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Zhang J, Wu X, Zhao J, Ma X, Murad MS, Mu G. Peptidome comparison on the immune regulation effects of different casein fractions in a cyclophosphamide mouse model. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:40-61. [PMID: 37709034 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The protein composition of human milk plays a crucial role in infant formula milk powder formulation. Notably, significant differences exist between bovine casein and human milk casein. Previous studies have shown that casein hydrolysates could enhance immune function; however, gastrointestinal dyspepsia in infants affects the type and function of peptides. Therefore, the present study used peptidomics to sequence and analyze hydrolyzed peptides from different casein fractions. Additionally, animal experiments were conducted to assess the functionality of these casein fractions and elucidate their differences. The results revealed variations in peptide composition among the different casein fractions of formula milk powder. Interestingly, milk powder formulated with both β- and κ-casein (BK) exhibited significant enrichment of peptides related to the immune system. Moreover, the BK group significantly alleviated immune organ damage in cyclophosphamide-treated mice and regulated serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, feeding different casein fractions influenced the intestinal microflora of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, with the BK group mitigating the changes caused by cyclophosphamide. In conclusion, the findings suggest that BK formula in milk powder has the potential to positively enhance immunity. This study provides a robust theoretical basis for human-emulsified formula milk powder development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China.
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - Xutong Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - M Safian Murad
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China.
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Dhande JR, Bagul RD, Thakar MR. HIV-gp140-Specific Antibodies Generated From Indian Long-Term Non-Progressors Mediate Potent ADCC Activity and Effectively Lyse Reactivated HIV Reservoir. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844610. [PMID: 35309295 PMCID: PMC8924355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to reduce the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir are urgently required. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating anti-HIV antibodies have shown an association with HIV control. We assessed if such antibodies can be generated in vitro and whether the generated antibodies can facilitate the reduction of reactivated HIV reservoir. We isolated HIV-1-gp140-specific memory B cells from HIV-1-infected long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) with or without plasma ADCC and cultured them to generate anti-HIV antibodies. The ability of the generated antibodies to mediate ADCC and facilitate NK cell-mediated lysis of reactivated HIV reservoir was assessed by the rapid fluorometric antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay and a flow-based novel latency reduction assay, respectively. All LTNPs showed the presence of gp140-specific memory B cells [median: 0.79% (0.54%–1.225%)], which were successfully differentiated into plasma cells [median 72.0% (68.7–82.2%)] in an in-vitro culture and secreted antibodies [median OD: 0.253 (0.205–0.274)]. The HIV-gp140-specific antibodies were generated from 11/13 LTNPs irrespective of their plasma ADCC status. The generated antibodies from LTNPs with plasma ADCC showed higher ADCC potency (median: 37.6%, IQR: 32.95%–51%) and higher reduction in reactivated HIV reservoir (median: 62.5%, IQR: 58.71%–64.92%) as compared with the antibodies generated from LTNPs without plasma ADCC (ADCC: median: 8.85%, IQR: 8%–9.7%; and % p24 reduction median: 13.84, IQR: 9.863%–17.81%). The potency of these antibodies to reduce latent reservoir was two-fold higher than the respective plasma ADCC. The study showed that the potent ADCC-mediating antibodies could be generated from memory B cells of the LTNPs with plasma ADCC activity. These antibodies also showed potent ability to facilitate NK cell-mediated lysis of reactivated HIV reservoirs. It also indicated that memory B cells from individuals with plasma ADCC activity should be preferentially used for such antibody generation. The important role of these antibodies in the reduction of latent reservoirs needs to be further evaluated as a useful strategy to obtain a functional cure for HIV infection.
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Broadly binding and functional antibodies and persisting memory B cells elicited by HIV vaccine PDPHV. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:18. [PMID: 35140230 PMCID: PMC8828892 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since publishing our original reports on the safety and immunogenicity of a polyvalent DNA prime-protein boost HIV vaccine (PDPHV) which elicited high titer antibody responses with broad specificity, neutralizing activities to multiple HIV-1 subtypes, as well as poly-functional T cell responses, accumulated findings from other HIV vaccine studies indicated the important roles of Ig isotype distribution, Fc medicated functions and the persistence of memory immune responses which were not studied in previous PDPHV related reports. The current report provides further detailed characterization of these parameters in human volunteers receiving the PDPHV regimen. Antibody responses were assessed using IgG isotype and gp70-V1V2-binding ELISAs, peptide arrays, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. B cell ELISPOT was used to detect gp120-specific memory B cells. Our results showed that the gp120-specific antibodies were primarily of the IgG1 isotype. HIV-1 envelope protein variable regions V1 and V2 were actively targeted by the antibodies as determined by specific binding to both peptide and V1V2-carrying scaffolds. The antibodies showed potent and broad ADCC responses. Finally, the B cell ELISPOT analysis demonstrated persistence of gp120-specific memory B cells for at least 6 months after the last dose. These data indicate that broadly reactive binding Abs and ADCC responses as well as durable gp120-specific memory B cells were elicited by the polyvalent heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens and showed great promise as a candidate HIV vaccine.
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Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Sultan E, Ottolenghi A, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Rosental B. Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages. Cells 2021; 10:1853. [PMID: 34440622 PMCID: PMC8394812 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasitic pathogens. In addition, it provides regenerative capacities, tissue maintenance, and self/non-self recognition of foreign tissues. Phagocytosis and cytotoxicity are two prominent cellular immune activities positioned at the base of immune effector function in mammals. Although these immune mechanisms have diversified into a wide heterogeneous repertoire of effector cells, it appears that they share some common cellular and molecular features in all animals, but also some interesting convergent mechanisms. In this review, we will explore the current knowledge about the evolution of phagocytic and cytotoxic immune lineages against pathogens, in the clearance of damaged cells, for regeneration, for histocompatibility recognition, and in killing virally infected cells. To this end, we give different immune examples of multicellular organism models, ranging from the roots of bilateral organisms to chordate invertebrates, comparing to vertebrates' lineages. In this review, we compare cellular lineage homologies at the cellular and molecular levels. We aim to highlight and discuss the diverse function plasticity within the evolved immune effector cells, and even suggest the costs and benefits that it may imply for organisms with the meaning of greater defense against pathogens but less ability to regenerate damaged tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Eliya Sultan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Aner Ottolenghi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
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5
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Chua JV, Davis C, Husson JS, Nelson A, Prado I, Flinko R, Lam KWJ, Mutumbi L, Mayer BT, Dong D, Fulp W, Mahoney C, Gerber M, Gottardo R, Gilliam BL, Greene K, Gao H, Yates N, Ferrari G, Tomaras G, Montefiori D, Schwartz JA, Fouts T, DeVico AL, Lewis GK, Gallo RC, Sajadi MM. Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 gp120-CD4 chimeric subunit vaccine in a phase 1a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 2021; 39:3879-3891. [PMID: 34099328 PMCID: PMC8224181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for HIV vaccine development is to raise anti-envelope antibodies capable of recognizing and neutralizing diverse strains of HIV-1. Accordingly, a full length single chain (FLSC) of gp120-CD4 chimeric vaccine construct was designed to present a highly conserved CD4-induced (CD4i) HIV-1 envelope structure that elicits cross-reactive anti-envelope humoral responses and protective immunity in animal models of HIV infection. IHV01 is the FLSC formulated in aluminum phosphate adjuvant. We enrolled 65 healthy adult volunteers in this first-in-human phase 1a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with three dose-escalating cohorts (75 µg, 150 µg, and 300 µg doses). Intramuscular injections were given on weeks 0, 4, 8, and 24. Participants were followed for an additional 24 weeks after the last immunization. The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) was not significantly different between vaccinees and controls. The majority (89%) of vaccine-related AE were mild. The most common vaccine-related adverse event was injection site pain. There were no vaccine-related serious AE, discontinuation due to AE, intercurrent HIV infection, or significant decreases in CD4 count. By the final vaccination, all vaccine recipients developed antibodies against IHV01 and demonstrated anti-CD4i epitope antibodies. The elicited antibodies reacted with CD4 non-liganded Env antigens from diverse HIV-1 strains. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against heterologous infected cells or gp120 bound to CD4+ cells was evident in all cohorts as were anti-gp120 T-cell responses. IHV01 vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic at all doses tested. The vaccine raised broadly reactive humoral responses against conserved CD4i epitopes on gp120 that mediates antiviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel V Chua
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles Davis
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer S Husson
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Nelson
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ilia Prado
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ka Wing J Lam
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lydiah Mutumbi
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dan Dong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Monica Gerber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce L Gilliam
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Timothy Fouts
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Intralytix, Columbia, MD, USA.
