1
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Nettere D, Unnithan S, Rodgers N, Nohara J, Cray P, Berry M, Jones C, Armand L, Li SH, Berendam SJ, Fouda GG, Cain DW, Spence TN, Granek JA, Davenport CA, Edwards RJ, Wiehe K, Van Rompay KKA, Moody MA, Permar SR, Pollara J. Conjugation of HIV-1 envelope to hepatitis B surface antigen alters vaccine responses in rhesus macaques. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:183. [PMID: 38001122 PMCID: PMC10673864 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a critical unmet need for ending the AIDS epidemic. Vaccine trials conducted to date have suggested the need to increase the durability and functionality of vaccine-elicited antibodies to improve efficacy. We hypothesized that a conjugate vaccine based on the learned response to immunization with hepatitis B virus could be utilized to expand T cell help and improve antibody production against HIV-1. To test this, we developed an innovative conjugate vaccine regimen that used a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) co-expressing HIV-1 envelope (Env) and the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) as a prime, followed by two Env-HBsAg conjugate protein boosts. We compared the immunogenicity of this conjugate regimen to matched HIV-1 Env-only vaccines in two groups of 5 juvenile rhesus macaques previously immunized with hepatitis B vaccines in infancy. We found expansion of both HIV-1 and HBsAg-specific circulating T follicular helper cells and elevated serum levels of CXCL13, a marker for germinal center activity, after boosting with HBsAg-Env conjugate antigens in comparison to Env alone. The conjugate vaccine elicited higher levels of antibodies binding to select HIV Env antigens, but we did not observe significant improvement in antibody functionality, durability, maturation, or B cell clonal expansion. These data suggests that conjugate vaccination can engage both HIV-1 Env and HBsAg specific T cell help and modify antibody responses at early time points, but more research is needed to understand how to leverage this strategy to improve the durability and efficacy of next-generation HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Nettere
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shakthi Unnithan
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Rodgers
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Junsuke Nohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Cray
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Madison Berry
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence Armand
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuk Hang Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stella J Berendam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- GSK Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Genevieve G Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor N Spence
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua A Granek
- Quantitative Sciences Core, Duke University Center for AIDS Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Clemontina A Davenport
- Quantitative Sciences Core, Duke University Center for AIDS Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Basu M, Fucile C, Piepenbrink MS, Bunce CA, Man LX, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ. Mixed Origins: HIV gp120-Specific Memory Develops from Pre-Existing Memory and Naive B Cells Following Vaccination in Humans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 39:350-366. [PMID: 36762930 PMCID: PMC10398743 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most potent and broad HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies often when reverted to their inferred germline versions representing the naive B cell receptor, fail to bind Env, suggesting that the initial responding B cell population not only exclusively comprises a naive population, but also a pre-existing cross-reactive antigen-experienced B cell pool that expands following Env exposure. Previously we isolated gp120-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from participants in HVTN 105, an HIV vaccine trial. Using deep sequencing, focused on immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM, VH-lineage tracking, we identified four of these mAb lineages in pre-immune peripheral blood. We also looked through the ∼7 month postvaccination bone marrow, and interestingly, several of these lineages that were found in prevaccination blood were still persistent in the postvaccination bone marrow, including the CD138+ long-lived plasma cell compartment. The majority of the pre-immune lineage members included IgM, however, IgG and IgA members were also prevalent and exhibited somatic hypermutation. These results suggest that vaccine-induced gp120-specific antibody lineages originate from both naive and cross-reactive memory B cells. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02207920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhubanti Basu
- Infectious Diseases Division and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christopher Fucile
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Infectious Diseases Division and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Catherine A. Bunce
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Li-Xing Man
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jane Liesveld
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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3
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Kuraoka M, Curtis NC, Watanabe A, Tanno H, Shin S, Ye K, Macdonald E, Lavidor O, Kong S, Von Holle T, Windsor I, Ippolito GC, Georgiou G, Walter EB, Kelsoe G, Harrison SC, Moody MA, Bajic G, Lee J. Infant Antibody Repertoires during the First Two Years of Influenza Vaccination. mBio 2022; 13:e0254622. [PMID: 36314798 PMCID: PMC9765176 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02546-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The first encounter with influenza virus biases later immune responses. This "immune imprinting," formerly from infection within a few years of birth, is in the United States now largely from immunization with a quadrivalent, split vaccine (IIV4 [quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine]). In a pilot study of IIV4 imprinting, we used single-cell cultures, next-generation sequencing, and plasma antibody proteomics to characterize the primary antibody responses to influenza in two infants during their first 2 years of seasonal influenza vaccination. One infant, who received only a single vaccination in year 1, contracted an influenza B virus (IBV) infection between the 2 years, allowing us to compare imprinting by infection and vaccination. That infant had a shift in hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive B cell specificity from largely influenza A virus (IAV) specific in year 1 to IBV specific in year 2, both before and after the year 2 vaccination. HA-reactive B cells from the other infant maintained a more evenly distributed specificity. In year 2, class-switched HA-specific B cell IGHV somatic hypermutation (SHM) levels reached the average levels seen in adults. The HA-reactive plasma antibody repertoires of both infants comprised a relatively small number of antibody clonotypes, with one or two very abundant clonotypes. Thus, after the year 2 boost, both infants had overall B cell profiles that resembled those of adult controls. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus is a moving target for the immune system. Variants emerge that escape protection from antibodies elicited by a previously circulating variant ("antigenic drift"). The immune system usually responds to a drifted influenza virus by mutating existing antibodies rather than by producing entirely new ones. Thus, immune memory of the earliest influenza virus exposure has a major influence on later responses to infection or vaccination ("immune imprinting"). In the many studies of influenza immunity in adult subjects, imprinting has been from an early infection, since only in the past 2 decades have infants received influenza immunizations. The work reported in this paper is a pilot study of imprinting by the flu vaccine in two infants, who received the vaccine before experiencing an influenza virus infection. The results suggest that a quadrivalent (four-subtype) vaccine may provide an immune imprint less dominated by one subtype than does a monovalent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Curtis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hidetaka Tanno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Seungmin Shin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kevin Ye
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Lavidor
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian Windsor
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory C. Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuel B. Walter
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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4
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Structural characterization of protective non-neutralizing antibodies targeting Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7298. [PMID: 36435827 PMCID: PMC9701186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) causes a life-threatening disease with up to a 40% mortality rate. With no approved medical countermeasures, CCHFV is considered a public health priority agent. The non-neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) 13G8 targets CCHFV glycoprotein GP38 and protects mice from lethal CCHFV challenge when administered prophylactically or therapeutically. Here, we reveal the structures of GP38 bound with a human chimeric 13G8 mAb and a newly isolated CC5-17 mAb from a human survivor. These mAbs bind overlapping epitopes with a shifted angle. The broad-spectrum potential of c13G8 and CC5-17 and the practicality of using them against Aigai virus, a closely related nairovirus were examined. Binding studies demonstrate that the presence of non-conserved amino acids in Aigai virus corresponding region prevent CCHFV mAbs from binding Aigai virus GP38. This information, coupled with in vivo efficacy, paves the way for future mAb therapeutics effective against a wide swath of CCHFV strains.
