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Zhang Y, Guo W, Zhan Z, Bai O. Carcinogenic mechanisms of virus-associated lymphoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361009. [PMID: 38482011 PMCID: PMC10932979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Gorgzadeh A, Nazari A, Ali Ehsan Ismaeel A, Safarzadeh D, Hassan JAK, Mohammadzadehsaliani S, Kheradjoo H, Yasamineh P, Yasamineh S. A state-of-the-art review of the recent advances in exosome isolation and detection methods in viral infection. Virol J 2024; 21:34. [PMID: 38291452 PMCID: PMC10829349 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates are only some of the molecular components found in exosomes released by tumor cells. They play an essential role in healthy and diseased cells as messengers of short- and long-distance intercellular communication. However, since exosomes are released by every kind of cell and may be found in blood and other bodily fluids, they may one day serve as biomarkers for a wide range of disorders. In many pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and infection, they play a role. It has been shown that the biogenesis of exosomes is analogous to that of viruses and that the exosomal cargo plays an essential role in the propagation, dissemination, and infection of several viruses. Bidirectional modulation of the immune response is achieved by the ability of exosomes associated with viruses to facilitate immunological escape and stimulate the body's antiviral immune response. Recently, exosomes have received a lot of interest due to their potential therapeutic use as biomarkers for viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV-2. This article discusses the purification procedures and detection techniques for exosomes and examines the research on exosomes as a biomarker of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Nazari
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Diba Safarzadeh
- Vocational School of Health Service, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jawad A K Hassan
- National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | | | - Pooneh Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Tsutsumi Y, Ito S, Shiratori S, Teshima T. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) As a Biomarker for Lymphoid Malignancy with HCV Infection. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2852. [PMID: 37345190 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is potentially associated with liver cancer, and advances in various drugs have led to progress in the treatment of hepatitis C and attempts to prevent its transition to liver cancer. Furthermore, reactivation of HCV has been observed in the treatment of lymphoma, during which the immortalization and proliferation of lymphocytes occur, which leads to the possibility of further stimulating cytokines and the like and possibly to the development of lymphoid malignancy. There are also cases in which the disappearance of lymphoid malignancy has been observed by treating HCV and suppressing HCV-Ribonucleic acid (RNA), as well as cases of recurrence with an increase in HCV-RNA. While HCV-associated lymphoma has a poor prognosis, improving the prognosis with Direct Acting Antivirals (DAA) has recently been reported. The reduction and eradication of HCV-RNA by means of DAA is thus important for the treatment of lymphoid malignancy associated with HCV infection, and HCV-RNA can presumably play a role as a biomarker. This review provides an overview of what is currently known about HCV-associated lymphoma, its epidemiology, the mechanisms underlying the progression to lymphoma, its treatment, the potential and limits of HCV-RNA as a therapeutic biomarker, and biomarkers that are expected now that DAA therapy has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Hematology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, 1-10-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8680, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ito
- Department of Hematology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, 1-10-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8680, Japan
| | - Souichi Shiratori
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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4
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Outcome of Kidney Transplants from Viremic and Non-Viremic Hepatitis C Virus Positive Donors into Negative Recipients: Results of the Spanish Registry. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051773. [PMID: 36902560 PMCID: PMC10002558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, donor infection with hepatitis-C virus (HCV) has been a barrier to kidney transplantation. However, in recent years, it has been reported that HCV positive kidney donors transplanted into HCV negative recipients offer acceptable mid-term results. However, acceptance of HCV donors, especially viremic, has not broadened in the clinical practice. This is an observational, multicenter, retrospective study including kidney transplants from HCV positive donors into negative recipients reported to the Spanish group from 2013 to 2021. Recipients from viremic donors received peri-transplant treatment with direct antiviral agents (DAA) for 8-12 weeks. We included 75 recipients from 44 HCV non-viremic donors and 41 from 25 HCV viremic donors. Primary non function, delayed graft function, acute rejection rate, renal function at the end of follow up, and patient and graft survival were not different between groups. Viral replication was not detected in recipients from non-viremic donors. Recipient treatment with DAA started pre-transplant avoids (n = 21) or attenuates (n = 5) viral replication but leads to non-different outcomes to post-transplant treatment with DAA (n = 15). HCV seroconversion was more frequent in recipients from viremic donors (73% vs. 16%, p < 0.001). One recipient of a viremic donor died due to hepatocellular carcinoma at 38 months. Donor HCV viremia seems not to be a risk factor for kidney transplant recipients receiving peri-transplant DAA, but continuous surveillance should be advised.
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5
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity via varied functions, including cytokine production and antigen presentation. Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) is a DC subset specialized in the production of type I and III interferons (IFNs). They are thus pivotal players of the host antiviral response during the acute phase of infection by genetically distant viruses. The pDC response is primarily triggered by the endolysosomal sensors Toll-like receptors, which recognize nucleic acids from pathogens. In some pathologic contexts, pDC response can also be triggered by host nucleic acids, hereby contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as, e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus. Importantly, recent in vitro studies from our laboratory and others uncovered that pDCs sense viral infections when a physical contact is established with infected cells. This specialized synapse-like feature enables a robust type I and III IFN secretion at the infected site. Therefore, this concentrated and confined response likely limits the correlated deleterious impacts of excessive cytokine production to the host, notably due to tissue damages. Here we provide a pipeline of methods for ex vivo studies of pDC antiviral functions, designed to address how pDC activation is regulated by cell-cell contact with virally infected cells and the current approaches enabling to decipher the underlying molecular events leading to an efficient antiviral response.
