N-terminal tail of 70 residues with intrinsic flexibility. This tail contains the Nuclear Location Signal (NLS). The nuclear trafficking of the viral components mobilizes cellular import factors at different stages, making these host-pathogen interactions promising targets for new therapeutics. NP is imported into the nucleus by the importin-α/β pathway, through a direct interaction with importin-α isoforms. Here we provide a combined nuclear magnetic resonance and small-angle X-ray scattering (NMR/SAXS) analysis to describe the dynamics of the interaction between influenza B NP and the human importin-α. The NP of influenza B does not have a single NLS nor a bipartite NLS but our results suggest that the tail harbors several adjacent NLS sequences, located between residues 30 and 71.
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37
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Goto T, Shimotai Y, Matsuzaki Y, Muraki Y, Sho R, Sugawara K, Hongo S. Effect of Phosphorylation of CM2 Protein on Influenza C Virus Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:e00773-17. [PMID: 28878070 PMCID: PMC5660502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00773-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CM2 is the second membrane protein of the influenza C virus and has been demonstrated to play a role in the uncoating and genome packaging processes in influenza C virus replication. Although the effects of N-linked glycosylation, disulfide-linked oligomerization, and palmitoylation of CM2 on virus replication have been analyzed, the effect of the phosphorylation of CM2 on virus replication remains to be determined. In this study, a phosphorylation site(s) at residue 78 and/or 103 of CM2 was replaced with an alanine residue(s), and the effects of the loss of phosphorylation on influenza C virus replication were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in the packaging of the reporter gene between influenza C virus-like particles (VLPs) produced from 293T cells expressing wild-type CM2 and those from the cells expressing the CM2 mutants lacking the phosphorylation site(s). Reporter gene expression in HMV-II cells infected with VLPs containing the CM2 mutants was inhibited in comparison with that in cells infected with wild-type VLPs. The virus production of the recombinant influenza C virus possessing CM2 mutants containing a serine-to-alanine change at residue 78 was significantly lower than that of wild-type recombinant influenza C virus. Furthermore, the virus growth of the recombinant viruses possessing CM2 with a serine-to-aspartic acid change at position 78, to mimic constitutive phosphorylation, was virtually identical to that of the wild-type virus. These results suggest that phosphorylation of CM2 plays a role in efficient virus replication, probably through the addition of a negative charge to the Ser78 phosphorylation site.IMPORTANCE It is well-known that many host and viral proteins are posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation, which plays a role in the functions of these proteins. In influenza A and B viruses, phosphorylation of viral proteins NP, M1, NS1, and the nuclear export protein (NEP), which are not integrated into the membranes, affects the functions of these proteins, thereby affecting virus replication. However, it was reported that phosphorylation of the influenza A virus M2 ion channel protein, which is integrated into the membrane, has no effect on virus replication in vitro or in vivo We previously demonstrated that the influenza C virus CM2 ion channel protein is modified by N-glycosylation, oligomerization, palmitoylation, and phosphorylation and have analyzed the effects of these modifications, except phosphorylation, on virus replication. This is the first report demonstrating that phosphorylation of the influenza C virus CM2 ion channel protein, unlike that of the influenza A virus M2 protein, plays a role in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Goto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ri Sho
- Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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38
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Nemes K, Gellért Á, Almási A, Vági P, Sáray R, Kádár K, Salánki K. Phosphorylation regulates the subcellular localization of Cucumber Mosaic Virus 2b protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13444. [PMID: 29044170 PMCID: PMC5647415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2b protein of Cucumber mosaic virus has a role in nearly all steps of the viral cycle including cell-to-cell movement, symptom induction and suppression of antiviral RNA silencing. Previous studies demonstrated the presence of 2b protein in the nucleus and in cytoplasm as well. Phosphorylation site of 2b protein is conserved in all CMV isolates, including proposed constitute motifs for casein kinase II and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. To discern the impact of 2b protein phosphorylation, we created eight different mutants to mimic the non-phosporylated (serine to alanine) as well as the phosphorylated state (serine to aspartic acid) of the protein. We compared these mutants to the wild-type (Rs-CMV) virus in terms of symptom induction, gene silencing suppressor activity as well as in cellular localization. Here, in this study we confirmed the phosphorylation of 2b protein in vivo, both in infected N. benthamiana and in infiltrated patches. Mutants containing aspartic acid in the phosphorylation site accumulated only in the cytoplasm indicating that phosphorylated 2b protein could not enter the nucleus. We identified a conserved dual phosphorylation switch in CMV 2b protein, which equilibrates the shuttling of the 2b protein between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and regulates the suppressor activity of the 2b protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Nemes
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Gellért
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Asztéria Almási
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Vági
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Sáray
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kádár
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Salánki
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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39
