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Spackman E, Suarez DL, Lee CW, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Lee SA, Youk S, Ibrahim S. Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vaccine 2023; 41:7369-7376. [PMID: 37932132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused widespread outbreaks in poultry in the Americas. Because of the duration and extent of these outbreaks, vaccine use may be an additional tool to limit virus spread. Three vaccines were evaluated for efficacy in chickens against a current North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAIV isolate, A/turkey/Indiana/3703-003/2022 H5N1. The vaccines included: 1) a commercial inactivated reverse genetics (rg) generated H5N1 product with a clade 2.3.4.4c H5 hemagglutinin (HA) (rgH5N1); 2) a commercial alphavirus RNA particle (RP) vaccine with the TK/IN/22 HA; and 3) an in-house inactivated rg produced vaccine with the TK/IN/22 HA and a North American lineage N9 neuraminidase (NA) (SEP-22-N9). Both inactivated vaccines were produced with HA genes that were modified to be low pathogenic and with the remaining genes from the PR8 influenza strain. All vaccines provided 100% protection against mortality and morbidity and all vaccines reduced virus shed by the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes significantly compared to sham vaccinates. However, differences were observed among the vaccines in quantities of virus shed at two- and four-days post challenge (DPC). To determine if infected birds could be identified after vaccination to aid surveillance programs, serum was collected from the RP and SEP-22-N9 vaccine groups at 7, 10, and 14 DPC to detect antibody to the NA and nucleoprotein (NP) of the challenge virus by enzyme linked lectin assay (ELLA) and ELISA. As early as 7DPC ELLA detected antibody in sera from 100% of the chickens in the RP vaccinated group and 70% of the chickens in the SEP-22-N9 vaccinated group. Antibody to the NP was detected by commercial ELISA in more than 50% of the birds in the RP vaccinated group at each time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Scott A Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Sherif Ibrahim
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Azab AA, Yehia N, Makhareta M, Samir M, Shoukry A, Elhalem Mohamed AA, Alhag SK, Alwabli AS, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Soliman MA. Evaluation of inactivated avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus bivalent vaccination program against newly circulated H5N8 and NDV strains. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102952. [PMID: 37634266 PMCID: PMC10475511 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are respiratory illness syndromes that have recently been detected in vaccinated flocks and are causing major financial losses in the chicken farming industry. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine in protecting chickens against the H5N8 and NDV strains that have recently been circulating in comparison with the efficacy of the commercially available bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine. In contrast to the H5+ND7 vaccine, which was made of genetically distinct H5N8/2018 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype group (G5), H9N2/2016, H5N1/2017, and genetically comparable NDV genotype VII 1.1/2019 of the recently circulating challenge viruses, the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine consisted of the recently isolated (RG HPAI H5N1 AIV/2015 Clade 2.2.1.2, RG HPAIV H5N8/2020 Clade 2.3.4.4b genotype group 6 (G6), and NDV genotype VII 1.1/2012) which were genetically similar to challenged strains. To determine the effectiveness of the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine, a total of 70-day-old commercial chicks were divided into 7 groups of 10 birds each. Groups (G1 and G4) received Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine. Groups (G2 and G5) groups received commercial H5+ND7 vaccine. While groups (G3 and G6) were kept nonvaccinated, and group (G7) was kept as a nonchallenged and nonvaccinated. After 3-wk post vaccination (WPV), groups G1, G2, and G3 were challenged with A/Duck/ Egypt/SMG4/2019(H5N8) genotype G6. On the other hand, groups G4, G5, G6 were challenged with NDV/EGYPT/18629F/2018 genotype VII 1.1 with an intranasal injection of 0.1 mL. Antibody titer was calculated at the first 3 wk after vaccination, and the viral shedding titer was calculated at 3-, 5-, and 7-days post challenge. Mortality and morbidity rates were monitored daily during the experiment, and for the first 10 d after the challenge, to provide an estimate of the protection rate. The results showed that a single dosage of 0.5 mL per bird of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine provides 80% protection against both H5N8 and NDV, compared to the bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine, which provided 20 and 80% protection against H5N8 and NDV, respectively. In addition, 0.5 mL per bird of Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 vaccine produced a greater immune response against both viruses than commercial vaccination at 1 to 3 WPV with a significant difference at 1 WPV for H5N8 and a comparatively higher immune response for NDV. Furthermore, it reduced virus shedding of H5N8 on the third, fifth, seventh, and tenth days lower than H5+ND7 vaccine with a significant difference on the third day for H5N8 and relatively lower than bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine for NDV with a significant difference on the fifth day. The Valley vaccinated group demonstrated more tissue intactness compared to the commercially vaccinated group against the H5N8 challenge, however the bivalent commercially vaccinated group showed the similar level of tissue integrity against NDV. In conclusion, Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 that contains the genetically similar strain to recently circulating challenged virus (H5N8 genotype G6) provided better protection with greater immune response and decreased the amount of virus shed against H5N8 genotype G6 and showed less histopathological alteration than the commercial bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine that contain genetically distinct (H5N8 genotype G5). However the Valley Vac H5Plus NDVg7 provided the same protection with relatively high immune response and relatively decreased the amount of virus shed and showed equal tissue integrity than the commercial bivalent H5+ND7 vaccine against NDV genotype VII 1.1 that contain the same genotype of NDV genotype VII 1.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Azab
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Makhareta
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center, Abassia 131, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Shoukry
- Egyptian Company for Biological and Pharmaceutical Industry, Vaccine Valley, 6 October City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf S Alwabli
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed A Soliman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
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Meseko C, Ameji NO, Kumar B, Culhane M. Rational approach to vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza in Nigeria: a scientific perspective and global best practice. Arch Virol 2023; 168:263. [PMID: 37775596 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 2006, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtypes H5Nx have adversely affected poultry production in Nigeria. Successive waves of infections in the last two decades have raised concerns about the ability to contain infections by biosecurity alone, and evidence of recurrent outbreaks suggests a need for adoption of additional control measures such as vaccination. Although vaccination can be used to control virus spread and reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by HPAI, no country using vaccination alone as a control measure against HPAI has been able to eliminate or prevent re-infection. To inform policy in Nigeria, we examined the intricacies of HPAI vaccination, government regulations, and scientific data regarding what kind of vaccines can be used based on subtype, whether inactivated or live attenuated should be used, when to deliver vaccine either proactively or reactively, where to apply vaccination either in disease control zones, regionally, or nationally, and how to vaccinate the targeted poultry population for optimum success. A resurgence of HPAI outbreaks in Nigeria since 2018, after the country was declared free of the epidemic following the first outbreak in 2006, has led to enhanced intervention. Controlled vaccination entails monitoring the application of vaccines, the capacity to differentiate vaccinated from infected (DIVA) flocks, and assessing seroconversion or other immune correlates of protection. Concurrent surveillance for circulating avian influenza virus (AIV) and analyzing AIV isolates obtained via surveillance efforts for genetic and/or antigenic mismatch with vaccine strains are also important. Countries with high investment in commercial poultry farms like Nigeria may identify and zone territories where vaccines can be applied. This may include ring vaccination to control HPAI in areas or production systems at risk of infection. Before adoption of vaccination as an additional control measure on commercial poultry farms, two outcomes must be considered. First, vaccination is an admission of endemicity. Secondly, vaccinated flocks may no longer be made accessible to international poultry markets in accordance with WOAH trade regulations. Vaccination must therefore be approached with utmost caution and be guided by science-based evidence throughout the implementation strategy after thorough risk assessment. Influenza vaccine research, development, and controlled application in addition to biosecurity may be a precautionary measure in the evolving HPAI scenario in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza and Transboundary Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, vom plateau, Nigeria.