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6
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Omasta B, Tomaskova J. Cellular Lipids—Hijacked Victims of Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091896. [PMID: 36146703 PMCID: PMC9501026 DOI: 10.3390/v14091896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the millions of years-long co-evolution with their hosts, viruses have evolved plenty of mechanisms through which they are able to escape cellular anti-viral defenses and utilize cellular pathways and organelles for replication and production of infectious virions. In recent years, it has become clear that lipids play an important role during viral replication. Viruses use cellular lipids in a variety of ways throughout their life cycle. They not only physically interact with cellular membranes but also alter cellular lipid metabolic pathways and lipid composition to create an optimal replication environment. This review focuses on examples of how different viruses exploit cellular lipids in different cellular compartments during their life cycles.
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7
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Zhao Q, He K, Zhang X, Xu M, Zhang X, Li H. Production and immunogenicity of different prophylactic vaccines for hepatitis C virus (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:474. [PMID: 35761816 PMCID: PMC9214603 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health challenge, and prophylactic vaccines are the most effective way to eliminate the infection. To date, numerous forms of preventive vaccines have entered the clinical trial stage, including the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, peptide vaccine and nucleic acid vaccine. The rational design makes it easier to obtain specific vaccine structures with a broad spectrum and strong immunogenicity. Different vaccine antigens can evoke different immune responses, including humoral and T-cell immune responses, and can be produced using different expression systems, such as bacteria, yeast, mammals, plants, insects or parasites. Intracellular and insoluble production and a narrow immune spectrum are two difficulties that limit the application of vaccines. The present study summarizes the immunogenicity of different preventive vaccines, evaluates the characteristics of different expression systems used for vaccine production, and analyzes the strategies to enhance the secretion and immune spectrum of vaccine proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhao
- Microbiology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Kun He
- Microbiology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Microbiology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Microbiology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Huanjie Li
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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8
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Li W, Duan X, Zhu C, Liu X, Jeyarajan AJ, Xu M, Tu Z, Sheng Q, Chen D, Zhu C, Shao T, Cheng Z, Salloum S, Schaefer EA, Kruger AJ, Holmes JA, Chung RT, Lin W. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infection Promote Liver Fibrogenesis through a TGF-β1-Induced OCT4/Nanog Pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:672-684. [PMID: 35022275 PMCID: PMC8770612 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection accelerates liver fibrosis progression compared with HBV or HCV monoinfection. Octamer binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and Nanog are direct targets of the profibrogenic TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We leveraged a coculture model to monitor the effects of HBV and HCV coinfection on fibrogenesis in both sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide-transfected Huh7.5.1 hepatoma cells and LX2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We used CRISPR-Cas9 to knock out OCT4 and Nanog to evaluate their effects on HBV-, HCV-, or TGF-β1-induced liver fibrogenesis. HBV/HCV coinfection and HBx, HBV preS2, HCV Core, and HCV NS2/3 overexpression increased TGF-β1 mRNA levels in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide-Huh7.5.1 cells compared with controls. HBV/HCV coinfection further enhanced profibrogenic gene expression relative to HBV or HCV monoinfection. Coculture of HBV and HCV monoinfected or HBV/HCV coinfected hepatocytes with LX2 cells significantly increased profibrotic gene expression and LX2 cell invasion and migration. OCT4 and Nanog guide RNA independently suppressed HBV-, HCV-, HBV/HCV-, and TGF-β1-induced α-SMA, TIMP-1, and Col1A1 expression and reduced Huh7.5.1, LX2, primary hepatocyte, and primary human HSC migratory capacity. OCT4/Nanog protein expression also correlated positively with fibrosis stage in liver biopsies from patients with chronic HBV or HCV infection. In conclusion, HBV and HCV independently and cooperatively promote liver fibrogenesis through a TGF-β1-induced OCT4/Nanog-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, Hainan Province, China,Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China,Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, Hainan Province, China,Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Southwest University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Andre J. Jeyarajan
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zeng Tu
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiuju Sheng
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chuanwu Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tuo Shao
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhimeng Cheng
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shadi Salloum
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Esperance A. Schaefer
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Annie J. Kruger
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007 USA
| | - Jacinta A. Holmes
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Corresponding authors (Wenyu Lin and Raymond T. Chung), Correspondence address: Gastrointestinal Unit, Warren 1007, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Tel.: +1 617 726 2061; 617 724 7562; fax: +1 617 643 0446. (W. Lin),
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Corresponding authors (Wenyu Lin and Raymond T. Chung), Correspondence address: Gastrointestinal Unit, Warren 1007, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Tel.: +1 617 726 2061; 617 724 7562; fax: +1 617 643 0446. (W. Lin),