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5
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Roark RS, Li H, Williams WB, Chug H, Mason RD, Gorman J, Wang S, Lee FH, Rando J, Bonsignori M, Hwang KK, Saunders KO, Wiehe K, Moody MA, Hraber PT, Wagh K, Giorgi EE, Russell RM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Liu W, Connell J, Smith AG, DeVoto J, Murphy AI, Smith J, Ding W, Zhao C, Chohan N, Okumura M, Rosario C, Ding Y, Lindemuth E, Bauer AM, Bar KJ, Ambrozak D, Chao CW, Chuang GY, Geng H, Lin BC, Louder MK, Nguyen R, Zhang B, Lewis MG, Raymond DD, Doria-Rose NA, Schramm CA, Douek DC, Roederer M, Kepler TB, Kelsoe G, Mascola JR, Kwong PD, Korber BT, Harrison SC, Haynes BF, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-antibody coevolution in macaques leading to neutralization breadth. Science 2021; 371:eabd2638. [PMID: 33214287 PMCID: PMC8040783 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies elicited by HIV-1 coevolve with viral envelope proteins (Env) in distinctive patterns, in some cases acquiring substantial breadth. We report that primary HIV-1 envelope proteins-when expressed by simian-human immunodeficiency viruses in rhesus macaques-elicited patterns of Env-antibody coevolution very similar to those in humans, including conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. The structure of one rhesus antibody, capable of neutralizing 49% of a 208-strain panel, revealed a V2 apex mode of recognition like that of human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) PGT145 and PCT64-35S. Another rhesus antibody bound the CD4 binding site by CD4 mimicry, mirroring human bNAbs 8ANC131, CH235, and VRC01. Virus-antibody coevolution in macaques can thus recapitulate developmental features of human bNAbs, thereby guiding HIV-1 immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Roark
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hema Chug
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliette Rando
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peter T Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jesse Connell
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew G Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia DeVoto
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander I Murphy
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenge Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chengyan Zhao
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Neha Chohan
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maho Okumura
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina Rosario
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anya M Bauer
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cara W Chao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Donald D Raymond
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Moyo T, Kitchin D, Moore PL. Targeting the N332-supersite of the HIV-1 envelope for vaccine design. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:499-509. [PMID: 32340497 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1752183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that are able to target diverse global viruses are widely believed to be crucial for an HIV-1 vaccine. Several conserved targets recognized by these antibodies have been identified on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. One such target that shows particular promise for vaccination is the N332-supersite.Areas covered: This review describes the potential of the N332-supersite epitope as an immunogen design platform. We discuss the structure of the epitope and the bNAbs that target it, emphasizing their diverse modes of binding. Furthermore, the successes and limitations of recent N332-supersite immunization studies are discussed.Expert opinion: During HIV-1 infection, some of the broadest and most potent bNAbs target the N332-supersite. Furthermore, some of these antibodies require less affinity maturation than the high levels typical of many bNAbs, making these potentially more achievable vaccine targets. In addition, bNAbs bind this epitope with multiple angles of approach and glycan dependencies, perhaps increasing the probability of eliciting such responses by vaccination. Animal studies have shown that N332-supersite bNAb precursors can be activated by novel immunogens. While follow-up studies must establish whether boosting strategies can drive the maturation of bNAbs from these precursors, the development of targeted N332-supersite immunogens expands our arsenal of potential HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandeka Moyo
- Centre for HIV-1 and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dale Kitchin
- Centre for HIV-1 and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV-1 and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Aldon Y, McKay PF, Allen J, Ozorowski G, Felfödiné Lévai R, Tolazzi M, Rogers P, He L, de Val N, Fábián K, Scarlatti G, Zhu J, Ward AB, Crispin M, Shattock RJ. Rational Design of DNA-Expressed Stabilized Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3324-3338.e5. [PMID: 30232012 PMCID: PMC6167709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1-envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the main target of antigen design for antibody-based prophylactic vaccines. The generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) likely requires the appropriate presentation of stabilized trimers preventing exposure of non-neutralizing antibody (nNAb) epitopes. We designed a series of membrane-bound Envs with increased trimer stability through the introduction of key stabilization mutations. We derived a stabilized HIV-1 trimer, ConSOSL.UFO.750, which displays a dramatic reduction in nNAb binding while maintaining high quaternary and MPER-specific bNAb binding. Its soluble counterpart, ConSOSL.UFO.664, displays similar antigenicity, and its native-like Env structure is confirmed by negative stain-EM and glycosylation profiling of the soluble ConSOSL.UFO.664 trimer. A rabbit immunization study demonstrated that the ConSOSL.UFO.664 can induce autologous tier 2 neutralization. We have successfully designed a stabilized native-like Env trimer amenable to nucleic acid or viral vector-based vaccination strategies. DNA-expressed closed pre-fusion native-like Env with preserved MPER exposure Env antigenicity varies across cell types and assays Muscle cells present properly folded and glycosylated membrane-bound Envs Fully glycosylated ConSOSL.UFO.664 induces autologous tier 2 neutralization
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joel Allen
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Réka Felfödiné Lévai
- Department of Immunology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Rogers
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katalin Fábián
- Department of Immunology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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8
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Boonyaratanakornkit J, Taylor JJ. Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1694. [PMID: 31396218 PMCID: PMC6667631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. Since the experimental delineation of a distinct B cell lineage in 1965, various methods have been developed to understand antigen-specific B cell responses in the context of autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiencies, infection, and vaccination. In this review, we summarize the established techniques and discuss new and emerging technologies for probing the B cell response in vitro and in vivo by taking advantage of the specificity of B cell receptor (BCR)-associated and secreted antibodies. These include ELISPOT, flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy to identify and/or isolate primary antigen-specific B cells. We also present our approach to identify rare antigen-specific B cells using magnetic enrichment followed by flow cytometry. Once these cells are isolated, in vitro proliferation assays and adoptive transfer experiments in mice can be used to further characterize antigen-specific B cell activation, function, and fate. Transgenic mouse models of B cells targeting model antigens and of B cell signaling have also significantly advanced our understanding of antigen-specific B cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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9
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Simonich CA, Doepker L, Ralph D, Williams JA, Dhar A, Yaffe Z, Gentles L, Small CT, Oliver B, Vigdorovich V, Mangala Prasad V, Nduati R, Sather DN, Lee KK, Matsen Iv FA, Overbaugh J. Kappa chain maturation helps drive rapid development of an infant HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody lineage. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2190. [PMID: 31097697 PMCID: PMC6522554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected infants develop broadly neutralizing plasma responses with more rapid kinetics than adults, suggesting the ontogeny of infant responses could better inform a path to achievable vaccine targets. Here we reconstruct the developmental lineage of BF520.1, an infant-derived HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb), using computational methods developed specifically for this purpose. We find that the BF520.1 inferred naive precursor binds HIV Env. We also show that heterologous cross-clade neutralizing activity evolved in the infant within six months of infection and that, ultimately, only 2% SHM is needed to achieve the full breadth of the mature antibody. Mutagenesis and structural analyses reveal that, for this infant bnAb, substitutions in the kappa chain were critical for activity, particularly in CDRL1. Overall, the developmental pathway of this infant antibody includes features distinct from adult antibodies, including several that may be amenable to better vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A Simonich
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Laura Doepker
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Duncan Ralph
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - James A Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amrit Dhar
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zak Yaffe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Gentles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Christopher T Small
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Brian Oliver
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Frederick A Matsen Iv
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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10
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Bridging Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Neutralizing and Effector Antibody Responses in Rabbit and Rhesus Macaque Animal Models. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02119-18. [PMID: 30842326 PMCID: PMC6498063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02119-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonneutralizing antibody functions have been associated with reduced infection risk, or control of virus replication, for HIV-1 and related viruses. It is therefore critical to evaluate development of these responses throughout all stages of preclinical testing. Rabbits are conventionally used to evaluate the ability of vaccine candidates to safely elicit antibodies that bind and neutralize HIV-1. However, it remained unexplored how effectively rabbits model the development of nonneutralizing antibody responses in primates. We administered identical HIV-1 vaccine regimens to rabbits and rhesus macaques and performed detailed comparisons of vaccine-induced antibody responses. We demonstrated that nonneutralizing HIV-specific antibody responses can be studied in the rabbit model and have identified aspects of these responses that are common, and those that are unique, to rabbits and rhesus macaques. Our findings will help determine how to best utilize preclinical rabbit and rhesus macaque models to accelerate HIV vaccine candidate testing in human trials. Studies in animal models are essential prerequisites for clinical trials of candidate HIV vaccines. Small animals, such as rabbits, are used to evaluate promising strategies prior to further immunogenicity and efficacy testing in nonhuman primates. Our goal was to determine how HIV-specific vaccine-elicited antibody responses, epitope specificity, and Fc-mediated functions in the rabbit model can predict those in the rhesus macaque (RM) model. Detailed comparisons of the HIV-1-specific IgG response were performed on serum from rabbits and RM given identical modified vaccinia virus Ankara-prime/gp120-boost immunization regimens. We found that vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody, gp120-binding antibody levels and immunodominant specificities, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of HIV-1 virions, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses against gp120-coated target cells were similar in rabbits and RM. However, we also identified characteristics of humoral immunity that differed across species. ADCC against HIV-infected target cells was elicited in rabbits but not in RM, and we observed differences among subdominantly targeted epitopes. Human Fc receptor binding assays and analysis of antibody-cell interactions indicated that rabbit vaccine-induced antibodies effectively recruited and activated human natural killer cells, while vaccine-elicited RM antibodies were unable to activate either human or RM NK cells. Thus, our data demonstrate that both Fc-independent and Fc-dependent functions of rabbit antibodies can be measured with commonly used in vitro assays; however, the ability of immunogenicity studies performed in rabbits to predict responses in RM will vary depending on the particular immune parameter of interest. IMPORTANCE Nonneutralizing antibody functions have been associated with reduced infection risk, or control of virus replication, for HIV-1 and related viruses. It is therefore critical to evaluate development of these responses throughout all stages of preclinical testing. Rabbits are conventionally used to evaluate the ability of vaccine candidates to safely elicit antibodies that bind and neutralize HIV-1. However, it remained unexplored how effectively rabbits model the development of nonneutralizing antibody responses in primates. We administered identical HIV-1 vaccine regimens to rabbits and rhesus macaques and performed detailed comparisons of vaccine-induced antibody responses. We demonstrated that nonneutralizing HIV-specific antibody responses can be studied in the rabbit model and have identified aspects of these responses that are common, and those that are unique, to rabbits and rhesus macaques. Our findings will help determine how to best utilize preclinical rabbit and rhesus macaque models to accelerate HIV vaccine candidate testing in human trials.
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11
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Lessons for general vaccinology research from attempts to develop an HIV vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:3400-3408. [PMID: 30979571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past when large investments have been made in tackling narrow scientific challenges, the enormous expansion in our knowledge in one small area has had a spill-over effect on research and treatment of other diseases. The large investment in HIV vaccine development in recent years has the potential for such an effect on vaccine development for other diseases. HIV vaccine developers have experienced repeated failure using the standard approaches to vaccine development. This has forced them to consider immune responses in greater depth and detail. It has led to a recognition of the importance of epitopic specificity in both antibody and T cell responses. Also, it has led to an understanding of the importance of affinity maturation in antibody responses and the quality of T cell responses in T cell-mediated immunity. It has advanced the development of many novel vaccine vectors and vehicles that are now available for use in other vaccines. Further, it has focused attention on the impact of research funding mechanisms and community engagement on vaccine development. These developments and considerations have implications for vaccinology more generally. Some suggestions are made for investigators working on other "hard-to-develop" vaccines.
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12
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Longitudinal Analysis Reveals Early Development of Three MPER-Directed Neutralizing Antibody Lineages from an HIV-1-Infected Individual. Immunity 2019; 50:677-691.e13. [PMID: 30876875 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lineage-based vaccine design is an attractive approach for eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1. However, most bNAb lineages studied to date have features indicative of unusual recombination and/or development. From an individual in the prospective RV217 cohort, we identified three lineages of bNAbs targeting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 envelope. Antibodies RV217-VRC42.01, -VRC43.01, and -VRC46.01 used distinct modes of recognition and neutralized 96%, 62%, and 30%, respectively, of a 208-strain virus panel. All three lineages had modest levels of somatic hypermutation and normal antibody-loop lengths and were initiated by the founder virus MPER. The broadest lineage, VRC42, was similar to the known bNAb 4E10. A multimeric immunogen based on the founder MPER activated B cells bearing the unmutated common ancestor of VRC42, with modest maturation of early VRC42 intermediates imparting neutralization breadth. These features suggest that VRC42 may be a promising template for lineage-based vaccine design.