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6
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Enhancement of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Phagocytosis in Anti-HIV-1 Human-Bovine Chimeric Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2021; 95:e0021921. [PMID: 33853957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00219-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
No prophylactic vaccine has provided robust protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Vaccine-induced broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have not been achieved in humans and most animals; however, cows vaccinated with HIV-1 envelope trimers produce bNAbs with unusually long third heavy complementarity-determining regions (CDRH3s). Alongside neutralization, Fc-mediated effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADP), may be critical for in vivo bNAb antiviral activity. Here, we aimed to augment the Fc-dependent effector functions of a chimeric human-bovine bNAb, NC-Cow1, which binds the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) and exhibits broader and more potent neutralization than most human CD4bs bNAbs by using an exceptionally long 60-amino acid (aa) CDRH3. The bovine variable region of NC-Cow1 was paired with a human IgG1 Fc region mutated to create the following three variants: G236R/L328R (GRLR) that abrogates Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR) binding, and two variants that enhance binding, namely, G236A/S239D/I332E (GASDIE) and G236A/S239D/A330L/I332E (GASDALIE). Both GASDIE and GASDALIE improved binding to human FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIA, enhanced human natural killer (NK) cell activation, and mediated higher levels of ADCC and ADP activity than the wild-type human IgG1 Fc. GASDALIE mediated higher phagocytic activity than GASDIE. As expected, GRLR eliminated binding to FcγRs and did not mediate ADCC or ADP. We demonstrated that mutations in the human Fc region of bovine chimeric antibodies with ultralong CDRH3s could enhance antibody effector functions while maintaining envelope binding and neutralization. This study will have significant implications in the development of multifunctional anti-HIV antibodies, which may be important to prevent HIV-1 transmission in an antibody-based topical microbicide. IMPORTANCE Despite successful antiviral chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a lifelong persistent virus, and no vaccine yet prevents HIV transmission. Topical microbicides offer an important alternative method to prevent sexual transmission of HIV-1. With the production of highly potent anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and multifunctional antibodies, monoclonal antibodies are now important prophylactic agents. Recently discovered anti-HIV-1 bovine bNAbs (with higher potency and breadth than most human bNAbs) could be novel candidates as potent topical microbicides. Our study is significant as it demonstrates the compatibility of combining bovine-derived neutralization with human-derived antibody-effector functions. This study is a new approach to antibody engineering that strengthens the feasibility of using high-potency bovine variable region bNAbs with augmented Fc function and promotes them as a strong candidate for antibody-mediated therapies.
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7
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Julg B, Barouch D. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 prevention and therapy. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101475. [PMID: 33858765 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite immense progress in our ability to prevent and treat HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 remains an incurable disease and a highly efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is not yet available. Additional tools to prevent and treat HIV-1 are therefore necessary. The identification of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 has revolutionized the field and may prove clinically useful. Significant advances have been made in identifying broader and more potent antibodies, characterizing antibodies in preclinical animal models, engineering antibodies to extend half-life and expand breadth and functionality, and evaluating the efficacy of single bNAbs and bNAb combinations in people with and without HIV-1. Here, we review recent progress in developing bNAbs for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dan Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the absence of a protective vaccine against HIV-1, passive immunization using novel broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is an attractive concept for HIV-1 prevention. Here, we summarize the results of preclinical and clinical studies of bNAbs, discuss strategies for optimizing bNAb efficacy and lay out current pathways for the development of bNAbs as prophylaxis. RECENT FINDINGS Passive transfer of second-generation bNAbs results inpotent protection against infection in preclinical animal models. Furthermore, multiple bNAbs targeting different epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope trimer are in clinical evaluation and have demonstrated favorable safety profiles and robust antiviral activity in chronically infected individuals. The confirmation that passive immunization with bNAb(s) will prevent HIV-1 acquisition in humans is pending and the focus of ongoing investigations. Given the global diversity of HIV-1, bNAb combinations or multispecific antibodies will most likely be required to produce the necessary breadth for effective protection. SUMMARY Encouraging results from preclinical and clinical studies support the development of bNAbs for prevention and a number of antibodies with exceptional breadth and potency are available for clinical evaluation. Further optimization of viral coverage and antibody half-life will accelerate the clinical implementation of bNAbs as a critical tool for HIV-1 prevention strategies.
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Zhao C, Lin G, Wu D, Liu D, You L, Högger P, Simal‐Gandara J, Wang M, da Costa JGM, Marunaka Y, Daglia M, Khan H, Filosa R, Wang S, Xiao J. The algal polysaccharide ulvan suppresses growth of hepatoma cells. FOOD FRONTIERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine University of Macau Macau China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province Institute of Oceanology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Guopeng Lin
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Desheng Wu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Lijun You
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Petra Högger
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Jesus Simal‐Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology University of Vigo ‐ Ourense Campus Ourense Spain
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Campania Naples Italy
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine University of Macau Macau China
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10
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Hompe ED, Jacobson DL, Eudailey JA, Butler K, Edwards W, Pollara J, Brummel SS, Fouda GG, Chinula L, Kamanga M, Kinikar A, Moodley D, Owor M, Fowler MG, Permar SR. Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study. mSphere 2019; 4:e00716-19. [PMID: 31645430 PMCID: PMC7407004 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00716-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To design immune interventions that can synergize with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the rate of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), it is essential to characterize maternal immune responses in the setting of ART during pregnancy and breastfeeding and define their effect on MTCT. Prior studies reported an association between breast milk envelope (Env)-specific antibodies and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity with reduced postnatal transmission. In this study, we investigated whether these immune correlates were similarly associated with protection in a matched case-control study of mother-infant pairs receiving maternal ART or infant nevirapine prophylaxis during breastfeeding in the International Maternal-Pediatric-Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network Promoting Maternal-Infant Survival Everywhere (PROMISE) trial, assessing postnatal transmission risk in 19 transmitting and 57 nontransmitting mothers using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for maternal plasma viral load. The odds ratios of postnatal MTCT for a 1-unit increase in an immune correlate were 3.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56, 23.14) for breast milk Env-specific secretory IgA (sIgA), 2.32 (95% CI, 0.43, 12.56) for breast milk and 2.16 (95% CI, 0.51, 9.14) for plasma Env-specific IgA, and 4.57 (95% CI, 0.68, 30.48) for breast milk and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.25, 3.67) for plasma ADCC activity, with all CIs spanning 1.0. Interestingly, although mucosal IgA responses are poor in untreated HIV-infected women, there was a strong correlation between the magnitudes of breast milk and plasma Env-specific IgA in this cohort. In this analysis of the small number of postnatal virus transmissions in the landmark PROMISE study, no single antibody response was associated with breast milk transmission risk.IMPORTANCE Each year, >150,000 infants become newly infected with HIV-1 through MTCT despite ART, with up to 42% of infections occurring during breastfeeding. Several factors contribute to continued pediatric infections, including ART nonadherence, the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains, acute infection during breastfeeding, and poor access to ART in resource-limited areas. A better understanding of the maternal humoral immune responses that provide protection against postnatal transmission in the setting of ART is critical to guide the design of maternal vaccine strategies to further eliminate postnatal HIV transmission. In this study, we found that in women treated with antiretrovirals during pregnancy, there was a positive correlation between plasma viral load and breast milk and plasma IgA responses; however, conclusions regarding odds of MTCT risk were limited by the small sample size. These findings will inform future studies to investigate maternal immune interventions that can synergize with ART to eliminate MTCT during breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza D Hompe
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Denise L Jacobson
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua A Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Butler
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Whitney Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean S Brummel
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Genevieve G Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lameck Chinula
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Melvin Kamanga
- Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Aarti Kinikar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhayendre Moodley
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa and School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maxensia Owor
- Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mary Glenn Fowler
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Anand SP, Grover JR, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Richard J, Ding S, Baril S, Medjahed H, Evans DT, Pazgier M, Mothes W, Finzi A. Antibody-Induced Internalization of HIV-1 Env Proteins Limits Surface Expression of the Closed Conformation of Env. J Virol 2019; 93:e00293-19. [PMID: 30894474 PMCID: PMC6532100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To minimize immune responses against infected cells, HIV-1 limits the surface expression of its envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here, we demonstrate that this mechanism is specific for the Env conformation and affects the efficiency of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the "closed" conformation of Env induce its internalization from the surface. In contrast, non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) are displayed on the cell surface for prolonged period of times. The bNAb-induced Env internalization can be decreased by blocking dynamin function, which translates into higher susceptibilities of infected cells to ADCC. Our results suggest that antibody-mediated Env internalization is a mechanism used by HIV-1 to evade immune responses against the "closed" conformation of Env expressed on HIV-1-infected cells.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 has evolved to acquire several strategies to limit the exposure of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) on the surface of infected cells. In this study, we show that antibody-induced Env internalization is conformation specific and reduces the susceptibility of infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Thus, a better understanding of this mechanism might help develop antibodies with improved capacities to mediate ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Baril