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced ROS/JNK signaling pathway activates the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch to promote the release of HCV particles via polyubiquitylation of VPS4A. J Virol 2022; 96:e0181121. [PMID: 35044214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01811-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection activates the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. However, the roles of ROS/JNK activation in the HCV life cycle still remain unclear. We sought to identify a novel role of ROS/JNK signaling pathway in the HCV life cycle. Immunoblot analysis revealed that HCV-induced ROS/JNK activation promoted phosphorylation of Itch, a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, leading to activation of Itch. The siRNA-knockdown of Itch significantly reduced the extracellular HCV infectivity titers, HCV RNA, and HCV core protein without affecting intracellular HCV infectivity titers, HCV RNA, and HCV proteins, suggesting that Itch is involved in release of HCV particles. HCV-mediated JNK/Itch activation specifically promoted polyubiquitylation of an AAA-type ATPase VPS4A, but not VPS4B, required to form multivesicular bodies. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that two lysine residues (K23 and K121) on VPS4A were important for VPS4A polyubiquitylation. The siRNA-knockdown of VPS4A, but not VPS4B, significantly reduced extracellular HCV infectivity titers. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that HCV infection specifically enhanced the interaction between CHMP1B, a subunit of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-III complex, and VPS4A, but not VPS4B, whereas VPS4A K23R/K121R greatly reduced the interaction with CHMP1B. HCV infection significantly increased ATPase activity of VPS4A, but not VPS4A K23R/K121R or VPS4B, suggesting that HCV-mediated polyubiquitylation of VPS4A contributes to activation of VPS4A. Taken together, we propose that HCV-induced ROS/JNK/Itch signaling pathway promotes VPS4A polyubiquitylation, leading to enhanced VPS4A-CHMP1B interaction and promotion of VPS4A ATPase activity, thereby promoting the release of HCV particles. IMPORTANCE ROS/JNK signaling pathway contributes to liver diseases, including steatosis, metabolic disorders, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We previously reported that HCV activates the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, leading to the enhancement of hepatic gluconeogenesis and apoptosis induction. This study further demonstrates that HCV-induced ROS/JNK signaling pathway activates the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch to promote release of HCV particles via polyubiquitylation of VPS4A. We provide evidence suggesting that HCV infection promotes the ROS/JNK/Itch signaling pathway and ESCRT/VPS4A machinery to release infectious HCV particles. Our results may lead to a better understanding of the mechanistic details of HCV particle release.
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Augestad EH, Bukh J, Prentoe J. Hepatitis C virus envelope protein dynamics and the link to hypervariable region 1. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:69-75. [PMID: 34403905 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics of viral envelope proteins seem to be involved in mediating evasion from neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) by mechanisms that limit exposure of conserved protein motifs. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), molecular studies have only recently begun to unveil how such dynamics of the envelope protein heterodimer, E1/E2, are linked to viral entry and NAb evasion. Here, we review data suggesting that E1/E2 exists in an equilibrium between theoretical 'open' (NAb-sensitive) and 'closed' (NAb-resistant) conformational states. We describe how this equilibrium is influenced by viral sequence polymorphisms and that it is critically dependent on the N-terminal region of E2, termed hypervariable region 1 (HVR1). Finally, we discuss how it appears that the virus binding site for the HCV entry co-receptor CD81 is less available in 'closed' E1/E2 states and that NAb-resistant viruses require a more intricate entry pathway involving also the entry co-receptor, SR-BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Augestad
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannick Prentoe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Boeckmans J, Rombaut M, Demuyser T, Declerck B, Piérard D, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Waumans L, Magerman K, Cartuyvels R, Rummens JL, Rodrigues RM, Vanhaecke T. Infections at the nexus of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2235-2253. [PMID: 34027561 PMCID: PMC8141380 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that affects about a quarter of the world population. MAFLD encompasses different disease stadia ranging from isolated liver steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although MAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, multiple concomitant disease-potentiating factors can accelerate disease progression. Among these risk factors are diet, lifestyle, genetic traits, intake of steatogenic drugs, male gender and particular infections. Although infections often outweigh the development of fatty liver disease, pre-existing MAFLD could be triggered to progress towards more severe disease stadia. These combined disease cases might be underreported because of the high prevalence of both MAFLD and infectious diseases that can promote or exacerbate fatty liver disease development. In this review, we portray the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the most relevant viral, bacterial and parasitic infections influence the progression of fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. We focus in particular on how infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease-19, hepatitis C, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, peptic ulcer and periodontitis, exacerbate MAFLD. We specifically underscore the synergistic effects of these infections with other MAFLD-promoting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Matthias Rombaut
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Baptist Declerck
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Waumans
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Koen Magerman
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Reinoud Cartuyvels
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Rummens
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Vaillant A. HBsAg, Subviral Particles, and Their Clearance in Establishing a Functional Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1351-1368. [PMID: 33302622 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In diverse viral infections, the production of excess viral particles containing only viral glycoproteins (subviral particles or SVP) is commonly observed and is a commonly evolved mechanism for immune evasion. In hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, spherical particles contain the hepatitis B surface antigen, outnumber infectious virus 10 000-100 000 to 1, and have diverse inhibitory effects on the innate and adaptive immune response, playing a major role in the chronic nature of HBV infection. The current goal of therapies in development for HBV infection is a clinical outcome called functional cure, which signals a persistent and effective immune control of the infection. Although removal of spherical SVP (and the HBsAg they carry) is an important milestone in achieving functional cure, this outcome is rarely achieved with current therapies due to distinct mechanisms for assembly, secretion, and persistence of SVP, which are poorly targeted by direct acting antivirals or immunotherapies. In this Review, the current understanding of the distinct mechanisms involved in the production and persistence of spherical SVP in chronic HBV infection and their immunoinhibitory activity will be reviewed as well as current therapies in development with the goal of clearing spherical SVP and achieving functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vaillant
