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Kwon T, Artiaga BL, McDowell CD, Whitworth KM, Wells KD, Prather RS, Delhon G, Cigan M, White SN, Retallick J, Gaudreault NN, Morozov I, Richt JA. Gene editing of pigs to control influenza A virus infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2387449. [PMID: 39083026 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2387449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein by host cellular proteases is pivotal for influenza A virus (IAV) infectivity. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses possess the multibasic cleavage site of the HA which is cleaved by ubiquitous proteases, such as furin; in contrast, the monobasic HA motif is recognized and activated by trypsin-like proteases, such as the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Here, we aimed to determine the effects of TMPRSS2 on the replication of pandemic H1N1 and H3N2 subtype IAVs in the natural host, the pig. The use of the CRISPR/Cas 9 system led to the establishment of homozygous gene edited (GE) TMPRSS2 knockout (KO) pigs. Delayed IAV replication was demonstrated in primary respiratory cells of KO pigs in vitro. IAV infection in vivo resulted in significant reduction of virus shedding in the upper respiratory tract, and lower virus titers and pathological lesions in the lower respiratory tract of TMPRSS2 KO pigs as compared to wild-type pigs. Our findings support the commercial use of GE pigs to mitigate influenza A virus infection in pigs, as an alternative approach to prevent zoonotic influenza A transmissions from pigs to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bianca L Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chester D McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gustavo Delhon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie Retallick
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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2
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Xue L, Chang T, Li Z, Wang C, Zhao H, Li M, Tang P, Wen X, Yu M, Wu J, Bao X, Wang X, Gong P, He J, Chen X, Xiong X. Cryo-EM structures of Thogoto virus polymerase reveal unique RNA transcription and replication mechanisms among orthomyxoviruses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4620. [PMID: 38816392 PMCID: PMC11139864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses and thogotoviruses account for most recognized orthomyxoviruses. Thogotoviruses, exemplified by Thogoto virus (THOV), are capable of infecting humans using ticks as vectors. THOV transcribes mRNA without the extraneous 5' end sequences derived from cap-snatching in influenza virus mRNA. Here, we report cryo-EM structures to characterize THOV polymerase RNA synthesis initiation and elongation. The structures demonstrate that THOV RNA transcription and replication are able to start with short dinucleotide primers and that the polymerase cap-snatching machinery is likely non-functional. Triggered by RNA synthesis, asymmetric THOV polymerase dimers can form without the involvement of host factors. We confirm that, distinctive from influenza viruses, THOV-polymerase RNA synthesis is weakly dependent of the host factors ANP32A/B/E in human cells. This study demonstrates varied mechanisms in RNA synthesis and host factor utilization among orthomyxoviruses, providing insights into the mechanisms behind thogotoviruses' broad-infectivity range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiancai Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zimu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- College of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Heyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xichen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Staller E, Carrique L, Swann OC, Fan H, Keown JR, Sheppard CM, Barclay WS, Grimes JM, Fodor E. Structures of H5N1 influenza polymerase with ANP32B reveal mechanisms of genome replication and host adaptation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4123. [PMID: 38750014 PMCID: PMC11096171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a public health threat, as they are capable of triggering pandemics by crossing species barriers. Replication of avian IAVs in mammalian cells is hindered by species-specific variation in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32) proteins, which are essential for viral RNA genome replication. Adaptive mutations enable the IAV RNA polymerase (FluPolA) to surmount this barrier. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of monomeric and dimeric avian H5N1 FluPolA with human ANP32B. ANP32B interacts with the PA subunit of FluPolA in the monomeric form, at the site used for its docking onto the C-terminal domain of host RNA polymerase II during viral transcription. ANP32B acts as a chaperone, guiding FluPolA towards a ribonucleoprotein-associated FluPolA to form an asymmetric dimer-the replication platform for the viral genome. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms governing IAV genome replication, while enhancing our understanding of the molecular processes underpinning mammalian adaptations in avian-origin FluPolA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecco Staller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Loïc Carrique
- Division of Structural Biology, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olivia C Swann
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Haitian Fan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jeremy R Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Carol M Sheppard
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Keown J, Baazaoui A, Šebesta M, Štefl R, Carrique L, Fodor E, Grimes JM. Structural and functional characterization of the interaction between the influenza A virus RNA polymerase and the CTD of host RNA polymerase II. J Virol 2024; 98:e0013824. [PMID: 38563748 PMCID: PMC11092357 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00138-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses, causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, rely on interactions with host proteins for their RNA genome transcription and replication. The viral RNA polymerase utilizes host RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and interacts with the serine 5 phosphorylated (pS5) C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II to initiate transcription. Our study, using single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM), reveals the structure of the 1918 pandemic influenza A virus polymerase bound to a synthetic pS5 CTD peptide composed of four heptad repeats mimicking the 52 heptad repeat mammalian Pol II CTD. The structure shows that the CTD peptide binds at the C-terminal domain of the PA viral polymerase subunit (PA-C) and reveals a previously unobserved position of the 627 domain of the PB2 subunit near the CTD. We identify crucial residues of the CTD peptide that mediate interactions with positively charged cavities on PA-C, explaining the preference of the viral polymerase for pS5 CTD. Functional analysis of mutants targeting the CTD-binding site within PA-C reveals reduced transcriptional function or defects in replication, highlighting the multifunctional role of PA-C in viral RNA synthesis. Our study provides insights into the structural and functional aspects of the influenza virus polymerase-host Pol II interaction and identifies a target for antiviral development.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the intricate interactions between influenza A viruses and host proteins is crucial for developing targeted antiviral strategies. This study employs advanced imaging techniques to uncover the structural nuances of the 1918 pandemic influenza A virus polymerase bound to a specific host protein, shedding light on the vital process of viral RNA synthesis. The study identifies key amino acid residues in the influenza polymerase involved in binding host polymerase II (Pol II) and highlights their role in both viral transcription and genome replication. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the influenza virus life cycle but also pinpoint a potential target for antiviral development. By elucidating the structural and functional aspects of the influenza virus polymerase-host Pol II interaction, this research provides a foundation for designing interventions to disrupt viral replication and transcription, offering promising avenues for future antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa Baazaoui
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Šebesta
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Richard Štefl
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Loïc Carrique
- Division of Structural Biology, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Li W, Lin Y, Wang X, Yang H, Ding Y, Chen Z, He Z, Zhang J, Zhao L, Jiao P. Chicken UFL1 Restricts Avian Influenza Virus Replication by Disrupting the Viral Polymerase Complex and Facilitating Type I IFN Production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1479-1492. [PMID: 38477617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
During avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, host defensive proteins promote antiviral innate immunity or antagonize viral components to limit viral replication. UFM1-specific ligase 1 (UFL1) is involved in regulating innate immunity and DNA virus replication in mammals, but the molecular mechanism by which chicken (ch)UFL1 regulates AIV replication is unclear. In this study, we first identified chUFL1 as a negative regulator of AIV replication by enhancing innate immunity and disrupting the assembly of the viral polymerase complex. Mechanistically, chUFL1 interacted with chicken stimulator of IFN genes (chSTING) and contributed to chSTING dimerization and the formation of the STING-TBK1-IRF7 complex. We further demonstrated that chUFL1 promoted K63-linked polyubiquitination of chSTING at K308 to facilitate chSTING-mediated type I IFN production independent of UFMylation. Additionally, chUFL1 expression was upregulated in response to AIV infection. Importantly, chUFL1 also interacted with the AIV PA protein to inhibit viral polymerase activity. Furthermore, chUFL1 impeded the nuclear import of the AIV PA protein and the assembly of the viral polymerase complex to suppress AIV replication. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that chUFL1 restricts AIV replication by disrupting the viral polymerase complex and facilitating type I IFN production, which provides new insights into the regulation of AIV replication in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Xiyi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Huixing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yangbao Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Luxiang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; and
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Zhang M, Liu M, Chen H, Qiu T, Jin X, Fu W, Teng Q, Zhao C, Xu J, Li Z, Zhang X. PB2 residue 473 contributes to the mammalian virulence of H7N9 avian influenza virus by modulating viral polymerase activity via ANP32A. J Virol 2024; 98:e0194423. [PMID: 38421166 PMCID: PMC10949425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01944-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the first human infection reported in 2013, H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been regarded as a serious threat to human health. In this study, we sought to identify the virulence determinant of the H7N9 virus in mammalian hosts. By comparing the virulence of the SH/4664 H7N9 virus, a non-virulent H9N2 virus, and various H7N9-H9N2 hybrid viruses in infected mice, we first pinpointed PB2 as the primary viral factor accounting for the difference between H7N9 and H9N2 in mammalian virulence. We further analyzed the in vivo effects of individually mutating H7N9 PB2 residues different from the closely related H9N2 virus and consequently found residue 473, alongside the well-known residue 627, to be critical for the virulence of the H7N9 virus in mice and the activity of its reconstituted viral polymerase in mammalian cells. The importance of PB2-473 was further strengthened by studying reverse H7N9 substitutions in the H9N2 background. Finally, we surprisingly found that species-specific usage of ANP32A, a family member of host factors connecting with the PB2-627 polymorphism, mediates the contribution of PB2 473 residue to the mammalian adaption of AIV polymerase, as the attenuating effect of PB2 M473T on the viral polymerase activity and viral growth of the H7N9 virus could be efficiently complemented by co-expression of chicken ANP32A but not mouse ANP32A and ANP32B. Together, our studies uncovered the PB2 473 residue as a novel viral host range determinant of AIVs via species-specific co-opting of the ANP32 host factor to support viral polymerase activity.IMPORTANCEThe H7N9 avian influenza virus has been considered to have the potential to cause the next pandemic since the first case of human infection reported in 2013. In this study, we identified PB2 residue 473 as a new determinant of mouse virulence and mammalian adaptation of the viral polymerase of the H7N9 virus and its non-pathogenic H9N2 counterparts. We further demonstrated that the variation in PB2-473 is functionally linked to differential co-opting of the host ANP32A protein in supporting viral polymerase activity, which is analogous to the well-known PB2-627 polymorphism, albeit the two PB2 positions are spatially distant. By providing new mechanistic insight into the PB2-mediated host range determination of influenza A viruses, our study implicated the potential existence of multiple PB2-ANP32 interfaces that could be targets for developing new antivirals against the H7N9 virus as well as other mammalian-adapted influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanxuan Jin