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13
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Heger E, Schuetz A, Vasan S. HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials: RV144 and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1075:3-30. [PMID: 30030787 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis, microbicides, and other preventive strategies, a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection remains desperately needed. Development of an effective vaccine is challenged by several immunologic features of HIV-1 evidenced by the failure of five of the six HIV-1 candidate vaccine efficacy trials to date. This chapter reviews these efficacy trials with a focus on the Phase 3 RV144 trial in Thailand, the only HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial to show a moderate protective effect of 31% with respect to placebo administration. Although modest, this protection has allowed for the study of potential immunologic correlates of protection to improve development of future HIV-1 pox-protein and other vaccine strategies. Trials in Thailand and South Africa have built upon the RV144 framework to provide additional immunologic insights which enable current and future efficacy testing of related vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heger
- US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Yuan L, Chen WJ, Wang JY, Li Y, Tian D, Wang MX, Yu HT, Xu YC, Li D, Zhuang M, Ling H. Divergent Primary Immune Responses Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Determine Antibody Recall Responses. Virol Sin 2018; 33:502-514. [PMID: 30569292 PMCID: PMC6335216 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) that elicits potent protective antibodies against infection has been challenging. Recently, we compared the antibody production patterns of HIV-1 Env gp120 and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) to provide insights into how we may improve the protective efficacy of Env-based immunogens. Our previous study showed that HIV Env and HBsAg display different mechanisms of antibody elicitation and that T cells facilitate the responses to repeated immunizations. Here, to elucidate the detailed roles of primary immunization in immune memory response formation and antibody production, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with each antigen and evaluated the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal centers, and the memory responses involved in prime and boost immunizations. We found that after prime immunization, compared with HBsAg, gp120 induced higher frequencies of Tfh cells and programmed death (PD)-1+ T cells, greater major histocompatibility complex II expression on B cells, comparable activated B cells, but weaker germinal center (GC) reactions and memory B cell responses in the draining lymph nodes, accompanied by slower antibody recall responses and poor immune memory responses. The above results suggested that more PD-1+ T cells arising in primary immunization may serve as major contributors to the slow antibody recall response elicited by HIV-1 Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wen-Jiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jia-Ye Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ming-Xia Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hao-Tong Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying-Chu Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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15
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Adjuvant-Dependent Enhancement of HIV Env-Specific Antibody Responses in Infant Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01051-18. [PMID: 30089691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01051-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward the goal of developing an effective HIV vaccine that can be administered in infancy to protect against postnatal and lifelong sexual HIV transmission risks, the current pilot study was designed to compare the effect of novel adjuvants on the induction of HIV Env-specific antibody responses in infant macaques. Aligning our studies with the adjuvanted proteins evaluated in a prime-boost schedule with ALVAC in the ongoing HVTN (HIV Vaccine Trials Network) 702 efficacy trial, we selected the bivalent clade C Env immunogens gp120 C.1086 and gp120 TV1 in combination with the MF59 adjuvant. However, we hypothesized that the adjuvant system AS01, that is included in the pediatric RTS,S malaria vaccine, would promote Env-specific antibody responses superior to those of the oil-in-water MF59 emulsion adjuvant. In a second study arm, we compared two emulsions, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant formulated in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE) and 3M-052-SE, containing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7/TLR8 (TLR7/8) ligand, respectively. The latter adjuvant had been previously demonstrated to be especially effective in activating neonatal antigen-presenting cells. Our results demonstrate that different adjuvants drive quantitatively or qualitatively distinct responses to the bivalent Env vaccine. AS01 induced higher Env-specific plasma IgG antibody levels than the antigen in MF59 and promoted improved antibody function in infants, and 3M-052-SE outperformed GLA-SE by inducing the highest breadth and functionality of antibody responses. Thus, distinct adjuvants are likely to be required for maximizing vaccine-elicited immune responses in infants, particularly when immunization in infancy aims to elicit both perinatal and lifelong immunity against challenging pathogens such as HIV.IMPORTANCE Alum remains the adjuvant of choice for pediatric vaccines. Yet the distinct nature of the developing immune system in infants likely requires novel adjuvants targeted specifically at the pediatric population to reach maximal vaccine efficacy with an acceptable safety profile. The current study supports the idea that additional adjuvants for pediatric vaccines should be, and need to be, tested in infants for their potential to enhance immune responses. Using an infant macaque model, our results suggest that both AS01 and 3M-052-SE can significantly improve and better sustain HIV Env-specific antibody responses than alum. Despite the limited number of animals, the results revealed interesting differences that warrant further testing of promising novel adjuvant candidates in larger preclinical and clinical studies to define the mechanisms leading to adjuvant-improved antibody responses and to identify targets for adjuvant and vaccine optimization.
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16
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Schramm CA, Douek DC. Beyond Hot Spots: Biases in Antibody Somatic Hypermutation and Implications for Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1876. [PMID: 30154794 PMCID: PMC6102386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of antibodies in an individual during an immune response by somatic hypermutation (SHM) is essential for the ability of the immune system to recognize and remove the diverse spectrum of antigens that may be encountered. These mutations are not produced at random; nucleotide motifs that result in increased or decreased rates of mutation were first reported in 1992. Newer models that estimate the propensity for mutation for every possible 5- or 7-nucleotide motif have emphasized the complexity of SHM targeting and suggested possible new hot spot motifs. Even with these fine-grained approaches, however, non-local context matters, and the mutations observed at a specific nucleotide motif varies between species and even by locus, gene segment, and position along the gene segment within a single species. An alternative method has been provided to further abstract away the molecular mechanisms underpinning SHM, prompted by evidence that certain stereotypical amino acid substitutions are favored at each position of a particular V gene. These "substitution profiles," whether obtained from a single B cell lineage or an entire repertoire, offer a simplified approach to predict which substitutions will be well-tolerated and which will be disfavored, without the need to consider path-dependent effects from neighboring positions. However, this comes at the cost of merging the effects of two distinct biological processes, the generation of mutations, and the selection acting on those mutations. Since selection is contingent on the particular antigens an individual has been exposed to, this suggests that SHM may have evolved to prefer mutations that are most likely to be useful against pathogens that have co-evolved with us. Alternatively, the ability to select favorable mutations may be strongly limited by the biases of SHM targeting. In either scenario, the sequence space explored by SHM is significantly limited and this consequently has profound implications for the rational design of vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim A. Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. What Are the Primary Limitations in B-Cell Affinity Maturation, and How Much Affinity Maturation Can We Drive with Vaccination? Breaking through Immunity's Glass Ceiling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029397. [PMID: 28630077 PMCID: PMC5736460 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A key goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeted to the vulnerable regions of the HIV envelope. BnAbs develop over time in ∼50% of HIV-1-infected individuals. However, to date, no vaccines have induced bnAbs and few or none of these vaccine-elicited HIV-1 antibodies carry the high frequencies of V(D)J mutations characteristic of bnAbs. Do the high frequencies of mutations characteristic of naturally induced bnAbs represent a fundamental barrier to the induction of bnAbs by vaccines? Recent studies suggest that high frequencies of V(D)J mutations can be achieved by serial vaccination strategies. Rather, it appears that, in the absence of HIV-1 infection, physiologic immune tolerance controls, including a germinal center process termed affinity reversion, may limit vaccine-driven bnAb development by clonal elimination or selecting for mutations incompatible with bnAb activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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18
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Pollara J, Orlandi C, Beck C, Edwards RW, Hu Y, Liu S, Wang S, Koup RA, Denny TN, Lu S, Tomaras GD, DeVico A, Lewis GK, Ferrari G. Application of area scaling analysis to identify natural killer cell and monocyte involvement in the GranToxiLux antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Cytometry A 2018; 93:436-447. [PMID: 29498807 PMCID: PMC5969088 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several different assay methodologies have been described for the evaluation of HIV or SIV-specific antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Commonly used assays measure ADCC by evaluating effector cell functions, or by detecting elimination of target cells. Signaling through Fc receptors, cellular activation, cytotoxic granule exocytosis, or accumulation of cytolytic and immune signaling factors have been used to evaluate ADCC at the level of the effector cells. Alternatively, assays that measure killing or loss of target cells provide a direct assessment of the specific killing activity of antibodies capable of ADCC. Thus, each of these two distinct types of assays provides information on only one of the critical components of an ADCC event; either the effector cells involved, or the resulting effect on the target cell. We have developed a simple modification of our previously described high-throughput ADCC GranToxiLux (GTL) assay that uses area scaling analysis (ASA) to facilitate simultaneous quantification of ADCC activity at the target cell level, and assessment of the contribution of natural killer cells and monocytes to the total observed ADCC activity when whole human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are used as a source of effector cells. The modified analysis method requires no additional reagents and can, therefore, be easily included in prospective studies. Moreover, ASA can also often be applied to pre-existing ADCC-GTL datasets. Thus, incorporation of ASA to the ADCC-GTL assay provides an ancillary assessment of the ability of natural and vaccine-induced antibodies to recruit natural killer cells as well as monocytes against HIV or SIV; or to any other field of research for which this assay is applied. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Charles Beck
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - R. Whitney Edwards
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - George K. Lewis