- Replicor Inc., 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H8Y 3E6, Canada
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13
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LeBlanc EV, Kim Y, Capicciotti CJ, Colpitts CC. Hepatitis C Virus Glycan-Dependent Interactions and the Potential for Novel Preventative Strategies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060685. [PMID: 34205894 PMCID: PMC8230238 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a major contributor to liver disease worldwide. HCV treatment has become highly effective, yet there are still no vaccines or prophylactic strategies available to prevent infection and allow effective management of the global HCV burden. Glycan-dependent interactions are crucial to many aspects of the highly complex HCV entry process, and also modulate immune evasion. This review provides an overview of the roles of viral and cellular glycans in HCV infection and highlights glycan-focused advances in the development of entry inhibitors and vaccines to effectively prevent HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle V. LeBlanc
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Youjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Chantelle J. Capicciotti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (E.V.L.); (Y.K.); (C.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Inflammatory signaling in dengue-infected platelets requires translation and secretion of nonstructural protein 1. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2018-2031. [PMID: 32396616 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence identifies major contributions of platelets to inflammatory amplification in dengue, but the mechanisms of infection-driven platelet activation are not completely understood. Dengue virus nonstructural protein-1 (DENV NS1) is a viral protein secreted by infected cells with recognized roles in dengue pathogenesis, but it remains unknown whether NS1 contributes to the inflammatory phenotype of infected platelets. This study shows that recombinant DENV NS1 activated platelets toward an inflammatory phenotype that partially reproduced DENV infection. NS1 stimulation induced translocation of α-granules and release of stored factors, but not of newly synthesized interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Even though both NS1 and DENV were able to induce pro-IL-1β synthesis, only DENV infection triggered caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release by platelets. A more complete thromboinflammatory phenotype was achieved by synergistic activation of NS1 with classic platelet agonists, enhancing α-granule translocation and inducing thromboxane A2 synthesis (thrombin and platelet-activating factor), or activating caspase-1 for IL-1β processing and secretion (adenosine triphosphate). Also, platelet activation by NS1 partially depended on toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), but not TLR-2/6. Finally, the platelets sustained viral genome translation and replication, but did not support the release of viral progeny to the extracellular milieu, characterizing an abortive viral infection. Although DENV infection was not productive, translation of the DENV genome led to NS1 expression and release by platelets, contributing to the activation of infected platelets through an autocrine loop. These data reveal distinct, new mechanisms for platelet activation in dengue, involving DENV genome translation and NS1-induced platelet activation via platelet TLR4.
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15
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Hepatitis C Virus Uses Host Lipids to Its Own Advantage. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050273. [PMID: 33925362 PMCID: PMC8145847 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids and lipoproteins constitute indispensable components for living not only for humans. In the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the option of using the products of our lipid metabolism is “to be, or not to be”. On the other hand, HCV infection, which is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, exerts a profound influence on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of the host. The consequences of this alternation are frequently observed as hypolipidemia and hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The clinical relevance of these changes reflects the fact that lipids and lipoprotein play a crucial role in all steps of the life cycle of HCV. The virus circulates in the bloodstream as a highly lipidated lipo-viral particle (LVP) that defines HCV hepatotropism. Thus, strict relationships between lipids/lipoproteins and HCV are indispensable for the mechanism of viral entry into hepatocytes, viral replication, viral particles assembly and secretion. The purpose of this review is to summarize the tricks thanks to which HCV utilizes host lipid metabolism to its own advantage.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.
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Polyak SJ, Crispe IN, Baumert TF. Liver Abnormalities after Elimination of HCV Infection: Persistent Epigenetic and Immunological Perturbations Post-Cure. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010044. [PMID: 33430338 PMCID: PMC7825776 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. While directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs are now able to cure virtually all hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, even in subjects with advanced liver disease, what happens to the liver and progression of the disease after DAA-induced cure of viremia is only beginning to emerge. Several large-scale clinical studies in different patient populations have shown that patients with advanced liver disease maintain a risk for developing HCC even when the original instigator, the virus, is eliminated by DAAs. Here we review emerging studies derived from multiple, complementary experimental systems involving patient liver tissues, human liver cell cultures, human liver slice cultures, and animal models, showing that HCV infection induces epigenetic, signaling, and gene expression changes in the liver associated with altered hepatic innate immunity and liver cancer risk. Of critical importance is the fact that these virus-induced abnormalities persist after DAA cure of HCV. These nascent findings portend the discovery of pathways involved in post-HCV immunopathogenesis, which may be clinically actionable targets for more comprehensive care of DAA-cured individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.N.C.); (T.F.B.)
| | - I. Nicholas Crispe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.N.C.); (T.F.B.)
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pole Hépato-digestif, IHU, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.N.C.); (T.F.B.)