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Na L, Sun L, Yu M, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Qi T, Guo W, Guo X, Wang S, Wang J, Lin Y, Wang X. Avian ANP32A incorporated in avian influenza A virions promotes interspecies transmission by priming early viral replication in mammals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4163. [PMID: 38295177 PMCID: PMC10830118 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Species-specific differences in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A (ANP32A) determine the restriction of avian-signature polymerase in mammalian cells. Mutations that evade this restriction, such as PB2-E627K, are frequently acquired when avian influenza A viruses jump from avian hosts to mammalian hosts. However, the mechanism underlying this adaptation process is still unclear. Here, we report that host factor ANP32 proteins can be incorporated into influenza viral particles through combination with the viral RNA polymerase (vPol) and then transferred into targeted cells where they support virus replication. The packaging of the ANP32 proteins into influenza viruses is dependent on their affinity with the vPol. Avian ANP32A (avANP32A) delivered by avian influenza A virions primes early viral replication in mammalian cells, thereby favoring the downstream interspecies transmission event by increasing the total amount of virus carrying adaptive mutations. Our study clarifies one role of avANP32A where it is used by avian influenza virus to help counteract the restriction barrier in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liuke Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ting Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shida Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuezhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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8
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Kwon T, Artiaga BL, McDowell CD, Whitworth KM, Wells KD, Prather RS, Delhon G, Cigan M, White SN, Retallick J, Gaudreault NN, Morozov I, Richt JA. Gene editing of pigs to control influenza A virus infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575771. [PMID: 38293027 PMCID: PMC10827075 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein by host cellular proteases is pivotal for influenza A virus (IAV) infectivity. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses possess the multibasic cleavage site of the HA which is cleaved by ubiquitous proteases, such as furin; in contrast, the monobasic HA motif is recognized and activated by trypsin-like proteases, such as the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Here, we aimed to determine the effects of TMPRSS2 on the replication of pandemic H1N1 and H3N2 subtype IAVs in the natural host, the pig. The use of the CRISPR/Cas 9 system led to the establishment of homozygous gene edited (GE) TMPRSS2 knockout (KO) pigs. Delayed IAV replication was demonstrated in primary respiratory cells of KO pigs in vitro. IAV infection in vivo resulted in significant reduction of virus shedding in the upper respiratory tract, and lower virus titers and pathological lesions in the lower respiratory tract of TMPRSS2 KO pigs as compared to WT pigs. Our findings could support the commercial use of GE pigs to minimize (i) the economic losses caused by IAV infection in pigs, and (ii) the emergence of novel IAVs with pandemic potential through genetic reassortment in the "mixing vessel", the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bianca L. Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristin M. Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D. Wells
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gustavo Delhon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie Retallick
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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9
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Liang Y. Pathogenicity and virulence of influenza. Virulence 2023; 14:2223057. [PMID: 37339323 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2223057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic drift (mutation) and shift (reassortment of the segmented viral genome). New variants, strains, and subtypes have emerged frequently, causing epidemic, zoonotic, and pandemic infections, despite currently available vaccines and antiviral drugs. In recent years, avian influenza viruses, such as H5 and H7 subtypes, have caused hundreds to thousands of zoonotic infections in humans with high case fatality rates. The likelihood of these animal influenza viruses acquiring airborne transmission in humans through viral evolution poses great concern for the next pandemic. Severe influenza viral disease is caused by both direct viral cytopathic effects and exacerbated host immune response against high viral loads. Studies have identified various mutations in viral genes that increase viral replication and transmission, alter tissue tropism or species specificity, and evade antivirals or pre-existing immunity. Significant progress has also been made in identifying and characterizing the host components that mediate antiviral responses, pro-viral functions, or immunopathogenesis following influenza viral infections. This review summarizes the current knowledge on viral determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenicity, protective and immunopathogenic aspects of host innate and adaptive immune responses, and antiviral and pro-viral roles of host factors and cellular signalling pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral virulence factors and virus-host interactions is critical for the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against influenza diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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10
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Sheppard CM, Goldhill DH, Swann OC, Staller E, Penn R, Platt OK, Sukhova K, Baillon L, Frise R, Peacock TP, Fodor E, Barclay WS. An Influenza A virus can evolve to use human ANP32E through altering polymerase dimerization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6135. [PMID: 37816726 PMCID: PMC10564888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ANP32A and ANP32B are essential but redundant host factors for influenza virus genome replication. While most influenza viruses cannot replicate in edited human cells lacking both ANP32A and ANP32B, some strains exhibit limited growth. Here, we experimentally evolve such an influenza A virus in these edited cells and unexpectedly, after 2 passages, we observe robust viral growth. We find two mutations in different subunits of the influenza polymerase that enable the mutant virus to use a novel host factor, ANP32E, an alternative family member, which is unable to support the wild type polymerase. Both mutations reside in the symmetric dimer interface between two polymerase complexes and reduce polymerase dimerization. These mutations have previously been identified as adapting influenza viruses to mice. Indeed, the evolved virus gains the ability to use suboptimal mouse ANP32 proteins and becomes more virulent in mice. We identify further mutations in the symmetric dimer interface which we predict allow influenza to adapt to use suboptimal ANP32 proteins through a similar mechanism. Overall, our results suggest a balance between asymmetric and symmetric dimers of influenza virus polymerase that is influenced by the interaction between polymerase and ANP32 host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Daniel H Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Olivia C Swann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ecco Staller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Penn
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Olivia K Platt
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ksenia Sukhova
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laury Baillon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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11
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Idoko-Akoh A, Goldhill DH, Sheppard CM, Bialy D, Quantrill JL, Sukhova K, Brown JC, Richardson S, Campbell C, Taylor L, Sherman A, Nazki S, Long JS, Skinner MA, Shelton H, Sang HM, Barclay WS, McGrew MJ. Creating resistance to avian influenza infection through genome editing of the ANP32 gene family. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6136. [PMID: 37816720 PMCID: PMC10564915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens genetically resistant to avian influenza could prevent future outbreaks. In chickens, influenza A virus (IAV) relies on host protein ANP32A. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 to generate homozygous gene edited (GE) chickens containing two ANP32A amino acid substitutions that prevent viral polymerase interaction. After IAV challenge, 9/10 edited chickens remain uninfected. Challenge with a higher dose, however, led to breakthrough infections. Breakthrough IAV virus contained IAV polymerase gene mutations that conferred adaptation to the edited chicken ANP32A. Unexpectedly, this virus also replicated in chicken embryos edited to remove the entire ANP32A gene and instead co-opted alternative ANP32 protein family members, chicken ANP32B and ANP32E. Additional genome editing for removal of ANP32B and ANP32E eliminated all viral growth in chicken cells. Our data illustrate a first proof of concept step to generate IAV-resistant chickens and show that multiple genetic modifications will be required to curtail viral escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alewo Idoko-Akoh
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Daniel H Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Carol M Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ksenia Sukhova
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ciara Campbell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorna Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jason S Long
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Michael A Skinner
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Helen M Sang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
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12
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Gilbertson B, Duncan M, Subbarao K. Role of the viral polymerase during adaptation of influenza A viruses to new hosts. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 62:101363. [PMID: 37672875 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
As a group, influenza-A viruses (IAV) infect a wide range of animal hosts, however, they are constrained to infecting selected host species by species-specific interactions between the host and virus, that are required for efficient replication of the viral RNA genome. When IAV cross the species barrier, they acquire mutations in the viral genome to enable interactions with the new host factors, or to compensate for their loss. The viral polymerase genes polymerase basic 1, polymerase basic 2, and polymerase-acidic are important sites of host adaptation. In this review, we discuss why the viral polymerase is so vital to the process of host adaptation, look at some of the known viral mutations, and host factors involved in adaptation, particularly of avian IAV to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Duncan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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13
