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Biasini L, Zamperin G, Pascoli F, Abbadi M, Buratin A, Marsella A, Panzarin V, Toffan A. Transcriptome Profiling of Oncorhynchus mykiss Infected with Low or Highly Pathogenic Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV). Microorganisms 2023; 12:57. [PMID: 38257883 PMCID: PMC10821180 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the most important produced species in freshwater within the European Union, usually reared in intensive farming systems. This species is highly susceptible to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), a severe systemic disease widespread globally throughout the world. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is the etiological agent and, recently, three classes of VHSV virulence (high, moderate, and low) have been proposed based on the mortality rates, which are strictly dependent on the viral strain. The molecular mechanisms that regulate VHSV virulence and the stimulated gene responses in the host during infection are not completely unveiled. While some preliminary transcriptomic studies have been reported in other fish species, to date there are no publications on rainbow trout. Herein, we report the first time-course RNA sequencing analysis on rainbow trout juveniles experimentally infected with high and low VHSV pathogenic Italian strains. Transcriptome analysis was performed on head kidney samples collected at different time points (1, 2, and 5 days post infection). A large set of notable genes were found to be differentially expressed (DEGs) in all the challenged groups (e.s. trim63a, acod1, cox-2, skia, hipk1, cx35.4, ins, mtnr1a, tlr3, tlr7, mda5, lgp2). Moreover, the number of DEGs progressively increased especially during time with a greater amount found in the group infected with the high VHSV virulent strain. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted that functions related to inflammation were modulated in rainbow trout during the first days of VHSV infection, regardless of the pathogenicity of the strain. While some functions showed slight differences in enrichments between the two infected groups, others appeared more exclusively modulated in the group challenged with the highly pathogenic strain.
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Meng XY, Jiang QQ, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) inhibits Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection through two distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122623. [PMID: 37861337 PMCID: PMC10688370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01226-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although a virus can regulate many cellular responses to facilitate its replication by interacting with host proteins, the host can also restrict virus infection through these interactions. In the present study, we showed that the host eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A), an essential protein in the translation machinery, interacted with two proteins of a fish rhabdovirus, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), and inhibited virus infection via two different mechanisms: (i) inhibiting the formation of crucial viral protein complexes required for virus transcription and replication and (ii) promoting the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of viral protein. We also revealed the functional regions of eEF1A that are involved in the two processes. Such a host protein inhibiting a rhabdovirus infection in two ways is rarely reported. These findings provided new information for the interactions between host and fish rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Qi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kim SY, Kwak JS, Jung W, Kim MS, Kim KH. Compensatory mutations in the matrix protein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVa in response to artificial mutation of two amino acids (D62A E181A). Virus Res 2023; 326:199067. [PMID: 36754291 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of rhabdoviruses locates between the inner line of the viral envelope and the nucleocapsids core and plays an important role in viral replication. In the present study, we aimed to rescue a mutant of VHSV genotype IVa that has artificial mutations in the M protein (M-D62A E181A). However, most rescued recombinant viruses unexpectedly showed non-targeted secondary mutations in the M protein. Therefore, this study was conducted to know whether the targeted artificial mutation can lead to specific non-targeted secondary mutations in the M protein and whether the secondary mutations are compensatory for the targeted artificial mutations. Experiments were conducted to rescue three kinds of M protein mutants (rVHSV-M-D62A, -E181A, and -D62A E181A), and rVHSV-M-E181A and rVHSV-M-D62A E181A without the secondary mutations were rescued only from IRF-9 gene-knockout EPC cells. Recombinant VHSVs having only targeted mutation(s) (rVHSV-M-D62A, -E181A, and -D62A E181A) showed slower CPE progression and retarded growth compared to rVHSV-wild. Although the sites of secondary mutations were changed in every transfection experiment to generate recombinant VHSVs, the positions of the secondary mutations were not random. Some amino acid residues in the M protein showed more frequent mutations than others, and the changed amino acid residues were always the same. EPC cells infected with rVHSV-M-D62A E181A showed significantly higher type I interferon response and NF-κB activity, and the inhibitory activity against type I interferon response and NF-κB activity in other recombinant VHSVs having secondary mutations in M gene were similar to those of rVHSV-wild. In conclusion, the present results showed that VHSV actively responded to the artificial mutation of M protein through the secondary mutations, and those secondary mutations occurred when the artificial mutations were deleterious to viral replication and protein stability. Furthermore, most secondary mutations in recombinant viruses compensated for the deleterious effect of the engineered mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea
| | - Jun Soung Kwak
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea.
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Qin Y, Zhang P, Deng S, Guo W, Zhang M, Liu H, Qiu R, Yao L. Red-grouper nervous necrosis virus B1 protein inhibits fish IFN response by targeting Ser5-phosphorylated RNA polymerase II to promote viral replication. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108578. [PMID: 36740084 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) could infect more than 200 fish species worldwide, with almost 100% mortality in affected larvae and juvenile fish. Among different genotypes of NNV, the red-grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype is the most widely reported with the highest number of susceptible species. Interferon (IFN) is a crucial antiviral cytokine and RGNNV needs to develop some efficient strategies to resist host IFN-stimulated antiviral immune. Although considerable researches on RGNNV, whether RGNNV B1 protein participates in regulating the host's IFN response remains unknown. Here, we reported that B1 protein acted as a transcript inhibition factor to suppress fish IFN production. We firstly found that ectopic expression of B1 protein significantly decreased IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) mRNA levels and IFNφ1 promoter activity induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)]. Further studies showed that B1 protein inhibited the IFNφ1 promoter activity stimulated by the key RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) factors, including MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, IRF3, and IRF7 and decreased their protein levels. Moreover, B1 protein significantly inhibited the activity of constitutively active cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, which suggested that B1 protein was a transcription inhibitor. Western blot indicated that B1 protein decreased the Ser5 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) C-terminal domain (CTD). Together, our data demonstrated that RGNNV B1 protein was a host transcript antagonist, which intervened RNAP II Ser5-phosphorylation, inhibiting host IFN response and facilitating RGNNV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Qin
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Si Deng
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Mengfan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Haixiang Liu
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Reng Qiu
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, 473061, China; Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang, 473061, China.