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18
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Zheng F, Li N, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Li YP. Adaptive mutations promote hepatitis C virus assembly by accelerating core translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100018. [PMID: 33144326 PMCID: PMC7949066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelopment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is believed to occur primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated membrane, and the translocation of viral Core protein from lipid droplets (LDs) to the ER is essential for the envelopment of viral particles. However, the factors involved are not completely understood. Herein, we identified eight adaptive mutations that enhanced virus spread and infectivity of genotype 1a clone TNcc in hepatoma Huh7 cells through long-term culture adaptation and reverse genetic study. Of eight mutations, I853V in NS2 and C2865F in NS5B were found to be minimal mutation sets that enabled an increase in virus production without apparently affecting RNA replication, thus suggesting its roles in the post-replication stage of the HCV life cycle. Using a protease K protection and confocal microscopy analysis, we demonstrated that C2865F and the combination of I853V/C2865F enhanced virus envelopment by facilitating Core translocation from the LDs to the ER. Buoyant density analysis revealed that I853V/C2865F contributed to the release of virion with a density of ∼1.10 g/ml. Moreover, we demonstrated that NS5B directly interacted with NS2 at the protease domain and that mutations I853V, C2865F, and I853V/C2865F enhanced the interaction. In addition, C2865F also enhanced the interaction between NS5B and Core. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that adaptive mutations in NS2 and NS5B promoted HCV envelopment by accelerating Core translocation from the LDs to the ER and reinforced the interaction between NS2 and NS5B. The findings facilitate our understanding of the assembly of HCV morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Zheng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pediatric, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanping Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
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19
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Abo-Zeid Y, Williams GR, Touabi L, McLean GR. An investigation of rhinovirus infection on cellular uptake of poly (glycerol-adipate) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119826. [PMID: 32871219 PMCID: PMC7836899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections represent 44% of newly emerging infections, and as is shown by the COVID-19 outbreak constitute a major risk to human health and wellbeing. Although there are many efficient antiviral agents, they still have drawbacks such as development of virus resistance and accumulation within off-target organs. Encapsulation of antiviral agents into nanoparticles (NPs) has been shown to improve bioavailability, control release, and reduce side effects. However, there is little quantitative understanding of how the uptake of NPs into virally infected cells compares to uninfected cells. In this work, the uptake of fluorescently labeled polymer NPs was investigated in several models of rhinovirus (RV) infected cells. Different multiplicities of RV infections (MOI) and timings of NPs uptake were also investigated. In some cases, RV infection resulted in a significant increase of NPs uptake, but this was not universally noted. For HeLa cells, RV-A16 and RV-A01 infection elevated NPs uptake upon increasing the incubation time, whereas at later timepoints (6 h) a reduced uptake was noted with RV-A01 infection (owing to decreased cell viability). Beas-2B cells exhibited more complex trends: decreases in NPs uptake (cf. uninfected cells) were observed at short incubation times following RV-A01 and RV-A16 infection. At later incubation times (4 h), we found a marked decrease of NPs uptake for RV-A01 infected cells but an increase in uptake with RV-A16 infected cells. Where increases in NPs uptake were found, they were very modest compared to results previously reported for a hepatitis C/ Huh7.5 cell line model. An increase in RV dose (MOI) was not associated with any notable change of NPs uptake. We argue that the diverse endocytic pathways among the different cell lines, together with changes in virus nature, size, and entry mechanism are responsible for these differences. These findings suggest that NPs entry into virally infected cells is a complex process, and further work is required to unravel the different factors which govern this. Undertaking this additional research will be crucial to develop potent nanomedicines for the delivery of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Abo-Zeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Lila Touabi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Gary R McLean
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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20
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Zitzmann C, Kaderali L, Perelson AS. Mathematical modeling of hepatitis C RNA replication, exosome secretion and virus release. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008421. [PMID: 33151933 PMCID: PMC7671504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute hepatitis C and can lead to life-threatening complications if it becomes chronic. The HCV genome is a single plus strand of RNA. Its intracellular replication is a spatiotemporally coordinated process of RNA translation upon cell infection, RNA synthesis within a replication compartment, and virus particle production. While HCV is mainly transmitted via mature infectious virus particles, it has also been suggested that HCV-infected cells can secrete HCV RNA carrying exosomes that can infect cells in a receptor independent manner. In order to gain insight into these two routes of transmission, we developed a series of intracellular HCV replication models that include HCV RNA secretion and/or virus assembly and release. Fitting our models to in vitro data, in which cells were infected with HCV, suggests that initially most secreted HCV RNA derives from intracellular cytosolic plus-strand RNA, but subsequently secreted HCV RNA derives equally from the cytoplasm and the replication compartments. Furthermore, our model fits to the data suggest that the rate of virus assembly and release is limited by host cell resources. Including the effects of direct acting antivirals in our models, we found that in spite of decreasing intracellular HCV RNA and extracellular virus concentration, low level HCV RNA secretion may continue as long as intracellular RNA is available. This may possibly explain the presence of detectable levels of plasma HCV RNA at the end of treatment even in patients that ultimately attain a sustained virologic response. Approximately 70 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), which if left untreated may lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. However, modern drug therapy is highly effective and hepatitis C is the first chronic virus infection that can be cured with short-term therapy in almost all infected individuals. The within-host transmission of HCV occurs mainly via infectious virus particles, but experimental studies suggest that there may be additional receptor-independent cell-to-cell transmission by exosomes that carry the HCV genome. In order to understand the intracellular HCV lifecycle and HCV RNA spread, we developed a series of mathematical models that take both exosomal secretion and viral secretion into account. By fitting these models to in vitro data, we found that secretion of both HCV RNA as well as virus probably occurs and that the rate of virus assembly is likely limited by cellular co-factors on which the virus strongly depends for its own replication. Furthermore, our modeling predicted that the parameters governing the processes in the viral lifecycle that are targeted by direct acting antivirals are the most sensitive to perturbations, which may help explain their ability to cure this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Zitzmann