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
| | - Negedu Onogu Ameji
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Marie Culhane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
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Mo J, Spackman E, Swayne DE. Prediction of highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine efficacy in chickens by comparison of in vitro and in vivo data: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Vaccine 2023; 41:5507-5517. [PMID: 37537093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines for avian influenza (AI) can protect poultry against disease, mortality, and virus transmission. Numerous factors, including: vaccine platform, immunogenicity, and relatedness to the field strain, are known to be important to achieving optimal AI vaccine efficacy. To better understand how these factors contribute to vaccine protection, a systematic meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate efficacy data for vaccines in chickens challenged with highly pathogenic (HP) AI. Data from a total of 120 individual trials from 25 publications were selected and evaluated. Two vaccine criteria were evaluated for their effects on two metrics of protection. The vaccine criteria were: 1) the relatedness of the vaccine antigen and challenge strain in the hemagglutinin 1 domain (HA1) protein sequence; 2) vaccine-induced antibody titers to the challenge virus (VIAC). The metrics of protection were: A) survival of vaccinated chickens vs unvaccinated controls; and B) reduction in oral virus-shedding by vaccinated vs unvaccinated controls 2-4 days post challenge. Three vaccine platforms were evaluated: oil-adjuvanted inactivated whole AI virus, recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vectored, and a non-replicating alpha-virus vectored RNA particle (RP) vaccine. Higher VIAC correlated with greater reduction of virus-shed and vaccine efficacy by all vaccine platforms. Both higher HA1 relatedness and higher VIAC using challenge virus as antigen correlated with better survival by inactivated vaccines and rHVT-vectored vaccines. However, rHVT-vectored and RP based vaccines were more tolerant of variation in the HA1; the relatedness of the HA1 of the vaccine and challenge virus did not significantly correlate with survival with rHVT-vectored vaccines. Protection was achieved with the lowest aa similarity for which there was data, 90-93 % for rHVT vaccines and 88 % for the RP vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Harder T, de Wit S, Gonzales JL, Ho JHP, Mulatti P, Prajitno TY, Stegeman A. Epidemiology-driven approaches to surveillance in HPAI-vaccinated poultry flocks aiming to demonstrate freedom from circulating HPAIV. Biologicals 2023; 83:101694. [PMID: 37494751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Incursion pressure of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) by secondary spread among poultry holdings and/or from infected migratory wild bird populations increases worldwide. Vaccination as an additional layer of protection of poultry holdings using appropriately matched vaccines aims at reducing clinical sequelae of HPAIV infection, disrupting HPAIV transmission, curtailing economic losses and animal welfare problems and cutting exposure risks of zoonotic HPAIV at the avian-human interface. Products derived from HPAIV-vaccinated poultry should not impose any risk of virus spread or exposure. Vaccination can be carried out with zero-tolerance for infection in vaccinated herds and must then be flanked by appropriate surveillance which requires tailoring at several levels: (i) Controlling appropriate vaccination coverage and adequate population immunity in individual flocks and across vaccinated populations; (ii) assessing HPAI-infection trends in unvaccinated and vaccinated parts of the poultry population to provide early detection of new/re-emerged HPAIV outbreaks; and (iii) proving absence of HPAIV circulation in vaccinated flocks ideally by real time-monitoring. Surveillance strategies, i.e. selecting targets, tools and random sample sizes, must be accommodated to the specific epidemiologic and socio-economic background. Methodological approaches and practical examples from three countries or territories applying AI vaccination under different circumstances are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jose L Gonzales
- Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy H P Ho
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Teguh Y Prajitno
- Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, Vaksindo Satwa Nusantara, Animal Health & Laboratory Services, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Criado MF, Kassa A, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Sá E Silva M, Killmaster L, Ross TM, Mebatsion T, Swayne DE. Efficacy of multivalent recombinant herpesvirus of turkey vaccines against high pathogenicity avian influenza, infectious bursal disease, and Newcastle disease viruses. Vaccine 2023; 41:2893-2904. [PMID: 37012117 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are an essential tool for the control of viral infections in domestic animals. We generated recombinant vector herpesvirus of turkeys (vHVT) vaccines expressing computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) H5 of avian influenza virus (AIV) alone (vHVT-AI) or in combination with virus protein 2 (VP2) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) (vHVT-IBD-AI) or fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (vHVT-ND-AI). In vaccinated chickens, all three vHVT vaccines provided 90-100% clinical protection against three divergent clades of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), and significantly decreased number of birds and oral viral shedding titers at 2 days post-challenge compared to shams. Four weeks after vaccination, most vaccinated birds had H5 hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers, which significantly increased post-challenge. The vHVT-IBD-AI and vHVT-ND-AI vaccines provided 100% clinical protection against IBDVs and NDV, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that multivalent HVT vector vaccines were efficacious for simultaneous control of HPAIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miria F Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Aemro Kassa
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Kateri Bertran
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mariana Sá E Silva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Teshome Mebatsion
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Zai X, Shi B, Shao H, Qian K, Ye J, Yao Y, Nair V, Qin A. Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing H9N2 HA Gene at the HVT005/006 Site Induces Better Protection Than That at the HVT029/031 Site. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112495. [PMID: 36423104 PMCID: PMC9698400 DOI: 10.3390/v14112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) is widely used as an effective recombinant vaccine vector for expressing protective antigens of multiple avian pathogens from different loci of the HVT genome. These include the HVT029/031 (UL22-23) locus for the insertion of IBDV VP2 and the recently identified HVT005/006 locus as a novel site for expressing heterologous proteins. In order to compare the efficacy of recombinant vaccines with the HA gene at different sites, the growth curves and the HA expression levels of HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA, HVT-005/006-MLV-HA, and HVT-029/031-MLV-HA were first examined in vitro. While the growth kinetics of three recombinant viruses were not significantly different from those of parent HVT, higher expression of the HA gene was achieved from the HVT005/006 site than that from the HVT029/031 site. The efficacy of the three recombinant viruses against avian influenza H9N2 virus was also evaluated using one-day-old SPF chickens. Chickens immunized with HVT-005/006-MLV-HA or HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA displayed reduced virus shedding compared to HVT-029/031-MLV-HA vaccinated chickens. Moreover, the overall hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers of HVT-005/006-HA-vaccinated chickens were higher than that of HVT-029/031-HA-vaccinated chickens. However, HVT-005/006-MLV-HA and HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA did not result in a significant difference in the level of HA expression in vitro and provided the same protective efficacy (100%) at 5 days after challenge. In the current study, the results suggested that recombinant HVT005/006 vaccines caused better expression of HA than recombinant HVT029/031 vaccine, and that HVT-005/006-MLV-HA or HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA could be a candidate vaccine for the protection of chickens against H9N2 influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Zai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Correspondence: (V.N.); (A.Q.); Tel.: +44-(0)1483-231-415 (V.N.); +86-(0)-514–87979217 (A.Q.)
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (V.N.); (A.Q.); Tel.: +44-(0)1483-231-415 (V.N.); +86-(0)-514–87979217 (A.Q.)
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Development and Evaluation of an Inactivated Influenza A(H5N8) Vaccine. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are circulating in lots of avian species, causing major outbreaks in both wild and domestic poultry. Since its first emergence in 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses widely spread in the world resulting in enormous economic losses. In Egypt, the newly emerging high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses have been detected in domestic poultry and in wild birds since the 2016/2017 winter season. AI H5N8 is cocirculating with LP H9N2 and HP H5N1 in the Egyptian environment. Poultry vaccination strategy in Egypt is based on commercially available H5 vaccines as an essential control policy, while the majority of commercial avian influenza H5 vaccines utilized in Egypt are not effective against H5N8 viruses. The present study included 3 experimental H5N8 inactivated vaccines based on the 2 major antigenic proteins of the currently circulating strain A/chicken/Egypt/Q16684C/2019 (H5N8), and the internal segments of the A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1) virus. Then, the protective efficacy of the three forms of inactivated vaccines (HAH5N8+7PR8, NAH5N8+7PR8 and HA, NAH5N8+6PR8) were compared regarding the parental PR8 virus in vaccinated specific pathogen free chickens. The NAH5N8+6PR8 as well as HAH5N8+7PR8 and HA vaccines showed the highest protection capacity of challenged SPF chickens and were able to elicit the highest titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies. Thus, a continuous active surveillance strategy is needed to determine the most dominant circulating strain and updating of vaccine seed strains.
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Castellanos-Huerta I, Gómez-Verduzco G, Tellez-Isaias G, Ayora-Talavera G, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Petrone-García VM, Fernández-Siurob I, Velázquez-Juárez G. Immune Evaluation of Avian Influenza Virus HAr Protein Expressed in Dunaliella salina in the Mucosa of Chicken. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091418. [PMID: 36146496 PMCID: PMC9505873 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a serious threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Currently, vaccination efforts are based on inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant vaccines, where the principal focus is on the type of virus hemagglutinin (HA), and the proposed use of recombinant proteins of AI virus (AIV). The use of antigens produced in microalgae is a novel strategy for the induction of an immune response in the mucosal tissue. The capacity of the immune system in poultry, particularly in mucosa, plays an important role in the defense against pathogens. This system depends on a complex relationship between specialized cells and soluble factors, which confer protection against pathogens. Primary lymphoid organs (PLO), as well as lymphocytic aggregates (LA) such as the Harderian gland (HG) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), actively participate in a local immune response which is mainly secretory IgA (S-IgA). This study demonstrates the usefulness of subunit antigens for the induction of a local and systemic immune response in poultry via ocular application. These findings suggest that a complex protein such as HAr from AIV (H5N2) can successfully induce increased local production of S-IgA and a specific systemic immune response in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkar Castellanos-Huerta
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Gómez-Verduzco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan (UADY), Merida 97000, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Avenida Universidad 602, Lomas del Campestre, Leon 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Petrone-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán UNAM, Cuautitlan 54714, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino Garcia Barragan #1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
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Abolnik C, Smith T, Wandrag DB, Murphy MA, Rautenbach M, Olibile O, O'Kennedy M. Dose immunogenicity study of a plant-produced influenza virus-like particle vaccine in layer hens. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09804. [PMID: 35785234 PMCID: PMC9244761 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza poses one of the largest known threats to global poultry production and human health, but effective poultry vaccines can reduce infections rates, production losses and prevent mortalities, and reduce viral shed to limit further disease spread. The antigenic match between a vaccine and the circulating field influenza A viruses (IAV) is a critical determinant of vaccine efficacy. Here, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient tobacco plant (Nicotiana benthamiana) system was used to rapidly update an H6 influenza subtype virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine expressing the hemagglutininn (HA) protein of South African H6N2 IAVs circulating in 2020. Specific pathogen free White Leghorn layer hens vaccinated twice with ≥125 hemagglutinating unit (HAU) doses elicited protective antibody responses associated with prevention of viral shedding, i.e. hemaglutination inhibition (HI) mean geometric titres (GMTs) of ≥7 log2, for at least four months before dropping to approximately 5–6 log2 for at least another two months. A single vaccination with a 250 HAU dose induced significantly higher HI GMTs compared lower or higher doses, and was thus the optimal dose for chickens. Use of an adjuvant was essential, as the plant-produced H6 HA VLP alone did not induce protective antibody responses. Plant-produced IAV VLPs enable differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA principle), and with sucrose density gradient-purified yields of 20,000 doses per kg of plant material, this highly efficacious, safe and economical technology holds enormous potential for improving poultry health in lower and middle-income countries.