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Duan Z, Zhang Q, Liu M, Hu Z. Multifunctionality of matrix protein in the replication and pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126089. [PMID: 37532184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As an important structural protein in virion morphogenesis, the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to be a nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking protein and plays essential roles in viral assembly and budding. In recent years, increasing lines of evidence have indicated that the M protein has obvious influence on the pathotypes of NDV, and the interaction of M protein with cellular proteins is also closely associated with the replication and pathogenicity of NDV. Although substantial progress has been made in the past 40 years towards understanding the structure and function of NDV M protein, the available information is scattered. Therefore, this review article summarizes and updates the research progress on the structural feature, virulence and pathotype correlation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanism of NDV M protein, as well as the functions of M protein and cellular protein interactions in M's intracellular localization, viral RNA synthesis and transcription, viral protein synthesis, viral immune evasion, and viral budding and release, which will provide an in-depth understanding of the biological functions of M protein in the replication and pathogenesis of NDV, and also contribute to the development of effective antiviral strategies aiming at blocking the early or late steps of NDV lifecycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Menglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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14
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Camacho-Zarco AR, Yu L, Krischuns T, Dedeoglu S, Maurin D, Bouvignies G, Crépin T, Ruigrok RWH, Cusack S, Naffakh N, Blackledge M. Multivalent Dynamic Colocalization of Avian Influenza Polymerase and Nucleoprotein by Intrinsically Disordered ANP32A Reveals the Molecular Basis of Human Adaptation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20985-21001. [PMID: 37707433 PMCID: PMC10540212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of avian influenza RNA polymerase (FluPol) to human cells requires mutations on the 627-NLS domains of the PB2 subunit. The E627K adaptive mutation compensates a 33-amino-acid deletion in the acidic intrinsically disordered domain of the host transcription regulator ANP32A, a deletion that restricts FluPol activity in mammalian cells. The function of ANP32A in the replication transcription complex and in particular its role in host restriction remains poorly understood. Here we characterize ternary complexes formed between ANP32A, FluPol, and the viral nucleoprotein, NP, supporting the putative role of ANP32A in shuttling NP to the replicase complex. We demonstrate that while FluPol and NP can simultaneously bind distinct linear motifs on avian ANP32A, the deletion in the shorter human ANP32A blocks this mode of colocalization. NMR reveals that NP and human-adapted FluPol, containing the E627 K mutation, simultaneously bind the identical extended linear motif on human ANP32A in an electrostatically driven, highly dynamic and multivalent ternary complex. This study reveals a probable molecular mechanism underlying host adaptation, whereby E627K, which enhances the basic surface of the 627 domain, is selected to confer the necessary multivalent properties to allow ANP32A to colocalize NP and FluPol in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo R. Camacho-Zarco
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lefan Yu
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tim Krischuns
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,
CNRS UMR3569, Unité Biologie des ARN et Virus Influenza, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Selin Dedeoglu
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Damien Maurin
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Bouvignies
- Laboratoire
des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, École
Normale Supérieur, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Crépin
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rob W. H. Ruigrok
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Cusack
- European
Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,
CNRS UMR3569, Unité Biologie des ARN et Virus Influenza, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Institut
de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS
UMR5075, 71 Avenue des
Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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15
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Wang XF, Zhang X, Ma W, Li J, Wang X. Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus. Virol Sin 2023; 38:485-496. [PMID: 37419416 PMCID: PMC10436108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research. An attenuated EIAV vaccine, which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques, is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date. Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle. However, viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation. The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process, which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses, making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV. The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions. In addition, we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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16
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Sun L, Kong H, Yu M, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Na L, Qu Y, Zhang Y, Chen H, Wang X. The SUMO-interacting motif in NS2 promotes adaptation of avian influenza virus to mammals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5175. [PMID: 37436988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Species differences in the host factor ANP32A/B result in the restriction of avian influenza virus polymerase (vPol) in mammalian cells. Efficient replication of avian influenza viruses in mammalian cells often requires adaptive mutations, such as PB2-E627K, to enable the virus to use mammalian ANP32A/B. However, the molecular basis for the productive replication of avian influenza viruses without prior adaptation in mammals remains poorly understood. We show that avian influenza virus NS2 protein help to overcome mammalian ANP32A/B-mediated restriction to avian vPol activity by promoting avian vRNP assembly and enhancing mammalian ANP32A/B-vRNP interactions. A conserved SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in NS2 is required for its avian polymerase-enhancing properties. We also demonstrate that disrupting SIM integrity in NS2 impairs avian influenza virus replication and pathogenicity in mammalian hosts, but not in avian hosts. Our results identify NS2 as a cofactor in the adaptation process of avian influenza virus to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Huihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuxing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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17
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Kleinehr J, Schöfbänker M, Daniel K, Günl F, Mohamed FF, Janowski J, Brunotte L, Boergeling Y, Liebmann M, Behrens M, Gerdemann A, Klotz L, Esselen M, Humpf HU, Ludwig S, Hrincius ER. Glycolytic interference blocks influenza A virus propagation by impairing viral polymerase-driven synthesis of genomic vRNA. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010986. [PMID: 37440521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), like any other virus, provokes considerable modifications of its host cell's metabolism. This includes a substantial increase in the uptake as well as the metabolization of glucose. Although it is known for quite some time that suppression of glucose metabolism restricts virus replication, the exact molecular impact on the viral life cycle remained enigmatic so far. Using 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) we examined how well inhibition of glycolysis is tolerated by host cells and which step of the IAV life cycle is affected. We observed that effects induced by 2-DG are reversible and that cells can cope with relatively high concentrations of the inhibitor by compensating the loss of glycolytic activity by upregulating other metabolic pathways. Moreover, mass spectrometry data provided information on various metabolic modifications induced by either the virus or agents interfering with glycolysis. In the presence of 2-DG viral titers were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. The supplementation of direct or indirect glycolysis metabolites led to a partial or almost complete reversion of the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on viral growth and demonstrated that indeed the inhibition of glycolysis and not of N-linked glycosylation was responsible for the observed phenotype. Importantly, we could show via conventional and strand-specific qPCR that the treatment with 2-DG led to a prolonged phase of viral mRNA synthesis while the accumulation of genomic vRNA was strongly reduced. At the same time, minigenome assays showed no signs of a general reduction of replicative capacity of the viral polymerase. Therefore, our data suggest that the significant reduction in IAV replication by glycolytic interference occurs mainly due to an impairment of the dynamic regulation of the viral polymerase which conveys the transition of the enzyme's function from transcription to replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kleinehr
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Schöfbänker
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Daniel
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Fakry Fahmy Mohamed
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Josua Janowski
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrea Gerdemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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18
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Peacock TP, Sheppard CM, Lister MG, Staller E, Frise R, Swann OC, Goldhill DH, Long JS, Barclay WS. Mammalian ANP32A and ANP32B Proteins Drive Differential Polymerase Adaptations in Avian Influenza Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0021323. [PMID: 37074204 PMCID: PMC10231198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00213-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ANP32 proteins, which act as influenza polymerase cofactors, vary between birds and mammals. In mammals, ANP32A and ANP32B have been reported to serve essential but redundant roles to support influenza polymerase activity. The well-known mammalian adaptation PB2-E627K enables influenza polymerase to use mammalian ANP32 proteins. However, some mammalian-adapted influenza viruses do not harbor this substitution. Here, we show that alternative PB2 adaptations, Q591R and D701N, also allow influenza polymerase to use mammalian ANP32 proteins, whereas other PB2 mutations, G158E, T271A, and D740N, increase polymerase activity in the presence of avian ANP32 proteins as well. Furthermore, PB2-E627K strongly favors use of mammalian ANP32B proteins, whereas D701N shows no such bias. Accordingly, PB2-E627K adaptation emerges in species with strong pro-viral ANP32B proteins, such as humans and mice, while D701N is more commonly seen in isolates from swine, dogs, and horses, where ANP32A proteins are the preferred cofactor. Using an experimental evolution approach, we show that the passage of viruses containing avian polymerases in human cells drove acquisition of PB2-E627K, but not in the absence of ANP32B. Finally, we show that the strong pro-viral support of ANP32B for PB2-E627K maps to the low-complexity acidic region (LCAR) tail of ANP32B. IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses naturally reside in wild aquatic birds. However, the high mutation rate of influenza viruses allows them to rapidly and frequently adapt to new hosts, including mammals. Viruses that succeed in these zoonotic jumps pose a pandemic threat whereby the virus adapts sufficiently to efficiently transmit human-to-human. The influenza virus polymerase is central to viral replication and restriction of polymerase activity is a major barrier to species jumps. ANP32 proteins are essential for influenza polymerase activity. In this study, we describe how avian influenza viruses can adapt in several different ways to use mammalian ANP32 proteins. We further show that differences between mammalian ANP32 proteins can select different adaptive changes and are responsible for some of the typical mutations that arise in mammalian-adapted influenza polymerases. These different adaptive mutations may determine the relative zoonotic potential of influenza viruses and thus help assess their pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol M. Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret G. Lister
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ecco Staller