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Greifswald, Germany
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lars Kaderali
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Innate Immune Response against Hepatitis C Virus: Targets for Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020313. [PMID: 32560440 PMCID: PMC7350220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful treatments, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a significant world health problem. High treatment costs, the high number of undiagnosed individuals, and the difficulty to access to treatment, particularly in marginalized susceptible populations, make it improbable to achieve the global control of the virus in the absence of an effective preventive vaccine. Current vaccine development is mostly focused on weakly immunogenic subunits, such as surface glycoproteins or non-structural proteins, in the case of HCV. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that increase immunogenic performance. As we learn more information about how adjuvants work, it is becoming clear that proper stimulation of innate immunity is crucial to achieving a successful immunization. Several hepatic cell types participate in the early innate immune response and the subsequent inflammation and activation of the adaptive response, principally hepatocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (Kupffer cells, and dendritic cells). Innate pattern recognition receptors on these cells, mainly toll-like receptors, are targets for new promising adjuvants. Moreover, complex adjuvants that stimulate different components of the innate immunity are showing encouraging results and are being incorporated in current vaccines. Recent studies on HCV-vaccine adjuvants have shown that the induction of a strong T- and B-cell immune response might be enhanced by choosing the right adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
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Qing J, Wu M, Luo R, Chen J, Cao L, Zeng D, Shang L, Nong J, Wu Q, Ding BS, Chen X, Rao Z, Liu L, Lou Z. Identification of Interferon Receptor IFNAR2 As a Novel HCV Entry Factor by Using Chemical Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1232-1241. [PMID: 31972076 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon sensing pathogen-associated patterns and secreting interferons (IFNs) into the environment, host cells perceive extracellular type I IFNs by the IFNα/β receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 to stimulate downstream innate immune signaling cascades. Through the use of chemical probes, we demonstrated that IFNAR2 facilitates hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry. Silencing of IFNAR2 significantly attenuated HCV proliferation. IFNAR2 binds infectious HCV virions through a direct interaction of its D2 domain with the C-terminal end of apolipoprotein E (apoE) on the viral envelope and facilitates virus entry into host cells. The antibody against the IFNAR2 D2 domain attenuates IFNAR2-apoE interaction and impairs HCV infection. The recombinant IFNAR2 protein and the chemical probe potently inhibit major HCV genotypes in various human liver cells in vitro. Moreover, the impact of a chemical probe on HCV genotype 2a is also documented in immune-compromised humanized transgenic mice. Our results not only expand the understanding of the biology of HCV entry and the virus-host relationship but also reveal a new target for the development of anti-HCV entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qing
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People’s Republic of China
| | - Debin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinkai Wu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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23
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Bandopadhyay M, Bharadwaj M. Exosomal miRNAs in hepatitis B virus related liver disease: a new hope for biomarker. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:23. [PMID: 32346400 PMCID: PMC7183117 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation, in its 2019 progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and STDs indicates that 257 million people are afflicted with chronic HBV infections, of which, 1 million patients lose their lives every year due to HBV related chronic liver diseases including serious complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The course of HBV infection and associated liver injury depend on several host factors, genetic variability of the virus, and the host viral interplay. The challenge of medical science is the early diagnosis/identification of the potential for development of fatal complications like liver cirrhosis and HCC so that timely medical intervention can improve the chances of survival. Currently, neither the vaccination regime nor the diagnostic methods are completely effective as reflected in the high number of annual deaths. It is evident from numerous publications that microRNAs (miRNAs) are the critical regulators of gene expression and various cellular processes like proliferation, development, differentiation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Expressions of these diminutive RNAs are significantly affected in cancerous tissues as a result of numerous genomic and epigenetic modifications. Exosomes are membrane-derived vesicles (30–100 nm) secreted by normal as well as malignant cells, and are present in all body fluids. They are recognized as critical molecules in intercellular communication between cells through horizontal transfer of information via their cargo, which includes selective proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs. Exosomal miRNAs are transferred to recipient cells where they can regulate target gene expression. This provides an insight into the elementary biology of cancer progression and therefore the development of therapeutic approaches. This concise review outlines various on-going research on miRNA mediated regulation of HBV pathogenesis with special emphasis on association of exosomal miRNA in advanced stage liver disease like hepatocellular carcinoma. This review also discusses the possible use of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers in the early detection of HCC and liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikankana Bandopadhyay
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301 India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301 India
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24