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Ramnani B, Powell S, Shetty AG, Manivannan P, Hibbard BR, Leaman DW, Malathi K. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Activates Integrated Stress Response Pathway and Induces Stress Granules to Regulate Virus Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:466. [PMID: 36851680 PMCID: PMC9965902 DOI: 10.3390/v15020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection activates integrated stress response (ISR) and stress granule (SG) formation and viruses counteract by interfering with SG assembly, suggesting an important role in antiviral defense. The infection of fish cells by Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV), activates the innate immune recognition pathway and the production of type I interferon (IFN). However, the mechanisms by which VHSV interacts with ISR pathway regulating SG formation is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that fish cells respond to heat shock, oxidative stress and VHSV infection by forming SG that localized key SG marker, Ras GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1). We show that PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), but not (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), is required for VHSV-induced SG formation. Furthermore, in VHSV Ia infected cells, PERK activity is required for IFN production, antiviral signaling and viral replication. SG formation required active virus replication as individual VHSV Ia proteins or inactive virus did not induce SG. Cells lacking G3BP1 produced increased IFN, antiviral genes and viral mRNA, however viral protein synthesis and viral titers were reduced. We show a critical role of the activation of ISR pathway and SG formation highlighting a novel role of G3BP1 in regulating VHSV protein translation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Ramnani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Shelby Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Adarsh G. Shetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Praveen Manivannan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Brian R. Hibbard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Douglas W. Leaman
- College of Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, 7400 East Dr., Montgomery, AL 36117, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Huang W, Ji N, Zhao X, Guo J, Feng J, Chen K, Wu Y, Wang J, Zou J. RNA-seq analysis of a zebrafish caudal fin cell line in response to infection with spring viraemia of carp virus. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Negative Regulatory Role of the Spring Viremia of Carp Virus Matrix Protein in the Host Interferon Response by Targeting the MAVS/TRAF3 Signaling Axis. J Virol 2022; 96:e0079122. [PMID: 35913215 PMCID: PMC9400495 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00791-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a severe infectious pathogen that causes high rates of mortality in cyprinids and other fish species. Despite numerous investigations of SVCV infection, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the SVCV matrix protein (SVCV-M) played an inhibitory role in the host interferon (IFN) response by targeting the MAVS/TRAF3 signaling axis, thereby uncovering a previously unrecognized mechanism of SVCV escape from host innate antiviral immunity. Mechanistically, SVCV-M was located at the mitochondria independent of MAVS, which allowed SVCV-M to build an arena for competition with the MAVS platform. A microscale thermophoresis assay showed that SVCV-M had a high affinity for TRAF3, as indicated by a lower equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) value than that of MAVS with TRAF3. Therefore, the association of MAVS with TRAF3 was competitively impaired by SVCV-M in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, SVCV-M showed a potent ability to inhibit the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3. This inhibition was accompanied by the impairment of the IFN response, as shown by the marked decline in IFN-φ1-promoter (pro) luciferase reporter activity. By constructing truncated TRAF3 and SVCV-M proteins, the RING finger, zinc finger, and coiled-coil domains of TRAF3 and the hydrophobic-pocket-like structure formed by the α2-, α3-, and α4-helices of SVCV-M may be the major target and antagonistic modules responsible for the protein-protein interaction between the TRAF3 and SVCV-M proteins. These findings highlighted the intervention of SVCV-M in host innate immunity, thereby providing new insights into the extensive participation of viral matrix proteins in multiple biological activities. IMPORTANCE The matrix protein of SVCV (SVCV-M) is an indispensable structural element for nucleocapsid condensation and virion formation during viral morphogenesis, and it connects the core nucleocapsid particle to the outer membrane within the mature virus. Previous studies have emphasized the architectural role of SVCV-M in viral construction; however, the potential nonstructural functions of SVCV-M in viral replication and virus-host interactions remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified the inhibitory role of the SVCV-M protein in host IFN production by competitively recruiting TRAF3 from the MAVS signaling complex and impairing TRAF3 activation via inhibition of K63-linked polyubiquitination. This finding provided new insights into the regulatory role of SVCV-M in host innate immunity, which highlighted the broader functionality of rhabdovirus matrix protein apart from being a structural protein. This study also revealed a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying SVCV immune evasion by inhibiting the IFN response by targeting the MAVS/TRAF3 signaling axis.