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Liu H, Yan Y, Zhang F, Wu Q. The Immuno-Enhancement Effects of Tubiechong (Eupolyphaga sinensis) Lyophilized Powder in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:844-859. [PMID: 30917711 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1588291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tubiechong (Eupolyphaga sinensis) is an important material used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the immunoregulation effects of E. sinensis Lyophilized Powder (ESL) are unclear. The in vivo study thus designed to elucidate the immuno-enhancement effects of ESL in immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Mice were treated with three doses of ESL (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg). Compared with model group, ESL notably increased the immune organ index, mononuclear macrophages function and the level of nature killer cell (NK) (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was also improved (p < 0.05). The level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced (p < 0.05), while malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) were reduced (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Meanwhile, cluster determinant (CD)3+ T cell, CD4+ T cell and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were increased (p < 0.01). The cytokines secretion such as interleukin (IL)-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were notably increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and IL-6 and IL-16 were also enhanced (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ESL significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), up-regulated the B cell lymphoma-2 protein (Bcl-2) expression and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in spleen tissues (p < 0.05). In brief, all these findings suggest that ESL could effectively improve immune functions via modulating oxidative systems and innate immune cells. Abbreviations: TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine; ESL: Eupolyphaga sinensis Lyophilized Powder; CCl4: Carbon tetrachloride; ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinases; CTX: Cyclophosphamide; DTH: Delayed type hypersensitivity; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; MDA: Malonyldialdehyde; NO: Nitrogen monoxide; NK: Nature killer cell; CD: Cluster determinant interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Bax: Bcl-2 associated X protein; Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma-2 protein; Th1: Type-1 helper; Th2: Type-2 helper; FAMEs: Fatty acid methyl esters; DNFB: 2,4 - Dinitrofluorobenzene; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; Cyt-c: Cytochrome c; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yunliang Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fengling Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
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13
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Anand SP, Prévost J, Baril S, Richard J, Medjahed H, Chapleau JP, Tolbert WD, Kirk S, Smith AB, Wines BD, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM, Parsons MS, Pazgier M, Finzi A. Two Families of Env Antibodies Efficiently Engage Fc-Gamma Receptors and Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:e01823-18. [PMID: 30429344 PMCID: PMC6340017 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01823-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 conceals epitopes of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) recognized by antibody (Ab)-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies. These Abs, including anti-coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and anti-cluster A antibodies, preferentially recognize Env in its "open" conformation. The binding of anti-CoRBS Abs has been shown to induce conformational changes that further open Env, allowing interaction of anti-cluster A antibodies. We explored the possibility that CoRBS Abs synergize with anti-cluster A Abs to engage Fc-gamma receptors to mediate ADCC. We found that binding of anti-CoRBS and anti-cluster A Abs to the same gp120 is required for interaction with soluble dimeric FcγRIIIa in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We also found that Fc regions of both Abs are required to optimally engage FcγRIIIa and mediate robust ADCC. Taken together, our results indicate that these two families of Abs act together in a sequential and synergistic fashion to promote FcγRIIIa engagement and ADCC.IMPORTANCE The "open" CD4-bound conformation of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins is the primary target of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies present in HIV-positive (HIV+) sera, such as anti-coreceptor binding site and anti-cluster A antibodies. Here we report that the binding of these two families of antibodies is required to engage FcγRIIIa and mediate ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Baril
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Group Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Williams KL, Stumpf M, Naiman NE, Ding S, Garrett M, Gobillot T, Vézina D, Dusenbury K, Ramadoss NS, Basom R, Kim PS, Finzi A, Overbaugh J. Identification of HIV gp41-specific antibodies that mediate killing of infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007572. [PMID: 30779811 PMCID: PMC6396944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that mediate killing of HIV-infected cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been implicated in protection from HIV infection and disease progression. Despite these observations, these types of HIV antibodies are understudied compared to neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) obtained from one individual that target the HIV transmembrane protein, gp41, and mediate ADCC activity. These four mAbs arose from independent B cell lineages suggesting that in this individual, multiple B cell responses were induced by the gp41 antigen. Competition and phage peptide display mapping experiments suggested that two of the mAbs target epitopes in the cysteine loop that are highly conserved and a common target of HIV gp41-specific antibodies. The amino acid sequences that bind these mAbs are overlapping but distinct. The two other mAbs were competed by mAbs that target the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) and the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and appear to both target a similar unique conformational epitope. These gp41-specific mAbs mediated killing of infected cells that express high levels of Env due to either pre-treatment with interferon or deletion of vpu to increase levels of BST-2/Tetherin. They also mediate killing of target cells coated with various forms of the gp41 protein, including full-length gp41, gp41 ectodomain or a mimetic of the gp41 stump. Unlike many ADCC mAbs that target HIV gp120, these gp41-mAbs are not dependent on Env structural changes associated with membrane-bound CD4 interaction. Overall, the characterization of these four new mAbs that target gp41 and mediate ADCC provides evidence for diverse gp41 B cell lineages with overlapping but distinct epitopes within an individual. Such antibodies that can target various forms of envelope protein could represent a common response to a relatively conserved HIV epitope for a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Williams
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Megan Stumpf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Elise Naiman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Shilei Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Garrett
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
| | - Theodore Gobillot
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Dani Vézina
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katharine Dusenbury
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nitya S. Ramadoss
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
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15
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Zainal N, Tan KK, Johari J, Hussein H, Wan Musa WR, Hassan J, Lin YS, AbuBakar S. Sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus cross-neutralizes dengue viruses. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:659-672. [PMID: 30259549 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease in Southeast Asia, where the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is approximately 30 to 53 per 100,000. Severe dengue, however, is rarely reported among individuals with SLE. Here, whether sera of patients with SLE cross-neutralize dengue virus (DENV) was investigated. Serum samples were obtained from individuals with SLE who were dengue IgG and IgM serology negative. Neutralization assays were performed against the three major DENV serotypes. Of the dengue serology negative sera of individuals with SLE, 60%, 61% and 52% of the sera at 1/320 dilution showed more than 50% inhibition against dengue type-1 virus (DENV-1), DENV-2 and DENV-3, respectively. The neutralizing capacity of the sera was significantly greater against DENV-1 (P < 0.001) and DENV-3 (P < 0.01) than against DENV-2 (P < 0.05). Neutralization against the DENV correlated with dengue-specific IgG serum titers below the cut-off point for dengue positivity. Depletion of total IgG from the sera of patients with SLE resulted in significant decreases of up to 80% in DENV inhibition, suggesting that IgG plays an important role. However, some of the SLE sera was still able to neutralize DENV, even with IgG titers <0.1 OD absorbance. Our findings suggest that sera of patients with SLE contain IgG, and possibly other type of antibodies, that can cross-neutralize DENV, which may explain the rarity of severe dengue in individuals with SLE. Further studies, are needed to further substantiate this finding and to elucidate the specific neutralizing epitopes recognized by the sera of individuals with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhafiza Zainal
- Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kim-Kee Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jefree Johari
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Jamiyah Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Centre of Infectious Disease and Signalling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Abstract
: Interactions between the Fc segment of IgG and its receptors (FcγRs) found on cells such as natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils can potentially mediate antiviral effects in the setting of HIV and related infections. We review the potential role of FcγR interactions in HIV, SIV and SHIV infections, with an emphasis on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Notably, these viruses employ various strategies, including CD4 down-regulation and BST-2/tetherin antagonism to limit the effect of ADCC. Although correlative data suggest that ADCC participates in both protection and control of established infection, there is little direct evidence in support of either role. Direct evidence does, however, implicate an FcγR-dependent function in augmenting the beneficial in vivo activity of neutralizing antibodies.
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17
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Richard J, Prévost J, Baxter AE, von Bredow B, Ding S, Medjahed H, Delgado GG, Brassard N, Stürzel CM, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Parsons MS, Kaufmann DE, Evans DT, Finzi A. Uninfected Bystander Cells Impact the Measurement of HIV-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses. mBio 2018; 9:e00358-18. [PMID: 29559570 PMCID: PMC5874913 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00358-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) substantially impacts antibody recognition and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses. In the absence of the CD4 receptor at the cell surface, primary Envs sample a "closed" conformation that occludes CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes. The virus controls CD4 expression through the actions of Nef and Vpu accessory proteins, thus protecting infected cells from ADCC responses. However, gp120 shed from infected cells can bind to CD4 present on uninfected bystander cells, sensitizing them to ADCC mediated by CD4i antibodies (Abs). Therefore, we hypothesized that these bystander cells could impact the interpretation of ADCC measurements. To investigate this, we evaluated the ability of antibodies to CD4i epitopes and broadly neutralizing Abs (bNAbs) to mediate ADCC measured by five ADCC assays commonly used in the field. Our results indicate that the uninfected bystander cells coated with gp120 are efficiently recognized by the CD4i ligands but not the bNabs. Consequently, the uninfected bystander cells substantially affect in vitro measurements made with ADCC assays that fail to identify responses against infected versus uninfected cells. Moreover, using an mRNA flow technique that detects productively infected cells, we found that the vast majority of HIV-1-infected cells in in vitro cultures or ex vivo samples from HIV-1-infected individuals are CD4 negative and therefore do not expose significant levels of CD4i epitopes. Altogether, our results indicate that ADCC assays unable to differentiate responses against infected versus uninfected cells overestimate responses mediated by CD4i ligands.IMPORTANCE Emerging evidence supports a role for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in protection against HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the ability of nonneutralizing antibodies targeting CD4-inducible (CD4i) Env epitopes to mediate ADCC. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison of different methods currently being used in the field to measure ADCC responses to HIV-1. We found that assays which are unable to differentiate virus-infected from uninfected cells greatly overestimate ADCC responses mediated by antibodies to CD4i epitopes and underestimate responses mediated by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Our results strongly argue for the use of assays that measure ADCC against HIV-1-infected cells expressing physiologically relevant conformations of Env to evaluate correlates of protection in vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin von Bredow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Karlsson I, Borggren M, Jensen SS, Heyndrickx L, Stewart-Jones G, Scarlatti G, Fomsgaard A, on behalf of the NGIN Consortium. Immunization with Clinical HIV-1 Env Proteins Induces Broad Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity-Mediating Antibodies in a Rabbit Vaccination Model. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:206-217. [PMID: 28982260 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of both neutralizing antibodies and non-neutralizing antibodies with effector functions, for example, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), is desired in the search for effective vaccines against HIV-1. In the pursuit of novel immunogens capable of inducing an efficient antibody response, rabbits were immunized with selected antigens using different prime-boost strategies. We immunized 35 different groups of rabbits with Env antigens from clinical HIV-1 subtypes A and B, including immunization with DNA alone, protein alone, and DNA prime with protein boost. The rabbit sera were screened for ADCC activity using a GranToxiLux-based assay with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as effector cells and CEM.NKRCCR5 cells coated with HIV-1 envelope as target cells. The groups with the highest ADCC activity were further characterized for cross-reactivity between HIV-1 subtypes. The immunogen inducing the most potent and broadest ADCC response was a trimeric gp140. The ADCC activity was highest against the HIV-1 subtype corresponding to the immunogen. The ADCC activity did not necessarily reflect neutralizing activity in the pseudovirus-TZMbl assay, but there was an overall correlation between the two antiviral activities. We present a rabbit vaccination model and an assay suitable for screening HIV-1 vaccine candidates for the induction of ADCC-mediating antibodies in addition to neutralizing antibodies. The antigens and/or immunization strategies capable of inducing antibodies with ADCC activity did not necessarily induce neutralizing activity and vice versa. Nevertheless, we identified vaccine candidates that were able to concurrently induce both types of responses and that had ADCC activity that was cross-reactive between different subtypes. When searching for an effective vaccine candidate, it is important to evaluate the antibody response using a model and an assay measuring the desired function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Karlsson
- Department of Virology and Special Microbial Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Borggren
- Department of Virology and Special Microbial Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Skov Jensen
- Department of Virology and Special Microbial Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Biomedical Department, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virology and Special Microbial Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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19
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Richard J, Prévost J, Alsahafi N, Ding S, Finzi A. Impact of HIV-1 Envelope Conformation on ADCC Responses. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:253-265. [PMID: 29162391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) represent the only virus-specific antigen exposed at the surface of infected cells. In its unliganded form, Env from primary viruses samples a 'closed' conformation (State 1), which is preferentially recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). CD4 engagement drives Env into an intermediate 'partially open' (State 2) and then into the 'open' CD4-bound conformation (State 3). Emerging evidence suggests a link between Env conformation and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1-infected cells exposing Env in the CD4-bound conformation are susceptible to ADCC mediated by CD4-induced Abs and HIV+sera. Cells exposing State 1 Env are susceptible to ADCC mediated by bNAbs. Here, we discuss how Env conformation affects ADCC responses and in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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20
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Tolbert WD, Gohain N, Alsahafi N, Van V, Orlandi C, Ding S, Martin L, Finzi A, Lewis GK, Ray K, Pazgier M. Targeting the Late Stage of HIV-1 Entry for Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity: Structural Basis for Env Epitopes in the C11 Region. Structure 2017; 25:1719-1731.e4. [PMID: 29056481 PMCID: PMC5677539 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies can have an impact on HIV-1 infection in multiple ways, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), a correlate of protection observed in the RV144 vaccine trial. One of the most potent ADCC-inducing epitopes on HIV-1 Env is recognized by the C11 antibody. Here, we present the crystal structure, at 2.9 Å resolution, of the C11-like antibody N12-i3, in a quaternary complex with the HIV-1 gp120, a CD4-mimicking peptide M48U1, and an A32-like antibody, N5-i5. Antibody N12-i3 recognizes an epitope centered on the N-terminal "eighth strand" of a critical β sandwich, which our analysis indicates to be emblematic of a late-entry state, after the gp120 detachment. In prior entry states, this sandwich comprises only seven strands, with the eighth strand instead pairing with a portion of the gp120 C terminus. The conformational gymnastics of HIV-1 gp120 thus includes altered β-strand pairing, possibly to reduce immunogenicity, although nevertheless still recognized by the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Tolbert
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,CEA, Joliot, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Verna Van
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, Joliot, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: , 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel: (410) 706-4780, Fax: (410) 706-7583
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21
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Pegu A, Hessell AJ, Mascola JR, Haigwood NL. Use of broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 prevention. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:296-312. [PMID: 28133803 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies have a long history in antiviral therapy, but until recently, they have not been actively pursued for HIV-1 due to modest potency and breadth of early human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and perceived insurmountable technical, financial, and logistical hurdles. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of MAbs with the ability to potently neutralize diverse HIV-1 isolates have reinvigorated discussion and testing of these products in humans, since new broadly neutralizing MAbs (bnMAbs) are more likely to be effective against worldwide strains of HIV-1. In animal models, there is abundant evidence that bnMAbs can block infection in a dose-dependent manner, and the more potent bnMAbs will allow clinical testing at infusion doses that are practically achievable. Moreover, recent advances in antibody engineering are providing further improvements in MAb potency, breadth, and half-life. This review summarizes the current state of the field of bnMAb protection in animal models as well as a review of variables that are critical for antiviral activity. Several bnMAbs are currently in clinical testing, and we offer perspectives on their use as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), potential benefits beyond sterilizing immunity, and a discussion of future approaches to engineer novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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22
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BST-2 Expression Modulates Small CD4-Mimetic Sensitization of HIV-1-Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00219-17. [PMID: 28331088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00219-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies recognizing conserved CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env and able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been shown to be present in sera from most HIV-1-infected individuals. These antibodies preferentially recognize Env in its CD4-bound conformation. CD4 downregulation by Nef and Vpu dramatically reduces exposure of CD4i HIV-1 Env epitopes and therefore reduce the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV-positive (HIV+) sera. Importantly, this mechanism of immune evasion can be circumvented with small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) that are able to transition Env into the CD4-bound conformation and sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV+ sera. However, HIV-1 developed additional mechanisms to avoid ADCC, including Vpu-mediated BST-2 antagonism, which decreases the overall amount of Env present at the cell surface. Accordingly, BST-2 upregulation in response to alpha interferon (IFN-α) was shown to increase the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC despite the activity of Vpu. Here we show that BST-2 upregulation by IFN-β and interleukin-27 (IL-27) also increases the surface expression of Env and thus boosts the ability of CD4mc to sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 evolved sophisticated strategies to conceal Env epitopes from ADCC-mediating antibodies present in HIV+ sera. Vpu-mediated BST-2 downregulation was shown to decrease ADCC responses by limiting the amount of Env present at the cell surface. This effect of Vpu was shown to be attenuated by IFN-α treatment. Here we show that in addition to IFN-α, IFN-β and IL-27 also affect Vpu-mediated BST-2 downregulation and greatly enhance ADCC responses against HIV-1-infected cells in the presence of CD4mc. These findings may inform strategies aimed at HIV prevention and eradication.
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23
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Meng F, Xu P, Wang X, Huang Y, Wu L, Chen Y, Teng L, Wang D. Investigation on the immunomodulatory activities of Sarcodon imbricatus extracts in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressanted mouse model. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:460-463. [PMID: 28579875 PMCID: PMC5447429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Sarcodon imbricatus, an edible fungus, is widely used in Asian medicine because of its significant pharmacological activities. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide-enriched S. imbricatus extracts (SP) in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice. Results: Astragalus polysaccharide (AP) was used as a positive control. Compared with CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, thirty-day SP treatment strongly enhanced the organ indexes of spleen and thymus and suppressed hind paw swelling. Both AP and SP increased the serum levels of immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM), and suppressed the overproduction of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Moreover, SP reduced methane dicarboxylic aldehyde levels, and increased the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in both serum and liver tissues of CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. Conclusion: S. imbricatus extracts significantly improved immune function in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice via modulation of oxidative systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxin Meng
- Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Panju Xu
- Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liyan Wu
- Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Yiling Chen
- Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Lirong Teng
- Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Di Wang
- Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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24
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Influence of the Envelope gp120 Phe 43 Cavity on HIV-1 Sensitivity to Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02452-16. [PMID: 28100618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02452-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells presenting envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to avoid the exposure of Env ADCC epitopes by downregulating CD4 and by limiting the overall amount of Env on the cell surface. In HIV-1, substitution of large residues such as histidine or tryptophan for serine 375 (S375H/W) in the gp120 Phe 43 cavity, where Phe 43 of CD4 contacts gp120, results in the spontaneous sampling of an Env conformation closer to the CD4-bound state. While residue S375 is well conserved in the majority of group M HIV-1 isolates, CRF01_AE strains have a naturally occurring histidine at this position (H375). Interestingly, CRF01_AE is the predominant circulating strain in Thailand, where the RV144 trial took place. In this trial, which resulted in a modest degree of protection, ADCC responses were identified as being part of the correlate of protection. Here we investigate the influence of the Phe 43 cavity on ADCC responses. Filling this cavity with a histidine or tryptophan residue in Env with a natural serine residue at this position (S375H/W) increased the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC. Conversely, the replacement of His 375 by a serine residue (H375S) within HIV-1 CRF01_AE decreased the efficiency of the ADCC response. Our results raise the intriguing possibility that the presence of His 375 in the circulating strain where the RV144 trial was held contributed to the observed vaccine efficacy.IMPORTANCE HIV-1-infected cells presenting Env in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by ADCC mediated by HIV-positive (HIV+) sera. Here we show that the gp120 Phe 43 cavity modulates the propensity of Env to sample this conformation and therefore affects the susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC. CRF01_AE HIV-1 strains have an unusual Phe 43 cavity-filling His 375 residue, which increases the propensity of Env to sample the CD4-bound conformation, thereby increasing susceptibility to ADCC.