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Pan X, Su X, Ding P, Zhao J, Cui H, Yan D, Teng Q, Li X, Beerens N, Zhang H, Liu Q, de Jong MCM, Li Z. Maternal-derived antibodies hinder the antibody response to H9N2 AIV inactivated vaccine in the field. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) inactivated vaccine has been used extensively in poultry farms, but it often fails to stimulate a sufficiently high immune response in poultry in the field, although it works well in laboratory experiments; hence, the virus still causes economic damage every year and poses a potential threat to public health. Based on surveillance data collected in the field, we found that broilers with high levels of maternal-derived antibodies (MDAs) against H9N2 virus did not produce high levels of antibodies after vaccination with a commercial H9N2 inactivated vaccine. In contrast, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens without MDAs responded efficiently to that vaccination. When MDAs were mimicked by administering passively transferred antibodies (PTAs) into SPF chickens in the laboratory, similar results were observed: H9N2-specific PTAs inhibited humoral immunity against the H9N2 inactivated vaccine, suggesting that H9N2-specific MDAs might hinder the generation of antibodies when H9N2 inactivated vaccine was used. After challenge with homologous H9N2 virus, the virus was detected in oropharyngeal swabs of the vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens with PTAs but not in the vaccinated chickens without PTAs, indicating that H9N2-specific MDAs were indeed one of the reasons for H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field. When different titers of PTAs were used to mimic MDAs in SPF chickens, high (HI = 12 log2) and medium (HI = log 9 log2) titers of PTAs reduced the generation of H9N2-specific antibodies after the first vaccination, but a booster dose would induce a high and faster humoral immune response even of PTA interference. This study strongly suggested that high or medium titers of MDAs might explain H9N2 inactivated vaccine failure in the field.
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Lee ES, Shim YJ, Chathuranga WAG, Ahn YH, Yoon IJ, Yoo SS, Lee JS. CAvant® WO-60 as an Effective Immunological Adjuvant for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:730700. [PMID: 34926633 PMCID: PMC8677964 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.730700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the immunogenicity of vaccines currently used in poultry, several pathogens, including avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), cause enormous economic losses to the global poultry industry. The efficacy of vaccines can be improved by the introduction of effective adjuvants. This study evaluated a novel water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant, CAvant® WO-60, which effectively enhanced both the immunogenicity of conserved influenza antigen sM2HA2 and inactivated whole H9N2 antigen (iH9N2). CAvant® WO-60 induced both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice and provided 100% protection from challenge with 10 LD50 of A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005 (H5N2) and A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004 (H9N2) AIV. Importantly, immunization of chickens with iH9N2 plus inactivated NDV LaSota (iNDV) bivalent inactivated vaccine emulsified in CAvant® WO-60 induced seroprotective levels of antigen-specific antibody responses. Taken together, these results suggested that CAvant® WO-60 is a promising adjuvant for poultry vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Seo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jung Shim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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El-Shall NA, Awad AM, Sedeik ME. Examination of the protective efficacy of two avian influenza H5 vaccines against clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in commercial broilers. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:125-133. [PMID: 34425414 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was detected in 2017 in Egypt, which is one of the few countries using vaccination as a control strategy in poultry farms. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the commercial recombinant turkey herpes virus-H5 (rHVT-H5) vaccine (clade 2.2), alone or in combination with commercial inactivated reverse genetically engineered H5N1 vaccine (rgH5N1) (clade 2.2), in preventing the genetically distinct HPAI H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4b in commercial broiler chickens. Four experimental groups of chickens were used as follows: G1, non-vaccinated and non-challenged; G2, non-vaccinated and challenged; G3, vaccinated with rHVT-H5; and G4, prime-boost vaccinated with rHVT-H5/rgH5N1. For challenge with the Egyptian HPAI H5N8 (2.3.4.4b) virus, the groups were divided into two subgroups (A and B); chickens in subgroups A were challenged at the age of 28 days, whereas those in subgroups B were challenged at the age of 35 days. Results showed that a protective efficacy (survival rate) of 40%-50% was obtained in the vaccinated subgroups A. By delaying challenge for 1 week (subgroups B), a single rHVT-H5 vaccination provided 80% protection, whereas prime-boost vaccination induced full protection and reduced viral shedding very efficiently (1/10 birds and only detected on the 3rd day post challenge) against HPAI H5N8 virus (2.3.4.4b). Moreover, body weight loss improved from 31.39% and 43.65% in G3A and G4A, respectively, to 16.34% and 7.7% in G3B and G4B, respectively. The HI titers obtained in G3A and G4A on the challenge day (28th d) using H5N8 antigen were 3 and 3.75 log2 (p > 0.05), respectively, whereas those in G3B and G4B on the challenge day (35th d) were 6.25 and 6 log2 (p > 0.05), respectively, which increased post-challenge in all vaccinated subgroups. Therefore, the dual use of vectored rHVT-H5 and inactivated rgH5N1 vaccines in the vaccination schedule in poultry farms is the most efficient tool for preventing the disease (mortality and viral shedding) caused by the genetically distinct virus (clade 2.3.3.4b HPAI H5N8) in combination with strict biosecurity and sanitary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed A El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Abis 10, 21944, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf M Awad
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Abis 10, 21944, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Sedeik
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Abis 10, 21944, Egypt
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El-Moeid AA, EL-Deeb AH, Elsaied MF, Soliman RA, EL-Safty MM, Hussein HA. Discrepancies in the efficacy of H5 inactivated avian influenza vaccines in specific-pathogen-free chickens against challenge with the Egyptian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 Group B virus isolated in 2018. Vet World 2021; 14:2131-2141. [PMID: 34566331 PMCID: PMC8448630 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2131-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was newly emerged to Egypt and firstly detected in carcasses of wild birds in November 2016. This study assessed the protection efficacy and virus shedding reduction of three different inactivated avian influenza (AI) H5 (H5N1, H5N2, and H5N3) commercial vaccines against challenge with two newly emerging highly pathogenic AI virus H5N8 Egyptian isolates in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10-day-old SPF chicks (n=260) were divided into 20 groups (n=13). Groups 1-5 were vaccinated through the subcutaneous route (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N1 vaccine, Groups 6-10 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N2 vaccine, and Groups 11-15 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N3 vaccine. Positive control groups (16-19) were challenged at 25 and 31 days old (2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination [PV]) using H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/duck/Egypt/F13666A/2017(H5N8) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/chicken/Egypt/18FL6/2018(H5N8). Group 20 was left non-vaccinated as a control. All vaccinated groups were divided and challenged with both viruses at 25 and 31 days of age. The viral challenge dose was 0.1 mL of 106 EID50/0.1 mL titer/chick, and it was administered oronasally. All chicks were kept in isolators for 14 days after each challenge. Sera samples were collected weekly and at 2 weeks post-challenge (PC) to detect a humoral immune response. PC mortalities were recorded daily for 10 days to calculate the protection percentages. Tracheal swabs were collected from the challenged chicks in different groups at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC. Kidneys and spleens were collected at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC and kept in formalin for histopathological examination to assess lesions and severity scores. Tracheal swabs were inoculated in 10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs for virus titration and to calculate shedding levels. RESULTS All studied vaccines displayed 70-100% protection within 10 days PC. Hemagglutination inhibition results from sera samples revealed antibody titers ranging from 0.6 to 5.4 log2 starting at 1-week PV with the highest titers at 4 weeks PV. Challenged SPF chickens exhibited a notable reduction in virus shedding, with an average of 1.5-2 log10, compared to control birds. Various histopathological lesions with different scores were detected. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the inadequate virus shedding reduction and protection efficacy of studied vaccines were variable and that the type of vaccine to be used under field conditions should be reconsidered. Study of the variability between the Egyptian old emerged AI (AIV) 2017 H5N8 strains and the new emerging AIV 2018 H5N8 is required to achieve optimal protection and limit the current economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Abd El-Moeid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman Hany EL-Deeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Fathy Elsaied
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Ahamed Soliman
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hussein Aly Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Comparison of Chicken Immune Responses after Inoculation with H5 Avian Influenza Virus-like Particles Produced by Insect Cells or Pupae. J Vet Res 2021; 65:139-145. [PMID: 34250297 PMCID: PMC8256473 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks have occurred since early 2015 in Taiwan and impacted the island economically, like they have many countries. This research investigates the immunogenicity of two HPAIV-like particles to assess their promise as vaccine candidates. Material and Methods The haemagglutinin (HA) gene derived from clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV and matrix protein 1 (M1) gene were cloned into the pFastBac Dual baculovirus vector. The resulting recombinant viruses were expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda moth (Sf)21 cells and silkworm pupae to generate Sf21 virus-like particles (VLP) and silkworm pupa VLP. Two-week-old specific pathogen–free chickens were immunised and their humoral and cellular immune responses were analysed. Results The silkworm pupa VLP had higher haemagglutination competence. Both VLP types elicited haemagglutination inhibition antibodies, anti-HA antibodies, splenic interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) mRNA expression, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio elevation. However, chickens receiving silkworm pupa VLP exhibited a significantly higher anti-HA antibody titre in ELISA after vaccination. Although Sf21 VLP recipients expressed more IFN-γ and IL-4, the increase in IFN-γ did not significantly raise the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and the increase in IL-4 did not promote anti-HA antibodies. Conclusion Both VLP systems possess desirable immunogenicity in vivo. However, in respect of immunogenic efficacy and the production cost, pupa VLP may be the superior vaccine candidate against clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV infection.