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Lu X, Li W, Guo J, Jia P, Zhang W, Yi M, Jia K. N Protein of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Suppresses STAT1-Mediated MHC Class II Transcription to Impair Antigen Presentation in Sea Perch, Lateolabrax japonicus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1076-1084. [PMID: 35181639 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Upon virus invasion of the host, APCs process Ags to short peptides for presentation by MHC class II (MHC-II). The recognition of virus-derived peptides in the context of MHC-II by CD4+ T cells initiates the adaptive immune response for virus clearance. As a survival instinct, viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade Ag processing and presentation. In this study, we discovered that IFN-γ induced endogenous MHC-II expression by a sea perch brain cell line through the STAT1/IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1)/CIITA signaling pathway. Furthermore, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection significantly inhibited the IFN-γ-induced expression of IRF1, CIITA, MHC-II-α, and MHC-II-β genes. By contrast, although STAT1 transcript was upregulated, paradoxically, the STAT1 protein level was attenuated. Moreover, overexpression analysis revealed that viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus N protein blocked the IFN-γ-induced expression of IRF1, CIITA, MHC-II-α, and MHC-II-β genes, but not the STAT1 gene. We also found out that N protein interacted with STAT1 and enhanced the overall ubiquitination level of proteins, including STAT1 in Lateolabrax japonicus brain cells. Enhanced ubiquitination of STAT1 through K48-linked ubiquitination led to its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby inhibiting the biological function of STAT1. Our study suggests that aquatic viruses target Ag presentation in lower vertebrates for immune evasion as do mammalian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiasen Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanwan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meisheng Yi
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kuntong Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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He M, Ding NZ, He CQ. Novirhabdoviruses versus fish innate immunity: A review. Virus Res 2021; 304:198525. [PMID: 34339774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Novirhabdoviruses belong to the Rhabdoviridae family of RNA viruses. All of the four members are pathogenic for bony fish. Particularly, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) often cause mass animal deaths and huge economic losses, representing major obstacles to fish farming industry worldwide. The interactions between fish and novirhabdoviruses are becoming better understood. In this review, we will present our current knowledge of fish innate immunity, particularly type I interferon (IFN-I) response, against novirhabdoviral infection, and the evasion strategies exploited by novirhabdoviruses. Members of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) appear to be involved in novirhabdovirus surveillance. NF-κB activation and IFN-I induction are primarily triggered for antiviral defense. Autophagy can also be induced by viral glycoprotein (G). Although sensitive to IFN-I, novirhabdoviruses have nucleoprotein (N), matrix protein (M), and non-virion protein (NV) to interfere with host signal transduction and gene expression steps toward antiviral state establishment. Moreover, novirhabdoviruses may exploit some microRNAs for immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nai-Zheng Ding
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Cheng-Qiang He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Niner MD, Stepien CA, Gorgoglione B, Leaman DW. Genomic and immunogenic changes of Piscine novirhabdovirus (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus) over its evolutionary history in the Laurentian Great Lakes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0232923. [PMID: 34048438 PMCID: PMC8162641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique and highly virulent subgenogroup (-IVb) of Piscine novirhabdovirus, also known as Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV), suddenly appeared in the Laurentian Great Lakes, causing large mortality outbreaks in 2005 and 2006, and affecting >32 freshwater fish species. Periods of apparent dormancy have punctuated smaller and more geographically-restricted outbreaks in 2007, 2008, and 2017. In this study, we conduct the largest whole genome sequencing analysis of VHSV-IVb to date, evaluating its evolutionary changes from 48 isolates in relation to immunogenicity in cell culture. Our investigation compares genomic and genetic variation, selection, and rates of sequence changes in VHSV-IVb, in relation to other VHSV genogroups (VHSV-I, VHSV-II, VHSV-III, and VHSV-IVa) and with other Novirhabdoviruses. Results show that the VHSV-IVb isolates we sequenced contain 253 SNPs (2.3% of the total 11,158 nucleotides) across their entire genomes, with 85 (33.6%) of them being non-synonymous. The most substitutions occurred in the non-coding region (NCDS; 4.3%), followed by the Nv- (3.8%), and M- (2.8%) genes. Proportionally more M-gene substitutions encoded amino acid changes (52.9%), followed by the Nv- (50.0%), G- (48.6%), N- (35.7%) and L- (23.1%) genes. Among VHSV genogroups and subgenogroups, VHSV-IVa from the northeastern Pacific Ocean has shown the fastest substitution rate (2.01x10-3), followed by VHSV-IVb (6.64x10-5) and by the VHSV-I, -II and-III genogroups from Europe (4.09x10-5). A 2016 gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) from Lake Erie possessed the most divergent VHSV-IVb sequence. The in vitro immunogenicity analysis of that sample displayed reduced virulence (as did the other samples from 2016), in comparison to the original VHSV-IVb isolate (which had been traced back to 2003, as an origin date). The 2016 isolates that we tested induced milder impacts on fish host cell innate antiviral responses, suggesting altered phenotypic effects. In conclusion, our overall findings indicate that VHSV-IVb has undergone continued sequence change and a trend to lower virulence over its evolutionary history (2003 through present-day), which may facilitate its long-term persistence in fish host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D. Niner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Stepien
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Genetics and Genomics Group, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Douglas W. Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
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Chun JH, Jung JW, Kim YR, Lazarte JMS, Kim SW, Kim J, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Jung TS. Poly (I:C)-Potentiated Vaccination Enhances T Cell Response in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) Providing Protection against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:482. [PMID: 34068522 PMCID: PMC8151365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), is a viral disease affecting teleosts, and is the major cause of virus-related deaths in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Research has focused on ways to control VHS, and recently, the use of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination has been investigated, whereby fish are injected with poly (I:C) and then with live pathogenic virus, resulting in a significant decrease in VHSV-related mortality. T cell responses were investigated in the present study after vaccinating olive flounder with poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination to understand the ability of poly (I:C) to induce T cell immunity. Stimulation of T cell responses with the poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination was confirmed by examining levels of CD3+ T cells, CD4-1+ T cells and CD4-2+ T cells. Higher levels of CD4-2+ T cells were found in vaccinated fish than CD4-1+ T cells, believed to result from a synergistic effect between poly (I:C) administration and pathogenic VHSV immunization. More importantly, the role of CD4-2+ T cells in the antiviral response was clearly evident. The results of this study suggest that the outstanding protection obtained with the poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination is due to the robust immune response initiated by the CD4-2+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hong Chun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jae Wook Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jassy Mary S. Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Si Won Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK;