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia C. Swann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H. Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S. Long
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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AbuBakar U, Amrani L, Kamarulzaman FA, Karsani SA, Hassandarvish P, Khairat JE. Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:833. [PMID: 37112812 PMCID: PMC10142937 DOI: 10.3390/v15040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An influenza pandemic happens when a novel influenza A virus is able to infect and transmit efficiently to a new, distinct host species. Although the exact timing of pandemics is uncertain, it is known that both viral and host factors play a role in their emergence. Species-specific interactions between the virus and the host cell determine the virus tropism, including binding and entering cells, replicating the viral RNA genome within the host cell nucleus, assembling, maturing and releasing the virus to neighboring cells, tissues or organs before transmitting it between individuals. The influenza A virus has a vast and antigenically varied reservoir. In wild aquatic birds, the infection is typically asymptomatic. Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross into new species, and occasionally it can acquire the ability to transmit from human to human. A pandemic might occur if a new influenza virus acquires enough adaptive mutations to maintain transmission between people. This review highlights the key determinants AIV must achieve to initiate a human pandemic and describes how AIV mutates to establish tropism and stable human adaptation. Understanding the tropism of AIV may be crucial in preventing virus transmission in humans and may help the design of vaccines, antivirals and therapeutic agents against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umarqayum AbuBakar
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lina Amrani
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Farah Ayuni Kamarulzaman
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jasmine Elanie Khairat
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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20
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Avian Influenza A Virus Polymerase Can Utilize Human ANP32 Proteins To Support cRNA but Not vRNA Synthesis. mBio 2023; 14:e0339922. [PMID: 36645303 PMCID: PMC9973007 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03399-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Host restriction limits the emergence of novel pandemic strains from the influenza A virus avian reservoir. For efficient replication in mammalian cells, the avian influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase must adapt to use human orthologues of the host factor ANP32, which lack a 33-amino-acid insertion relative to avian ANP32A. Here, we find that influenza polymerase requires ANP32 proteins to support both steps of genome replication: cRNA and vRNA synthesis. However, avian strains are only restricted in vRNA synthesis in human cells. Therefore, avian influenza polymerase can use human ANP32 orthologues to support cRNA synthesis, without acquiring mammalian adaptations. This implies a fundamental difference in the mechanism by which ANP32 proteins support cRNA versus vRNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE To infect humans and cause a pandemic, avian influenza must first adapt to use human versions of the proteins the virus hijacks for replication, instead of the avian orthologues found in bird cells. One critical host protein is ANP32. Understanding the details of how host proteins such as ANP32 support viral activity may allow the design of new antiviral strategies that disrupt these interactions. Here, we use cells that lack ANP32 to unambiguously demonstrate ANP32 is needed for both steps of influenza genome replication. Unexpectedly, however, we found that avian influenza can use human ANP32 proteins for the first step of replication, to copy a complementary strand, without adaptation but can only utilize avian ANP32 for the second step of replication that generates new genomes. This suggests ANP32 may have a distinct role in supporting the second step of replication, and it is this activity that is specifically blocked when avian influenza infects human cells.
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21
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Du R, Cui Q, Chen Z, Zhao X, Lin X, Rong L. Revisiting influenza A virus life cycle from a perspective of genome balance. Virol Sin 2023; 38:1-8. [PMID: 36309307 PMCID: PMC10006207 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) genome comprises eight negative-sense RNA segments, of which the replication is well orchestrated and the delicate balance of multiple segments are dynamically regulated throughout IAV life cycle. However, previous studies seldom discuss these balances except for functional hemagglutinin-neuraminidase balance that is pivotal for both virus entry and release. Therefore, we attempt to revisit IAV life cycle by highlighting the critical role of "genome balance". Moreover, we raise a "balance regression" model of IAV evolution that the virus evolves to rebalance its genome after reassortment or interspecies transmission, and direct a "balance compensation" strategy to rectify the "genome imbalance" as a result of artificial modifications during creation of recombinant IAVs. This review not only improves our understanding of IAV life cycle, but also facilitates both basic and applied research of IAV in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Du
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266122, China.
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266122, China
| | - Zinuo Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60612, USA.
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22
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Wang F, Sheppard CM, Mistry B, Staller E, Barclay WS, Grimes JM, Fodor E, Fan H. The C-terminal LCAR of host ANP32 proteins interacts with the influenza A virus nucleoprotein to promote the replication of the viral RNA genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5713-5725. [PMID: 35639917 PMCID: PMC9177957 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmented negative-sense RNA genome of influenza A virus is assembled into ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP) with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein (NP). It is in the context of these RNPs that the polymerase transcribes and replicates viral RNA (vRNA). Host acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32) family proteins play an essential role in vRNA replication by mediating the dimerization of the viral polymerase via their N-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. However, whether the C-terminal low-complexity acidic region (LCAR) plays a role in RNA synthesis remains unknown. Here, we report that the LCAR is required for viral genome replication during infection. Specifically, we show that the LCAR directly interacts with NP and this interaction is mutually exclusive with RNA. Furthermore, we show that the replication of a short vRNA-like template that can be replicated in the absence of NP is less sensitive to LCAR truncations compared with the replication of full-length vRNA segments which is NP-dependent. We propose a model in which the LCAR interacts with NP to promote NP recruitment to nascent RNA during influenza virus replication, ensuring the co-replicative assembly of RNA into RNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Wang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol M Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Bhakti Mistry
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ecco Staller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Haitian Fan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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23
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Yu M, Sun L, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Na L, Wang X. KPNA6 is a Cofactor of ANP32A/B in Supporting Influenza Virus Polymerase Activity. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0207321. [PMID: 35044222 PMCID: PMC8768627 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02073-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vPol) is a heterotrimer composed of PB2, PB1, and PA, which, together with vRNA and nucleoprotein (NP), forms viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex to direct the transcription and replication of the viral genome. Host factor ANP32 proteins have been proved to be associated with vRNP and are essential for polymerase activity and cross-species restriction of avian influenza virus. However, the molecular mechanism by which ANP32 supports polymerase activity is largely unknown. Here, we identified that KPNA6 is associated with ANP32A/B and vRNP of the influenza virus. Both knockout and overexpression of KPNA6 downregulate the replication of the influenza virus by inhibiting the polymerase activity, indicating that a certain level of KPNA6 is beneficial for efficient replication of the influenza virus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that overexpression of KPNA6 or its nuclear importing domain negative mutation inhibited the interaction between ANP32 and vRNP, thus reducing the polymerase activity. Our results revealed the role of KPNA6 in interacting with both ANP32A/B and vRNP to maintain viral polymerase activity and provided new insights for further understanding of the mechanism by which ANP32 supports influenza polymerase. IMPORTANCE Host factor ANP32 plays a fundamental role in supporting the polymerase activity of influenza viruses, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we propose that KPNA6 is involved in the function of ANP32A/B to support influenza virus polymerase by interacting with both vRNP and ANP32A/B. The proper amount of KPNA6 and ANP32 proteins in the KPNA6-ANP32-vRNP complex is crucial for maintaining the viral polymerase activity. The KPNA6 may contribute to maintaining stable interaction between vRNA and ANP32 proteins in the nucleus, and this function is independent of the known importing domain of KPNA6. Our research reveals a role of KNPA6 associated with ANP32 proteins that support the viral polymerase and suggests a new perspective for developing antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liuke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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24
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses that rely on their own viral replication machinery to replicate and transcribe their segmented single-stranded RNA genome. The viral ribonucleoprotein complexes in which viral RNA is replicated consist of a nucleoprotein scaffold around which the RNA genome is bound, and a heterotrimeric RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyzes viral replication. The RNA polymerase copies the viral RNA (vRNA) via a replicative intermediate, called the complementary RNA (cRNA), and subsequently uses this cRNA to make more vRNA copies. To ensure that new cRNA and vRNA molecules are associated with ribonucleoproteins in which they can be amplified, the active RNA polymerase recruits a second polymerase to encapsidate the cRNA or vRNA. Host factor ANP32A has been shown to be essential for viral replication and to facilitate the formation of a dimer between viral RNA polymerases. Differences between mammalian and avian ANP32A proteins are sufficient to restrict viral replication. It has been proposed that ANP32A is only required for the synthesis of vRNA molecules from a cRNA, but not vice versa. However, this view does not match recent molecular evidence. Here we use minigenome assays, virus infections, and viral promoter mutations to demonstrate that ANP32A is essential for both vRNA and cRNA synthesis. Moreover, we show that ANP32 is not only needed for the actively replicating polymerase, but also for the polymerase that is encapsidating nascent viral RNA products. Overall, these results provide new insights into influenza A virus replication and host adaptation. IMPORTANCE Zoonotic avian influenza A viruses pose a constant threat to global health, and they have the potential to cause pandemics. Species variations in host factor ANP32A play a key role in supporting the activity of avian influenza A virus RNA polymerases in mammalian hosts. Here we show that ANP32A acts at two stages in the influenza A virus replication cycle, supporting recent structural experiments, in line with its essential role. Understanding how ANP32A supports viral RNA polymerase activity and how it supports avian polymerase function in mammalian hosts is important for understanding influenza A virus replication and the development of antiviral strategies against influenza A viruses.