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25
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Kulkarni A, Kurle S, Shete A, Ghate M, Godbole S, Madhavi V, Kent SJ, Paranjape R, Thakar M. Indian Long-term Non-Progressors Show Broad ADCC Responses with Preferential Recognition of V3 Region of Envelope and a Region from Tat Protein. Front Immunol 2017; 8:5. [PMID: 28154562 PMCID: PMC5243827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) is likely to be important in governing protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and slowing disease progression. Little is known about the ADCC responses to HIV-1 subtype C. We characterized ADCC responses in HIV-1 subtype C-infected Indian subjects with slow disease progression and identified the dominant antigenic regions recognized by these antibodies. ADCC responses were measured in plasma from 34 long-term non-progressors (LTNPs), who were asymptomatic and maintained CD4 count above 500 cells/mm3 for the last 7 years in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 58 ART naïve progressors with CD4 count <500 cells/mm3 against overlapping HIV-1 peptides using a flow cytometry-based antibody-dependent natural killer (NK) cell activation assay. The assay measured CD107a expression on NK cells as a marker of antibody-dependent NK cell activation and IFN-γ secretion by NK cells upon activation. The ADCC epitopes were mapped using the matrix of overlapping peptides. Indian LTNPs showed higher and broader ADCC responses compared to the progressors. The Env-C and Tat-specific ADCC responses were associated with lower plasma viral load, whereas the Env-C responses were also associated with higher CD4 counts. Five of 10 LTNP responders targeted epitopes in the V3 region (amino acids 288–330) of Env-C. Additionally, three Tat regions were targeted by ADCC antibodies from LTNPs. ADCC responses were associated with slow HIV progression in Indian subtype C-infected cohort. The frequently recognized peptides from the V3 loop of Env and the novel epitopes from Tat by the LTNPs warrants further study to understand the role of ADCC responses to these regions in control and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kulkarni
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Swarali Kurle
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Ashwini Shete
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Sheela Godbole
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Vijaya Madhavi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Ramesh Paranjape
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
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26
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Luo Z, Li Z, Martin L, Hu Z, Wu H, Wan Z, Kilby M, Heath SL, Huang L, Jiang W. Increased Natural Killer Cell Activation in HIV-Infected Immunologic Non-Responders Correlates with CD4+ T Cell Recovery after Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167640. [PMID: 28076376 PMCID: PMC5226712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cell function in HIV disease especially in the setting of long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and viral suppression is not fully understood. In the current study, we have investigated NK cell activation in healthy controls and aviremic ART-treated HIV+ subjects with different degrees of immune restoration. We performed a cross sectional study in 12 healthy controls and 24 aviremic ART-treated HIV-infected subjects including 13 HIV+ subjects with CD4+ T cells above 500 cells/μL defined as "immunologic responders" and 11 HIV+ subjects with CD4+ T cells below 350 cells/μL defined as "immunologic non-responders". We analyzed NK cell number, subset, and activation by expression of CD107a and NKG2D and co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against uninfected CD4+ T cells was tested in vitro. We found that NK cell absolute number, percentage of NK cells, and percentage of NK cell subsets were similar in the three study groups. The increased NK cell activation was found predominantly in CD56dimCD16+ subset of immunologic non-responders but not immunologic responders compared to healthy controls. The activation of NK cells was inversely correlated with the peripheral CD4+ T cell count in HIV+ subjects, even after controlling for chronic T cell activation, sex, and age, potential contributors for CD4+ T cell counts in HIV disease. Interestingly, NK cells from immunologic non-responders mediated cytotoxicity against uninfected CD4+ T cells ex vivo. NK cells may play a role in blunted CD4+ T cell recovery in ART-treated HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Xitoutiao, You’an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Lisa Martin
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Xitoutiao, You’an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Michael Kilby
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Lei Huang
- The 302 Hospital of PLA, Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LH)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LH)
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27
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Boesch AW, Osei-Owusu NY, Crowley AR, Chu TH, Chan YN, Weiner JA, Bharadwaj P, Hards R, Adamo ME, Gerber SA, Cocklin SL, Schmitz JE, Miles AR, Eckman JW, Belli AJ, Reimann KA, Ackerman ME. Biophysical and Functional Characterization of Rhesus Macaque IgG Subclasses. Front Immunol 2016; 7:589. [PMID: 28018355 PMCID: PMC5153528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies raised in Indian rhesus macaques [Macaca mulatta (MM)] in many preclinical vaccine studies are often evaluated in vitro for titer, antigen-recognition breadth, neutralization potency, and/or effector function, and in vivo for potential associations with protection. However, despite reliance on this key animal model in translation of promising candidate vaccines for evaluation in first in man studies, little is known about the properties of MM immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and how they may compare to human IgG subclasses. Here, we evaluate the binding of MM IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 to human Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) and their ability to elicit the effector functions of human FcγR-bearing cells, and unlike in humans, find a notable absence of subclasses with dramatically silent Fc regions. Biophysical, in vitro, and in vivo characterization revealed MM IgG1 exhibited the greatest effector function activity followed by IgG2 and then IgG3/4. These findings in rhesus are in contrast with the canonical understanding that IgG1 and IgG3 dominate effector function in humans, indicating that subclass-switching profiles observed in rhesus studies may not strictly recapitulate those observed in human vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Nana Yaw Osei-Owusu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Thach H Chu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Ying N Chan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Pranay Bharadwaj
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Rufus Hards
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mark E Adamo
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sarah L Cocklin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Adam R Miles
- Wasatch Microfluidics , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | | | - Aaron J Belli
- Non-Human Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- Non-Human Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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28
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Shete A, Suryawanshi P, Chavan C, Kulkarni A, Godbole S, Ghate M, Thakar M. Development of IFN-γ secretory ELISPOT based assay for screening of ADCC responses. J Immunol Methods 2016; 441:49-55. [PMID: 27923642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity has been established as one of the important protective immune mechanisms against HIV making it essential to evaluate it while testing immunogenicity of emerging vaccine candidates. IFN-γ secretory ELISPOT assay, widely used for evaluation of CTL response in HIV vaccine trials, was adapted for measuring ADCC responses and the results were compared with the standard ICS based assays. IFN-γ responses elicited by plasma samples of 23 HIV infected individuals against Env and Gag peptides using granulocytes as antigen presenting cells were assessed by both the methods. Supernatants of the activated cells in ELISPOT assay were also assessed for cytokine/chemokine estimation. ELISPOT assays detected significantly more ADCC responders against HIV-Env and Gag peptide pools than ICS assay. The magnitude of IFN-γ response in both the assay correlated significantly (p=0.002). NK cells were found to be the predominant cell type secreting IFN-γ in the assay. Although IFN-γ and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in supernatants of Env peptides stimulated cells, IP-10 and MCP-1α levels were found to be more against Gag peptides. Thus, IFN-γ secretory ELISPOT assay was found to be more sensitive in detecting ADCC responders than ICS assay making it a valuable tool for screening of ADCC responses in future vaccine trials. Differences in cytokine pattern of Env versus Gag stimulated cells warrants a need for investigating their role in protection against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India.
| | - Poonam Suryawanshi
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Chetan Chavan
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Archana Kulkarni
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Sheela Godbole
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
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29
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Williams KL, Cortez V, Dingens AS, Gach JS, Rainwater S, Weis JF, Chen X, Spearman P, Forthal DN, Overbaugh J. HIV-specific CD4-induced Antibodies Mediate Broad and Potent Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity and Are Commonly Detected in Plasma From HIV-infected humans. EBioMedicine 2016; 2:1464-77. [PMID: 26629541 PMCID: PMC4634620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific antibodies (Abs) can reduce viral burden by blocking new rounds of infection or by destroying infected cells via activation of effector cells through Fc–FcR interaction. This latter process, referred to as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), has been associated with viral control and improved clinical outcome following both HIV and SIV infections. Here we describe an HIV viral-like particle (VLP)-based sorting strategy that led to identification of HIV-specificmemory B cells encoding Abs that mediate ADCC froma subtype A-infected Kenyan woman at 914 days post-infection. Using this strategy, 12 HIV-envelope-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were isolated and three mediated potent ADCC activitywhen compared to well-characterized ADCC mAbs. The ADCC-mediating Abs also mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI), which provides a net measure of Fc receptor-triggered effects against replicating virus. Two of the three ADCC-mediating Abs targeted a CD4-induced (CD4i) epitope also bound by the mAb C11; the third antibody targeted the N-terminus of V3. Both CD4i Abs identified here demonstrated strong cross-clade breadth with activity against 10 of 11 envelopes tested, including those from clades A, B, C, A/D and C/D, whereas the V3-specific antibody showed more limited breadth. Variants of these CD4i, C11-like mAbs engineered to interrupt binding to FcγRs inhibited a measurable percentage of the donor's ADCC activity starting as early as 189 days post-infection. C11-like antibodies also accounted for between 18–78% of ADCC activity in 9 chronically infected individuals from the same cohort study. Further, the two CD4i Abs originated from unique B cells, suggesting that antibodies targeting this epitope can be commonly produced. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that CD4i, C11-like antibodies develop within the first 6 months of infection and they can arise fromunique B-cell lineages in the same individual. Further, thesemAbsmediate potent plasma IgG-specificADCC breadth and potency and contribute to ADCC activity in other HIV-infected individuals.
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Richard J, Pacheco B, Gohain N, Veillette M, Ding S, Alsahafi N, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Chapleau JP, Coutu M, Jia M, Brassard N, Park J, Courter JR, Melillo B, Martin L, Tremblay C, Hahn BH, Kaufmann DE, Wu X, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Finzi A. Co-receptor Binding Site Antibodies Enable CD4-Mimetics to Expose Conserved Anti-cluster A ADCC Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:208-218. [PMID: 27633463 PMCID: PMC5078604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved a sophisticated strategy to conceal conserved epitopes of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) recognized by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies. These antibodies, which are present in the sera of most HIV-1-infected individuals, preferentially recognize Env in its CD4-bound conformation. Accordingly, recent studies showed that small CD4-mimetics (CD4mc) able to “push” Env into this conformation sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV + sera. Here we test whether CD4mc also expose epitopes recognized by anti-cluster A monoclonal antibodies such as A32, thought to be responsible for the majority of ADCC activity present in HIV + sera and linked to decreased HIV-1 transmission in the RV144 trial. We made the surprising observation that CD4mc are unable to enhance recognition of HIV-1-infected cells by this family of antibodies in the absence of antibodies such as 17b, which binds a highly conserved CD4-induced epitope overlapping the co-receptor binding site (CoRBS). Our results indicate that CD4mc initially open the trimeric Env enough to allow the binding of CoRBS antibodies but not anti-cluster A antibodies. CoRBS antibody binding further opens the trimeric Env, allowing anti-cluster A antibody interaction and sensitization of infected cells to ADCC. Therefore, ADCC responses mediated by cluster A antibodies in HIV-positive sera involve a sequential opening of the Env trimer on the surface of HIV-1-infected cells. The understanding of the conformational changes required to expose these vulnerable Env epitopes might be important in the design of new strategies aimed at fighting HIV-1. CD4-mimetics fail to enhance recognition of infected cells by anti-cluster A antibodies (Abs). Co-receptor binding site Abs in conjunction with CD4-mimetics allow binding of Env by anti-cluster A Abs. Co-receptor binding site Abs help CD4-mimetics sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC.