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- Pathology Research Division, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Busan 46083, Korea;
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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12
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López-Vázquez C, Bandín I, Panzarin V, Toffan A, Cuenca A, Olesen NJ, Dopazo CP. Steps of the Replication Cycle of the Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV) Affecting Its Virulence on Fish. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2264. [PMID: 33271890 PMCID: PMC7761041 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a single-stranded negative-sense RNA novirhabdovirus affecting a wide range of marine and freshwater fish species, is a main concern for European rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish farmers. Its genome is constituted by six genes, codifying five structural and one nonstructural proteins. Many studies have been carried out to determine the participation of each gene in the VHSV virulence, most of them based on genome sequence analysis and/or reverse genetics to construct specific mutants and to evaluate their virulence phenotype. In the present study, we have used a different approach with a similar aim: hypothesizing that a failure in any step of the replication cycle can reduce the virulence in vivo, we studied in depth the in vitro replication of VHSV in different cell lines, using sets of strains from different origins, with high, low and moderate levels of virulence for fish. The results demonstrated that several steps in the viral replication cycle could affect VHSV virulence in fish, including adsorption, RNA synthesis and morphogenesis (including viral release). Notably, differences among strains in any step of the replication cycle were mostly strain-specific and reflected only in part the in vivo phenotype (high and low virulent). Our data, therefore, support the need for further studies aimed to construct completely avirulent VHSV recombinants targeting a combination of genes rather than a single one in order to study the mechanisms of genes interplay and their effect on viral phenotype in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen López-Vázquez
- Instituto de Acuicultura-Dpt Microbiología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.L.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Instituto de Acuicultura-Dpt Microbiología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.L.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (V.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Toffan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (V.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (A.C.); (N.J.O.)
| | - Niels J. Olesen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (A.C.); (N.J.O.)
| | - Carlos P. Dopazo
- Instituto de Acuicultura-Dpt Microbiología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.L.-V.); (I.B.)
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13
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Villa TG, Abril AG, Sánchez S, de Miguel T, Sánchez-Pérez A. Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:443-464. [PMID: 32989475 PMCID: PMC7521576 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses, in general, exhibit high mutation rates; this is mainly due to the low fidelity displayed by the RNA-dependent polymerases required for their replication that lack the proofreading machinery to correct misincorporated nucleotides and produce high mutation rates. This lack of replication fidelity, together with the fact that RNA viruses can undergo spontaneous mutations, results in genetic variants displaying different viral morphogenesis, as well as variation on their surface glycoproteins that affect viral antigenicity. This diverse viral population, routinely containing a variety of mutants, is known as a viral ‘quasispecies’. The mutability of their virions allows for fast evolution of RNA viruses that develop antiviral resistance and overcome vaccines much more rapidly than DNA viruses. This also translates into the fact that pathogenic RNA viruses, that cause many diseases and deaths in humans, represent the major viral group involved in zoonotic disease transmission, and are responsible for worldwide pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana G Abril
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T de Miguel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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14
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Stepien CA, Niner MD. Evolutionary trajectory of fish Piscine novirhabdovirus (=Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus) across its Laurentian Great Lakes history: Spatial and temporal diversification. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9740-9775. [PMID: 33005343 PMCID: PMC7520192 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscine novirhabdovirus = Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) first appeared in the Laurentian Great Lakes with large outbreaks from 2005 to 2006, as a new and novel RNA rhabdovirus subgenogroup (IVb) that killed >30 fish species. Interlude periods punctuated smaller more localized outbreaks in 2007, 2010, and 2017, although some fishes tested positive in the intervals. There have not been reports of outbreaks or positives from 2018, 2019, or 2020. Here, we employ a combined population genetics and phylogenetic approach to evaluate spatial and temporal evolutionary trajectory on its G-gene sequence variation, in comparison with whole-genome sequences (11,083 bp) from a subset of 44 individual isolates (including 40 newly sequenced ones). Our results show that IVb (N = 184 individual fish isolates) diversified into 36 G-gene haplotypes from 2003 to 2017, stemming from two originals ("a" and "b"). G-gene haplotypes "a" and "b" differed by just one synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) substitution, remained the most abundant until 2011, then disappeared. Group "a" descendants (14 haplotypes) remained most prevalent in the Upper and Central Great Lakes, with eight (51%) having nonsynonymous substitutions. Group "b" descendants primarily have occurred in the Lower Great Lakes, including 22 haplotypes, of which 15 (68%) contained nonsynonymous changes. Evolutionary patterns of the whole-genome sequences (which had 34 haplotypes among 44 isolates) appear congruent with those from the G-gene. Virus populations significantly diverged among the Upper, Central, and Lower Great Lakes, diversifying over time. Spatial divergence was apparent in the overall patterns of nucleotide substitutions, while amino acid changes increased temporally. VHSV-IVb thus significantly differentiated across its less than two decades in the Great Lakes, accompanied by declining outbreaks and virulence. Continuing diversification likely allowed the virus to persist at low levels in resident fish populations, and may facilitate its potential for further and future spread to new habitats and nonacclimated hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Stepien
- Genetics and Genomics Group (G3)NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)SeattleWAUSA
| | - Megan D. Niner
- Genetics and Genomics Group (G3), Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOHUSA
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15
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Panzarin V, Cuenca A, Gastaldelli M, Alencar ALF, Pascoli F, Morin T, Blanchard Y, Cabon J, Louboutin L, Ryder D, Abbadi M, Toffan A, Dopazo CP, Biacchesi S, Brémont M, Olesen NJ. VHSV Single Amino Acid Polymorphisms (SAPs) Associated With Virulence in Rainbow Trout. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1984. [PMID: 32983011 PMCID: PMC7493562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) is an OIE notifiable pathogen widespread in the Northern Hemisphere that encompasses four genotypes and nine subtypes. In Europe, subtype Ia impairs predominantly the rainbow trout industry causing severe rates of mortality, while other VHSV genotypes and subtypes affect a number of marine and freshwater species, both farmed and wild. VHSV has repeatedly proved to be able to jump to rainbow trout from the marine reservoir, causing mortality episodes. The molecular mechanisms regulating VHSV virulence and host tropism are not fully understood, mainly due to the scarce availability of complete genome sequences and information on the virulence phenotype. With the scope of identifying in silico molecular markers for VHSV virulence, we generated an extensive dataset of 55 viral genomes and related mortality data obtained from rainbow trout experimental challenges. Using statistical association analyses that combined genetic and mortality data, we found 38 single amino acid polymorphisms scattered throughout the complete coding regions of the viral genome that were putatively involved in virulence of VHSV in trout. Specific amino acid signatures were recognized as being associated with either low or high virulence phenotypes. The phylogenetic analysis of VHSV coding regions supported the evolution toward greater virulence in rainbow trout within subtype Ia, and identified several other subtypes which may be prone to be virulent for this species. This study sheds light on the molecular basis for VHSV virulence, and provides an extensive list of putative virulence markers for their subsequent validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michele Gastaldelli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Anna L F Alencar
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Thierry Morin
- Unit of Viral Diseases in Fish, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Plouzané, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- Unit of Viral Diseases in Fish, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Plouzané, France
| | - Lénaïg Louboutin
- Unit of Viral Diseases in Fish, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Plouzané, France
| | - David Ryder
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Stéphane Biacchesi
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Brémont
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Niels J Olesen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Gorgoglione B, Ringiesn JL, Pham LH, Shepherd BS, Leaman DW. Comparative effects of Novirhabdovirus genes on modulating constitutive transcription and innate antiviral responses, in different teleost host cell types. Virol J 2020; 17:110. [PMID: 32690033 PMCID: PMC7369537 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are highly contagious, pathogenic Novirhabdoviruses affecting fish and are thusly notifiable diseases with the World Organization for Animal Health. This study assessed the relative capacities of IHNV and VHSV genes to modulate host general transcription and explores the abilities of specific IHNV genes to interfere with the interferon pathway in heterogenous teleost cell-lines. METHODS Optimized protocols allowed for efficient transient transfections in EPC, BF-2, RTG-2 and RTgill-W1 cell lines of plasmids encoding IHNV (M genogroup) and VHSV (-IVb genotype) genes, including N, P, M, G and NV. Their impact on general cellular transcription was measured 48 hours post transfection (hpt) with luciferase constructs driven by a modified β-Actin promoter (pCAG). Their modulation of the innate antiviral immune response was characterized 72 hpt, using luciferase constructs measuring rainbow trout Type I IFN or MX-1 promoter augmentation, upon MAVS co-transfection. RESULTS M was generally confirmed as the strongest constitutive transcriptional suppressor while IHNV P, but not VHSV P, augmented constitutive transcription in fibroblastic cell types. Cell-specific effects were observed for viral G gene, with VHSV G exhibiting suppression of basal transcription in EPC and BF-2 but not in trout cells; while IHNV G was stimulatory in RTG-2, but inhibitory in RTgill-W1. NV consistently stimulated constitutive transcription, with higher augmentation patterns seen in fibroblastic compared to epithelial cells, and for IHNV NV compared to VHSV NV. The innate antiviral immune response, focusing on the IFN pathway, was silenced by IHNV M in all cell lines tested. IHNV N showed a dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN, but with minor effects on MX-1. IHNV P and G played minor IFN-inhibitory roles, consistent and dose-dependent only for G in rainbow trout cells. IHNV NV mediated a consistent stimulatory effect on either Type I IFN or MX-1, but much less pronounced in RTgill-W1. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our understanding of Novirhabdoviruses-host interaction, showing differential innate immune responses in heterogenous cell types. Viral regulators of innate immune signaling are identified, either as dose-dependent suppressors (such as M and N) or stimulators (mainly NV), indicating novel targets for the design of more efficient vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, CVM & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, CANR - Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
| | - Jeffery L Ringiesn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Loc H Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- USDA/ARS/School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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Effect of the Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Nonvirion Protein on Translation via PERK-eIF2α Pathway. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050499. [PMID: 32365817 PMCID: PMC7290495 DOI: 10.3390/v12050499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is one of the most deadly infectious fish pathogens, posing a serious threat to the aquaculture industry and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Previous work showed that VHSV sub-genotype IVb suppresses host innate immune responses, but the exact mechanism by which VHSV IVb inhibits antiviral response remains incompletely characterized. As with other novirhabdoviruses, VHSV IVb contains a unique and highly variable nonvirion (NV) gene, which is implicated in viral replication, virus-induced apoptosis and regulating interferon (IFN) production. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of IVb NV gene in regulating viral or cellular processes is poorly understood. Compared to the wild-type recombinant (rWT) VHSV, mutant VHSV lacking a functional IVb NV reduced IFN expression and compromised innate immune response of the host cells by inhibiting translation. VHSV IVb infection increased phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), resulting in host translation shutoff. However, VHSV IVb protein synthesis proceeds despite increasing phosphorylation of eIF2α. During VHSV IVb infection, eIF2α phosphorylation was mediated via PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and was required for efficient viral protein synthesis, but shutoff of host translation and IFN signaling was independent of p-eIF2α. Similarly, IVb NV null VHSV infection induced less p-eIF2α, but exhibited decreased viral protein synthesis despite increased levels of viral mRNA. These findings show a role for IVb NV in VHSV pathogenesis by utilizing the PERK-eIF2α pathway for viral-mediated host shutoff and interferon signaling to regulate host cell response.