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
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19
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Zhang R, Verkoczy L, Wiehe K, Munir Alam S, Nicely NI, Santra S, Bradley T, Pemble CW, Zhang J, Gao F, Montefiori DC, Bouton-Verville H, Kelsoe G, Larimore K, Greenberg PD, Parks R, Foulger A, Peel JN, Luo K, Lu X, Trama AM, Vandergrift N, Tomaras GD, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Initiation of immune tolerance-controlled HIV gp41 neutralizing B cell lineages. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:336ra62. [PMID: 27122615 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of an HIV vaccine is a global priority. A major roadblock to a vaccine is an inability to induce protective broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV gp41 bnAbs have characteristics that predispose them to be controlled by tolerance. We used gp41 2F5 bnAb germline knock-in mice and macaques vaccinated with immunogens reactive with germline precursors to activate neutralizing antibodies. In germline knock-in mice, bnAb precursors were deleted, with remaining anergic B cells capable of being activated by germline-binding immunogens to make gp41-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM). Immunized macaques made B cell clonal lineages targeted to the 2F5 bnAb epitope, but 2F5-like antibodies were either deleted or did not attain sufficient affinity for gp41-lipid complexes to achieve the neutralization potency of 2F5. Structural analysis of members of a vaccine-induced antibody lineage revealed that heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) hydrophobicity was important for neutralization. Thus, gp41 bnAbs are controlled by immune tolerance, requiring vaccination strategies to transiently circumvent tolerance controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles W Pemble
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Larimore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Phillip D Greenberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jessica N Peel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley M Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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20
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Saunders KO, Nicely NI, Wiehe K, Bonsignori M, Meyerhoff RR, Parks R, Walkowicz WE, Aussedat B, Wu NR, Cai F, Vohra Y, Park PK, Eaton A, Go EP, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Barouch DH, Zhang R, Von Holle T, Overman RG, Anasti K, Sanders RW, Moody MA, Kepler TB, Korber B, Desaire H, Santra S, Letvin NL, Nabel GJ, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Liao HX, Alam SM, Danishefsky SJ, Haynes BF. Vaccine Elicitation of High Mannose-Dependent Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3-Glycan Broadly Neutralizing Epitope in Nonhuman Primates. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2175-2188. [PMID: 28249163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that target HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. A bnAb target is the Env third variable loop (V3)-glycan site. To determine whether immunization could induce antibodies to the V3-glycan bnAb binding site, we repetitively immunized macaques over a 4-year period with an Env expressing V3-high mannose glycans. Env immunizations elicited plasma antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 expressing only high-mannose glycans-a characteristic shared by early bnAb B cell lineage members. A rhesus recombinant monoclonal antibody from a vaccinated macaque bound to the V3-glycan site at the same amino acids as broadly neutralizing antibodies. A structure of the antibody bound to glycan revealed that the three variable heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions formed a cavity into which glycan could insert and neutralized multiple HIV-1 isolates with high-mannose glycans. Thus, HIV-1 Env vaccination induced mannose-dependent antibodies with characteristics of V3-glycan bnAb precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Ryan Meyerhoff
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nelson R Wu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yusuf Vohra
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter K Park
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eden P Go
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Glenn Overman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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21
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HIV DNA-Adenovirus Multiclade Envelope Vaccine Induces gp41 Antibody Immunodominance in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00923-17. [PMID: 28794027 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00923-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant antibody responses in vaccinees who received the HIV-1 multiclade (A, B, and C) envelope (Env) DNA/recombinant adenovirus virus type 5 (rAd5) vaccine studied in HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) efficacy trial 505 (HVTN 505) targeted Env gp41 and cross-reacted with microbial antigens. In this study, we asked if the DNA/rAd5 vaccine induced a similar antibody response in rhesus macaques (RMs), which are commonly used as an animal model for human HIV-1 infections and for testing candidate HIV-1 vaccines. We also asked if gp41 immunodominance could be avoided by immunization of neonatal RMs during the early stages of microbial colonization. We found that the DNA/rAd5 vaccine elicited a higher frequency of gp41-reactive memory B cells than gp120-memory B cells in adult and neonatal RMs. Analysis of the vaccine-induced Env-reactive B cell repertoire revealed that the majority of HIV-1 Env-reactive antibodies in both adult and neonatal RMs were targeted to gp41. Interestingly, a subset of gp41-reactive antibodies isolated from RMs cross-reacted with host antigens, including autologous intestinal microbiota. Thus, gp41-containing DNA/rAd5 vaccine induced dominant gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies derived from blood memory B cells in RMs as observed in the HVTN 505 vaccine efficacy trial. These data demonstrated that RMs can be used to investigate gp41 immunodominance in candidate HIV-1 vaccines. Moreover, colonization of neonatal RMs occurred within the first week of life, and immunization of neonatal RMs during this time also induced a dominant gp41-reactive antibody response.IMPORTANCE Our results are critical to current work in the HIV-1 vaccine field evaluating the phenomenon of gp41 immunodominance induced by HIV-1 Env gp140 in RMs and humans. Our data demonstrate that RMs are an appropriate animal model to study this phenomenon and to determine the immunogenicity in new HIV-1 Env trimer vaccine designs. The demonstration of gp41 immunodominance in memory B cells of both adult and neonatal RMs indicated that early vaccination could not overcome gp41 dominant responses.
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22
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Impact of Poxvirus Vector Priming, Protein Coadministration, and Vaccine Intervals on HIV gp120 Vaccine-Elicited Antibody Magnitude and Function in Infant Macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00231-17. [PMID: 28814388 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00231-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite success in reducing vertical HIV transmission by maternal antiretroviral therapy, several obstacles limit its efficacy during breastfeeding, and breast-milk transmission is now the dominant mode of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV in infants. Thus, a pediatric vaccine is needed to eradicate oral HIV infections in newborns and infants. Utilizing the infant rhesus macaque model, we compared 3 different vaccine regimens: (i) HIV envelope (Env) protein only, (ii) poxvirus vector (modified vaccinia virus Ankara [MVA])-HIV Env prime and HIV Env boost, and (iii) coadministration of HIV Env and MVA-HIV Env at all time points. The vaccines were administered with an accelerated, 3-week-interval regimen starting at birth for early induction of highly functional HIV Env-specific antibodies. We also tested whether an extended, 6-week immunization interval using the same vaccine regimen as in the coadministration group would enhance the quality of antibody responses. We found that pediatric HIV vaccines administered at birth are effective in inducing HIV Env-specific plasma IgG. The vaccine regimen consisting of only HIV Env protein induced the highest levels of variable region 1 and 2 (V1V2)-specific antibodies and tier 1 neutralizing antibodies, whereas the extended-interval regimen induced both persistent Env-specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies in plasma were elicited by all vaccine regimens. These data suggest that infant immunizations beginning at birth are effective for the induction of functional HIV Env-specific antibodies that could potentially protect against breast milk transmission of HIV and set the stage for immunity prior to sexual debut.
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23
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Meyerhoff RR, Scearce RM, Ogburn DF, Lockwood B, Pickeral J, Kuraoka M, Anasti K, Eudailey J, Eaton A, Cooper M, Wiehe K, Montefiori DC, Tomaras G, Ferrari G, Alam SM, Liao HX, Korber B, Gao F, Haynes BF. HIV-1 Consensus Envelope-Induced Broadly Binding Antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:859-868. [PMID: 28314374 PMCID: PMC5564029 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that cross-react with multiple HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) are useful reagents for characterizing Env proteins and for soluble Env capture and purification assays. We previously reported 10 murine monoclonal antibodies induced by group M consensus Env, CON-6 immunization. Each demonstrated broad cross-reactivity to recombinant Envs. Here we characterized the Env epitopes to which they bind. Seven mapped to linear epitopes in gp120, five at the Env N-terminus, and two at the Env C-terminus. One antibody, 13D7, bound at the gp120 N-terminus (aa 30-42), reacted with HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells, and when expressed in a human IgG1 backbone, mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Antibody 18F11 bound at the gp120 C-terminus (aa 445-459) and reactivity was glycan dependent. Antibodies 13D7, 3B3, and 16H3 bound to 100 percent of HIV-1 Envs tested in ELISA and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/western blot analysis. These data define the epitopes of monoclonal antibody reagents for characterization of recombinant Envs, one epitope of which is also expressed on the surface of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ryan Meyerhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Richard M. Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Damon F. Ogburn
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brad Lockwood
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joy Pickeral
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Masa Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joshua Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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24
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Abstract
Purpose of review The ability to induce broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses is likely essential for development of a globally effective HIV vaccine. Unfortunately, human vaccine trials conducted to date have failed to elicit broad plasma neutralization of primary virus isolates. Despite this limitation, in-depth analysis of the vaccine-induced memory B-cell repertoire can provide valuable insights into the presence and function of subdominant B-cell responses, and identify initiation of antibody lineages that may be on a path towards development of neutralization breadth. Recent findings Characterization of the functional capabilities of monoclonal antibodies isolated from a HIV-1 vaccine trial with modest efficacy has revealed mechanisms by which non-neutralizing antibodies are presumed to have mediated protection. In addition, B-cell repertoire analysis has demonstrated that vaccine boosts shifted the HIV-specific B-cell repertoire, expanding pools of cells with long third heavy chain complementarity determining regions – a characteristic of some bNAb lineages. Summary Detailed analysis of memory B-cell repertoires and evaluating the effector functions of isolated monoclonal antibodies expands what we can learn from human vaccine trails, and may provide knowledge that can enable rational design of novel approaches to drive maturation of subdominant disfavored bNAb lineages.