HIV-1 developed sophisticated strategies to conceal vulnerable epitopes of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) recognized by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies. CD4-mimetics (CD4mc) were shown to sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC induced by HIV + sera. Here we show that this response requires a sequential opening of Env at the surface of HIV-1-infected cells. Co-receptor binding site antibodies, also present in HIV + sera, are required to expose ADCC-mediating epitopes recognized by anti-cluster A antibodies upon CD4mc addition. The understanding of the conformational changes required to expose anti-cluster A epitopes might be important in the design of new strategies aimed at fighting HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | | | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Manxue Jia
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joel R Courter
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139-3583, USA; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Isitman G, Lisovsky I, Tremblay-McLean A, Kovacs C, Harris M, Routy JP, Bruneau J, Wainberg MA, Tremblay C, Bernard NF. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity of Effector Cells from HIV-Infected Elite and Viral Controllers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1079-1088. [PMID: 27499379 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carriage of alleles encoding certain inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptor/HLA ligand KIR3DL1/HLA-B combinations is associated with protection from HIV infection and slow time to AIDS, implicating NK cells in HIV control. NK cells also mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC has been identified as a correlate of protection in secondary analyses of the modestly protective RV144 Thai HIV vaccine trial. In ADCC, HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies (Abs) bridge HIV-infected or gp120-coated target cells and NK cells expressing CD16 receptors for Ab Fc domains. CD16 engagement activates NK cells to secrete cytokines/chemokines, degranulate, deliver granzyme B (GrB) to target cells, and cytolysis. A subset of HIV+ subjects, known as slow progressors (SPs), maintains low-level viremia without treatment. HIV+ SPs versus progressors have higher titers and/or a greater breadth of ADCC-competent Abs. Investigations of the functional capacity of NK effector cells following CD16 engagement in HIV+ subjects are lacking. We used the ADCC-GranToxiLux (ADCC-GTL) assay to assess the frequency of GrB+ (%GrB+) cells generated by effector cells from 37 HIV+ SPs and 15 progressors to gp120-coated CEM.NKr.CCR5 target cells in the presence of anti-Env Abs. Subject groups were stratified according to whether or not they carried educating KIR3DL1/HLA-B combinations able to confer NK cells with functional potential. No differences were observed in %GrB+ target cells generated by effector cells from carriers of educating versus noneducating KIR3DL1/HLA-B pairs. The absence of an effect of NK cell education on this readout may be due to loss of the ability of educated NK cells from SPs to respond to Ab-dependent stimulation and/or the lower frequency of KIR3DL1+ than KIR3DL1- NK cells that coexpress CD16. That KIR/HLA genotypes have minimal impact on interindividual differences in ADCC potency has relevance for therapeutic interventions that target ADCC for HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Isitman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Irene Lisovsky
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marianne Harris
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Hematology, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark A. Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
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Zitsman JS, Alonso-Guallart P, Ovanez C, Kato Y, Rosen JF, Weiner JI, Duran-Struuck R. Distinctive Leukocyte Subpopulations According to Organ Type in Cynomolgus Macaques. Comp Med 2016; 66:308-323. [PMID: 27538862 PMCID: PMC4983173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques (CYNO; Macaca fascicularis) are a well-established NHP model used for studies in immunology. To provide reference values on the baseline cell distributions in the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs (HLO) of these animals, we used flow cytometry to analyze the peripheral blood, bone marrow, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus of a cohort of male, adult, research-naïve, Mauritian CYNO. Our findings demonstrate that several cell distribution patterns differ between CYNO and humans. First, the CD4(+):CD8(+) T-cell ratio is lower in CYNO compared with humans. Second, the peripheral blood of CYNO contains a population of CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells. Third, the CD31 level was elevated in all organs studied, suggesting that CD31 may not be an accurate marker of recent thymic emigrants within the CD4(+) T cells of CYNO. Finally the B-cell population is lower in CYNO compared with humans. In summary, although the majority of immune cell populations are similar between cynomolgus macaques and humans, several important differences should be considered when using CYNO in immunologic studies. Our current findings provide valuable information to not only researchers but also veterinarians working with CYNO at research centers, in zoos, or in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah S Zitsman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paula Alonso-Guallart
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Ovanez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yojiro Kato
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joanna F Rosen
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua I Weiner
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Nef Proteins from HIV-1 Elite Controllers Are Inefficient at Preventing Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2015; 90:2993-3002. [PMID: 26719277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02973-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Impairment of Nef function, including reduced CD4 downregulation, was described in a subset of HIV-1-infected individuals that control viral replication without antiretroviral treatment (elite controllers [EC]). Elimination of HIV-1-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) requires the presence of envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation, raising the possibility that accumulating CD4 at the surface of virus-infected cells in EC could interact with Env and thereby sensitize these cells to ADCC. We observed a significant increase in the exposure of Env epitopes targeted by ADCC-mediating antibodies at the surface of cells expressing Nef isolates from EC; this correlated with enhanced susceptibility to ADCC. Altogether, our results suggest that enhanced susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC may contribute to the EC phenotype. IMPORTANCE Nef clones derived from elite controllers (EC) have been shown to be attenuated for CD4 downregulation; how this contributes to the nonprogressor phenotype of these infected individuals remains uncertain. Increasing evidence supports a role for HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in controlling viral infection and replication. Here, we show that residual CD4 left at the surface of cells expressing Nef proteins isolated from ECs are sufficient to allow Env-CD4 interaction, leading to increased exposure of Env CD4-induced epitopes and increased susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC. Our results suggest that ADCC might be an active immune mechanism in EC that helps to maintain durable suppression of viral replication and low plasma viremia level in this rare subset of infected individuals. Therefore, targeting Nef's ability to downregulate CD4 could render HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to ADCC and thus have therapeutic utility.
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Murira A, Lapierre P, Lamarre A. Evolution of the Humoral Response during HCV Infection: Theories on the Origin of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Implications for Vaccine Design. Adv Immunol 2015; 129:55-107. [PMID: 26791858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, vaccine-induced elicitation of broadly neutralizing (bNt) antibodies (Abs) is gaining traction as a key goal toward the eradication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) pandemic. Previously, the significance of the Ab response against HCV was underappreciated given the prevailing evidence advancing the role of the cellular immune response in clearance and overall control of the infection. However, recent findings have driven growing interest in the humoral arm of the immune response and in particular the role of bNt responses due to their ability to confer protective immunity upon passive transfer in animal models. Nevertheless, the origin and development of bNt Abs is poorly understood and their occurrence is rare as well as delayed with emergence only observed in the chronic phase of infection. In this review, we characterize the interplay between the host immune response and HCV as it progresses from the acute to chronic phase of infection. In addition, we place these events in the context of current hypotheses on the origin of bNt Abs against the HIV-1, whose humoral immune response is better characterized. Based on the increasing significance of the humoral immune response against HCV, characterization of these events may be critical in understanding the development of the bNt responses and, thus, provide strategies toward effective vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armstrong Murira
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells presenting envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 has evolved a sophisticated mechanism to avoid exposure of ADCC-mediating Env epitopes by down-regulating CD4 and by limiting the overall amount of Env at the cell surface. Here we report that small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds induce the CD4-bound conformation of Env, and thereby sensitize cells infected with primary HIV-1 isolates to ADCC mediated by antibodies present in sera, cervicovaginal lavages, and breast milk from HIV-1-infected individuals. Importantly, we identified one CD4 mimetic with the capacity to sensitize endogenously infected ex vivo-amplified primary CD4 T cells to ADCC killing mediated by autologous sera and effector cells. Thus, CD4 mimetics hold the promise of therapeutic utility in preventing and controlling HIV-1 infection.