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Wu W, Sankhala RS, Florio TJ, Zhou L, Nguyen NLT, Lokareddy RK, Cingolani G, Panté N. Synergy of two low-affinity NLSs determines the high avidity of influenza A virus nucleoprotein NP for human importin α isoforms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11381. [PMID: 28900157 PMCID: PMC5595889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) is an essential multifunctional protein that encapsidates the viral genome and functions as an adapter between the virus and the host cell machinery. NPs from all strains of influenza A viruses contain two nuclear localization signals (NLSs): a well-studied monopartite NLS1 and a less-characterized NLS2, thought to be bipartite. Through site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis, we found that NLS2 is also monopartite and is indispensable for viral infection. Atomic structures of importin α bound to two variants of NLS2 revealed NLS2 primarily binds the major-NLS binding site of importin α, unlike NLS1 that associates with the minor NLS-pocket. Though peptides corresponding to NLS1 and NLS2 bind weakly to importin α, the two NLSs synergize in the context of the full length NP to confer high avidity for importin α7, explaining why the virus efficiently replicates in the respiratory tract that exhibits high levels of this isoform. This study, the first to functionally characterize NLS2, demonstrates NLS2 plays an important and unexpected role in influenza A virus infection. We propose NLS1 and NLS2 form a bipartite NLS in trans, which ensures high avidity for importin α7 while preventing non-specific binding to viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Tyler J Florio
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Lixin Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Nhan L T Nguyen
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Ravi K Lokareddy
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Nelly Panté
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada.
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40
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Chen L, Wang C, Luo J, Li M, Liu H, Zhao N, Huang J, Zhu X, Ma G, Yuan G, He H. Amino Acid Substitution K470R in the Nucleoprotein Increases the Virulence of H5N1 Influenza A Virus in Mammals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1308. [PMID: 28744280 PMCID: PMC5504190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 is a highly pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) and poses a major threat to the public health. The nucleoprotein (NP) has a multiple functions during the viral life cycle, however, the precise role of NP mutants in viral replication and pathogenicity is not completely understood. Here, we attempted to identify five residues in NP that may contribute to viral replication or pathogenicity. Of these, K227R, K229R, and K470R viruses were successfully rescued by reverse genetic, but the K91R and K198R viruses were not viable. A mini-genome assay demonstrated that the NP mutations K91R and K198R significantly decreased the polymerase activity. Moreover, these two mutations resulted in disrupted cellular localization in mammalian cells. Importantly, mutation at position 470 of NP significantly increased its virulence in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrated that the NP protein plays a major role in influenza virulence and pathogenicity, which adds to the knowledge of IAV virulence determinants and may benefit IAV surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Na Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Guoyao Ma
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guohui Yuan
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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41
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Mutations in matrix protein 1 and nucleoprotein caused human-specific defects in nuclear exportation and viral assembly of an avian influenza H7N1 virus. Virus Res 2017; 238:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Zheng W, Cao S, Chen C, Li J, Zhang S, Jiang J, Niu Y, Fan W, Li Y, Bi Y, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Threonine 80 phosphorylation of non-structural protein 1 regulates the replication of influenza A virus by reducing the binding affinity with RIG-I. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12643. [PMID: 27376632 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus evades host antiviral defense through hijacking innate immunity by its non-structural protein 1 (NS1). By using mass spectrometry, threonine 80 (T80) was identified as a novel phosphorylated residue in the NS1 of the influenza virus A/WSN/1933(H1N1). By generating recombinant influenza viruses encoding NS1 T80 mutants, the roles of this phosphorylation site were characterized during viral replication. The T80E (phosphomimetic) mutant attenuated virus replication, whereas the T80A (non-phosphorylatable) mutant did not. Similar phenotypes were observed for these mutants in a mouse model experiment. In further study, the T80E mutant decreased the binding capacity between NS1 and viral nucleoprotein (NP), leading to impaired viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP)-mediated viral transcription. The T80E mutant was also unable to inhibit interferon (IFN) production by reducing the binding affinity between NS1 and retinoic acid-induced gene 1 protein (RIG-I), causing attenuation of virus replication. Taken together, the present study reveals that T80 phosphorylation of NS1 reduced influenza virus replication through controlling RIG-I-mediated IFN production and vRNP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yange Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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43
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Qiu J, Tang Z, Yuan M, Wu W, Yang K. The 91-205 amino acid region of AcMNPV ORF34 (Ac34), which comprises a potential C3H zinc finger, is required for its nuclear localization and optimal virus multiplication. Virus Res 2016; 228:79-89. [PMID: 27894868 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During baculovirus infection, most viral proteins must be imported to the nucleus to support virus multiplication. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) orf34 (ac34) is an alphabaculovirus unique gene that is required for optimal virus production. Ac34 distributes in both the cytoplasm and the nuclei of virus-infected Sf9 cells, but contains no conventional nuclear localization signal (NLS). In this study, we investigated the nuclear targeting domains in Ac34. Transient expression assays showed that Ac34 localized in both the cytoplasm and the nuclei of Sf9 cells, indicating that no viral protein is required for Ac34 nuclear localization. Subcellular localization analysis of Ac34 truncations and internal deletions fused with green fluorescent protein in plasmid-transfected Sf9 cells identified that the 91-205 amino acid (aa) region is required for Ac34 nuclear localization. Mutations in a potential C3H zinc finger (aa 116-131) in Ac34 resulted in exclusive cytoplasmic distribution of GFP:Ac34, suggesting that the zinc finger is required for Ac34 nuclear localization. To assess the functional importance of Ac34 in the nucleus during virus replication, recombinant AcMNPV bacmids containing a series of Ac34 truncations, internal deletions, or site mutations fused with HA tags were constructed. Subcellular localization analysis showed that Ac34 with internal deletions in aa 91-205 or site mutations in the potential zinc finger was predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm. Viral plaque assays and virus growth curves indicated that disruption of Ac34 nuclear localization significantly impaired virus replication. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the nuclear localization of Ac34 requires the 91-205 aa region and its nuclear localization is essential for optimal virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhimin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Meijin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenbi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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44