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25
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Zhang M, Liu M, Bai S, Zhao C, Li Z, Xu J, Zhang X. Influenza A Virus-Host Specificity: An Ongoing Cross-Talk Between Viral and Host Factors. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777885. [PMID: 34803997 PMCID: PMC8602901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One big threat from influenza A viruses (IAVs) is that novel viruses emerge from mutation alongside reassortment. Some of them have gained the capability to transmit into human from the avian reservoir. Understanding the molecular events and the involved factors in breaking the cross-species barrier holds important implication for the surveillance and prevention of potential influenza outbreaks. In this review, we summarize recent progresses, including several ground-breaking findings, in how the interaction between host and viral factors, exemplified by the PB2 subunit of the influenza virus RNA polymerase co-opting host ANP32 protein to facilitate transcription and replication of the viral genome, shapes the evolution of IAVs from host specificity to cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences & Animal Influenza Virus Evolution and Pathogenesis Innovation Team of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Team, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimeng Bai
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences & Animal Influenza Virus Evolution and Pathogenesis Innovation Team of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Team, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Staller E, Sheppard CM, Baillon L, Frise R, Peacock TP, Sancho-Shimizu V, Barclay WS. A natural variant in ANP32B impairs influenza virus replication in human cells. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34524075 PMCID: PMC8567425 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses require host factors to support their replication, and genetic variation in such factors can affect susceptibility to infectious disease. Influenza virus replication in human cells relies on ANP32 proteins, which are involved in assembly of replication-competent dimeric influenza virus polymerase (FluPol) complexes. Here, we investigate naturally occurring single nucleotide variants (SNV) in the human Anp32A and Anp32B genes. We note that variant rs182096718 in Anp32B is found at a higher frequency than other variants in either gene. This SNV results in a D130A substitution in ANP32B, which is less able to support FluPol activity than wild-type ANP32B and binds FluPol with lower affinity. Interestingly, ANP32B-D130A exerts a dominant negative effect over wild-type ANP32B and interferes with the functionally redundant paralogue ANP32A. FluPol activity and virus replication are attenuated in CRISPR-edited cells expressing wild-type ANP32A and mutant ANP32B-D130A. We propose a model in which the D130A mutation impairs FluPol dimer formation, thus resulting in compromised replication. We suggest that both homozygous and heterozygous carriers of rs182096718 may have some genetic protection against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecco Staller
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.,Present address: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol M Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Laury Baillon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
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27
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Park YH, Woo SJ, Chungu K, Lee SB, Shim JH, Lee HJ, Kim I, Rengaraj D, Song CS, Suh JY, Lim JM, Han JY. Asp149 and Asp152 in chicken and human ANP32A play an essential role in the interaction with influenza viral polymerase. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21630. [PMID: 33982347 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002006rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A (ANP32A) is a cellular host factor that determines the host tropism of the viral polymerase (vPol) of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Compared with human ANP32A (hANP32A), chicken ANP32A contains an additional 33 amino acid residues (176-208) duplicated from amino acid residues 149-175 (27 residues), suggesting that these residues could be involved in increasing vPol activity by strengthening interactions between ANP32A and vPol. However, the molecular interactions and functional roles of the 27 residues within hANP32A during AIV vPol activity remain unclear. Here, we examined the functional role of 27 residues of hANP32A based on comparisons with other human (h) ANP32 family members. It was notable that unlike hANP32A and hANP32B, hANP32C could not support vPol activity or replication of AIVs, despite the fact that hANP32C shares a higher sequence identity with hANP32A than hANP32B. Pairwise comparison between hANP32A and hANP32C revealed that Asp149 (D149) and Asp152 (D152) are involved in hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, respectively, which support vPol activity. Mutation of these residues reduced the interaction between hANP32A and vPol. Finally, we demonstrated that precise substitution of the identified residues within chicken ANP32A via homology-directed repair using the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in a marked reduction of viral replication in chicken cells. These results increase our understanding of ANP32A function and may facilitate the development of AIV-resistant chickens via precise modification of residues within ANP32A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hyun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Je Woo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelly Chungu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Shim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Iktae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Suh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Massari S, Desantis J, Nizi MG, Cecchetti V, Tabarrini O. Inhibition of Influenza Virus Polymerase by Interfering with Its Protein-Protein Interactions. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1332-1350. [PMID: 33044059 PMCID: PMC8204303 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza (flu) virus is a serious threat to global health with the potential to generate devastating pandemics. The availability of broad spectrum antiviral drugs is an unequaled weapon during pandemic events, especially when a vaccine is still not available. One of the most promising targets for the development of new antiflu therapeutics is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). The assembly of the flu RdRP heterotrimeric complex from the individual polymerase acidic protein (PA), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), and polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunits is a prerequisite for RdRP functions, such as mRNA synthesis and genome replication. In this Review, we report the known protein-protein interactions (PPIs) occurring by RdRP that could be disrupted by small molecules and analyze their benefits and drawbacks as drug targets. An overview of small molecules able to interfere with flu RdRP functions exploiting the PPI inhibition approach is described. In particular, an update on the most recent inhibitors targeting the well-consolidated RdRP PA-PB1 subunit heterodimerization is mainly reported, together with pioneer inhibitors targeting other virus-virus or virus-host interactions involving RdRP subunits. As demonstrated by the PA-PB1 interaction inhibitors discussed herein, the inhibition of flu RdRP functions by PPI disrupters clearly represents a valid means to identify compounds endowed with a broad spectrum of action and a reduced propensity to develop drug resistance, which are the main issues of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Nizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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29
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Rivero-Rodríguez F, Díaz-Quintana A, Velázquez-Cruz A, González-Arzola K, Gavilan MP, Velázquez-Campoy A, Ríos RM, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. Inhibition of the PP2A activity by the histone chaperone ANP32B is long-range allosterically regulated by respiratory cytochrome c. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101967. [PMID: 33882408 PMCID: PMC8082267 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of injured DNA relies on nucleosome dismantling by histone chaperones and de-phosphorylation events carried out by Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Typical histone chaperones are the Acidic leucine-rich Nuclear Phosphoprotein 32 family (ANP32) members, e.g. ANP32A, which is also a well-known PP2A inhibitor (a.k.a. I1PP2A). Here we report the novel interaction between the endogenous family member B—so-called ANP32B—and endogenous cytochrome c in cells undergoing camptothecin-induced DNA damage. Soon after DNA lesions but prior to caspase cascade activation, the hemeprotein translocates to the nucleus to target the Low Complexity Acidic Region (LCAR) of ANP32B; in a similar way, our group recently reported that the hemeprotein targets the acidic domain of SET/Template Activating Factor-Iβ (SET/TAF-Iβ), which is another histone chaperone and PP2A inhibitor (a.k.a. I2PP2A). The nucleosome assembly activity of ANP32B is indeed unaffected by cytochrome c binding. Like ANP32A, ANP32B inhibits PP2A activity and is thus herein referred to as I3PP2A. Our data demonstrates that ANP32B-dependent inhibition of PP2A is regulated by respiratory cytochrome c, which induces long-distance allosteric changes in the structured N-terminal domain of ANP32B upon binding to the C-terminal LCAR. In agreement with the reported role of PP2A in the DNA damage response, we propose a model wherein cytochrome c is translocated from the mitochondria into the nucleus upon DNA damage to modulate PP2A activity via its interaction with ANP32B. Respiratory cytochrome c interacts with ANP32B under DNA damage in the nucleus. Cytochrome c binding to ANP32B LCAR restores ANP32B-mediated PP2A inhibition. Cytochrome c emerges as a DNA Damage Response regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rivero-Rodríguez
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Alejandro Velázquez-Cruz
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Katiuska González-Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Maria P Gavilan
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, University of Seville, CSIC, University Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units IQFR-CSICBIFI,and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Gobierno de Aragón, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa M Ríos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, University of Seville, CSIC, University Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Miguel A De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain.