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Bertran K, Kassa A, Criado MF, Nuñez IA, Lee DH, Killmaster L, Sá E Silva M, Ross TM, Mebatsion T, Pritchard N, Swayne DE. Efficacy of recombinant Marek's disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2021; 39:1933-1942. [PMID: 33715903 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of Goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective H5 influenza A vaccine. Here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vHVT)-H5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4A-derived H5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) inserts with challenge by homologous and genetically divergent H5 HPAI Gs/GD lineage viruses in chickens. Direct assessment of protection was confirmed for all the tested constructs, which provided clinical protection against the homologous and heterologous H5 HPAI Gs/GD challenge viruses and significantly decreased oropharyngeal shedding titers compared to the sham vaccine. The cross reactivity was assessed by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and focus reduction assay against a panel of phylogenetically and antigenically diverse H5 strains. The COBRA-derived H5 inserts elicited antibody responses against antigenically diverse strains, while the wild-type-derived H5 vaccines elicited protection mostly against close antigenically related clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4D viruses. In conclusion, the HVT vector, a widely used replicating vaccine platform in poultry, with H5 insert provides clinical protection and significant reduction of viral shedding against homologous and heterologous challenge. In addition, the COBRA-derived inserts have the potential to be used against antigenically distinct co-circulating viruses and future drift variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Aemro Kassa
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Miria F Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Ivette A Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Mariana Sá E Silva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Teshome Mebatsion
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Nikki Pritchard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1112 Airport Parkway, Gainesville, GA 30503, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Re-Invasion of H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b in Hokkaido, Japan, 2020. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121439. [PMID: 33327524 PMCID: PMC7764937 DOI: 10.3390/v12121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Global dispersion of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), especially that caused by H5 clade 2.3.4.4, has threatened poultry industries and, potentially, human health. An HPAI virus, A/northern pintail/Hokkaido/M13/2020 (H5N8) (NP/Hok/20) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, was isolated from a fecal sample collected at a lake in Hokkaido, Japan where migratory birds rested, October 2020. In the phylogenetic trees of all eight gene segments, NP/Hok/20 fell into in the cluster of European isolates in 2020, but was distinct from the isolates in eastern Asia and Europe during the winter season of 2017–2018. The antigenic cartography indicates that the antigenicity of NP/Hok/20 was almost the same as that of previous isolates of H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, whereas the antigenic distances from NP/Hok/20 to the representative strains in clade 2.3.4.4e and to a strain in 2.3.4 were apparently distant. These data imply that HPAI virus clade 2.3.4.4b should have been delivered by bird migration despite the intercontinental distance, although it was not defined whether NP/Hok/20 was transported from Europe via Siberia where migratory birds nest in the summer season. Given the probability of perpetuation of transmission in the northern territory, periodic updates of intensive surveys on avian influenza at the global level are essential to prepare for future outbreaks of the HPAI virus.
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Ibrahim M, Zakaria S, Bazid AHI, Kilany WH, Zain El-Abideen MA, Ali A. A single dose of inactivated oil-emulsion bivalent H5N8/H5N1 vaccine protects chickens against the lethal challenge of both highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101601. [PMID: 33307456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses were isolated from chicken and geese in 2018 and 2019 (Chicken/ME-2018 and Geese/Egypt/MG4/2019). The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene analyses revealed their close relatedness to the clade-2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses isolated from Egypt and Eurasian countries. A monovalent inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine containing a reassortant virus with HA gene of the Chicken/ME-2018/H5N8 strain and a bivalent vaccine containing same reassortant virus plus a previously generated reassortant H5N1 strain (CK/Eg/RG-173CAL/17). The safety of both vaccines was evaluated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. To evaluate the efficacy of the prepared vaccines, 2-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with 0.5 mL of a vaccine formula containing 108/EID50 /dose from each strain via the subcutaneous route. Vaccinated birds were challenged with either wild-type HPAI-H5N8 or H5N1 viruses separately at 3 weeks post-vaccine. Results revealed that both vaccines induced protective hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titers as early as 2 weeks PV (≥5.0 log2). Vaccinated birds were protected clinically against both subtypes (100 % protection). HPAI-H5N1 virus shedding was significantly reduced in birds that were vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine; meanwhile, HPAI-H5N8 virus shedding was completely neutralized in both tracheal and cloacal swabs after 3 days post-infection in birds that had been vaccinated with either vaccine. In conclusion, the developed bivalent vaccine proved to be efficient in protecting chickens clinically and reduced virus shedding via the respiratory and digestive tracts. The applicability of the multivalent avian influenza vaccines further supported their value to facilitate vaccination programs in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ibrahim
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Minoufiya, 22857, Egypt
| | - Salah Zakaria
- Middle East for Vaccine Company (MEVAC™), Second Industrial Area, El-Salhyia El-Gededa, Sharkia, 44671, Egypt; Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City Sadat City, Minoufiya, 22857, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid I Bazid
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City Sadat City, Minoufiya, 22857, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), AHRI, ARC, 12818 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), AHRI, ARC, 12818 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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19
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Cross-Protection by Inactivated H5 Prepandemic Vaccine Seed Strains against Diverse Goose/Guangdong Lineage H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00720-20. [PMID: 32999029 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00720-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 A/goose/Guangdong/1996 lineage (Gs/GD) is endemic in poultry across several countries in the world and has caused sporadic lethal infections in humans. Vaccines are important in HPAIV control both for poultry and in prepandemic preparedness for humans. This study assessed inactivated prepandemic vaccine strains in a One Health framework across human and agricultural and wildlife animal health, focusing on the genetic and antigenic diversity of field H5N1 Gs/GD viruses from the agricultural sector and assessing cross-protection in a chicken challenge model. Nearly half (47.92%) of the 48 combinations of vaccine and challenge viruses examined had bird protection of 80% or above. Most vaccinated groups had prolonged mean death times (MDT), and the virus-shedding titers were significantly lower than those of the sham-vaccinated group (P ≤ 0.05). The antibody titers in the prechallenge sera were not predictive of protection. Although vaccinated birds had higher titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies against the homologous vaccine antigen, most of them also had lower or no antibody titer against the challenge antigen. The comparison of all parameters and homologous or closely related vaccine and challenge viruses gave the best prediction of protection. Through additional analysis, we identified a pattern of epitope substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) of each challenge virus that impacted protection, regardless of the vaccine used. These changes were situated in the antigenic sites and/or reported epitopes associated with virus escape from antibody neutralization. As a result, this study highlights virus diversity, immune response complexity, and the importance of strain selection for vaccine development to control H5N1 HPAIV in the agricultural sector and for human prepandemic preparedness. We suggest that the engineering of specific antigenic sites can improve the immunogenicity of H5 vaccines.IMPORTANCE The sustained circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 A/goose/Guangdong/1996 (Gs/GD) lineage in the agricultural sector and some wild birds has led to the evolution and selection of distinct viral lineages involved in escape from vaccine protection. Our results using inactivated vaccine candidates from the human pandemic preparedness program in a chicken challenge model identified critical antigenic conformational epitopes on H5 hemagglutinin (HA) from different clades that were associated with antibody recognition and escape. Even though other investigators have reported epitope mapping in the H5 HA, much of this information pertains to epitopes reactive to mouse antibodies. Our findings validate changes in antigenic epitopes of HA associated with virus escape from antibody neutralization in chickens, which has direct relevance to field protection and virus evolution. Therefore, knowledge of these immunodominant regions is essential to proactively develop diagnostic tests, improve surveillance platforms to monitor AIV outbreaks, and design more efficient and broad-spectrum agricultural and human prepandemic vaccines.
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20
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Guyonnet V, Peters AR. Are current avian influenza vaccines a solution for smallholder poultry farmers? Gates Open Res 2020; 4:122. [PMID: 33145481 PMCID: PMC7578560 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13171.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, along with other measures, was successful in eradicating AI in very few countries where the competence of national veterinary services or the geography and bird density have contributed favorably to the outcome. The main constraints to an effective AI vaccination are vaccine composition matching field strains, reliable cold chain and logistics to target all poultry smallholders, constraints related to the availability of sufficient financial and human resources. When not conducted properly, vaccination can also contribute to the emergence of new field viral strains, through genetic drifts of HPAI viruses. While new technologies have improved the possibility to produce high quality vaccines matching field strains, recurrent issues like post-vaccination field surveillance and vaccination coverage continue to limit the relevance of AI vaccination in smallholder settings. A "game-changer" vaccine targeting smallholders should be universal to protect against all field viral strains and reduce significantly, if not totally eliminate, the need for costly post-vaccination surveillance. The ease of administration of this vaccine (eye drop or one single injection) would further contribute to its relevance in the field. These characteristics are considered essential for the product profile of an AI vaccine that can contribute in a meaningful way to the livelihoods of poultry smallholders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andew R. Peters