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Joachim A, Nilsson C, Aboud S, Bakari M, Lyamuya EF, Robb ML, Marovich MA, Earl P, Moss B, Ochsenbauer C, Wahren B, Mhalu F, Sandström E, Biberfeld G, Ferrari G, Polonis VR. Potent functional antibody responses elicited by HIV-I DNA priming and boosting with heterologous HIV-1 recombinant MVA in healthy Tanzanian adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118486. [PMID: 25874723 PMCID: PMC4396991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced HIV antibodies were evaluated in serum samples collected from healthy Tanzanian volunteers participating in a phase I/II placebo-controlled double blind trial using multi-clade, multigene HIV-DNA priming and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (HIV-MVA) virus boosting (HIVIS03). The HIV-DNA vaccine contained plasmids expressing HIV-1 gp160 subtypes A, B, C, Rev B, Gag A, B and RTmut B, and the recombinant HIV-MVA boost expressed CRF01_AE HIV-1 Env subtype E and Gag-Pol subtype A. While no neutralizing antibodies were detected using pseudoviruses in the TZM-bl cell assay, this prime-boost vaccination induced neutralizing antibodies in 83% of HIVIS03 vaccinees when a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) assay using luciferase reporter-infectious molecular clones (LucR-IMC) was employed. The serum neutralizing activity was significantly (but not completely) reduced upon depletion of natural killer (NK) cells from PBMC (p=0.006), indicating a role for antibody-mediated Fcγ-receptor function. High levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies against CRF01_AE and/or subtype B were subsequently demonstrated in 97% of the sera of vaccinees. The magnitude of ADCC-mediating antibodies against CM235 CRF01_AE IMC-infected cells correlated with neutralizing antibodies against CM235 in the IMC/PBMC assay. In conclusion, HIV-DNA priming, followed by two HIV-MVA boosts elicited potent ADCC responses in a high proportion of Tanzanian vaccinees. Our findings highlight the potential of HIV-DNA prime HIV-MVA boost vaccines for induction of functional antibody responses and suggest this vaccine regimen and ADCC studies as potentially important new avenues in HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eligius F. Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- The Military HIV Research Program, The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Marovich
- The Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia Earl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard Moss
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fred Mhalu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eric Sandström
- Venhälsan, Karolinska Institutet at Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- The Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Mengistu M, Ray K, Lewis GK, DeVico AL. Antigenic properties of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 on virions bound to target cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004772. [PMID: 25807494 PMCID: PMC4373872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, undergoes multiple molecular interactions and structural rearrangements during the course of host cell attachment and viral entry, which are being increasingly defined at the atomic level using isolated proteins. In comparison, antigenic markers of these dynamic changes are essentially unknown for single HIV-1 particles bound to target cells. Such markers should indicate how neutralizing and/or non-neutralizing antibodies might interdict infection by either blocking infection or sensitizing host cells for elimination by Fc-mediated effector function. Here we address this deficit by imaging fluorescently labeled CCR5-tropic HIV-1 pseudoviruses using confocal and superresolution microscopy to track the exposure of neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes as they appear on single HIV-1 particles bound to target cells. Epitope exposure was followed under conditions permissive or non-permissive for viral entry to delimit changes associated with virion binding from those associated with post-attachment events. We find that a previously unexpected array of gp120 epitopes is exposed rapidly upon target cell binding. This array comprises both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes, the latter being hidden on free virions yet capable of serving as potent targets for Fc-mediated effector function. Under non-permissive conditions for viral entry, both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitope exposures were relatively static over time for the majority of bound virions. Under entry-permissive conditions, epitope exposure patterns changed over time on subsets of virions that exhibited concurrent variations in virion contents. These studies reveal that bound virions are distinguished by a broad array of both neutralizing and non-neutralizing gp120 epitopes that potentially sensitize a freshly engaged target cell for destruction by Fc-mediated effector function and/or for direct neutralization at a post-binding step. The elucidation of these epitope exposure patterns during viral entry will help clarify antibody-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 as it is measured in vitro and in vivo. A major strategy for blocking HIV-1 infection is to target antiviral antibodies or drugs to sites of vulnerability on the surface proteins of the virus. It is a relatively straightforward matter to explore these sites on the surfaces of free HIV-1 particles or on isolated viral envelope antigens. However, one difficulty presented by HIV-1 is that its surface proteins are flexible and change shape once the virus has attached to its host cell. To date, it has been difficult to predict how cell-bound HIV-1 exposes its sites of vulnerability. Yet the antiviral activities of certain antibodies indirectly suggest that there must be unique sites on cell-bound HIV-1 that are not found on free virus. Here, we use new techniques and tools to determine how HIV-1 exposes unique sites of vulnerability after attaching to host cells. We find that the virus exposes a remarkable array of these sites, including ones previously believed hidden. These exposure patterns explain the antiviral activities of various anti-HIV-1 antibodies and provide a new view of how HIV-1 might interact with the immune system. Our study also provides insights for how to target HIV-1 with antiviral antibodies, vaccines, or antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meron Mengistu
- The Institute of Human Virology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ALD)
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George K. Lewis
- The Institute of Human Virology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- The Institute of Human Virology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ALD)
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Balance of cellular and humoral immunity determines the level of protection by HIV vaccines in rhesus macaque models of HIV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E992-9. [PMID: 25681373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423669112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A guiding principle for HIV vaccine design has been that cellular and humoral immunity work together to provide the strongest degree of efficacy. However, three efficacy trials of Ad5-vectored HIV vaccines showed no protection. Transmission was increased in two of the trials, suggesting that this vaccine strategy elicited CD4+ T-cell responses that provide more targets for infection, attenuating protection or increasing transmission. The degree to which this problem extends to other HIV vaccine candidates is not known. Here, we show that a gp120-CD4 chimeric subunit protein vaccine (full-length single chain) elicits heterologous protection against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) acquisition in three independent rhesus macaque repeated low-dose rectal challenge studies with SHIV162P3 or SIVmac251. Protection against acquisition was observed with multiple formulations and challenges. In each study, protection correlated with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity specific for CD4-induced epitopes, provided that the concurrent antivaccine T-cell responses were minimal. Protection was lost in instances when T-cell responses were high or when the requisite antibody titers had declined. Our studies suggest that balance between a protective antibody response and antigen-specific T-cell activation is the critical element to vaccine-mediated protection against HIV. Achieving and sustaining such a balance, while enhancing antibody durability, is the major challenge for HIV vaccine development, regardless of the immunogen or vaccine formulation.
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The HIV-1 gp120 CD4-bound conformation is preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. J Virol 2014; 89:545-51. [PMID: 25339767 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02868-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies have linked antibody Fc-mediated effector functions with protection or control of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency (SIV) infections. Interestingly, the presence of antibodies with potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in the Thai RV144 vaccine trial was suggested to correlate with decreased HIV-1 acquisition risk. These antibodies recently were found to recognize HIV envelope (Env) epitopes exposed upon Env-CD4 interaction. CD4 downregulation by Nef and Vpu, as well as Vpu-mediated BST-2 antagonism, were reported to modulate exposure of those CD4-induced HIV-1 Env epitopes and were proposed to play a role in reducing the susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC mediated by this class of antibodies. Here, we report the high prevalence of antibodies recognizing CD4-induced HIV-1 Env epitopes in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals, which correlated with their ability to mediate ADCC responses against HIV-1-infected cells, exposing these Env epitopes at the cell surface. Furthermore, our results indicate that Env variable regions V1, V2, V3, and V5 do not represent a major determinant for ADCC responses mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. Altogether, these findings suggest that HIV-1 tightly controls the exposure of certain Env epitopes at the surface of infected cells in order to prevent elimination by Fc-effector functions. IMPORTANCE Here, we identified a particular conformation of HIV-1 Env that is specifically targeted by ADCC-mediating antibodies present in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. This observation suggests that HIV-1 developed sophisticated mechanisms to minimize the exposure of these epitopes at the surface of infected cells.
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Halper-Stromberg A, Lu CL, Klein F, Horwitz JA, Bournazos S, Nogueira L, Eisenreich TR, Liu C, Gazumyan A, Schaefer U, Furze RC, Seaman MS, Prinjha R, Tarakhovsky A, Ravetch JV, Nussenzweig MC. Broadly neutralizing antibodies and viral inducers decrease rebound from HIV-1 latent reservoirs in humanized mice. Cell 2014; 158:989-999. [PMID: 25131989 PMCID: PMC4163911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Latent reservoirs of HIV-1-infected cells are refractory to antiretroviral therapies (ART) and remain the major barrier to curing HIV-1. Because latently infected cells are long-lived, immunologically invisible, and may undergo homeostatic proliferation, a "shock and kill" approach has been proposed to eradicate this reservoir by combining ART with inducers of viral transcription. However, all attempts to alter the HIV-1 reservoir in vivo have failed to date. Using humanized mice, we show that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) can interfere with establishment of a silent reservoir by Fc-FcR-mediated mechanisms. In established infection, bNAbs or bNAbs plus single inducers are ineffective in preventing viral rebound. However, bNAbs plus a combination of inducers that act by independent mechanisms synergize to decrease the reservoir as measured by viral rebound. Thus, combinations of inducers and bNAbs constitute a therapeutic strategy that impacts the establishment and maintenance of the HIV-1 reservoir in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas R Eisenreich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cassie Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Uwe Schaefer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rebecca C Furze
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Rab Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alexander Tarakhovsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Lewis GK. Role of Fc-mediated antibody function in protective immunity against HIV-1. Immunology 2014; 142:46-57. [PMID: 24843871 PMCID: PMC3992047 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Fc-mediated effector function in protective immunity to HIV-1 (hereafter referred to simply as HIV) is becoming increasingly apparent. A large of number of studies in natural infection cohorts, spanning the last 26 years, have associated Fc-mediated effector function, particularly antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, with a favourable clinical course. These studies strongly suggest a role for Fc-mediated effector function in the post-infection control of viraemia. More recently, studies in both humans and non-human primates (NHPs) also implicate Fc-mediated effector function in blocking HIV acquisition. Accordingly, this review will discuss the results supporting a role of Fc-mediated effector function in both blocking acquisition and post-infection control of viraemia. Parallel studies in NHPs and humans will be compared for common themes. Context for this discussion will be provided by summarizing the temporal emergence of key host and virological events over the course of an untreated HIV infection framing where, when and how Fc-mediated effector function might be protective. A hypothesis that Fc-mediated effector function protects primarily in the early stages of both acquisition and post-infection control of viraemia will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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42
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Esparza J. Solid vaccine protection against SIV in rhesus monkeys provides proof-of-concept for further evaluation of a novel HIV vaccine approach in humans. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:539-42. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mata MM, Iwema JR, Dell S, Neems L, Jamieson BD, Phair J, Cohen MH, Anastos K, Baum LL. Comparison of antibodies that mediate HIV type 1 gp120 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in asymptomatic HIV type 1-positive men and women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:50-7. [PMID: 23972002 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that HIV-specific antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies contribute to protective immunity against HIV. An important characteristic of future HIV vaccines will, therefore, be the ability to stimulate production of these antibodies in both men and women. Early studies suggest that men may have a better ADCC antibody response against HIV than women. Our objective was to determine whether men and women differ with respect to their ADCC response to HIV-1 gp120. HIV-positive, asymptomatic untreated men and women were matched for race, age, CD4(+) T cell number, HIV-1 viral load, and treatment and HIV-1 gp120 ADCC antibody titers were compared. A standard (51)Cr-release assay was used to determine HIV-1 gp120 ADCC antibody titers in HIV-1-seropositive individuals from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS; n=32) and the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS; n=32). Both sexes had high ADCC titers against HIV-1 gp120: 34.4% (n=11) and 40.6% (n=13) of men and women, respectively, had titers of 10,000; 62.5% (n=20) and 56.3% (n=18) had titers of 100,000. Groups did not differ in percent specific release (% SR), lytic units (LU), correlations of titer to viral load, or titer to CD4(+) T cells in men or women. Both groups also had similar cross-clade ADCC antibody responses (p>0.5 for % SR and LU). Comparable groups of asymptomatic HIV-1-infected men and women had comparable HIV-1 gp120 ADCC antibodies. Both sexes had significant cross-clade reactivity. Differences between men and women may become evident as disease progresses; this should be evaluated at later stages of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Mata
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joyce R. Iwema
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Leslie Neems
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Phair
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mardge H. Cohen
- Departments of Medicine, Stroger (formerly Cook County) Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Linda L. Baum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Reeves RK, Bosinger SE. Innate Immunity in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. NATURAL HOSTS OF SIV 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149674 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404734-1.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of innate immunity as a mature field. The study of innate immunity has had a significant impact on the concepts of HIV immunity, pathogenesis, and vaccines. In this chapter, basic concepts of innate immunity at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels will be introduced from the perspective of their interplay with HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). An emphasis will be placed on studies using SIV/non-human primate (NHP) models that shape current models of HIV pathogenesis. Finally, studies modulating the innate system in vivo in NHPs will be discussed.