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18
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Gémez-Mata J, Álvarez-Torres D, García-Rosado E, Alonso MC, Béjar J. Comparative analysis of marine and freshwater viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates antagonistic activity. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101426. [PMID: 32014622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV) isolates virulent to marine fish species can replicate in freshwater species, although producing little or no mortality. Conversely, isolates from freshwater fish do not cause disease in marine species. An inverse relationship between VHSV virulence and host mx gene up-regulation has been described for several fish species, suggesting that differences between the antagonistic activity exerted by these isolates might be involved in the outcome of infections. In this study, the antagonistic activity against the type I interferon system of two representative marine and freshwater VHSV isolates has been characterised using RTG-2 cells stably transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of the Senegalese sole mx (ssmx) promoter, RTG pssmx-luc cells. Both isolates exerted a dose-dependent negative effect on the activation of ssmx promoter, showing a notably different minimal viral dose to exert the antagonism. In particular, an inverse relationship between the minimal MOI required and the viral virulence to sole has been recorded, which suggests this parameter as a possible in vivo VHSV virulence marker. Furthermore, the quantification of the endogenous inf I, mx1 and mx3 mRNA has demonstrated differences between both isolates in their antagonistic activity. Besides, a different nv RNA kinetics, which seems to depend on specific cellular factors, has been recorded for both isolates. This knowledge could contribute to the development of efficient tools to fight against viral infections in fish farming. For that purpose, the RTG pssmx-luc cells may be a suitable in vitro tool to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying VHSV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gémez-Mata
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Álvarez-Torres
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Tharuka MDN, Yang H, Lee J. Expression, subcellular localization, and potential antiviral function of three interferon regulatory factors in the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:297-310. [PMID: 31811886 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are among the most important transcription mediators and have multiple biological functions, such as antiviral and antimicrobial defense, cell differentiation, immune modulation, and apoptosis. Three IRF family members (HaIRF4-like, HaIRF6, and HaIRF8) of the big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) were molecularly and functionally characterized at the sequence and transcriptional level. The coding sequences of HaIRF4-like, HaIRF6, and HaIRF8 were 1214, 1485, and 1266 bp in length, encoding proteins of size 46.21, 55.32, and 47.56 kDa, respectively. Potential viral transcription and replication was detected against VHSV infection using qPCR in HaIRFs-transfected FHM cells. IRFs significantly reduced viral gene expression at 24 h and 48 h post infection and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was modulated at transcriptional level upon HaIRF overexpression in FHM cells. Subcellular HaIRF localization was observed using GFP-tagged expression vectors in FHM cells. HaIRF4-like and HaIRF8 were localized to the nucleus, whereas HaIRF6 was observed in the cytoplasm. All three IRFs were ubiquitously expressed in all analyzed tissues of the big belly seahorse. The mRNA expression of IRF4-like, IRF6, and IRF8 increased significantly post injection in the blood and gills following LPS, poly (I:C), and Streptococcus iniae challenge. These findings demonstrate that seahorse IRFs are involved in host defense mechanisms against immune stimulants and HaIRFs induce interferon and ISGs which trigger antiviral activity against viral infections in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Sirisena DMKP, Tharuka MDN, Liyanage DS, Jung S, Kim MJ, Lee J. An interferon-induced GTP-binding protein, Mx, from the redlip mullet, Liza haematocheila: Deciphering its structural features and immune function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:279-289. [PMID: 31783148 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx is responsible for a specific antiviral state against a broad spectrum of viral infections that are induced by type-I interferons (IFN α/β) in different vertebrates. In this study, the Mx gene was isolated from the constructed mullet cDNA database. Structural features of mullet Mx (MuMx) were analyzed using different in-silico tools. The pairwise comparison revealed that the MuMx sequence was related to Stegastes partitus Mx with an 83.7% sequence identity, whereas MuMx was clustered into the teleost category in the phylogentic analysis. Sequence alignment showed that the dynamin-type guanine nucleotide-binding domain (G_DYNAMIN_2), central interactive domain (CID), and GTPase effector domain (GED) were conserved among Mx counterparts. The transcriptional expression of MuMx was the highest in blood cells from unchallenged fish. The temporal mRNA profile showed that MuMx expression was significantly elevated in all tissues, including blood, spleen, head kidney, liver, and gills after the injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) at many time points. Moreover, MuMx expression increased slightly, in the blood, spleen, and head kidney at a few time points after the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae). Results of the subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the MuMx protein was highly expressed in the cytoplasm. The analysis of the gene expression of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) under conditions of MuMx overexpression confirmed the significant inhibition of viral transcripts. The cell viability (MTT) assay and VHSV titer quantification with the presence of MuMx indicated a significant reduction in virus replication. Collectively, these findings suggest that Mx is a specific immune-related gene that elicits crucial antiviral functions against viral antigens in the mullet fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M K P Sirisena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kim MS, Kim KH. Genetically engineered viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:11-15. [PMID: 31622675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) has been one of the major causes of mortality in a wide range of freshwater and marine fishes worldwide. Although various types of vaccines have been tried to prevent VHSV disease in cultured fishes, there are still no commercial vaccines. Reverse genetics have made it possible to change a certain regions on viral genome in accordance with the requirements of a research. Various types of VHSV mutants have been generated through the reverse genetic method, and most of them were recovered to investigate the virulence mechanisms of VHSV. In the reverse genetically generated VHSV mutants-based vaccines, high protective efficacies of attenuated VHSVs and single-cycle VHSV particles have been reported. Furthermore, the application of VHSV for the delivery tools of heterologous antigens including not only fish pathogens but also mammalian pathogens has been studied. As not much research has been conducted on VHSV mutants-based vaccines, more studies on the enhancement of immunogenicity, vaccine administration routes, safety to environments are needed for the practical use in aquaculture farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Department of Integrative Bio-industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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22