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions (SEBI), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Nassif S, Zaki F, Mourad A, Fouad E, Saad A, Setta A, Felföldi B, Mató T, Kiss I, Palya V. Herpesvirus of turkey-vectored avian influenza vaccine offers cross-protection against antigenically drifted H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:547-556. [PMID: 32615785 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1790502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the different vaccines used to control highly pathogenic avian influenza, an HVT vector-based live recombinant avian influenza vaccine, expressing the haemagglutinin gene of an H5N1 HPAI virus, has been used by the poultry industry since 2012. The objective of the study presented in this paper was to test the efficacy of the commercially available HVT-based recombinant H5 vaccine against antigenically drifted H5N1, H5N8 and H5N2 HPAI virus circulating in Egypt recently. Groups of SPF chicks vaccinated at day-old with the HVT-based recombinant H5 vaccine were challenged, along with non-vaccinated controls, with 106 EID50 each of H5N1, H5N2 or H5N8 HPAI virus at 28 days of age. The birds were monitored for clinical protection and virus shedding during a 10-day postchallenge period. Clinical protection levels were 90%, 90% and 80% following challenge with the H5N1, H5N2 and H5N8 field isolates, respectively. Challenge virus shedding was significantly reduced in vaccinated groups, with up to 40%, 30% and 20% of non-shedders, and 3.8, 3.3 and 2.8 log10 reduction in the amount of excreted virus following challenge with H5N1, H5N2 and H5N8 viruses, respectively. Analyses of the amino acid sequences of the HA proteins of challenge viruses and serological relatedness with the vaccine insert revealed significant antigenic divergences between the vaccine and the challenge viruses. These results provide further evidence of the potential of HVT-based recombinant H5 vaccine to provide cross-protection against antigenically drifted HPAI H5Nx viruses with strong control on virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Nassif
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Farid Zaki
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahlam Mourad
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa Fouad
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asem Saad
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Setta
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Sante Animale, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Tamás Mató
- Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Sante Animale, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Sante Animale, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Sante Animale, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Shirvani E, Paldurai A, Varghese BP, Samal SK. Contributions of HA1 and HA2 Subunits of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies and Protection in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1085. [PMID: 32582071 PMCID: PMC7291869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 causes a devastating disease in poultry. Vaccination is an effective method of controlling avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in poultry. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is the major determinant recognized by the immune system of the host. Cleavage of the HA precursor HA0 into HA1 and HA2 subunits is required for infectivity of the AIV. We evaluated the individual contributions of HA1 and HA2 subunits to the induction of HPAIV serum neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in chickens. Using reverse genetics, recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (rNDVs) were generated, each expressing HA1, HA2, or HA protein of H5N1 HPAIV. Chickens were immunized with rNDVs expressing HA1, HA2, or HA. Immunization with HA induced high titers of serum neutralizing antibodies and prevented death following challenge. Immunization with HA1 or HA2 alone neither induced serum neutralizing antibodies nor prevented death following challenge. Our results suggest that interaction of HA1 and HA2 subunits is necessary for the display of epitopes on HA protein involved in the induction of neutralizing antibodies and protection. These epitopes are lost when the two subunits are separated. Therefore, vaccination with either a HA1 or HA2 subunit may not provide protection against HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Shirvani
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anandan Paldurai
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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23
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Pawestri HA, Nugraha AA, Han AX, Pratiwi E, Parker E, Richard M, van der Vliet S, Fouchier RAM, Muljono DH, de Jong MD, Setiawaty V, Eggink D. Genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A/H5N1 viruses isolated from patients in Indonesia, 2008-2015. Virus Genes 2020; 56:417-429. [PMID: 32483655 PMCID: PMC7262163 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial detection in 2003, Indonesia has reported 200 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1), associated with an exceptionally high case fatality rate (84%) compared to other geographical regions affected by other genetic clades of the virus. However, there is limited information on the genetic diversity of HPAI H5N1 viruses, especially those isolated from humans in Indonesia. In this study, the genetic and antigenic characteristics of 35 HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated from humans were analyzed. Full genome sequences were analyzed for the presence of substitutions in the receptor binding site, and polymerase complex, as markers for virulence or human adaptation, as well as antiviral drug resistance substitutions. Only a few substitutions associated with human adaptation were observed, a remarkably low prevalence of the human adaptive substitution PB2-E627K, which is common during human infection with other H5N1 clades and a known virulence marker for avian influenza viruses during human infections. In addition, the antigenic profile of these Indonesian HPAI H5N1 viruses was determined using serological analysis and antigenic cartography. Antigenic characterization showed two distinct antigenic clusters, as observed previously for avian isolates. These two antigenic clusters were not clearly associated with time of virus isolation. This study provides better insight in genetic diversity of H5N1 viruses during human infection and the presence of human adaptive markers. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating virus genetics for HPAI H5N1 viruses to estimate the risk to human health and the need for increased efforts to monitor the evolution of H5N1 viruses across Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana A Pawestri
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arie A Nugraha
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alvin X Han
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eka Pratiwi
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Edyth Parker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Setiawaty
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Hoang HTT, Nguyen CH, Nguyen NTT, Pham AD, Nguyen HTT, Le TH, Tran HX, Chu HH, Nguyen NT. Immunization with the H5N1 Recombinant Vaccine Candidate Induces High Protection in Chickens against Vietnamese Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strains. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020159. [PMID: 32252383 PMCID: PMC7348806 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vietnam is one of the countries most affected worldwide by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, which caused enormous economic loss and posed threats to public health. Over nearly two decades, with the antigenic changes in the diversified H5Ny viruses, the limited protective efficacy of the available vaccines was encountered. Therefore, it is necessary to approach a technology platform for the country to accelerate vaccine production that enables quick response to new influenza subtypes. This study utilized a powerful reverse genetics technique to successfully generate a recombinant H5N1 vaccine strain (designated as IBT-RG02) containing two surface proteins (haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)) from the HPAI H5N1 (A/duck/Vietnam/HT2/2014(H5N1)) of the dominant clade 2.3.2.1c in Vietnam during 2012–2014. Importantly, the IBT-RG02 vaccine candidate has elicited high antibody titres in chickens (geometric mean titre (GMT) of 6.42 and 6.92, log2 on day 14 and day 28 p.i., respectively). To test the efficacy, immunized chickens were challenged with the circulating virulent strains. As results, there was a high protection rate of 91.6% chickens against the virulent A/DK/VN/Bacninh/NCVD-17A384/2017 of the same clade and a cross-protection of 83.3% against A/duck/TG/NAVET(3)/2013 virus of clade 1.1. Our promising results showed that we can independently master the reverse genetics technology for generation of highly immunogenic vaccine candidates, and henceforth, it is a timely manner to reformulate avian influenza virus vaccines against variable H5 clade HPAI viruses in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Thi Thu Hoang
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.H.); (C.H.N.); (N.T.T.N.); (A.D.P.); (T.H.L.); (H.H.C.)
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Chi Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.H.); (C.H.N.); (N.T.T.N.); (A.D.P.); (T.H.L.); (H.H.C.)
| | - Ngan Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.H.); (C.H.N.); (N.T.T.N.); (A.D.P.); (T.H.L.); (H.H.C.)
| | - An Dang Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.H.); (C.H.N.); (N.T.T.N.); (A.D.P.); (T.H.L.); (H.H.C.)
| | | | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.H.); (C.H.N.); (N.T.T.N.); (A.D.P.); (T.H.L.); (H.H.C.)
| | - Hanh Xuan Tran
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company (NAVETCO), 29 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Dist 1, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.H.); (C.H.N.); (N.T.T.N.); (A.D.P.); (T.H.L.); (H.H.C.)
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nam Trung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.H.); (C.H.N.); (N.T.T.N.); (A.D.P.); (T.H.L.); (H.H.C.)
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-24-37910065
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25
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Abstract
Antigenic cartography is a powerful method that allows for the calculation of antigenic distances between influenza viruses or sera and their positioning on a map, by quantifying raw data from hemagglutination inhibition assays. As a consequence, the antigenic drift of influenza viruses over time can be visualized in a straightforward manner. Antigenic cartography is not only useful in the research of influenza virus evolution but also in the surveillance of influenza viruses. Most importantly, antigenic cartography plays a very important role in vaccine updating decisions, since by calculating the antigenic distances between a vaccine strain and circulating strains, an informed decision can be made on whether the distances are large enough to warrant a vaccine update or not. Recent improvements in antigenic cartography calculations have significantly improved its accuracy.
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26
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Smith T, O'Kennedy MM, Wandrag DB, Adeyemi M, Abolnik C. Efficacy of a plant-produced virus-like particle vaccine in chickens challenged with Influenza A H6N2 virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:502-512. [PMID: 31350931 PMCID: PMC6953208 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy, safety, speed, scalability and cost-effectiveness of producing hemagglutinin-based virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines in plants are well-established for human influenza, but untested for the massive poultry influenza vaccine market that remains dominated by traditional egg-grown oil-emulsion whole inactivated virus vaccines. For optimal efficacy, a vaccine should be closely antigenically matched to the field strain, requiring that influenza A vaccines be updated regularly. In this study, an H6 subtype VLP transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana was formulated into a vaccine and evaluated for efficacy in chickens against challenge with a heterologous H6N2 virus. A single dose of the plant-produced H6 VLP vaccine elicited an immune response comparable to two doses of a commercial inactivated H6N2 vaccine, with mean hemagglutination inhibition titres of 9.3 log2 and 8.8 log2 , respectively. Compared to the non-vaccinated control, the H6 VLP vaccine significantly reduced the proportion of shedders and the magnitude of viral shedding by >100-fold in the oropharynx and >6-fold in the cloaca, and shortened oropharyngeal viral shedding by at least a week. Despite its potency, the cost of the antigenic mismatch between the inactivated H6N2 vaccine and challenge strain was evident not only in this vaccine's failure to reduce viral shedding compared to the non-vaccinated group, but its apparent exacerbation of oropharyngeal viral shedding until 21 days post-challenge. We estimate that a kilogram of plant leaf material can produce H6 VLP vaccines sufficient for between 5000 and 30 000 chickens, depending on the effective dose and whether one or two immunizations are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Smith