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Salvesen HA, Whitelaw CBA. Current and prospective control strategies of influenza A virus in swine. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:23. [PMID: 33648602 PMCID: PMC7917534 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A Viruses (IAV) are endemic pathogens of significant concern in humans and multiple keystone livestock species. Widespread morbidity in swine herds negatively impacts animal welfare standards and economic performance whilst human IAV pandemics have emerged from pigs on multiple occasions. To combat the rising prevalence of swine IAV there must be effective control strategies available. MAIN BODY The most basic form of IAV control on swine farms is through good animal husbandry practices and high animal welfare standards. To control inter-herd transmission, biosecurity considerations such as quarantining of pigs and implementing robust health and safety systems for workers help to reduce the likelihood of swine IAV becoming endemic. Closely complementing the physical on-farm practices are IAV surveillance programs. Epidemiological data is critical in understanding regional distribution and variation to assist in determining an appropriate response to outbreaks and understanding the nature of historical swine IAV epidemics and zoonoses. Medical intervention in pigs is restricted to vaccination, a measure fraught with the intrinsic difficulties of mounting an immune response against a highly mutable virus. It is the best available tool for controlling IAV in swine but is far from being a perfect solution due to its unreliable efficacy and association with an enhanced respiratory disease. Because IAV generally has low mortality rates there is a reticence in the uptake of vaccination. Novel genetic technologies could be a complementary strategy for IAV control in pigs that confers broad-acting resistance. Transgenic pigs with IAV resistance are useful as models, however the complexity of these reaching the consumer market limits them to research models. More promising are gene-editing approaches to prevent viral exploitation of host proteins and modern vaccine technologies that surpass those currently available. CONCLUSION Using the suite of IAV control measures that are available for pigs effectively we can improve the economic productivity of pig farming whilst improving on-farm animal welfare standards and avoid facing the extensive social and financial costs of a pandemic. Fighting 'Flu in pigs will help mitigate the very real threat of a human pandemic emerging, increase security of the global food system and lead to healthier pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A. Salvesen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
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Carrique L, Fan H, Walker AP, Keown JR, Sharps J, Staller E, Barclay WS, Fodor E, Grimes JM. Host ANP32A mediates the assembly of the influenza virus replicase. Nature 2020; 587:638-643. [PMID: 33208942 PMCID: PMC7116770 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic birds represent a vast reservoir from which new pandemic influenza A viruses can emerge1. Influenza viruses contain a negative-sense segmented RNA genome that is transcribed and replicated by the viral heterotrimeric RNA polymerase (FluPol) in the context of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes2,3. RNA polymerases of avian influenza A viruses (FluPolA) replicate viral RNA inefficiently in human cells because of species-specific differences in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32), a family of essential host proteins for FluPol activity4. Host-adaptive mutations, particularly a glutamic-acid-to-lysine mutation at amino acid residue 627 (E627K) in the 627 domain of the PB2 subunit, enable avian FluPolA to overcome this restriction and efficiently replicate viral RNA in the presence of human ANP32 proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms of genome replication and the interplay with ANP32 proteins remain largely unknown. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of influenza C virus polymerase (FluPolC) in complex with human and chicken ANP32A. In both structures, two FluPolC molecules form an asymmetric dimer bridged by the N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain of ANP32A. The C-terminal low-complexity acidic region of ANP32A inserts between the two juxtaposed PB2 627 domains of the asymmetric FluPolA dimer, suggesting a mechanism for how the adaptive PB2(E627K) mutation enables the replication of viral RNA in mammalian hosts. We propose that this complex represents a replication platform for the viral RNA genome, in which one of the FluPol molecules acts as a replicase while the other initiates the assembly of the nascent replication product into a viral ribonucleoprotein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Carrique
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Haitian Fan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jeremy R Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Sharps
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ecco Staller
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
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32
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Xu L, Guo X, Wang W, Ji Y, Lin C, Wang Y, Wang X. Selective usage of ANP32 proteins by influenza B virus polymerase: Implications in determination of host range. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008989. [PMID: 33045004 PMCID: PMC7580981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal influenza and has accounted for an increasing proportion of influenza outbreaks. IBV mainly causes human infections and has not been found to spread in poultry. The replication mechanism and the determinants of interspecies transmission of IBV are largely unknown. In this study, we found that the host ANP32 proteins are required for the function of the IBV polymerase. Human ANP32A/B strongly supports IBV replication, while ANP32E has a limited role. Unlike human ANP32A/B, chicken ANP32A has low support activity to IBV polymerase because of a unique 33-amino-acid insert, which, in contrast, exhibits species specific support to avian influenza A virus (IAV) replication. Chicken ANP32B and ANP32E have even lower activity compared with human ANP32B/E due to specific amino acid substitutions at sites 129–130. We further revealed that the sites 129–130 affect the binding ability of ANP32B/E to IBV polymerase, while the 33-amino-acid insert of chicken ANP32A reduces its binding stability and affinity. Taken together, the features of avian ANP32 proteins limited their abilities to support IBV polymerase, which could prevent efficient replication of IBV in chicken cells. Our results illustrate roles of ANP32 proteins in supporting IBV replication and may help to understand the ineffective replication of IBV in birds. Influenza B viruses infect humans and few other mammals, but fairly rare in birds. Here we found that IBV requires the involvement of host ANP32 proteins in the replication process, in which ANP32A and ANP32B play major roles and can fully support polymerase activity independently, while ANP32E gives only limited support to IBV polymerase because of certain substitutions compared with ANP32A/B. Chicken ANP32A has a 33-amino-acid insert not present in mammals and provides better support to avian IAV polymerase, but this insert impairs its support for IBV polymerase activity. Chicken ANP32B and ANP32E have even lower support to IBV polymerase due to specific inactive mutations at sites 129/130. Our findings reveal an important role for ANP32 proteins in IBV polymerase activity and suggest the possible molecular basis of adaptation and restriction of IBV infection in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chaohui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Fodor E, Te Velthuis AJW. Structure and Function of the Influenza Virus Transcription and Replication Machinery. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038398. [PMID: 31871230 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcription and replication of the influenza virus RNA genome is catalyzed by the viral heterotrimeric RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the context of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes. Atomic resolution structures of the viral RNA synthesis machinery have offered insights into the initiation mechanisms of viral transcription and genome replication, and the interaction of the viral RNA polymerase with host RNA polymerase II, which is required for the initiation of viral transcription. Replication of the viral RNA genome by the viral RNA polymerase depends on host ANP32A, and host-specific sequence differences in ANP32A underlie the poor activity of avian influenza virus polymerases in mammalian cells. A failure to faithfully copy the viral genome segments can lead to the production of aberrant viral RNA products, such as defective interfering (DI) RNAs and mini viral RNAs (mvRNAs). Both aberrant RNA types have been implicated in innate immune responses against influenza virus infection. This review discusses recent insights into the structure-function relationship of the viral RNA polymerase and its role in determining host range and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Aartjan J W Te Velthuis
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
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Günther M, Bauer A, Müller M, Zaeck L, Finke S. Interaction of host cellular factor ANP32B with matrix proteins of different paramyxoviruses. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:44-58. [PMID: 31793855 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (NNSVs) replicate in the cytoplasm, NNSV proteins often exert host manipulatory functions in the nucleus. Matrix (M) proteins of henipaviruses and other paramyxoviruses shuttle through the nucleus, where host factors may bind for M modification or host-cell manipulation. Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B (ANP32B) is an interactor of Hendra and Nipah virus M. Both accumulate in the nucleus in an ANP32B-dependent manner. Here we demonstrate that the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of ANP32B is dispensable for HeV M binding. Specific purification of M-ANP32B but not of M-ANP32A complexes revealed that neither the negatively charged acidic nor the leucine-rich regions of ANP32 proteins per se mediate interactions with henipavirus M proteins. Whereas pneumovirus M did not interact with ANP32B, Newcastle disease virus (NDV, genus Avulavirus), Sendai virus (SeV, genus Respirovirus), Measles virus (MeV, genus Morbillivirus) and Canine distemper virus (CDV, genus Morbillivirus) M were able to form complexes with ANP32B. However, in contrast to NDV M and SeV M, which accumulated in the nucleus ANP32B dependently, both morbillivirus Ms did not accumulate in the nucleus, neither at ANP32B overexpression nor after nuclear protein export inhibition. These results indicate that intracellular compartmentalization of cytoplasmic morbillivirus M and nuclear ANP32B prevented an intracellular interaction. Overall, we provide evidence for a general ability of paramyxovirus M proteins to interact with ANP32B. This suggests a conserved, yet to be clarified mechanism might play a role in host manipulation and immune regulation in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Günther
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luca Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Molecular basis of host-adaptation interactions between influenza virus polymerase PB2 subunit and ANP32A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3656. [PMID: 32694517 PMCID: PMC7374565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza polymerase undergoes host adaptation in order to efficiently replicate in human cells. Adaptive mutants are localised on the C-terminal (627-NLS) domains of the PB2 subunit. In particular, mutation of PB2 residue 627 from E to K rescues polymerase activity in mammalian cells. A host transcription regulator ANP32A, comprising a long C-terminal intrinsically disordered domain (IDD), is responsible for this adaptation. Human ANP32A IDD lacks a 33 residue insertion compared to avian ANP32A, and this deletion restricts avian influenza polymerase activity. We used NMR to determine conformational ensembles of E627 and K627 forms of 627-NLS of PB2 in complex with avian and human ANP32A. Human ANP32A IDD transiently binds to the 627 domain, exploiting multivalency to maximise affinity. E627 interrupts the polyvalency of the interaction, an effect compensated by an avian-unique motif in the IDD. The observed binding mode is maintained in the context of heterotrimeric influenza polymerase, placing ANP32A in the immediate vicinity of known host-adaptive PB2 mutants. Avian influenza polymerase undergoes host adaptation in order to efficiently replicate in human cells. Here, the authors use NMR spectroscopy and quantitative ensemble modelling to describe the highly dynamic assemblies formed by the human-adapted or avian-adapted C-terminal domains with the respective ANP32A host proteins.