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Shanaka KASN, Tharuka MDN, Priyathilaka TT, Lee J. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) viperin, and its ability to enervate RNA virus transcription and replication in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:655-666. [PMID: 31252045 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viperin, also known as RSAD2 (Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2), is an interferon-induced endoplasmic reticulum-associated antiviral protein. Previous studies have shown that viperin levels are elevated in the presence of viral RNA, but it has rarely been characterized in marine organisms. This study was designed to functionally characterize rockfish viperin (SsVip), to examine the effects of different immune stimulants on its expression, and to determine its subcellular localization. SsVip is a 349 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.24 kDa. It contains an S-adenosyl l-methionine binding conserved domain with a CNYKCGFC sequence. Unchallenged tissue expression analysis using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) revealed SsVip expression to be the highest in the blood, followed by the spleen. When challenged with poly I:C, SsVip was upregulated by approximately 60-fold in the blood after 24 h, and approximately 50-fold in the spleen after 12 h. Notable upregulation was detected throughout the poly I:C challenge experiment in both tissues. Significant expression of SsVip was detected in the blood following Streptococcus iniae and lipopolysaccharide challenge, and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) gene transcription was significantly downregulated during SsVip overexpression. Furthermore, cell viability assay and virus titer quantification with the presence of SsVip revealed a significant reduction in virus replication. As with previously identified viperin counterparts, SsVip was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our findings show that SsVip is an antiviral protein crucial to innate immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A S N Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Li S, Lu LF, Liu SB, Zhang C, Li ZC, Zhou XY, Zhang YA. Spring viraemia of carp virus modulates p53 expression using two distinct mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007695. [PMID: 30925159 PMCID: PMC6457570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
p53, which regulates cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, is a crucial target for viruses to release cells from cell-cycle checkpoints or to protect cells from apoptosis for their own benefit. Viral evasion mechanisms of aquatic viruses remain mysterious. Here, we report the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) degrading and stabilizing p53 in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by the N and P proteins, respectively. Early in an SVCV infection, significant induction was observed in the S phase and p53 was decreased in the protein level. Further experiments demonstrated that p53 interacted with SVCV N protein and was degraded by suppressing the K63-linked ubiquitination. However, the increase of p53 was observed late in the infection and experiments suggested that p53 was bound to SVCV P protein and stabilized by enhancing the K63-linked ubiquitination. Finally, lysine residue 358 was the key site for p53 K63-linked ubiquitination by the N and P proteins. Thus, our findings suggest that fish p53 is modulated by SVCV N and P protein in two distinct mechanisms, which uncovers the strategy for the subversion of p53-mediated host innate immune responses by aquatic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Bo Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Guo CJ, He J, He JG. The immune evasion strategies of fish viruses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:772-784. [PMID: 30543936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of a host rapidly triggers intracellular signaling events that induce interferon production and a cellular antiviral state. Viral diseases are important concerns in fish aquaculture. The major mechanisms of the fish antiviral immune response are suggested to be similar to those of mammals, although the specific details of the process require further studies. Throughout the process of pathogen-host coevolution, fish viruses have developed a battery of distinct strategies to overcome the biochemical and immunological defenses of the host. Such strategies include signaling interference, effector modulation, and manipulation of host apoptosis. This review provide an overview of the different mechanisms that fish viruses use to evade host immune responses. The basic mechanisms of immune evasion of fish virus are discussed, and some examples are provided to illustrate particular points.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - J He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - J G He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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25
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Aquatic animal viruses mediated immune evasion in their host. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1096-1105. [PMID: 30557608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important and lethal pathogens that hamper aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host and virus would determine the occurrence of diseases. The host will fight against virus infection with various responses such as innate immunity, adaptive immunity, apoptosis, and so on. On the other hand, the virus also develops numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, We review the research advances on virus mediated immune evasions to host responses containing interferon response, NF-κB signaling, apoptosis, and adaptive response, which are executed by viral genes, proteins, and miRNAs from different aquatic animal viruses including Alloherpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Nimaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Thus, it will facilitate the understanding of aquatic animal virus mediated immune evasion and potentially benefit the development of novel antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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26