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Dash S, Aydin Y, Widmer KE, Nayak L. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mechanisms Associated with Chronic HCV Infection and the Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:45-76. [PMID: 32346535 PMCID: PMC7167284 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s221187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of HCC initiation, growth, and metastasis appear to be highly complex due to the decade-long interactions between the virus, immune system, and overlapping bystander effects of host metabolic liver disease. The lack of a readily accessible animal model system for HCV is a significant obstacle to understand the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis. Traditionally, the primary prevention strategy of HCC has been to eliminate infection by antiviral therapy. The success of virus elimination by antiviral treatment is determined by the SVR when the HCV is no longer detectable in serum. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and its analogs, pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) alone with ribavirin (RBV), have been the primary antiviral treatment of HCV for many years with a low cure rate. The cloning and sequencing of HCV have allowed the development of cell culture models, which accelerated antiviral drug discovery. It resulted in the selection of highly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based combination therapy that now offers incredible success in curing HCV infection in more than 95% of all patients, including those with cirrhosis. However, several emerging recent publications claim that patients who have liver cirrhosis at the time of DAAs treatment face the risk of HCC occurrence and recurrence after viral cure. This remains a substantial challenge while addressing the long-term benefit of antiviral medicine. The host-related mechanisms that drive the risk of HCC in the absence of the virus are unknown. This review describes the multifaceted mechanisms that create a tumorigenic environment during chronic HCV infection. In addition to the potential oncogenic programming that drives HCC after viral clearance by DAAs, the current status of a biomarker development for early prediction of cirrhosis regression and HCC detection post viral treatment is discussed. Since DAAs treatment does not provide full protection against reinfection or viral transmission to other individuals, the recent studies for a vaccine development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Kyle E Widmer
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
| | - Leela Nayak
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
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25
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Dai X, Zhang X, Ostrikov K, Abrahamyan L. Host receptors: the key to establishing cells with broad viral tropism for vaccine production. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:147-168. [PMID: 32202955 PMCID: PMC7113910 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1735992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based vaccine technology is a flexible and convenient approach for vaccine production that requires adaptation of the vaccine strains to the new cells. Driven by the motivation to develop a broadly permissive cell line for infection with a wide range of viruses, we identified a set of the most relevant host receptors involved in viral attachment and entry. This identification was done through a review of different viral entry pathways and host cell lines, and in the context of the Baltimore classification of viruses. In addition, we indicated the potential technical problems and proposed some solutions regarding how to modify the host cell genome in order to meet industrial requirements for mass production of antiviral vaccines. Our work contributes to a finer understanding of the importance of breaking the host–virus recognition specificities for the possibility of creating a cell line feasible for the production of vaccines against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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26
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Castro V, Calvo G, Ávila-Pérez G, Dreux M, Gastaminza P. Differential Roles of Lipin1 and Lipin2 in the Hepatitis C Virus Replication Cycle. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111456. [PMID: 31752156 PMCID: PMC6912735 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although their origin, nature and structure are not identical, a common feature of positive-strand RNA viruses is their ability to subvert host lipids and intracellular membranes to generate replication and assembly complexes. Recently, lipin1, a cellular enzyme that converts phosphatidic acid into diacylglycerol, has been implicated in the formation of the membranous web that hosts hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicase. In the liver, lipin1 cooperates with lipin2 to maintain glycerolipid homeostasis. We extended our previous study of the lipin family on HCV infection, by determining the impact of the lipin2 silencing on viral replication. Our data reveal that lipin2 silencing interferes with HCV virion secretion at late stages of the infection, without significantly affecting viral replication or assembly. Moreover, uninfected lipin2-, but not lipin1-deficient cells display alterations in mitochondrial and Golgi apparatus morphology, suggesting that lipin2 contributes to the maintenance of the overall organelle architecture. Finally, our data suggest a broader function of lipin2 for replication of HCV and other RNA viruses, in contrast with the specific impact of lipin1 silencing on HCV replication. Overall, this study reveals distinctive functions of lipin1 and lipin2 in cells of hepatic origin, a context in which they are often considered functionally redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Castro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
| | - Gema Calvo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
| | - Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-585-4678; Fax: +34-91-585-4506
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Bruno S, Nicole B, Nila J D, Gail M, James N, Peter S M, Christopher S H. Heart Transplantation From Hepatitis C-Positive Donors in the Era of Direct Acting Antiviral Therapy: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e486. [PMID: 31579814 PMCID: PMC6739042 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While heart transplantation is a highly effective treatment in patients with advanced heart failure, the number of people waiting for a transplant exceeds the number of available donors. With the advent of direct acting antivirals (DAA) for the eradication of Hepatitis C, the heart transplant donor pool has been expanded to include donors with untreated Hepatitis C. To help with the development of future protocols for Hepatitis C-positive heart transplants, we performed a review of the literature on DAA therapy in the context of heart transplantation. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, OVIDE JOURNAL, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR for papers published between 01.01.2011 and 01.06.2019 using key words "heart transplantation" associated with "hepatitis C." RESULTS After removing duplicates, we screened 78 articles and retained 16 for primary analysis and 20 for sustained virologic response 12 weeks after completion of the DAA therapy (SVR-12). The data from 62 patients were extracted from these publications. Fifty-six (90%) patients had donor-derived hepatitis C and 6 (10%) patients were chronically infected with hepatitis C before transplantation. All living transplanted patients achieved SVR-12, defined as hepatitis C virus RNA below the limit of detection 12 weeks after treatment completion. Treatment duration ranged from 4 to 24 weeks. Clinically relevant modification to the dosing of immunosuppressive mediations during DAA therapy was documented in only 1 patient (1.6%). Six (14%) patients experienced rejection during DAA therapy. CONCLUSIONS Despite different timings of initiation of DAA therapy across the included studies, there were no differences in sustained viral clearance. Early commencement of DAA with a potentially shorter treatment duration (<8 wk) is appealing; however, further studies are required before recommending this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schnegg Bruno