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36
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Swine ANP32A Supports Avian Influenza Virus Polymerase. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00132-20. [PMID: 32269123 PMCID: PMC7307101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00132-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels. Avian influenza viruses occasionally infect and adapt to mammals, including humans. Swine are often described as “mixing vessels,” being susceptible to both avian- and human-origin viruses, which allows the emergence of novel reassortants, such as the precursor to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. ANP32 proteins are host factors that act as influenza virus polymerase cofactors. In this study, we describe how swine ANP32A, uniquely among the mammalian ANP32 proteins tested, supports the activity of avian-origin influenza virus polymerases and avian influenza virus replication. We further show that after the swine-origin influenza virus emerged in humans and caused the 2009 pandemic, it evolved polymerase gene mutations that enabled it to more efficiently use human ANP32 proteins. We map the enhanced proviral activity of swine ANP32A to a pair of amino acids, 106 and 156, in the leucine-rich repeat and central domains and show these mutations enhance binding to influenza virus trimeric polymerase. These findings help elucidate the molecular basis for the mixing vessel trait of swine and further our understanding of the evolution and ecology of viruses in this host. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels.
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Beck S, Zickler M, Pinho Dos Reis V, Günther T, Grundhoff A, Reilly PT, Mak TW, Stanelle-Bertram S, Gabriel G. ANP32B Deficiency Protects Mice From Lethal Influenza A Virus Challenge by Dampening the Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:450. [PMID: 32231671 PMCID: PMC7083139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering complex virus-host interactions is crucial for pandemic preparedness. In this study, we assessed the impact of recently postulated cellular factors ANP32A and ANP32B of influenza A virus (IAV) species specificity on viral pathogenesis in a genetically modified mouse model. Infection of ANP32A−/− and ANP32A+/+ mice with a seasonal H3N2 IAV or a highly pathogenic H5N1 human isolate did not result in any significant differences in virus tropism, innate immune response or disease outcome. However, infection of ANP32B−/− mice with H3N2 or H5N1 IAV revealed significantly reduced virus loads, inflammatory cytokine response and reduced pathogenicity compared to ANP32B+/+ mice. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses in ANP32B+/+ and ANP32B−/− mice further uncovered novel immune-regulatory pathways that correlate with reduced pathogenicity in the absence of ANP32B. These data show that ANP32B but not ANP32A promotes IAV pathogenesis in mice. Moreover, ANP32B might possess a yet unknown immune-modulatory function during IAV infection. Targeting ANP32B or its regulated pathways might therefore pose a new strategy to combat severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beck
- Viral Zoonosis - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zickler
- Viral Zoonosis - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vinícius Pinho Dos Reis
- Viral Zoonosis - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Viral Zoonosis - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Viral Zoonosis - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick T Reilly
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Tak W Mak
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Stanelle-Bertram
- Viral Zoonosis - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülşah Gabriel
- Viral Zoonosis - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
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38
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Zhang H, Li H, Wang W, Wang Y, Han GZ, Chen H, Wang X. A unique feature of swine ANP32A provides susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection in pigs. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008330. [PMID: 32084248 PMCID: PMC7055917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the replication and transcription of the influenza virus are catalyzed by the viral polymerase complex. The polymerases of most avian influenza A viruses have poor performance in mammalian cells, which is considered to be one of the important species barriers. Pigs have been long considered as important intermediate hosts for interspecies transmission of the avian influenza virus, because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses. However, the molecular basis of influenza polymerase adaptation in pigs remains largely unknown. ANP32A and ANP32B proteins have been identified as playing fundamental roles in influenza virus replication and host range determination. In this study, we found that swine ANP32A (swANP32A), unlike swine ANP32B or other mammalian ANP32A or B, shows stronger supporting activity to avian viral polymerase. Knockout of ANP32A in pig cells PK15 dramatically reduced avian influenza polymerase activity and viral infectivity, suggesting a unique feature of swANP32A in supporting avian influenza viral polymerase. This species-specific activity is mapped to two key sites, 106V and 156S, in swANP32A. Interestingly, the amino acid 106V is unique to pigs among all the vertebrate species studied, and when combined with 156S, exhibits positive epistasis in pigs. Mutation of 106V and 156S to the signature found in ANP32As from other mammalian species weakened the interaction between swANP32A and chicken viral polymerase, and reduced polymerase activity. Understanding the molecular basis of ANP32 proteins may help to discover new antiviral targets and design avian influenza resistant genome edited pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Elucidating the Interactions between Influenza Virus Polymerase and Host Factor ANP32A. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01353-19. [PMID: 31694956 PMCID: PMC7000967 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01353-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful zoonotic transmission of influenza A virus into humans can lead to pandemics in an immunologically naive population. Host-encoded ANP32A proteins are required to support influenza A virus polymerase activity, and species differences in ANP32A can restrict the host range of influenza virus. Understanding how ANP32A proteins support the viral polymerase and how differences in ANP32A affect the ability of the polymerase to coopt these proteins will enhance our understanding of viral replication and species restriction as well as suggesting targeted antiviral approaches to treat influenza virus infection. The avian-origin influenza A virus polymerase is restricted in human cells. This restriction has been associated with species differences in host factor ANP32A. Avian ANP32A supports the activity of an avian-origin polymerase. However, the avian-origin polymerase is incompatible with human ANP32A. Avian ANP32A proteins harbor an additional 33 amino acids compared to human ANP32A proteins, which are crucial for their ability to support the avian-origin influenza virus polymerase. Here, we elucidate the interactions between ANP32A proteins and the influenza A virus polymerase using split luciferase complementation assays, coimmunoprecipitation, and in situ split Venus interaction assays. We show greater interaction of chicken ANP32A than human ANP32A with the viral polymerase and visualize these interactions in situ in the cell nucleus. We demonstrate that the 33 amino acids of chicken ANP32A and the PB2 627 domain of viral polymerase complex both contribute to this enhanced interaction. Finally, we show how these interactions are affected by the presence of viral RNA and the processivity of the polymerase, giving insights into the way that ANP32A might act during virus infection. IMPORTANCE Successful zoonotic transmission of influenza A virus into humans can lead to pandemics in an immunologically naive population. Host-encoded ANP32A proteins are required to support influenza A virus polymerase activity, and species differences in ANP32A can restrict the host range of influenza virus. Understanding how ANP32A proteins support the viral polymerase and how differences in ANP32A affect the ability of the polymerase to coopt these proteins will enhance our understanding of viral replication and species restriction as well as suggesting targeted antiviral approaches to treat influenza virus infection.
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40
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Bi Z, Ye H, Wang X, Fang A, Yu T, Yan L, Zhou J. Insights into species-specific regulation of ANP32A on the mammalian-restricted influenza virus polymerase activity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1465-1478. [PMID: 31608791 PMCID: PMC6818127 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1676625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ANP32A is responsible for mammalian-restricted influenza virus polymerase activity. However, the mechanism of ANP32A modulation of polymerase activity remains poorly understood. Here, we report that chicken ANP32A (chANP32A) -X1 and -X2 stimulated mammalian-restricted PB2 627E polymerase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Distinct effects of ANP32A constructs suggested that the 180VK181 residues within chANP32A-X1 are necessary but not sufficient to stimulate PB2 627E polymerase activity. The PB2 N567D, T598V, A613V or F636L mutations promoted PB2 627E polymerase activity and chANP32A-X1 showed additive effects, providing further support that species-specific regulation of ANP32A might be only relevant with the PB2 E627K mutation. Rescue of cycloheximide-mediated inhibition showed that ANP32A is species-specific for modulation of vRNA but not mRNA and cRNA, demonstrating chANP32A-X1 compensated for defective cRNPs produced by PB2 627E virus in mammalian cells. The promoter mutations of cRNA enhanced the restriction of PB2 627E polymerase in mammalian cells, which could be restored by chANP32A-X1, indicating that ANP32A is likely to regulate the interaction of viral polymerase with RNA promoter. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that ANP32A did not affect the primary cRNPs assembly. We propose a model that chANP32A-X1 regulates PB2 627E polymerase for suitable interaction with cRNA promoter for vRNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Bi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliu Ye
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China.,Collaborative innovation center and State Key laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - An Fang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China.,MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China.,Collaborative innovation center and State Key laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China.,Collaborative innovation center and State Key laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
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41
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Equine Mx1 Restricts Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting at Distinct Site of its Nucleoprotein. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121114. [PMID: 31810278 PMCID: PMC6950424 DOI: 10.3390/v11121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-mediated host factors myxovirus (Mx) proteins are key features in regulating influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Viral polymerases are essential for viral replication. The Mx1 protein has been known to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP) and PB2, resulting in the influence of polymerase activity and providing interspecies restriction. The equine influenza virus has evolved as an independent lineage to influenza viruses from other species. We estimated the differences in antiviral activities between human MxA (huMxA) and equine Mx1 (eqMx1) against a broad range of IAV strains. We found that huMxA has antiviral potential against IAV strains from non-human species, whereas eqMx1 could only inhibit the polymerase activity of non-equine species. Here, we demonstrated that NP is the main target of eqMx1. Subsequently, we found adaptive mutations in the NP of strains A/equine/Jilin/1/1989 (H3N8JL89) and A/chicken/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013 (H7N9ZJ13) that confer eqMx1 resistance and sensitivity respectively. A substantial reduction in Mx1 resistance was observed for the two mutations G34S and H52N in H3N8JL89 NP. Thus, eqMx1 is an important dynamic force in IAV nucleoprotein evolution. We, therefore, suggest that the amino acids responsible for Mx1 resistance should be regarded as a robust indicator for the pandemic potential of lately evolving IAVs.