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Zhao Y, Lin Q, Li N, Babu VS, Fu X, Liu L, Liang H, Liu X, Lin L. MicroRNAs profiles of Chinese Perch Brain (CPB) cells infected with Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1075-1082. [PMID: 30423456 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs, which widely participate in biological processes. In recent years, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) has caused mass mortality in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). To identify specific miRNAs involved in SCRV infection, deep sequencing of microRNA on Chinese perch brain cell line (CPB) with or without SCRV infection were performed at 6 and 12 h post of infection (hpi). Totally 382 miRNAs were identified, including 217 known miRNA aligned with zebrafish miRNAs and 165 novel miRNAs by MiRDeep2 program. Of which 15 and 35 differentially-expressed miRNAs were determined respectively to 6 and 12 hpi. Nine miRNAs were selected randomly from the differentially-expressed miRNAs and validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These results were consistent with the microRNA sequencing results. Besides, target genes of 98 differentially-expressed miRNAs were predicted. Three of miRNAs (miR-122, miR-214, miR-135a) were selected, and its effects were analyzed in CPC cells transfected with appropriate miRNA mimics/inhibitors to evaluate its regulation effects by qRT-PCR and western blot. The results demonstrated that miR-214 inhibited the replication of SCRV, while miR-122 promoted the replication of SCRV and there was no correlation between the miR-135a and SCRV replication. These results will pave a new way for the development of effective strategies against the SCRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China.
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - V Sarath Babu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Hongru Liang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
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Gotesman M, Menanteau-Ledouble S, Saleh M, Bergmann SM, El-Matbouli M. A new age in AquaMedicine: unconventional approach in studying aquatic diseases. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:178. [PMID: 29879957 PMCID: PMC5992843 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine and aquaculture industries are important sectors of the food production and global trade. Unfortunately, the fish food industry is challenged with a plethora of infectious pathogens. The freshwater and marine fish communities are rapidly incorporating novel and most up to date techniques for detection, characterization and treatment strategies. Rapid detection of infectious diseases is important in preventing large disease outbreaks. MAIN TEXT One hundred forty-six articles including reviews papers were analyzed and their conclusions evaluated in the present paper. This allowed us to describe the most recent development research regarding the control of diseases in the aquatic environment as well as promising avenues that may result in beneficial developments. For the characterization of diseases, traditional sequencing and histological based methods have been augmented with transcriptional and proteomic studies. Recent studies have demonstrated that transcriptional based approaches using qPCR are often synergistic to expression based studies that rely on proteomic-based techniques to better understand pathogen-host interactions. Preventative therapies that rely on prophylactics such as vaccination with protein antigens or attenuated viruses are not always feasible and therefore, the development of therapies based on small nucleotide based medicine is on the horizon. Of those, RNAi or CRISPR/Cas- based therapies show great promise in combating various types of diseases caused by viral and parasitic agents that effect aquatic and fish medicine. CONCLUSIONS In our modern times, when the marine industry has become so vital for feed and economic stability, even the most extreme alternative treatment strategies such as the use of small molecules or even the use of disease to control invasive species populations should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gotesman
- Department of Biology, New York City College of Technology of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Nombela I, Puente-Marin S, Chico V, Villena AJ, Carracedo B, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Mercado L, Perez L, Coll J, Estepa A, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Identification of diverse defense mechanisms in trout red blood cells in response to VHSV halted viral replication. F1000Res 2017; 6:1958. [PMID: 29527292 PMCID: PMC5820608 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12985.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been described that fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) generate a wide variety of immune-related gene transcripts when viruses highly replicate inside them and are their main target cell. The immune response and mechanisms of fish RBCs against viruses targeting other cells or tissues has not yet been explored and is the objective of our study. Methods: Trout RBCs were obtained from peripheral blood, ficoll purified and exposed to Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus (VHSV). Immune response was evaluated by means of RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) protein profiling Results: VHSV N gene transcripts incremented early postexposure and were drastically decreased after 6 hours postexposure (hpe). The expression of the type I interferon ( ifn1) gene was significantly downregulated at early postexposure (3 hpe), together with a gradual downregulation of interferon-inducible mx and pkr genes until 72 hpe. Type I IFN protein was downregulated and interferon-inducible Mx protein was maintained at basal levels. Co-culture assays of RBCs with TSS (stromal cell line from spleen) revealed the IFN crosstalk between both cell types. On the other hand, anti-microbial peptide β-defensin 1 and neutrophil chemotactic factor interleukin 8 were slightly upregulated in VHSV-exposed RBCs Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) revealed that VHSV exposure can induce a global protein downregulation in trout RBCs, mainly related to RNA stability and proteasome pathways. The antioxidant/antiviral response is also suggested to be involved in the response of trout RBCs to VHSV. Conclusions: A variety of mechanisms are proposed to be implicated in the antiviral response of trout RBCs against VHSV halted infection. Ongoing research is focused on understanding the mechanisms in detail. To our knowledge, this is the first report that implicates fish RBCs in the antiviral response against viruses not targeting RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto J. Villena
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Begoña Carracedo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
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