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Immunopathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2013; 8:273-9. [PMID: 23615117 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328361cf5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Soon after the discovery of HIV-infected humans, rhesus macaques in a colony at the New England Primate Research Center showed similar signs of a progressive immune suppression. The discovery of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated disease opened the door to study an AIDS-like illness in nonhuman primates (NHP). Even after 3 decades, this animal model remains an invaluable tool to provide a greater insight into HIV immunopathogenesis. In this review, recent progress in deciphering pathways of immunopathogenesis in SIV-infected NHP is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The immense diversity of mutations in SIV stocks prepared at different laboratories has recently been realized. The massive expansion of the enteric virome is a key finding in SIV-induced immunopathogenesis. Defining the function of host restriction factors, like the recently discovered SAMHD1, helps to evaluate the impact of the innate immune responses on virus replication. Utilization of pyrosequencing and defining molecular mechanisms of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restriction helps to understand how the virus evades CD8 T-cell responses. The definition of MHC class I molecules in different NHP species provides new animal models to study SIV immunopathogenesis. T follicular helper cells have gained major interest in characterizing humoral immune responses in SIV infection and AIDS vaccine strategies. The ability of natural hosts to remain disease-free despite ongoing replication of SIV is continuing to puzzle the field. SUMMARY The HIV research field continues to realize the immense complexity of the host virus interaction. NHP present an invaluable tool to make progress towards an effective AIDS vaccine.
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Interaction with cellular CD4 exposes HIV-1 envelope epitopes targeted by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Virol 2013; 88:2633-44. [PMID: 24352444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03230-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anti-HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) antibodies without broadly neutralizing activity correlated with protection in the RV144 clinical trial, stimulating interest in other protective mechanisms involving antibodies, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Env epitopes targeted by many antibodies effective at mediating ADCC are poorly exposed on the unliganded Env trimer. Here we investigated the mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env and showed that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1-infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. Env capacity to transit to the CD4-bound conformation is required for ADCC epitope exposure. Importantly, cell surface CD4 downregulation by Nef and Vpu accessory proteins and Vpu-mediated BST-2 antagonism modulate exposure of ADCC-mediating epitopes and reduce the susceptibility of infected cells to this effector function in vitro. Significantly, Env conformational changes induced by cell surface CD4 are conserved among Env from HIV-1 and HIV-2/SIVmac lineages. Altogether, our observations describe a highly conserved mechanism required to expose ADCC epitopes that might help explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4 by the HIV-1 Vpu and Nef proteins. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 envelope epitopes targeted by many antibodies effective at mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) are poorly exposed on the unliganded envelope trimer. Here we investigated the mechanism of exposure of these epitopes and found that envelope interaction with the HIV-1 CD4 receptor is required to expose some of these epitopes. Moreover, our results suggest that HIV-1 CD4 downregulation might help avoid the killing of HIV-1-infected cells by this immune mechanism.
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Asmal M, Letvin NL, Geiben-Lynn R. Natural Killer cell-dependent and non-dependent anti-viral activity of 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin against HIV. INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN IMMUNITY 2013; 1:69-77. [PMID: 24244928 PMCID: PMC3826819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2-cys peroxiredoxins (Prx), a group of anti-oxidative enzyme proteins, act directly on virally-infected cells to inhibit HIV-1 replication, and indirectly through destruction of HIV infected cells by stimulation of Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated immune responses. We assayed for antibody-dependent NK cell mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI) using plasma from SIV-infected rhesus macaques. We found that Prx-1 strongly increased ADCVI in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting augmentation of NK cell killing. We also investigated the effect of Prx-1 on NK cell-independent HIV-1 and HIV-2 inhibition. We found that primary HIV isolates were potently inhibited at nM concentrations, regardless of viral clade, receptor usage or anti-retroviral drug resistance. During NK cell independent inhibition, we found that Prx-1 reversed the HIV-1 induced gene expression of Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha (cystolic), class A member 2, (HSP90), a protein of the stress pathway. Prx-1 highly activated Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B), a gene of the TGF-β pathway, and Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 2 (Birc-2), an anti-apoptotic gene of the NF-κB pathway. We identified gene-expression networks highly dependent on the NFκB and ERK1/2 pathways. Our findings demonstrate that Prx-1 inhibits HIV replication through NK cell-dependent and NK cell-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Geiben-Lynn
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Comparative efficiency of HIV-1-infected T cell killing by NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74858. [PMID: 24040353 PMCID: PMC3769266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infected cells are eliminated in infected individuals by a variety of cellular mechanisms, the best characterized of which are cytotoxic T cell and NK cell-mediated killing. An additional antiviral mechanism is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Here we use primary CD4(+) T cells infected with the BaL clone of HIV-1 as target cells and autologous NK cells, monocytes, and neutrophils as effector cells, to quantify the cytotoxicity mediated by the different effectors. This was carried out in the presence or absence of HIV-1-specific antiserum to assess antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. We show that at the same effector to target ratio, NK cells and monocytes mediate similar levels of both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent killing of HIV-1-infected T cells. Neutrophils mediated significant antibody-dependent killing of targets, but were less effective than monocytes or NK cells. These data have implications for acquisition and control of HIV-1 in natural infection and in the context of vaccination.
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Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Robert-Guroff M. Fc receptor-mediated immune responses: new tools but increased complexity in HIV prevention. Curr HIV Res 2013; 11:407-20. [PMID: 24191937 PMCID: PMC6288814 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x113116660063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The modest success of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in Thailand and the ensuing suggestion that a Fc-receptormediated antibody activity might have played a role in the protection observed have intensified investigations on Fcrelated immune responses. HIV neutralizing antibodies have been and continue to be the focal point of research into humoral immune protection. However, recent knowledge that their protective efficacy can be augmented by Fc-FcR interactions has increased the complexity of identifying immune correlates of protection. If anything, continued studies of both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms point to the lack of a single protective anti-HIV immune response. Here we focus on humoral immunity, analyzing the role played by Fc receptor-related responses and discussing how new knowledge of their interactions requires further investigation, but may also spur novel vaccination approaches. We initially address classical Fc-receptor mediated anti-viral mechanisms including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), as well as the effector cells that mediate these functions. Next, we summarize key aspects of FcR-Fc interactions that are important for potential control of HIV/SIV such as FcR polymorphisms and post-transcriptional modifications. Finally we discuss less commonly studied non-mechanistic anti-HIV immune functions: antibody avidity and envelopespecific B cell memory. Overall, a spectrum of immune responses, reflecting the immune system's redundancy, will likely be needed to prevent HIV infection and/or disease progression. Aside from elicitation of critical immune mechanisms, a successful vaccine will need to induce mature B cell responses and long-lasting immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Building 41, Room D804, Bethesda, MD 20192-5065, USA.
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Moseri A, Tantry S, Ding FX, Naider F, Anglister J. Synergism between a CD4-mimic peptide and antibodies elicited by a constrained V3 peptide. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:718-24. [PMID: 23176398 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the different mechanisms HIV-1 has evolved to escape from a neutralizing antibody response it has been extremely challenging to develop an effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. The V3 region of the gp120 HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein has been considered as one of the possible targets for an anti-HIV vaccine. It is well known that the V3 region of gp120 is at least partially masked in circulating strains and becomes exposed only after CD4 binding. However, when the virus is bound to surface CD4, steric hindrance prevents effective neutralization by V3-directed antibodies. Here we have used a 27-residue CD4-mimetic peptide in combination with immune sera elicited by an optimally constrained V3 peptide to enhance neutralization of a panel of clade B viruses. We observed strong synergism between the immune sera and the CD4-mimetic in the neutralization of tier 1 and a representative tier 2 clade B virus suggesting that the constrained V3 peptide immunogen correctly mimics the V3 conformation even in tier 2 clade B viruses. This synergy should improve the potential of CD4-mimetic compounds for preexposure prophylaxis and in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients who usually manifest high titers of V3-directed antibodies. Moreover, constrained V3 immunogens elicit immune sera that may neutralize HIV in synergy with CD4 binding site antibodies that expose V3 and the coreceptor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Moseri
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Subramanyam Tantry
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York
| | - Fa-Xiang Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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