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25
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Knox JJ, Buggert M, Kardava L, Seaton KE, Eller MA, Canaday DH, Robb ML, Ostrowski MA, Deeks SG, Slifka MK, Tomaras GD, Moir S, Moody MA, Betts MR. T-bet+ B cells are induced by human viral infections and dominate the HIV gp140 response. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92943. [PMID: 28422752 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is critical for viral control, but the identity and mechanisms regulating human antiviral B cells are unclear. Here, we characterized human B cells expressing T-bet and analyzed their dynamics during viral infections. T-bet+ B cells demonstrated an activated phenotype, a distinct transcriptional profile, and were enriched for expression of the antiviral immunoglobulin isotypes IgG1 and IgG3. T-bet+ B cells expanded following yellow fever virus and vaccinia virus vaccinations and also during early acute HIV infection. Viremic HIV-infected individuals maintained a large T-bet+ B cell population during chronic infection that was associated with increased serum and cell-associated IgG1 and IgG3 expression. The HIV gp140-specific B cell response was dominated by T-bet-expressing memory B cells, and we observed a concomitant biasing of gp140-specific serum immunoglobulin to the IgG1 isotype. These findings suggest that T-bet induction promotes antiviral immunoglobulin isotype switching and development of a distinct T-bet+ B cell subset that is maintained by viremia and coordinates the HIV Env-specific humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Knox
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute; and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and Cleveland VA, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute; and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute; Department of Pediatrics; and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Easterhoff D, Moody MA, Fera D, Cheng H, Ackerman M, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Pollara J, Vandergrift N, Parks R, Kim J, Michael NL, O’Connell RJ, Excler JL, Robb ML, Vasan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Sinangil F, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Liao HX, Ferrari G, Seaman MS, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Harrison SC, Haynes BF. Boosting of HIV envelope CD4 binding site antibodies with long variable heavy third complementarity determining region in the randomized double blind RV305 HIV-1 vaccine trial. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006182. [PMID: 28235027 PMCID: PMC5342261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canary pox vector and gp120 vaccine (ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120) in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial conferred an estimated 31% vaccine efficacy. Although the vaccine Env AE.A244 gp120 is antigenic for the unmutated common ancestor of V1V2 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAbs), no plasma bnAb activity was induced. The RV305 (NCT01435135) HIV-1 clinical trial was a placebo-controlled randomized double-blinded study that assessed the safety and efficacy of vaccine boosting on B cell repertoires. HIV-1-uninfected RV144 vaccine recipients were reimmunized 6–8 years later with AIDSVAX B/E gp120 alone, ALVAC-HIV alone, or a combination of ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120 in the RV305 trial. Env-specific post-RV144 and RV305 boost memory B cell VH mutation frequencies increased from 2.9% post-RV144 to 6.7% post-RV305. The vaccine was well tolerated with no adverse events reports. While post-boost plasma did not have bnAb activity, the vaccine boosts expanded a pool of envelope CD4 binding site (bs)-reactive memory B cells with long third heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR3) whose germline precursors and affinity matured B cell clonal lineage members neutralized the HIV-1 CRF01 AE tier 2 (difficult to neutralize) primary isolate, CNE8. Electron microscopy of two of these antibodies bound with near-native gp140 trimers showed that they recognized an open conformation of the Env trimer. Although late boosting of RV144 vaccinees expanded a novel pool of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages, we hypothesize that boosts with stably closed trimers would be necessary to elicit antibodies with greater breadth of tier 2 HIV-1 strains. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01435135 Developing a successful HIV-1 vaccine remains a high global health priority. Several HIV-1 vaccine trials have been performed with only the RV144 vaccine trial showing vaccine efficacy, albeit modest. No broadly neutralizing antibody activity was identified in RV144 and inducing sterilizing immunity against a complex pathogen like HIV-1 remains a major challenge. Here we characterize the B cell responses after RV144 vaccine-recipients received two additional boosts severals years after the conclusion of the RV144 vaccine trial. Delayed and repetitive boosting of RV144 vaccine-recipients was capable of increasing somatic hypermutation of the Env-reactive antibodies and expanding subdominant pools of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages. These data are pertinent to HIV-1 vaccine-regimen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Easterhoff
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniela Fera
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hao Cheng
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Rob Parks
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jerome Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Army Medical Directorate, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Faruk Sinangil
- GSID, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Tartaglia
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
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28
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Luo K, Liao HX, Zhang R, Easterhoff D, Wiehe K, Gurley TC, Armand LC, Allen AA, Von Holle TA, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Pritchett J, Foulger A, Hernandez G, Parks R, Lloyd KE, Stolarchuk C, Sawant S, Peel J, Yates NL, Dunford E, Arora S, Wang A, Bowman CM, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Xia SM, Bonsignori M, Pollara J, Edwards RW, Santra S, Letvin NL, Tartaglia J, Francis D, Sinangil F, Lee C, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Michael NL, Kim JH, Alam SM, Vandergrift NA, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Moody MA. Tissue memory B cell repertoire analysis after ALVAC/AIDSVAX B/E gp120 immunization of rhesus macaques. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88522. [PMID: 27942585 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ALVAC prime/ALVAC + AIDSVAX B/E boost RV144 vaccine trial induced an estimated 31% efficacy in a low-risk cohort where HIV‑1 exposures were likely at mucosal surfaces. An immune correlates study demonstrated that antibodies targeting the V2 region and in a secondary analysis antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), in the presence of low envelope-specific (Env-specific) IgA, correlated with decreased risk of infection. Thus, understanding the B cell repertoires induced by this vaccine in systemic and mucosal compartments are key to understanding the potential protective mechanisms of this vaccine regimen. We immunized rhesus macaques with the ALVAC/AIDSVAX B/E gp120 vaccine regimen given in RV144, and then gave a boost 6 months later, after which the animals were necropsied. We isolated systemic and intestinal vaccine Env-specific memory B cells. Whereas Env-specific B cell clonal lineages were shared between spleen, draining inguinal, anterior pelvic, posterior pelvic, and periaortic lymph nodes, members of Env‑specific B cell clonal lineages were absent in the terminal ileum. Env‑specific antibodies were detectable in rectal fluids, suggesting that IgG antibodies present at mucosal sites were likely systemically produced and transported to intestinal mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Whitney Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Donald Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics BIOPHICS, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences-Royal Thai Army Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology
| | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Kesavardhana S, Das R, Citron M, Datta R, Ecto L, Srilatha NS, DiStefano D, Swoyer R, Joyce JG, Dutta S, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Flynn JA, Varadarajan R. Structure-based Design of Cyclically Permuted HIV-1 gp120 Trimers That Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:278-291. [PMID: 27879316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal for HIV-1 vaccine development is an ability to elicit strong and durable broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses. The trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes on HIV-1 are known to contain multiple epitopes that are susceptible to bNAbs isolated from infected individuals. Nonetheless, all trimeric and monomeric Env immunogens designed to date have failed to elicit such antibodies. We report the structure-guided design of HIV-1 cyclically permuted gp120 that forms homogeneous, stable trimers, and displays enhanced binding to multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, and the quaternary epitope-specific bNAbs PGT145 and PGDM1400. Constructs that were cyclically permuted in the V1 loop region and contained an N-terminal trimerization domain to stabilize V1V2-mediated quaternary interactions, showed the highest homogeneity and the best antigenic characteristics. In guinea pigs, a DNA prime-protein boost regimen with these new gp120 trimer immunogens elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses against highly sensitive Tier 1A isolates and weaker neutralizing antibody responses with an average titer of about 115 against a panel of heterologous Tier 2 isolates. A modest fraction of the Tier 2 virus neutralizing activity appeared to target the CD4 binding site on gp120. These results suggest that cyclically permuted HIV-1 gp120 trimers represent a viable platform in which further modifications may be made to eventually achieve protective bNAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannula Kesavardhana
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Raksha Das
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Michael Citron
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Rohini Datta
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Linda Ecto
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | | | | | - Ryan Swoyer
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Joseph G Joyce
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Somnath Dutta
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | - David C Montefiori
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | | | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India,
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30
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Bradley T, Yang G, Ilkayeva O, Holl TM, Zhang R, Zhang J, Santra S, Fox CB, Reed SG, Parks R, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Vandergrift N, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Alam SM, McLendon R, Everitt JI, Newgard CB, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. HIV-1 Envelope Mimicry of Host Enzyme Kynureninase Does Not Disrupt Tryptophan Metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4663-4673. [PMID: 27849170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) has evolved to subvert the host immune system, hindering viral control by the host. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme kynureninase (KYNU) is mimicked by a portion of the HIV Env gp41 membrane proximal region (MPER) and is cross-reactive with the HIV broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5. Molecular mimicry of host proteins by pathogens can lead to autoimmune disease. In this article, we demonstrate that neither the 2F5 bnAb nor HIV MPER-KYNU cross-reactive Abs elicited by immunization with an MPER peptide-liposome vaccine in 2F5 bnAb VHDJH and VLJL knock-in mice and rhesus macaques modified KYNU activity or disrupted tissue tryptophan metabolism. Thus, molecular mimicry by HIV-1 Env that promotes the evasion of host anti-HIV-1 Ab responses can be directed toward nonfunctional host protein epitopes that do not impair host protein function. Therefore, the 2F5 HIV Env gp41 region is a key and safe target for HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - T Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Steve G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Robert Parks
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Laura L Sutherland
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - S Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Roger McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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31
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Influenza immunization elicits antibodies specific for an egg-adapted vaccine strain. Nat Med 2016; 22:1465-1469. [PMID: 27820604 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For broad protection against infection by viruses such as influenza or HIV, vaccines should elicit antibodies that bind conserved viral epitopes, such as the receptor-binding site (RBS). RBS-directed antibodies have been described for both HIV and influenza virus, and the design of immunogens to elicit them is a goal of vaccine research in both fields. Residues in the RBS of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) determine a preference for the avian or human receptor, α-2,3-linked sialic acid and α-2,6-linked sialic acid, respectively. Transmission of an avian-origin virus between humans generally requires one or more mutations in the sequences encoding the influenza virus RBS to change the preferred receptor from avian to human, but passage of a human-derived vaccine candidate in chicken eggs can select for reversion to avian receptor preference. For example, the X-181 strain of the 2009 new pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, derived from the A/California/07/2009 isolate and used in essentially all vaccines since 2009, has arginine at position 226, a residue known to confer preference for an α-2,3 linkage in H1 subtype viruses; the wild-type A/California/07/2009 isolate, like most circulating human H1N1 viruses, has glutamine at position 226. We describe, from three different individuals, RBS-directed antibodies that recognize the avian-adapted H1 strain in current influenza vaccines but not the circulating new pandemic 2009 virus; Arg226 in the vaccine-strain RBS accounts for the restriction. The polyclonal sera of the three donors also reflect this preference. Therefore, when vaccines produced from strains that are never passaged in avian cells become widely available, they may prove more capable of eliciting RBS-directed, broadly neutralizing antibodies than those produced from egg-adapted viruses, extending the established benefits of current seasonal influenza immunizations.