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- BiosciencesCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Martha M. O'Kennedy
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- BiosciencesCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Daniel B.R. Wandrag
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Modupeore Adeyemi
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for influenza A virus has been used since the 1940s. The assay may be utilized to detect or quantify antibodies to influenza A viruses and can be used to characterize differences in antigenic reactivity between influenza isolates. In addition, data from HI assays are routinely used for antigenic cartography, influenza virus surveillance, epidemiology, and vaccine-seed strain selection. For antibody quantification, the HI assay is a fast and inexpensive method; other than a source of red blood cells, no expensive or unusual lab equipment is needed, and results can be obtained within a few hours. Historically, the HI assay has also served as a primary method of subtype identification and is still used widely. However, as gene sequencing technology has evolved to be cheaper and faster, it is replacing the HI assay for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
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28
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Wang C, Xu H, Li D, Wu J, Wen A, Xie M, Wang Q, Zhu G, Ni Q, Zhang M, Yao Y. Phylogenetic and characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome relationship of Argali sheep ( Ovis ammon). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2019; 5:273-274. [PMID: 33366518 PMCID: PMC7748720 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1698369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Argali sheep (Ovis ammon). The total length was 16,612 bp, which contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region (D-loop). Eight tRNA genes with one PCG (ND6) encoded on the L-strand, others were encoded on the H-strand. The neighbor-joining analysis shows that Argali sheep has a close relationship with the same genus species of Ovis aries and Ovis orientalis. This study has provided new data for the phylogeny of Argali sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Diyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Anxiang Wen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Guangxiang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, P. R. China
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29
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Kang YM, Cho HK, Kim HM, Lee MH, To TL, Kang HM. Protective efficacy of vaccines of the Korea national antigen bank against the homologous H5Nx clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2019; 38:663-672. [PMID: 31669062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Korea led to establishment of a national antigen bank for emergency preparedness. Here, we developed five vaccines for this bank (clade 2.3.2.1C, clade 2.3.4.4A, B, C, and D) by reverse genetics, inactivated them with formalin, and evaluated the protective efficacy and potency of serial dilutions against lethal homologous challenge in specific-pathogen-free chickens. After vaccination with one dose, each vaccine resulted in 100% survival, with no clinical symptoms, or lack of detectable virus shedding, and high levels of pre-challenge protective immunity (8.4-10.2 log2). After vaccination with one-tenth of the full dose, protection was similar to that with the full dose. After vaccination with one-hundredth of the initial dose, survival was 20-80%, and all vaccines showed virus shedding. Four vaccines (excluding clade 2.3.2.1C) had satisfactory potency. In antibody-persistence tests, all vaccines maintained long-lasting protective immunity. Our results suggest that inactivated reverse-genetics vaccines genetically matched to outbreak viruses provide adequate protection after a single vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Myung Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Long To
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, No. 11, 78th Lane, GiaiPhong Road, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Spackman E, Stephens CB, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. The Effect of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus-Induced Immunosuppression on Vaccination Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus. Avian Dis 2019; 62:36-44. [PMID: 29620467 DOI: 10.1637/11769-110717-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poor efficacy of avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccines in chickens has been documented in the field in spite of good results in experimental settings. Although the causes are multifactorial and complex, one contributing factor may be prior infection with immunosuppressive viruses. In an effort to evaluate the role of immunosuppressive agents on AIV pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy, the effect of prior infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a ubiquitous immunosuppressive virus of chickens, was evaluated. Specific-pathogen-free white Plymouth Rock chickens were exposed to variant E IBDV at 1 day of age and were subsequently vaccinated with an inactivated H7 AIV vaccine 2 wk later. Vaccinated chickens exposed to IBDV had a geometric mean antibody titer to AIV of 1:1.7 by hemagglutination inhibition assay compared to a geometric mean titer of 1:47.5 from chickens that were vaccinated but not exposed to IBDV. Three weeks postvaccination, the chickens were challenged with one of six different doses of highly pathogenic (HP) AIV homologous to the vaccine. Within challenge virus dose groups, vaccinated chickens exposed to IBDV had similar mortality rates to nonvaccinated chickens that were not exposed to IBDV. In contrast, vaccinated chickens that were not exposed to IBDV were protected from mortality. Exposure to IBDV also decreased the mean death time (2.3-3.7 days depending on dose) compared with vaccinated birds not exposed to IBDV (4-7 days depending on dose). Neither vaccination nor IBDV infection had an effect on mean bird infection dose with HPAIV, but the 50% bird lethal dose was reduced from >106 50% egg infective dose (EID50) in the vaccinated, IBDV-nonexposed group to 103.3 EID50 in the vaccinated group exposed to IBDV. These results are consistent with IBDV exposure contributing to poor vaccine efficacy in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605
| | - Christopher B Stephens
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605
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Ladman BS, Gelb J, Sauble LA, Murphy MV, Spackman E. Protection afforded by avian influenza vaccination programmes consisting of a novel RNA particle and an inactivated avian influenza vaccine against a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge in layer chickens up to 18 weeks post-vaccination. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:371-381. [PMID: 30961360 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1605148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The efficacies of an oil adjuvanted-inactivated reverse genetics-derived H5 avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine and an alphavirus replicon RNA particle (RP) AIV vaccine were evaluated in commercial Leghorn chickens. Challenge utilized A/turkey/MN/12582/2015, an isolate representing the U.S. H5N2 Clade 2.3.4.4 responsible for the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epornitic in commercial poultry the United States. As part of a long-term, 36-week study, chickens were challenged at seven weeks of age after receiving a single vaccination, at 18 weeks of age following a vaccine prime-single boost, and at 36 weeks of age after a prime- double-boost. All vaccine programmes reduced virus oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding and mortality compared to the non-vaccinated control birds; however, chickens receiving at least one administration of the RP vaccine generally had diminished viral shedding especially from the cloacal swabbings. A detectable serum antibody response and protection were observed through 18 weeks post-vaccination. Our data suggest that, in conjunction with a comprehensive eradication, enhanced biosecurity and controlled marketing plan, vaccination programmes of commercial layer chickens with novel RP vaccines may represent an important tool for preventing HPAI-related mortalities and decreasing viral load during a catastrophic influenza outbreak. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Immunization of poultry following a vaccination schedule consisting of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines offered significant protection against lethal disease following HPAIV challenge. Virus shedding was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in chickens vaccinated with either inactivated and/or recombinant vaccines. Serum antibody titres were not a reliable indicator of protection. An inactivated vaccine containing 384 HAU of the homologous antigen was unable to induce complete protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Ladman
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Avian Biosciences Center , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Jack Gelb
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Avian Biosciences Center , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Lauren A Sauble
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Avian Biosciences Center , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Marcella V Murphy
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Avian Biosciences Center , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- b Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , Athens , GA , USA
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Efficacy of novel recombinant fowlpox vaccine against recent Mexican H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vaccine 2019; 37:2232-2243. [PMID: 30885512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 2012, H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has produced negative economic and animal welfare impacts on poultry in central Mexico. In the present study, chickens were vaccinated with two different recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines (rFPV-H7/3002 with 2015 H7 hemagglutinin [HA] gene insert, and rFPV-H7/2155 with 2002 H7 HA gene insert), and were then challenged three weeks later with H7N3 HPAI virus (A/chicken/Jalisco/CPA-37905/2015). The rFPV-H7/3002 vaccine conferred 100% protection against mortality and morbidity, and significantly reduced virus shed titers from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In contrast, 100% of sham and rFPV-H7/2155 vaccinated birds shed virus at higher titers and died within 4 days. Pre- (15/20) and post- (20/20) challenge serum of birds vaccinated with rFPV-H7/3002 had antibodies detectable by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay using challenge virus antigen. However, only a few birds (3/20) in the rFPV-H7/2155 vaccinated group had antibodies that reacted against the challenge strain but all birds had antibodies that reacted against the homologous vaccine antigen (A/turkey/Virginia/SEP-66/2002) (20/20). One possible explanation for differences in vaccines efficacy is the antigenic drift between circulating viruses and vaccines. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the Mexican H7N3 strains have continued to rapidly evolve since 2012. In addition, we identified in silico three potential new N-glycosylation sites on the globular head of the H7 HA of A/chicken/Jalisco/CPA-37905/2015 challenge virus, which were absent in 2012 H7N3 outbreak virus. Our results suggested that mutations in the HA antigenic sites including increased glycosylation sites, accumulated in the new circulating Mexican H7 HPAIV strains, altered the recognition of neutralizing antibodies from the older vaccine strain rFPV-H7/2155. Therefore, the protective efficacy of novel rFPV-H7/3002 against recent outbreak Mexican H7N3 HPAIV confirms the importance of frequent updating of vaccines seed strains for long-term effective control of H7 HPAI virus.