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Li J, Zheng W, Hou L, Chen C, Fan W, Qu H, Jiang J, Liu J, Gao GF, Zhou J, Sun L, Liu W. Differential nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the nucleoprotein of influenza a viruses and association with host tropism. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Lidan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Can Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Hongren Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Office of Director-General; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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45
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Ubiquitination Upregulates Influenza Virus Polymerase Function. J Virol 2016; 90:10906-10914. [PMID: 27681127 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01829-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus polymerase plays an essential role in the virus life cycle, directing synthesis of viral mRNAs and genomes. It is a trimeric complex composed of subunits PA, PB1, and PB2 and associates with viral RNAs and nucleoprotein (NP) to form higher-order ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The polymerase is regulated temporally over the course of infection to ensure coordinated expression of viral genes as well as replication of the viral genome. Various host factors and processes have been implicated in regulation of the IAV polymerase function, including posttranslational modifications; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that ubiquitination plays an important role in stimulating polymerase activity. We show that all protein subunits in the RNP are ubiquitinated, but ubiquitination does not significantly alter protein levels. Instead, ubiquitination and an active proteasome enhance polymerase activity. Expression of ubiquitin upregulates polymerase function in a dose-dependent fashion, causing increased accumulation of viral RNA (vRNA), cRNA, and mRNA and enhanced viral gene expression during infection. Ubiquitin expression directly affects polymerase activity independent of nucleoprotein (NP) or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assembly. Ubiquitination and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway play key roles during multiple stages of influenza virus infection, and data presented here now demonstrate that these processes modulate viral polymerase activity independent of protein degradation. IMPORTANCE The cellular ubiquitin-proteasome pathway impacts steps during the entire influenza virus life cycle. Ubiquitination suppresses replication by targeting viral proteins for degradation and stimulating innate antiviral signaling pathways. Ubiquitination also enhances replication by facilitating viral entry and virion disassembly. We identify here an addition proviral role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, showing that all of the proteins in the viral replication machinery are subject to ubiquitination and this is crucial for optimal viral polymerase activity. Manipulation of the ubiquitin machinery for therapeutic benefit is therefore likely to disrupt the function of multiple viral proteins at stages throughout the course of infection.
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46
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Bank C, Renzette N, Liu P, Matuszewski S, Shim H, Foll M, Bolon DNA, Zeldovich KB, Kowalik TF, Finberg RW, Wang JP, Jensen JD. An experimental evaluation of drug-induced mutational meltdown as an antiviral treatment strategy. Evolution 2016; 70:2470-2484. [PMID: 27566611 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of drug resistance remains a critical public health concern. The treatment of influenza A virus (IAV) has proven particularly challenging, due to the ability of the virus to develop resistance against current antivirals and vaccines. Here, we evaluate a novel antiviral drug therapy, favipiravir, for which the mechanism of action in IAV involves an interaction with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase resulting in an effective increase in the viral mutation rate. We used an experimental evolution framework, combined with novel population genetic method development for inference from time-sampled data, to evaluate the effectiveness of favipiravir against IAV. Evaluating whole genome polymorphism data across 15 time points under multiple drug concentrations and in controls, we present the first evidence for the ability of IAV populations to effectively adapt to low concentrations of favipiravir. In contrast, under high concentrations, we observe population extinction, indicative of mutational meltdown. We discuss the observed dynamics with respect to the evolutionary forces at play and emphasize the utility of evolutionary theory to inform drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bank
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Current Adrress: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nicholas Renzette
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Sebastian Matuszewski
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hyunjin Shim
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Foll
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Current Address: Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel N A Bolon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Konstantin B Zeldovich
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Timothy F Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Robert W Finberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Jennifer P Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605.
| | - Jeffrey D Jensen
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Current Address: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287.