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32
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Simonich CA, Williams KL, Verkerke HP, Williams JA, Nduati R, Lee KK, Overbaugh J. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell 2016; 166:77-87. [PMID: 27345369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) develop in a subset of infected adults and exhibit high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) due to years of affinity maturation. There is no precedent for eliciting highly mutated antibodies by vaccination, nor is it practical to wait years for a desired response. Infants develop broad responses early, which may suggest a more direct path to generating bnAbs. Here, we isolated ten neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) contributing to plasma breadth of an infant at ∼1 year post-infection, including one with cross-clade breadth. The nAbs bind to envelope trimer from the transmitted virus, suggesting that this interaction may have initiated development of the infant nAbs. The infant cross-clade bnAb targets the N332 supersite on envelope but, unlike adult bnAbs targeting this site, lacks indels and has low SHM. The identification of this infant bnAb illustrates that HIV-1-specific neutralization breadth can develop without prolonged affinity maturation and extensive SHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A Simonich
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katherine L Williams
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hans P Verkerke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James A Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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33
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Negri D, Blasi M, LaBranche C, Parks R, Balachandran H, Lifton M, Shen X, Denny T, Ferrari G, Vescio MF, Andersen H, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Liao HX, Santra S, Haynes BF, Klotman ME, Cara A. Immunization with an SIV-based IDLV Expressing HIV-1 Env 1086 Clade C Elicits Durable Humoral and Cellular Responses in Rhesus Macaques. Mol Ther 2016; 24:2021-2032. [PMID: 27455880 PMCID: PMC5154473 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a major challenge. Several vaccine strategies based on viral vectors have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials, with largely disappointing results. Integrase defective lentiviral vectors (IDLV) represent a promising vaccine candidate given their ability to induce durable and protective immune responses in mice after a single immunization. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a SIV-based IDLV in nonhuman primates. Six rhesus monkeys were primed intramuscularly with IDLV-Env and boosted with the same vector after 1 year. A single immunization with IDLV-Env induced broad humoral and cellular immune responses that waned over time but were still detectable at 1 year postprime. The boost with IDLV-Env performed at 1 year from the prime induced a remarkable increase in both antibodies and T-cell responses. Antibody binding specificity showed a predominant cross-clade gp120-directed response. Monkeys' sera efficiently blocked anti-V2 and anti-CD4 binding site antibodies, neutralized the tier 1 MW965.26 pseudovirus and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Durable polyfunctional Env-specific T-cell responses were also elicited. Our study demonstrates that an IDLV-Env-based vaccine induces functional, comprehensive, and durable immune responses in Rhesus macaques. These results support further evaluation of IDLV as a new HIV-1 vaccine delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Negri
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Michelle Lifton
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Denny
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary E Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Andrea Cara
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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34
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Liang Y, Guttman M, Davenport TM, Hu SL, Lee KK. Probing the Impact of Local Structural Dynamics of Conformational Epitopes on Antibody Recognition. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2197-213. [PMID: 27003615 PMCID: PMC5479570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-antigen interactions are governed by recognition of specific residues and structural complementarity between the antigen epitope and antibody paratope. While X-ray crystallography has provided detailed insights into static conformations of antibody-antigen complexes, factors such as conformational flexibility and dynamics, which are not readily apparent in the structures, can also have an impact on the binding event. Here we investigate the contribution of dynamics in the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein to antibody recognition of conserved conformational epitopes, including the CD4- and coreceptor-binding sites, and an inner domain site that is targeted by ADCC-active antibodies. Hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was used to measure local structural dynamics across a panel of variable loop truncation mutants of HIV-1 gp120, including full-length gp120, ΔV3, ΔV1/V2, and extended core, which includes ΔV1/V2 and V3 loop truncations. CD4-bound full-length gp120 was also examined as a reference state. HDX-MS revealed a clear trend toward an increased level of order of the conserved subunit core resulting from loop truncation. Combined with biolayer interferometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements of antibody-antigen binding, we demonstrate that an increased level of ordering of the subunit core was associated with better recognition by an array of antibodies targeting complex conformational epitopes. These results provide detailed insight into the influence of structural dynamics on antibody-antigen interactions and suggest the importance of characterizing the structural stability of vaccine candidates to improve antibody recognition of complex epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Thaddeus M. Davenport
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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35
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Wang Y, Sundling C, Wilson R, O'Dell S, Chen Y, Dai K, Phad GE, Zhu J, Xiao Y, Mascola JR, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Wyatt RT, Li Y. High-Resolution Longitudinal Study of HIV-1 Env Vaccine-Elicited B Cell Responses to the Virus Primary Receptor Binding Site Reveals Affinity Maturation and Clonal Persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3729-43. [PMID: 27001953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of the genetic variability of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env), the elicitation of neutralizing Abs to conserved neutralization determinants including the primary receptor binding site, CD4 binding site (CD4bs), is a major focus of vaccine development. To gain insight into the evolution of Env-elicited Ab responses, we used single B cell analysis to interrogate the memory B cell Ig repertoires from two rhesus macaques after five serial immunizations with Env/adjuvant. We observed that the CD4bs-specific repertoire displayed unique features in the third CDR of Ig H chains with minor alterations along the immunization course. Progressive affinity maturation occurred as evidenced by elevated levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in Ab sequences isolated at the late immunization time point compared with the early time point. Abs with higher SHM were associated with increased binding affinity and virus neutralization capacity. Moreover, a notable portion of the CD4bs-specific repertoire was maintained between early and late immunization time points, suggesting that persistent clonal lineages were induced by Env vaccination. Furthermore, we found that the predominant persistent CD4bs-specific clonal lineages had larger population sizes and higher affinities than that from the rest of the repertoires, underscoring the critical role of Ag affinity selection in Ab maturation and clonal expansion. Genetic and functional analyses revealed that the accumulation of SHM in both framework regions and CDRs contributed to the clonal affinity and antigenicity evolution. Our longitudinal study provides high-resolution understanding of the dynamically evolving CD4bs-specific B cell response after Env immunization in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kaifan Dai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Scripps Center for HIV Vaccine Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Richard T Wyatt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Scripps Center for HIV Vaccine Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Yuxing Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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36
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Campa MJ, Moody MA, Zhang R, Liao HX, Gottlin EB, Patz EF. Interrogation of individual intratumoral B lymphocytes from lung cancer patients for molecular target discovery. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:171-80. [PMID: 26739486 PMCID: PMC11028467 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral B lymphocytes are an integral part of the lung tumor microenvironment. Interrogation of the antibodies they express may improve our understanding of the host response to cancer and could be useful in elucidating novel molecular targets. We used two strategies to explore the repertoire of intratumoral B cell antibodies. First, we cloned VH and VL genes from single intratumoral B lymphocytes isolated from one lung tumor, expressed the genes as recombinant mAbs, and used the mAbs to identify the cognate tumor antigens. The Igs derived from intratumoral B cells demonstrated class switching, with a mean VH mutation frequency of 4%. Although there was no evidence for clonal expansion, these data are consistent with antigen-driven somatic hypermutation. Individual recombinant antibodies were polyreactive, although one clone demonstrated preferential immunoreactivity with tropomyosin 4 (TPM4). We found that higher levels of TPM4 antibodies were more common in cancer patients, but measurement of TPM4 antibody levels was not a sensitive test for detecting cancer. Second, in an effort to focus our recombinant antibody expression efforts on those B cells that displayed evidence of clonal expansion driven by antigen stimulation, we performed deep sequencing of the Ig genes of B cells collected from seven different tumors. Deep sequencing demonstrated somatic hypermutation but no dominant clones. These strategies may be useful for the study of B cell antibody expression, although identification of a dominant clone and unique therapeutic targets may require extensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Campa
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Department of Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Gottlin
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Edward F Patz
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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37
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Hope TJ, Marrazzo JM. A Shot in the Arm for HIV Prevention? Recent Successes and Critical Thresholds. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1055-9. [PMID: 26486613 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to decrease the spread of HIV worldwide continue at a rapid pace. With the development of new biomedical interventions and findings from pivotal clinical trials, a new framework for short-term and long-term prevention strategies is emerging. It is clear that biomedical-based approaches targeted at the highest risk populations have the greatest potential to have a short-term impact. Unfortunately, challenges with adherence in healthy populations at risk are now well-recognized, and competing health care priorities in the context of fragile delivery infrastructures pose formidable obstacles to implementation. We need better ways to identify high-risk populations, sophisticated understanding of the behavioral parameters that can ensure adherence, and the development of better strategies to provide sustained delivery of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In the long term, we need an effective vaccine--a path that has proven to be rocky. Research facilitating an increased understanding of immune responses and what represents effective responses to prevent HIV acquisition should facilitate progress. While we wait for that time, PrEP offers the best strategy for short-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hope
- 1 Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Feinberg School of Medicine and the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the McCormick School of Engineering at Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeanne M Marrazzo
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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38
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Kajikawa A, Zhang L, LaVoy A, Bumgardner S, Klaenhammer TR, Dean GA. Mucosal Immunogenicity of Genetically Modified Lactobacillus acidophilus Expressing an HIV-1 Epitope within the Surface Layer Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141713. [PMID: 26509697 PMCID: PMC4624987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface layer proteins of probiotic lactobacilli are theoretically efficient epitope-displaying scaffolds for oral vaccine delivery due to their high expression levels and surface localization. In this study, we constructed genetically modified Lactobacillus acidophilus strains expressing the membrane proximal external region (MPER) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) within the context of the major S-layer protein, SlpA. Intragastric immunization of mice with the recombinants induced MPER-specific and S-layer protein-specific antibodies in serum and mucosal secretions. Moreover, analysis of systemic SlpA-specific cytokines revealed that the responses appeared to be Th1 and Th17 dominant. These findings demonstrated the potential use of the Lactobacillus S-layer protein for development of oral vaccines targeting specific peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Kajikawa