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42
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Na L, Du C, Zhang Z, Zheng YH, Wang X. ANP32A and ANP32B are key factors in the Rev-dependent CRM1 pathway for nuclear export of HIV-1 unspliced mRNA. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15346-15357. [PMID: 31444273 PMCID: PMC6802516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear export receptor CRM1 is an important regulator involved in the shuttling of various cellular and viral RNAs between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. HIV-1 Rev interacts with CRM1 in the late phase of HIV-1 replication to promote nuclear export of unspliced and single spliced HIV-1 transcripts. However, other cellular factors involved in the CRM1-dependent viral RNA nuclear export remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ANP32A and ANP32B mediate the export of unspliced or partially spliced viral mRNA via interactions with Rev and CRM1. We found that a double, but not single, knockout of ANP32A and ANP32B significantly decreased the expression of gag protein. Reconstitution of either ANP32A or ANP32B restored the viral production equally. Disruption of both ANP32A and ANP32B expression led to a dramatic accumulation of unspliced viral mRNA in the nucleus. We further identified that ANP32A and ANP32B interact with both Rev and CRM1 to promote RNA transport. Our data strongly suggest that ANP32A and ANP32B play an important role in the Rev-CRM1 pathway, which is essential for HIV-1 replication, and our findings provide a candidate therapeutic target for host defense against retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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43
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Staller E, Sheppard CM, Neasham PJ, Mistry B, Peacock TP, Goldhill DH, Long JS, Barclay WS. ANP32 Proteins Are Essential for Influenza Virus Replication in Human Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:e00217-19. [PMID: 31217244 PMCID: PMC6694824 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00217-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ANP32 proteins have been implicated in supporting influenza virus replication, but most of the work to date has focused on the ability of avian Anp32 proteins to overcome restriction of avian influenza polymerases in human cells. Using a CRISPR approach, we show that the human acidic nuclear phosphoproteins (ANPs) ANP32A and ANP32B are functionally redundant but essential host factors for mammalian-adapted influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) replication in human cells. When both proteins are absent from human cells, influenza polymerases are unable to replicate the viral genome, and infectious virus cannot propagate. Provision of exogenous ANP32A or ANP32B recovers polymerase activity and virus growth. We demonstrate that this redundancy is absent in the murine Anp32 orthologues; murine Anp32A is incapable of recovering IAV polymerase activity, while murine Anp32B can do so. Intriguingly, IBV polymerase is able to use murine Anp32A. We show, using a domain swap and point mutations, that the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) 5 region comprises an important functional domain for mammalian ANP32 proteins. Our approach has identified a pair of essential host factors for influenza virus replication and can be harnessed to inform future interventions.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus is the etiological agent behind some of the most devastating infectious disease pandemics to date, and influenza outbreaks still pose a major threat to public health. Influenza virus polymerase, the molecule that copies the viral RNA genome, hijacks cellular proteins to support its replication. Current anti-influenza drugs are aimed against viral proteins, including the polymerase, but RNA viruses like influenza tend to become resistant to such drugs very rapidly. An alternative strategy is to design therapeutics that target the host proteins that are necessary for virus propagation. Here, we show that the human proteins ANP32A and ANP32B are essential for influenza A and B virus replication, such that in their absence cells become impervious to the virus. We map the proviral activity of ANP32 proteins to one region in particular, which could inform future intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecco Staller
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol M Sheppard
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Neasham
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bhakti Mistry
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H Goldhill
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S Long
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Section of Molecular Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Profiling host ANP32A splicing landscapes to predict influenza A virus polymerase adaptation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3396. [PMID: 31363119 PMCID: PMC6667478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species’ differences in cellular factors limit avian influenza A virus (IAV) zoonoses and human pandemics. The IAV polymerase, vPol, harbors evolutionary sites to overcome restriction and determines virulence. Here, we establish host ANP32A as a critical driver of selection, and identify host-specific ANP32A splicing landscapes that predict viral evolution. We find that avian species differentially express three ANP32A isoforms diverging in a vPol-promoting insert. ANP32As with shorter inserts interact poorly with vPol, are compromised in supporting avian-like IAV replication, and drive selection of mammalian-adaptive vPol sequences with distinct kinetics. By integrating selection data with multi-species ANP32A splice variant profiling, we develop a mathematical model to predict avian species potentially driving (swallow, magpie) or maintaining (goose, swan) mammalian-adaptive vPol signatures. Supporting these predictions, surveillance data confirm enrichment of several mammalian-adaptive vPol substitutions in magpie IAVs. Profiling host ANP32A splicing could enhance surveillance and eradication efforts against IAVs with pandemic potential. Polymorphisms in the avian influenza A virus (IAV) polymerase restrict its host range during transmission from birds to mammals. Here, the authors investigate differences in the host chromatin regulator ANP32A regarding IAV polymerase adaptation, and profile ANP32A splicing to predict avian species associated with pre-adaptive human-signatures in the virus.
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45
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Fundamental Contribution and Host Range Determination of ANP32A and ANP32B in Influenza A Virus Polymerase Activity. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00174-19. [PMID: 30996088 PMCID: PMC6580979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00174-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerase of the influenza virus is part of the key machinery necessary for viral replication. However, the avian influenza virus polymerase is restricted in mammalian cells. The cellular protein ANP32A has been recently found to interact with viral polymerase and to influence both polymerase activity and interspecies restriction. We report here that either human ANP32A or ANP32B is indispensable for human influenza A virus RNA replication. The contribution of huANP32B is equal to that of huANP32A, and together they play a fundamental role in the activity of human influenza A virus polymerase, while neither human ANP32A nor ANP32B supports the activity of avian viral polymerase. Interestingly, we found that avian ANP32B was naturally inactive, leaving avian ANP32A alone to support viral replication. Two amino acid mutations at sites 129 to 130 in chicken ANP32B lead to the loss of support of viral replication and weak interaction with the viral polymerase complex, and these amino acids are also crucial in the maintenance of viral polymerase activity in other ANP32 proteins. Our findings strongly support ANP32A and ANP32B as key factors for both virus replication and adaptation.IMPORTANCE The key host factors involved in the influenza A viral polymerase activity and RNA replication remain largely unknown. We provide evidence here that ANP32A and ANP32B from different species are powerful factors in the maintenance of viral polymerase activity. Human ANP32A and ANP32B contribute equally to support human influenza viral RNA replication. However, unlike avian ANP32A, the avian ANP32B is evolutionarily nonfunctional in supporting viral replication because of a mutation at sites 129 and 130. These sites play an important role in ANP32A/ANP32B and viral polymerase interaction and therefore determine viral replication, suggesting a novel interface as a potential target for the development of anti-influenza strategies.
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46
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Baker SF, Mehle A. ANP32B, or not to be, that is the question for influenza virus. eLife 2019; 8:e48084. [PMID: 31179971 PMCID: PMC6557625 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of ANP32 proteins impacts how influenza virus jumps from birds to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Baker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
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47
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Long JS, Idoko-Akoh A, Mistry B, Goldhill D, Staller E, Schreyer J, Ross C, Goodbourn S, Shelton H, Skinner MA, Sang H, McGrew MJ, Barclay W. Species specific differences in use of ANP32 proteins by influenza A virus. eLife 2019; 8:e45066. [PMID: 31159925 PMCID: PMC6548507 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are subject to species barriers that prevent frequent zoonotic transmission and pandemics. One of these barriers is the poor activity of avian IAV polymerases in human cells. Differences between avian and mammalian ANP32 proteins underlie this host range barrier. Human ANP32A and ANP32B homologues both support function of human-adapted influenza polymerase but do not support efficient activity of avian IAV polymerase which requires avian ANP32A. We show here that the gene currently designated as avian ANP32B is evolutionarily distinct from mammalian ANP32B, and that chicken ANP32B does not support IAV polymerase activity even of human-adapted viruses. Consequently, IAV relies solely on chicken ANP32A to support its replication in chicken cells. Amino acids 129I and 130N, accounted for the inactivity of chicken ANP32B. Transfer of these residues to chicken ANP32A abolished support of IAV polymerase. Understanding ANP32 function will help develop antiviral strategies and aid the design of influenza virus resilient genome edited chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Long
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alewo Idoko-Akoh
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Bhakti Mistry
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Goldhill
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ecco Staller
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Schreyer
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Craig Ross
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Steve Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Holly Shelton
- Influenza VirusesThe Pirbright InstituteSurreyUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael A Skinner
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Helen Sang
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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