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47
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Höfer CT, Jolmes F, Haralampiev I, Veit M, Herrmann A. Influenza A virus nucleoprotein targets subnuclear structures. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27696627 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) is the major protein component of the genomic viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes, which are the replication- and transcription-competent units of Influenza viruses. Early during infection, NP mediates import of vRNPs into the host cell nucleus where viral replication and transcription take place; also newly synthesized NP molecules are targeted into the nucleus, enabling coreplicational assembly of progeny vRNPs. NP reportedly acts as regulatory factor during infection, and it is known to be involved in numerous interactions with host cell proteins. Yet, the NP-host cell interplay is still poorly understood. Here, we report that NP significantly interacts with the nuclear compartment and displays distinct affinities for different subnuclear structures. NP subnuclear behavior was studied by expression of fluorescent NP fusion proteins - including obligate monomeric NP - and site-specific fluorescence photoactivation measurements. We found that NP constructs accumulate in subnuclear domains frequently found adjacent to or overlapping with promyelocytic leukemia bodies and Cajal bodies. Targeting of NP to Cajal bodies could further be demonstrated in the context of virus infection. We hypothesize that by targeting functional nuclear organization, NP might either link viral replication to specific cellular machinery or interfere with host cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T Höfer
- IRI Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Jolmes
- IRI Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Haralampiev
- IRI Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- IRI Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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48
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Elbahesh H, Bergmann S, Russell CJ. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates polymerase activity of multiple influenza A virus subtypes. Virology 2016; 499:369-374. [PMID: 27743963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause numerous pandemics and yearly epidemics resulting in ~500,000 annual deaths globally. IAV modulates cellular signaling pathways at every step of the infection cycle. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been shown to play a critical role in endosomal trafficking of influenza A viruses, yet it is unclear how FAK kinase activity regulates IAV replication. Using mini-genomes derived from H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, we dissected RNA replication by IAVs independent of viral entry or release. Our results show FAK activity promotes efficient IAV polymerase activity and inhibiting FAK activity with a chemical inhibitor or a kinase-dead mutant significantly reduces IAV polymerase activity. Using co-immunoprecipitations and proximity ligation assays, we observed interactions between FAK and the viral nucleoprotein, supporting a direct role of FAK in IAV replication. Altogether, the data indicates that FAK kinase activity is important in promoting IAV replication by regulating its polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husni Elbahesh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Silke Bergmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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49
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Qu H, Li J, Yang L, Sun L, Liu W, He H. Influenza A Virus-induced expression of ISG20 inhibits viral replication by interacting with nucleoprotein. Virus Genes 2016; 52:759-767. [PMID: 27342813 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important pathogen that has a wide range of hosts and represents a threat to the health of humans and several animal species. IAV infection can induce the transcription of many genes in the host. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that three different strains of H1N1 IAV induce the expression of an IFN-stimulated gene, ISG20. We determined the antiviral activity of ISG20 against IAV because ISG20 inhibited viral protein expression and reduced the progeny viral titer dependent upon its exonuclease activity. To elucidate the detailed mechanism of ISG20, we further demonstrated that ISG20 impairs the polymerase activity and inhibits both the replication and transcription levels of the M1 and NP genes. Notably, we identified that ISG20 colocalizes and interacts with NP during IAV infection, while exonuclease-inactive mutant ISG20 lacked association with NP, indicating that ISG20 inhibits IAV replication by interacting with NP. Together, these data provide a detailed explanation for the specific antiviral action of ISG20 and suggest that ISG20 may act as a promising antiviral drug candidate against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongren Qu
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
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50
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) harbor a segmented RNA genome that is organized into eight distinct viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes. Although a segmented genome may be a major advantage to adapt to new host environments, it comes at the cost of a highly sophisticated genome packaging mechanism. Newly synthesized vRNPs conquer the cellular endosomal recycling machinery to access the viral budding site at the plasma membrane. Genome packaging sequences unique to each RNA genome segment are thought to be key determinants ensuring the assembly and incorporation of eight distinct vRNPs into progeny viral particles. Recent studies using advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques suggest the formation of vRNP sub-bundles (comprising less than eight vRNPs) during their transport on recycling endosomes. The formation of such sub-bundles might be required for efficient packaging of a bundle of eight different genomes segments at the budding site, further highlighting the complexity of IAV genome packaging.
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