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alora LaVoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sara Bumgardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Todd R. Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Bolhassani A, Kardani K, Vahabpour R, Habibzadeh N, Aghasadeghi MR, Sadat SM, Agi E. Prime/boost immunization with HIV-1 MPER-V3 fusion construct enhances humoral and cellular immune responses. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:366-73. [PMID: 26518142 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine against HIV-1 infection is a main concern in worldwide. A potent vaccine for HIV-1 requires the induction and maintenance of both humoral and cellular immunity. In this study, the levels of humoral and cellular immune responses were compared using MPER-V3 injection in three immunization strategies such as DNA/DNA, peptide/peptide, and DNA/peptide (prime-boost). MPG peptide and Montanide 720 were used as a DNA delivery system, and as a peptide adjuvant, respectively. Our results demonstrated that MPG forms stable non-covalent nanoparticles with plasmid DNA at N/P ratio of 10:1 (∼ 110-130 nm). The in vitro transfection efficiency of MPER-V3 DNA using MPG was comparable with lipofectamine and turbofect reagents as a common delivery system. In vivo prime-boost immunization using HIV-1 MPER-V3 could significantly enhance humoral and cellular immune responses as compared to control groups. The mixture of IgG1 and IgG2a was observed for each strategy, but IFN-γ production was significantly higher in prime-boost and peptide immunizations than that in DNA immunizations, inducing Th1 response. Moreover, our data showed that prime immunization with low dose of the nanoparticles (MPER-V3 DNA: MPG at ratio of 1:10) followed by MPER-V3 peptide drives T cell responses towards a Th1-type similar to high dose of the naked DNA prime/peptide boost immunization. Generally, the prime-boost strategy could improve both immune responses against MPER and especially V3 peptides suggesting its application as a promising HIV vaccine candidate in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kimia Kardani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nourieh Habibzadeh
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Agi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Sajadi MM, Farshidpour M, Brown EP, Ouyang X, Seaman MS, Pazgier M, Ackerman ME, Robinson H, Tomaras G, Parsons MS, Charurat M, DeVico AL, Redfield RR, Lewis GK. λ Light Chain Bias Associated With Enhanced Binding and Function of Anti-HIV Env Glycoprotein Antibodies. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:156-64. [PMID: 26347575 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains incompletely understood. In this report, we describe biased λ light chain use during the HIV Env glycoprotein (Env) response in HIV infection and vaccination. We examined HIV Env binding (and neutralization) in the context of light chain use in subjects with acute HIV infection, chronic HIV infection, and among HIV vaccinees. In all populations tested, there was a λ chain bias for HIV Env binding antibodies, compared with other HIV antigens (such as p24) or tetanus toxoid. In subjects with chronic HIV infection, a λ bias was noted for neutralization, with λ antibodies accounting for up to 90% of all neutralization activity observed. This is the first report of antibody function in a human infection being tied to light chain use. In HIV infection, antibodies expressing λ light chains tended to have longer CDRL3s, increased light chain contact with HIV Env, and less hypermutation in the heavy chain, compared with antibodies using the κ light chain. These data also support an evolutionary model for the understanding the various κ to λ light chain ratios observed across species and suggest that the λ light chain bias against HIV provides the host an advantage in developing a more efficient humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Maryland
| | - Maham Farshidpour
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Eric P Brown
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Xin Ouyang
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Anthony L DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Robert R Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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41
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Williams WB, Liao HX, Moody MA, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Gao F, Wiehe K, Trama AM, Jones K, Zhang R, Song H, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Sawatzki K, Hua A, Liu P, Tay MZ, Seaton KE, Shen X, Foulger A, Lloyd KE, Parks R, Pollara J, Ferrari G, Yu JS, Vandergrift N, Montefiori DC, Sobieszczyk ME, Hammer S, Karuna S, Gilbert P, Grove D, Grunenberg N, McElrath MJ, Mascola JR, Koup RA, Corey L, Nabel GJ, Morgan C, Churchyard G, Maenza J, Keefer M, Graham BS, Baden LR, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. HIV-1 VACCINES. Diversion of HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies. Science 2015; 349:aab1253. [PMID: 26229114 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An HIV-1 DNA prime vaccine, with a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) boost, failed to protect from HIV-1 acquisition. We studied the nature of the vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) response to HIV-1 envelope (Env). HIV-1-reactive plasma Ab titers were higher to Env gp41 than to gp120, and repertoire analysis demonstrated that 93% of HIV-1-reactive Abs from memory B cells responded to Env gp41. Vaccine-induced gp41-reactive monoclonal antibodies were non-neutralizing and frequently polyreactive with host and environmental antigens, including intestinal microbiota (IM). Next-generation sequencing of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region repertoire before vaccination revealed an Env-IM cross-reactive Ab that was clonally related to a subsequent vaccine-induced gp41-reactive Ab. Thus, HIV-1 Env DNA-rAd5 vaccine induced a dominant IM-polyreactive, non-neutralizing gp41-reactive Ab repertoire response that was associated with no vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley M Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongshuo Song
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dawn J Marshall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John F Whitesides
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kaitlin Sawatzki
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Axin Hua
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Z Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Yu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott Hammer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Doug Grove
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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42
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Lofano G, Mancini F, Salvatore G, Cantisani R, Monaci E, Carrisi C, Tavarini S, Sammicheli C, Rossi Paccani S, Soldaini E, Laera D, Finco O, Nuti S, Rappuoli R, De Gregorio E, Bagnoli F, Bertholet S. Oil-in-Water Emulsion MF59 Increases Germinal Center B Cell Differentiation and Persistence in Response to Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1617-27. [PMID: 26170383 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of persistent protective immune responses is a key attribute of a successful vaccine formulation. MF59 adjuvant, an oil-in-water emulsion used in human vaccines, is known to induce persistent high-affinity functional Ab titers and memory B cells, but how it really shapes the Ag-specific B cell compartment is poorly documented. In this study, we characterized the Ab- and Ag-specific B cell compartment in wild-type mice immunized with HlaH35L, a Staphylococcus aureus Ag known to induce measurable functional Ab responses, formulated with MF59 or aluminum salts, focusing on germinal centers (GC) in secondary lymphoid organs. Taking advantage of single-cell flow cytometry analyses, HlaH35L-specific B cells were characterized for the expression of CD38 and GL-7, markers of memory and GC, respectively, and for CD80 and CD73 activation markers. We demonstrated that immunization with MF59-, but not aluminum salt-adjuvanted HlaH35L, induced expanded Ag-specific CD73(+)CD80(-) GC B cells in proximal- and distal-draining lymph nodes, and promoted the persistence of GC B cells, detected up to 4 mo after immunization. In addition to increasing GC B cells, MF59-adjuvanted HlaH35L also increased the frequency of T follicular helper cells. This work extends previous knowledge regarding adaptive immune responses to MF59-adjuvanted vaccines, and, to our knowledge, for the first time an adjuvant used in human licensed products is shown to promote strong and persistent Ag-specific GC responses that might benefit the rational design of new vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lofano
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza," 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Giulia Salvatore
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Rocco Cantisani
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Elisabetta Monaci
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Corrado Carrisi
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Simona Tavarini
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Chiara Sammicheli
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | | | | | - Donatello Laera
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Oretta Finco
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Sandra Nuti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Ennio De Gregorio
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Fabio Bagnoli
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
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43
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Rapid Development of gp120-Focused Neutralizing B Cell Responses during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of African Green Monkeys. J Virol 2015; 89:9485-98. [PMID: 26157116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01564-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The initial phases of acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may be critical for development of effective envelope (Env)-specific antibodies capable of impeding the establishment of the latent pool of HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells, preventing virus-induced immune hyperactivation to limit disease progression and blocking vertical virus transmission. However, the initial systemic HIV-1 Env-specific antibody response targets gp41 epitopes and fails to control acute-phase viremia. African-origin, natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) hosts do not typically progress to AIDS and rarely postnatally transmit virus to their infants, despite high milk viral loads. Conversely, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), Asian-origin nonnatural SIV hosts, sustain pathogenic SIV infections and exhibit higher rates of postnatal virus transmission. In this study, of acute SIV infection, we compared the initial systemic Env-specific B cell responses of AGMs and RMs in order to probe potential factors influencing the lack of disease progression observed in AGMs. AGMs developed higher-magnitude plasma gp120-specific IgA and IgG responses than RMs, whereas RMs developed more robust gp140-directed IgG responses. These gp120-focused antibody responses were accompanied by rapid autologous neutralizing responses during acute SIV infection in AGMs compared to RMs. Moreover, acute SIV infection elicited a higher number of circulating Env-specific memory B cells in peripheral blood of AGMs than in the blood of RMs. These findings indicate that AGMs have initial systemic Env-specific B cell responses to SIV infection distinct from those of a nonnatural SIV host, resulting in more functional SIV-specific humoral responses, which may be involved in impairing pathogenic disease progression and minimizing postnatal transmission. IMPORTANCE Due to the worldwide prevalence of HIV-1 infections, development of a vaccine to prevent infection or limit the viral reservoir remains an important goal. HIV-1-infected humans, as well as SIV-infected nonnatural SIV hosts, develop pathogenic infections and readily transmit the virus to their infants. Conversely, natural SIV hosts do not develop pathogenic infections and rarely transmit the virus to their infants. The immunologic factors contributing to these favorable outcomes in natural SIV hosts could prove invaluable for directing HIV-1 vaccine and therapy design. This study identified distinctions in the specificity and function of the initial systemic SIV envelope-specific B cell response that developed during acute SIV infection in natural and nonnatural SIV host species. Identification of distinct acute B cell responses in natural SIV hosts may inform vaccine strategies seeking to elicit similar responses prior to or during the initial phases of acute HIV-1 infection.
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Functional and Structural Characterization of Human V3-Specific Monoclonal Antibody 2424 with Neutralizing Activity against HIV-1 JRFL. J Virol 2015; 89:9090-102. [PMID: 26109728 PMCID: PMC4524078 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01280-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The V3 region of HIV-1 gp120 is important for virus-coreceptor interaction and highly immunogenic. Although most anti-V3 antibodies neutralize only the sensitive tier 1 viruses, anti-V3 antibodies effective against the more resistant viruses exist, and a better understanding of these antibodies and their epitopes would be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine immunogens against HIV. The HIV-1 isolate JRFL with its cryptic V3 is resistant to most V3-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). However, the V3 MAb 2424 achieves 100% neutralization against JRFL. 2424 is encoded by IGHV3-53 and IGLV2-28 genes, a pairing rarely used by the other V3 MAbs. 2424 also has distinct binding and neutralization profiles. Studies of 2424-mediated neutralization of JRFL produced with a mannosidase inhibitor further revealed that its neutralizing activity is unaffected by the glycan composition of the virus envelope. To understand the distinct activity of 2424, we determined the crystal structure of 2424 Fab in complex with a JRFL V3 peptide and showed that the 2424 epitope is located at the tip of the V3 crown ((307)IHIGPGRAFYT(319)), dominated by interactions with His(P308), Pro(P313), and Arg(P315). The binding mode of 2424 is similar to that of the well-characterized MAb 447-52D, although 2424 is more side chain dependent. The 2424 epitope is focused on the very apex of V3, away from nearby glycans, facilitating antibody access. This feature distinguishes the 2424 epitope from the other V3 crown epitopes and indicates that the tip of V3 is a potential site to target and incorporate into HIV vaccine immunogens. IMPORTANCE HIV/AIDS vaccines are crucial for controlling the HIV epidemics that continue to afflict millions of people worldwide. However, HIV vaccine development has been hampered by significant scientific challenges, one of which is the inability of HIV vaccine candidates evaluated thus far to elicit production of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies. The V3 loop is one of the few immunogenic targets on the virus envelope glycoprotein that can induce neutralizing antibodies, but in many viruses, parts of V3 are inaccessible for antibody recognition. This study examined a V3-specific monoclonal antibody that can completely neutralize HIV-1 JRFL, a virus isolate resistant to most V3 antibodies. Our data reveal that this antibody recognizes the most distal tip of V3, which is not as occluded as other parts of V3. Hence, the epitope of 2424 is in one of the vulnerable sites on the virus that may be exploited in designing HIV vaccine immunogens.