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Recombinant H5 hemagglutinin adjuvanted with nanoemulsion protects ferrets against pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. Vaccine 2019; 37:1591-1600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Durr PA, Indriani R, Selleck P, Adjid ARM, Syafriati T, Ignjatovic J. Developing Farm-Level Post-vaccination Sero-Monitoring Systems for H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in an Endemically Infected Country. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:324. [PMID: 30671438 PMCID: PMC6331391 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the serological responses of poultry following vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 has been extensively investigated under laboratory conditions, there have been fewer studies conducted in the field. This applies particularly to the endemically infected countries routinely practicing vaccination, where the combination of multiple circulating clades and/or the use of vaccines with different seed strains makes the design and interpretation of field studies especially problematic. To address this for the particular situation of layer hens in the small to medium commercial sector in Indonesia, we developed a sampling regime before and after the vaccination given to point-of-lay pullets, and assessed serological response with a panel of test antigens. This confirmed that high titres were induced in those birds vaccinated with locally produced homologous H5N1 vaccines administered two or more times, but in flocks using imported heterologous H5N2 vaccines median titres were significantly lower, and unlikely to provide protection throughout the production cycle, without additional vaccination. Comparing the HI responses against the panel of antigens enabled the detection of the flock's exposure to different vaccine antigens, and made possible the detection of mislabelled vaccine seed strains. Furthermore, we show that test antigens need not be exactly matched to assess sero-protection in well vaccinated birds. Finally our study suggests that the POL vaccination serves as a useful reference point for following cohorts of layers throughout their production cycle, and thus enabling robust vaccination field effectiveness studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Durr
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Risa Indriani
- Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Paul Selleck
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Abdul R. M. Adjid
- Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tatty Syafriati
- Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jagoda Ignjatovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wang C, Xu H, Li D, Wu J, Wen A, Xie M, Wang Q, Zhu G, Ni Q, Zhang M, Yao Y. Phylogenetic and characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome relationship of Black-headed Sibia ( Heterophasia melanoleuca). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1601537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Diyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Anxiang Wen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Guangxiang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
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Palya V, Tatár-Kis T, Walkóné Kovács E, Kiss I, Homonnay Z, Gardin Y, Kertész K, Dán Á. Efficacy of a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus AI (H5) Vaccine in Preventing Transmission of Heterologous Highly Pathogenic H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4b Challenge Virus in Commercial Broilers and Layer Pullets. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3143189. [PMID: 30584541 PMCID: PMC6280313 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 subtype clade 2.3.4.4 were first reported in 2014 in South Korea then spread very rapidly in Asia, to Europe, and for the first time, to North America. Efficacy of a recombinant HVT-AI (H5) vaccine (rHVT-H5) to provide clinical protection as well as to significantly reduce the shedding of an H5N8 challenge virus has already been demonstrated in SPF chickens. The aim of our studies was to test the efficacy of the same rHVT-H5 vaccine in controlling the transmission of a recent Hungarian HPAIV H5N8 challenge virus in commercial chickens. Broilers and layers were vaccinated at day old according to the manufacturer's recommendation and then challenged with a 2017 Hungarian HPAIV H5N8 (2.3.4.4b) isolate at 5 or 7 weeks of age, respectively. Evaluation of clinical protection, reduction of challenge virus shedding, and transmission to vaccinated contact birds was done on the basis of clinical signs/mortality, detection, and quantitation of challenge virus in oronasal and cloacal swabs (regularly between 1 and 14 days postchallenge). Measurement of seroconversion to AIV nucleoprotein was used as an indicator of infection and replication of challenge virus. Our results demonstrated that rHVT-H5 vaccination could prevent the development of clinical disease and suppress shedding very efficiently, resulting in the lack of challenge virus transmission to vaccinated contact chickens, regardless the type of birds. Single immunization with the tested rHVT-H5 vaccine proved to be effective to stop HPAIV H5N8 (2.3.4.4b) transmission within vaccinated poultry population under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Palya
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Animal Health, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Tímea Tatár-Kis
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Animal Health, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Edit Walkóné Kovács
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Animal Health, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Animal Health, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Zalán Homonnay
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Ceva Animal Health, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | | | | | - Ádám Dán
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office (NEBIH), Budapest 1149, Hungary
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37
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Su Q, Chen C, Wei D, Li D, Xu H, Wu J, Wen A, Xie M, Wang Q, Zhu G, Ni Q, Zhang M, Xu H, Yao Y. Complete mitochondrial genome of black-shanked douc langurs ( Pygathrix nigripes) and its phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:1085-1086. [PMID: 33474425 PMCID: PMC7799696 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1512386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we first characterized the complete mitogenome of Pygathrix nigripes, and analysed its phylogenetic status. The circular mitogenome was 16,534 bp in length, and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one non-coding control region (D-loop). These genes except ND6 and 8 tRNA genes were encoded on the H-strand. The phylogenetic analysis exhibited that our sequence formed a sister branch with P. cinereal and P. nemaeus of genus Pygathrix, which showed a closer genetic relationship of the three species. These information contribute to molecular, phylogenetic studies and genetic diversity conservation for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Su
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | | | - Dingju Wei
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Diyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaming Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Anxiang Wen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Guangxiang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
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Attenuation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Indonesia following the reassortment and acquisition of genes from low pathogenicity avian influenza A virus progenitors. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:147. [PMID: 30131494 PMCID: PMC6104089 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus is endemic in Indonesian poultry and has caused sporadic human infection in Indonesia since 2005. Surveillance of H5N1 viruses in live bird markets (LBMs) during 2012 and 2013 was carried out to provide epidemiologic and virologic information regarding viral circulation and the risk of human exposure. Real-time RT-PCR of avian cloacal swabs and environmental samples revealed influenza A-positive specimens, which were then subjected to virus isolation and genomic sequencing. Genetic analysis of specimens collected at multiple LBMs in Indonesia identified both low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A(H3N8) and HPAI A(H5N1) viruses belonging to clade 2.1.3.2a. Comparison of internal gene segments among the LPAI and HPAI viruses revealed that the latter had acquired the PB2, PB1, and NS genes from LPAI progenitors and other viruses containing a wild type (wt) genomic constellation. Comparison of murine infectivity of the LPAI A(H3N8), wt HPAI A(H5N1) and reassortant HPAI A(H5N1) viruses showed that the acquisition of LPAI internal genes attenuated the reassortant HPAI virus, producing a mouse infectivity/virulence phenotype comparable to that of the LPAI virus. Comparison of molecular markers in each viral gene segment suggested that mutations in PB2 and NS1 may facilitate attenuation. The discovery of an attenuated HPAI A(H5N1) virus in mice that resulted from reassortment may have implications for the capability of these viruses to transmit and cause disease. In addition, surveillance suggests that LBMs in Indonesia may play a role in the generation of reassortant A(H5) viruses and should be monitored.
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Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Swayne DE. Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:269-280. [PMID: 28859267 PMCID: PMC5583414 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel subtypes of Asian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4, such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8, have been identified in China since 2008 and have since evolved into four genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 groups (A–D). Since 2014, HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spread rapidly via migratory wild aquatic birds and have evolved through reassortment with prevailing local low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Group A H5N8 viruses and its reassortant viruses caused outbreaks in wide geographic regions (Asia, Europe, and North America) during 2014–2015. Novel reassortant Group B H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and Africa during 2016–2017. Novel reassortant Group C H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in Korea and Japan during the 2016–2017 winter season. Group D H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in China and Vietnam. A wide range of avian species, including wild and domestic waterfowl, domestic poultry, and even zoo birds, seem to be permissive for infection by and/or transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Further, compared to previous H5N1 HPAI viruses, these reassortant viruses show altered pathogenicity in birds. In this review, we discuss the evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Kateri Bertran
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Tarigan S, Wibowo MH, Indriani R, Sumarningsih S, Artanto S, Idris S, Durr PA, Asmara W, Ebrahimie E, Stevenson MA, Ignjatovic J. Field effectiveness of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 vaccination in commercial layers in Indonesia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190947. [PMID: 29320563 PMCID: PMC5761929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination of poultry for control of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 has been practiced during the last decade in several countries, its effectiveness under field conditions remains largely unquantified. Effective HPAI vaccination is however essential in preventing incursions, silent infections and generation of new H5N1 antigenic variants. The objective of this study was to asses the level and duration of vaccine induced immunity in commercial layers in Indonesia. Titres of H5N1 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were followed in individual birds from sixteen flocks, age 18-68 week old (wo). The study revealed that H5N1 vaccination had highly variable outcome, including vaccination failures, and was largely ineffective in providing long lasting protective immunity. Flocks were vaccinated with seven different vaccines, administer at various times that could be grouped into three regimes: In regime A, flocks (n = 8) were vaccinated two or three times before 19 wo; in regime B (n = 2), two times before and once after 19 wo; and in regime C (n = 6) three to four times before and two to three times after 19 wo. HI titres in regime C birds were significantly higher during the entire observation period in comparison to titres of regime A or B birds, which also differed significantly from each other. The HI titres of individual birds in each flock differed significantly from birds in other flocks, indicating that the effectiveness of field vaccination was highly variable and farm related. Protective HI titres of >4log2, were present in the majority of flocks at 18 wo, declined thereafter at variable rate and only two regime C flocks had protective HI titres at 68 wo. Laboratory challenge with HPAIV H5N1 of birds from regime A and C flocks confirmed that protective immunity differed significantly between flocks vaccinated by these two regimes. The study revealed that effectiveness of the currently applied H5N1 vaccination could be improved and measures to achieve this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simson Tarigan
- Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Risa Indriani
- Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Sidna Artanto
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Syafrison Idris
- Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Peter A. Durr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Widya Asmara
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark A. Stevenson
- School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jagoda Ignjatovic
- School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hill SC, Manvell RJ, Schulenburg B, Shell W, Wikramaratna PS, Perrins C, Sheldon BC, Brown IH, Pybus OG. Antibody responses to avian influenza viruses in wild birds broaden with age. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.2159. [PMID: 28003449 PMCID: PMC5204166 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For viruses such as avian influenza, immunity within a host population can drive the emergence of new strains by selecting for viruses with novel antigens that avoid immune recognition. The accumulation of acquired immunity with age is hypothesized to affect how influenza viruses emerge and spread in species of different lifespans. Despite its importance for understanding the behaviour of avian influenza viruses, little is known about age-related accumulation of immunity in the virus's primary reservoir, wild birds. To address this, we studied the age structure of immune responses to avian influenza virus in a wild swan population (Cygnus olor), before and after the population experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in 2008. We performed haemagglutination inhibition assays on sampled sera for five avian influenza strains and show that breadth of response accumulates with age. The observed age-related distribution of antibody responses to avian influenza strains may explain the age-dependent mortality observed during the highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak. Age structures and species lifespan are probably important determinants of viral epidemiology and virulence in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ruth J Manvell
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Wendy Shell
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Christopher Perrins
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ben C Sheldon
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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Kapczynski DR, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Chrzastek K, Suarez DL, Swayne DE. Homologous and heterologous antigenic matched vaccines containing different H5 hemagglutinins provide variable protection of chickens from the 2014 U.S. H5N8 and H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2017; 35:6345-6353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chong Y, Ikematsu H. Is seasonal vaccination a contributing factor to the selection of influenza epidemic variants? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:518-522. [PMID: 28857677 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1373228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A/H3N2 viruses are the most common and virulent subtypes for humans. Antigenic drift, changes in antigenicity through the accumulation of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene is chiefly responsible for the continuing circulation of A/H3N2 viruses, resulting in frequent updates of vaccine strains based on new variant analyses. In humans, these drift-related mutations are considered to be primarily caused by the immune pressure elicited by natural infection. Whether or not the immune pressure elicited by vaccination (vaccine pressure) can have a certain effect on drift-related mutations is unclear. Recently, our findings suggested the possible effect of vaccine pressure on HA mutations by directly comparing amino acid differences from the corresponding vaccine strains between isolates from vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. It is possible that influenza vaccine pressure selects variants genetically distant from the vaccine strains. Considering the effect of vaccine pressure on HA mutations would contribute to further understanding the mechanism of antigenic drift, which would be helpful for predicting future epidemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chong
- a Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ikematsu
- b Influenza Study Group, Japan Physicians Association , Fukuoka , Japan
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Tun Win Y, Gardner E, Hadrill D, Su Mon CC, Kyin MM, Maw MT, Claes F, von Dobschuetz S, Kalpravidh W, Wongsathapornchai K, Mon HH, Myint WW, Thein WZ, Mon PP. Emerging Zoonotic Influenza A Virus Detection in Myanmar: Surveillance Practices and Findings. Health Secur 2017; 15:483-493. [PMID: 29016219 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe 2-season, risk-based, virological surveillance for zoonotic avian influenza in Myanmar and report the first detection of influenza A subtypes H5N6 and H9N2 in Myanmar. The study focused mainly on the live bird markets in border townships, where illegal poultry importation from China usually takes place. The objective was to enhance early warning for low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) incursion. The study followed the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for influenza A(H7N9) surveillance in uninfected countries. The sampling strategy was risk-based at all sampling levels. Sample collection and laboratory analysis were carried out with the government of the Union of the Republic of Myanmar. Laboratory testing was according to a previously published FAO laboratory protocol and algorithm designed to detect a range of influenza A subtypes. Challenges to implementation are outlined. The study provided evidence that the H7N9 subtype had not entered Myanmar but detected other subtypes, including H5N6 and H9N2. Although there were logistical difficulties associated with nation-related issues, the results highlight the importance and feasibility of this risk-based active surveillance, which should be urgently established in other countries, especially those located at the east-southeast influenza epicenter.