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Diversity, cellular origin and autoreactivity of antibody-secreting cell population expansions in acute systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:755-65. [PMID: 26006014 PMCID: PMC4512288 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute SLE courses with antibody-secreting cells (ASC) surges whose origin, diversity, and contribution to serum autoantibodies remain unknown. Deep sequencing, autoantibody proteome and single-cell analysis demonstrated highly diversified ASC punctuated by VH4-34 clones that produce dominant serum autoantibodies. A fraction of ASC clones contained unmutated autoantibodies, a finding consistent with differentiation outside the germinal centers. A substantial ASC segment derived from a distinct subset of newly activated naïve cells of significant clonality that persist in the circulation for several months. Thus, selection of SLE autoreactivities occurred during polyclonal activation with prolonged recruitment of recently activated naïve B cells. These findings shed light into SLE pathogenesis, help explain the benefit of anti-B cell agents and facilitate the design of future therapies.
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Li L, Wang XH, Williams C, Volsky B, Steczko O, Seaman MS, Luthra K, Nyambi P, Nadas A, Giudicelli V, Lefranc MP, Zolla-Pazner S, Gorny MK. A broad range of mutations in HIV-1 neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies specific for V2, V3, and the CD4 binding site. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:364-74. [PMID: 25965315 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The HIV vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (Abs) display low rates of mutation in their variable regions. To determine the range of neutralization mediated by similar human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) but derived from unselected chronically HIV-1 infected subjects, we tested a panel of 66 mAbs specific to V3, CD4 binding site (CD4bs) and V2 regions. The mAbs were tested against 41 pseudoviruses, including 15 tier 1 and 26 tier 2, 3 viruses, showing that the neutralization potency and breadth of anti-V3 mAbs were significantly higher than those of the anti-CD4bs and anti-V2 mAbs, and only anti-V3 mAbs were able to neutralize some tier 2, 3 viruses. The percentage of mutations in the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains varied broadly in a range from 2% to 18% and correlated moderately with the neutralization breadth of tier 2, 3 viruses. There was no correlation with neutralization of tier 1 viruses as some mAbs with low and high percentages of mutations neutralized the same number of viruses. The electrostatic interactions between anti-V3 mAbs and the charged V3 region may contribute to their neutralization because the isoelectric points of the VH CDR3 of 48 anti-V3 mAbs were inversely correlated with the neutralization breadth of tier 2, 3 viruses. The results demonstrate that infection-induced antibodies to CD4bs, V3 and V2 regions can mediate cross-clade neutralization despite low levels of mutations which can be achieved by HIV-1 vaccine-induced antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Constance Williams
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Barbara Volsky
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Olivia Steczko
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Phillipe Nyambi
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arthur Nadas
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Véronique Giudicelli
- IMGT(®), The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System(®), CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT(®), The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System(®), CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Phad GE, Vázquez Bernat N, Feng Y, Ingale J, Martinez Murillo PA, O'Dell S, Li Y, Mascola JR, Sundling C, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Diverse antibody genetic and recognition properties revealed following HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5903-14. [PMID: 25964491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of mAbs elicited by vaccination provides opportunities to define the development of effective immunity. Ab responses elicited by current HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) immunogens display narrow neutralizing activity with limited capacity to block infection by tier 2 viruses. Intense work in the field suggests that improved Env immunogens are forthcoming, and it is therefore important to concurrently develop approaches to investigate the quality of vaccine-elicited responses at a higher level of resolution. In this study, we cloned a representative set of mAbs elicited by a model Env immunogen in rhesus macaques and comprehensively characterized their genetic and functional properties. The mAbs were genetically diverse, even within groups of Abs targeting the same subregion of Env, consistent with a highly polyclonal response. mAbs directed against two subdeterminants of Env, the CD4 binding site and V region 3, could in part account for the neutralizing activity observed in the plasma of the animal from which they were cloned, demonstrating the power of mAb isolation for a detailed understanding of the elicited response. Finally, through comparative analyses of mAb binding and neutralizing capacity of HIV-1 using matched Envs, we demonstrate complex relationships between epitope recognition and accessibility, highlighting the protective quaternary packing of the HIV-1 spike relative to vaccine-induced mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Feng
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jidnyasa Ingale
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuxing Li
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850; and
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Georgiev IS, Joyce MG, Yang Y, Sastry M, Zhang B, Baxa U, Chen RE, Druz A, Lees CR, Narpala S, Schön A, Van Galen J, Chuang GY, Gorman J, Harned A, Pancera M, Stewart-Jones GBE, Cheng C, Freire E, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Single-Chain Soluble BG505.SOSIP gp140 Trimers as Structural and Antigenic Mimics of Mature Closed HIV-1 Env. J Virol 2015; 89:5318-29. [PMID: 25740988 PMCID: PMC4442528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03451-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Similar to other type I fusion machines, the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) requires proteolytic activation; specifically, cleavage of a gp160 precursor into gp120 and gp41 subunits creates an N-terminal gp41 fusion peptide and permits folding from an immature uncleaved state to a mature closed state. While the atomic-level consequences of cleavage for HIV-1 Env are still being determined, the uncleaved state is antigenically distinct from the mature closed state, and cleavage has been reported to be essential for mimicry of the mature viral spike by soluble versions of Env. Here we report the redesign of a current state-of-the-art soluble Env mimic, BG505.SOSIP, to make it cleavage independent. Specifically, we replaced the furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 with Gly-Ser linkers of various lengths. The resultant linked gp120-gp41 constructs, termed single-chain gp140 (sc-gp140), exhibited different levels of structural and antigenic mimicry of the parent cleaved BG505.SOSIP. When constructs were subjected to negative selection to remove subspecies recognized by poorly neutralizing antibodies, trimers of high antigenic mimicry of BG505.SOSIP could be obtained; negative-stain electron microscopy indicated these to resemble the mature closed state. Higher proportions of BG505.SOSIP-trimer mimicry were observed in sc-gp140s with linkers of 6 or more residues, with a linker length of 15 residues exhibiting especially promising traits. Overall, flexible linkages between gp120 and gp41 in BG505.SOSIP can thus substitute for cleavage, and sc-gp140s that closely mimicked the vaccine-preferred mature closed state of Env could be obtained. IMPORTANCE The trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target of virus-directed neutralizing antibody responses and a primary focus of vaccine design. Soluble mimics of Env have proven challenging to obtain and have been thought to require proteolytic cleavage into two-component subunits, gp120 and gp41, to achieve structural and antigenic mimicry of mature Env spikes on virions. Here we show that replacement of the cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 in a lead soluble gp140 construct, BG505.SOSIP, with flexible linkers can result in molecules that do not require cleavage to fold efficiently into the mature closed state. Our results provide insights into the impact of cleavage on HIV-1 Env folding. In some contexts such as genetic immunization, optimized cleavage-independent soluble gp140 constructs may have utility over the parental BG505.SOSIP, as they would not require furin cleavage to achieve mimicry of mature Env spikes on virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mallika Sastry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R Lees
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Van Galen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Harned
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guillaume B E Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Eisen HN. Affinity enhancement of antibodies: how low-affinity antibodies produced early in immune responses are followed by high-affinity antibodies later and in memory B-cell responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:381-92. [PMID: 24795350 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antibodies produced initially in response to most antigens are high molecular weight (MW) immunoglobulins (IgM) with low affinity for the antigen, while the antibodies produced later are lower MW classes (e.g., IgG and IgA) with, on average, orders of magnitude higher affinity for that antigen. These changes, often termed affinity maturation, take place largely in small B-cell clusters (germinal center; GC) in lymphoid tissues in which proliferating antigen-stimulated B cells express the highly mutagenic cytidine deaminase that mediates immunoglobulin class-switching and sequence diversification of the immunoglobulin variable domains of antigen-binding receptors on B cells (BCR). Of the large library of BCR-mutated B cells thus rapidly generated, a small minority with affinity-enhancing mutations are selected to survive and differentiate into long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. BCRs are also endocytic receptors; they internalize and cleave BCR-bound antigen, yielding peptide-MHC complexes that are recognized by follicular helper T cells. Imperfect correlation between BCR affinity for antigen and cognate T-cell engagement may account for the increasing affinity heterogeneity that accompanies the increasing average affinity of antibodies. Conservation of mechanisms underlying mutation and selection of high-affinity antibodies over the ≈200 million years of evolution separating bird and mammal lineages points to the crucial role of antibody affinity enhancement in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman N Eisen
- Authors' Affiliations: Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Although some success was achieved in recent years in HIV prevention, an effective vaccine remains the means with the most potential of curtailing HIV-1 infections worldwide. Despite multiple failed attempts, a recent HIV vaccine regimen demonstrated modest protection from infection. Although the protective efficacy in this trial was not sufficient to warrant licensure, it spurred renewed optimism in the field and has provided valuable insights for improving future vaccine designs. This review summarizes the pertinent details of vaccine development and discusses ways the field is moving forward to develop a vaccine to prevent HIV infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 908, 20th Street South, CCB 328, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Anju Bansal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845, 19th Street South, BBRB 557, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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