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Kandeil A, Mostafa A, El-Shesheny R, El-Taweel AN, Gomaa M, Galal H, Kayali G, Ali MA. Avian influenza H5N1 vaccination efficacy in Egyptian backyard poultry. Vaccine 2017; 35:6195-6201. [PMID: 28958814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Raising backyard poultry under low biosecurity conditions is a common practice in Egypt. While vaccination is routinely applied in Egypt in commercial settings to curb the spread of avian influenza viruses, it remains less commonly used in backyard settings. We assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a H5N1 vaccine based on a contemporary Egyptian clade 2.2.1.2 virus among turkeys, ducks, geese, and chickens raised together in a backyard setting. Results showed that this vaccine elicits an immune response in all tested species reaching up to a hemagglutination inhibition titer of 10 log2 after a booster dose. However, this response varied between species. When challenged, vaccinated birds survived and shed less virus in comparison with unvaccinated birds. However, unvaccinated ducks showed no symptoms of infection and survived the duration of the experiment. Moreover, vaccinated ducks shed more virus as compared to vaccinated birds of other species. Hence, we recommend avoiding mixing various species in the backyards of Egypt. Our data indicates that vaccination can be effective in the backyard setting in Egypt, although planning should consider the species covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt; Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Nageh El-Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein Galal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA; Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon.
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
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47
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Kapczynski DR, Dorsey K, Chrzastek K, Moraes M, Jackwood M, Hilt D, Gardin Y. Vaccine Protection of Turkeys Against H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus with a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing the Hemagglutinin Gene of Avian Influenza. Avian Dis 2017; 60:413-7. [PMID: 27309280 DOI: 10.1637/11267-090115-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in commercial poultry are a constant threat to animal health and food supplies. While vaccination can enhance protection and reduce the spread of disease, there is considerable evidence that the level of immunity required for protection varies by subtype and virulence of field virus. In this study, the efficacy of a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT) vector vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin gene from a clade 2.2 AI virus (A/Swan/Hungary/4999/2006) was evaluated in turkeys for protection against challenge with A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/L244/2005 H5N1 HPAI clade 2.2. One-day-old turkeys received a single vaccination and were challenged at 4 wk postvaccination with 2 × 10(6) 50% embryo infectious dose per bird. The results demonstrate that following H5N1 HPAI challenge 96% protection was observed in rHVT-AI vaccinated turkeys. The oral and cloacal swabs taken from challenged birds demonstrated that vaccinated birds had lower incidence and titers of viral shedding compared with sham-vaccinated birds. From respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, there was a greater than 6 log10 reduction in shedding in vaccinated birds as compared with the controls. This study provides support for the use of a commercially available rHVT-AI vaccine to protect turkeys against H5N1 HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- A Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Health Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605
| | | | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- A Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Health Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605
| | | | - Mark Jackwood
- C Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Debra Hilt
- C Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Villanueva-Cabezas JP, Coppo MJC, Durr PA, McVernon J. Vaccine efficacy against Indonesian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1: systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2017; 35:4859-4869. [PMID: 28780119 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia has implemented multiple strategies to control Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 (HPAI/H5N1), including the licensure and use of multiple vaccine formulations. The continuous drift of Indonesian HPAI/H5N1 viruses and emergence of a new clade in 2012 that became dominant in 2016, demands the assessment of commercial vaccine formulations against Indonesian field viruses. Seven databases were explored to identify relevant literature reporting performance of commercial vaccines against Indonesian HPAI/H5N1 viruses. After methodological assessment, data were collated and analyzed to report immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy (VE) to prevent respiratory and cloacal viral shedding 2-day post challenge, and death at the end of the follow-up period. Meta-analyses were performed to assess VE consistency of alternative formulations and to explore sources of heterogeneity in VE. In total, 65 studies and 46 vaccine formulations from 13 articles were grouped per OIE's VE protocols (group 1) and variations of it (groups 2,3,4). We found that concurrence of vaccine-seed and challenge-viruses in a clade designation might be a better proxy of VE than current estimates based on vaccine-homologous HI antibody titers, particularly against current fourth order clade viruses (groups 1&2). Prime-boosting was efficacious across different chicken breeds (group 3), and early vaccination may increase the risk of death (group 4). One Indonesian vaccine was tested against the new dominant clade, conferring consistent protection in chickens but not in ducks. Meta-analyses revealed high inconsistency (I2≥75%) and inefficacy of LPAI formulations against current field viruses, while potential sources of inconsistent VE were formulation of seed-homologous vaccines and the species vaccinated. We conclude that the VE of commercial vaccines in Indonesia changes as Indonesian HPAI/H5N1 evolve into new clades, which should warrant continuous matching between vaccine-seeds and emerging HPAI/H5N1. Furthermore, given the characteristics of the new Indonesian dominant HPAI/H5N1 clade, further studies to confirm VE across species are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Villanueva-Cabezas
- Modelling and Simulation Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mauricio J C Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter A Durr
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Modelling and Simulation Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Nguyen LT, Nishi T, Shichinohe S, Chu DH, Hiono T, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Selection of antigenic variants of an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in vaccinated chickens. Virology 2017; 510:252-261. [PMID: 28756116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination-primed immunity in poultry has been suggested for selection of antigenically drifted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In this study, we performed two consecutive passage studies of an H5N1 HPAIV in vaccinated chickens, namely, study-I and study-II, to select antigenic variants under immune pressure from the vaccination. In study-I, nine consecutive passages of a wild-type H5N1 HPAIV were carried out in chickens vaccinated with the homologous challenge strain. Antigenically drifted variants with mutations at position 179 in the hemagglutinin (HA) were selected after three passages. Similarly, in study-II, a vaccination-mediated antigenic variant isolated in study-I was used as the vaccine and challenge strain to confirm further antigenic drift after updating the vaccine; after the third passage, additional antigenic variants with a mutation at position 256 in the HA were selected. Thus, our study demonstrated the contribution of vaccination in the selection of antigenic variants of H5 HPAIVs in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
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50
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Kilany WH, Ali A, Bazid AHI, El-Deeb AH, El-Abideen MAZ, Sayed ME, El-Kady MF. A Dose-Response Study of Inactivated Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus in Specific-Pathogen-Free and Commercial Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2017; 60:256-61. [PMID: 27309065 DOI: 10.1637/11143-050815-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus in Egypt in 2011, the Egyptian poultry industry has suffered from unexpected economic losses as a result of the wide spread of LPAI H9N2. Hence, inactivated H9N2 vaccines have been included in the vaccination programs of different poultry production sectors. The optimal antigen content of avian influenza virus vaccines is essential to reach protective antibody titers. In this study, the correlation between antigen content (based on hemagglutinating units [HAU]) and postvaccination (PV) antibody response of H9N2 inactivated vaccine was studied. Five different vaccine antigen loads (128, 200, 250, 300, and 350 HAU formulas/dose) were investigated in commercial broiler and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Vaccine safety and PV antibody responses were monitored. At the fourth week PV only SPF vaccinated groups (128, 200, 250, and 300 HAU/dose) were challenged using LPAI H9N2 (A/Ck/EG/114940v/NLQP/11) virus with 10(6) EID50/bird. Oropharyngeal swabs were used to monitor virus shedding at 2, 4, 6, and 10 days postchallenge. Results showed that all vaccine formulations were well tolerated, and the highest antibody titers were observed in birds vaccinated with higher HAU. Vaccines containing 128 and 200 HAU/dose did not induce the required protective HI titers by 3 wk PV. Meanwhile, the challenge experiment in SPF chickens showed that 250 and 300 HAU vaccine doses were required to reduce the level and duration of virus shedding. Study results thus suggest that inactivated H9N2 vaccines containing at least 250 HAU/dose will induce the optimal protective titers and minimize virus shedding in SPF chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid H Kilany
- A Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (NLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- B Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 65211, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid I Bazid
- C Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Menoufia, 32897, Egypt
| | - Ayman H El-Deeb
- D Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- A Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (NLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt.,E Middle East for Veterinary Vaccine Company, Second Industrial Area, El-Salihya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia, 44671, Egypt
| | - Magdy El Sayed
- E Middle East for Veterinary Vaccine Company, Second Industrial Area, El-Salihya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia, 44671, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- B Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 65211, Egypt
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