- Department of Cardiology, Center for advance heart failure, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Heart and Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Bart Nicole
- Heart and Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Dharan Nila J
- HIV, Immunology and Infectious Disease Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthews Gail
- HIV, Immunology and Infectious Disease Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadel James
- Heart and Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Macdonald Peter S
- Heart and Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayward Christopher S
- Heart and Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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28
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Pol S, Lagaye S. The remarkable history of the hepatitis C virus. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:263-270. [PMID: 31295571 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an example of the translational research success. The reciprocal interactions between clinicians and scientists have allowed in 30 years the initiation of empirical treatments by interferon, the discovery of the virus, the development of serological and virological tools for diagnosis but also for prognosis (the non-invasive biochemical or morphological fibrosis tests, the predictors of the specific immune response including genetic IL28B polymorphisms). Finally, well-tolerated and effective treatments with oral antivirals inhibiting HCV non-structural viral proteins involved in viral replication have been marketed this last decade, allowing the cure of all infected subjects. HCV chronic infection, which is a public health issue, is a hepatic disease which may lead to a cirrhosis and an hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but also a systemic disease with extra-hepatic manifestations either associated with a cryoglobulinemic vasculitis or chronic inflammation. The HCV infection is the only chronic viral infection which may be cured: the so-called sustained virologic response, defined by undetectable HCV RNA 12 weeks after the end of the treatment, significantly reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations which are mainly reversible. The history of HCV ends with the pangenotypic efficacy of the multiple combinations, easy to use for 8-12 weeks with one to three pills per day and little problems of tolerance. This explains the short 30 years from the virus discovery to the viral hepatitis elimination policy proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Pol
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Département d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France; INSERM UMS-20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Lagaye
- Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Syntenin regulates hepatitis C virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibody by promoting E2 secretion through exosomes. J Hepatol 2019; 71:52-61. [PMID: 30880226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Assembly of infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles is known to involve host lipoproteins, giving rise to unique lipo-viro-particles (LVPs), but proteome studies now suggest that additional cellular proteins are associated with HCV virions or other particles containing the viral envelope glycoprotein E2. Many of these host cell proteins are common markers of exosomes, most notably the intracellular adaptor protein syntenin, which is required for exosome biogenesis. We aimed to elucidate the role of syntenin/E2 in HCV infection. METHODS Using cell culture-derived HCV, we studied the biogenesis and function of E2-coated exosomes in both hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). RESULTS Knockout of syntenin had a negligible impact on HCV replication and virus production, whereas ectopic expression of syntenin at physiological levels reduced intracellular E2 abundance, while concomitantly increasing the secretion of E2-coated exosomes. Importantly, cells expressing syntenin and HCV structural proteins efficiently released exosomes containing E2 but lacking the core protein. Furthermore, infectivity of HCV released from syntenin-expressing hepatoma cells and PHHs was more resistant to neutralization by E2-specific antibodies and chronic-phase patient serum. We also found that high E2/syntenin levels in sera correlate with lower serum neutralization capability. CONCLUSIONS E2- and syntenin-containing exosomes are a major type of particle released from cells expressing high levels of syntenin. Efficient production of E2-coated exosomes renders HCV infectivity less susceptible to antibody neutralization in hepatoma cells and PHHs. LAY SUMMARY This study identifies a key role for syntenin in the regulation of E2 secretion via exosomes. Efficient production of E2-coated exosomes was shown to make hepatitis C virus less sensitive to antibody neutralization. These results may have implications for the development of a hepatitis C virus vaccine.
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30
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[Hepatic tropism of hepatitis C virus infection]. Uirusu 2019; 68:63-70. [PMID: 31105136 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 170 million people worldwide and is a major cause of life-threatening liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In current research, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of hepatic tropism of HCV infection. Although non-hepatic cells could not permit replication of HCV RNA, exogenous expression of liver specific miRNA, miR-122 facilitated efficient replication of viral RNA through direct interaction with 5'UTR of viral genome, indicating that miR-122 is one of the key determinants for hepatic tropism of HCV infection. In spite of efficient replication of viral RNA, formation of infectious particles was not observed in non-hepatic cells exogenously expressing miR-122. We found that expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) facilitated the formation of infectious HCV particles in non-hepatic cells, indicating that not only miR-122 but also ApoE participate in tissue tropism of HCV infection. To understand the exact roles of miR-122 and apolipoproteins in hepatic tropism of HCV, we established miR-122 and ApoB/ApoE knockout (KO) Huh7 cells, respectively. Although slight increase of intracellular HCV RNA and infectious titers in the culture supernatants was observed, propagation of HCV was impaired in miR-122 KO Huh7 cells. After serial passages of HCV in miR-122 KO cells, we obtained an adaptive mutant that possessed G28A substitutions in the 5'UTR of the HCV genome and exhibited efficient translation and replication in both miR-122 KO Huh7 and non-hepatic cells without exogenous expression of miR-122. These results suggest that HCV mutants replicating in non-hepatic cells in an miR-122-independent manner participate in the induction of extrahepatic manifestations in chronic hepatitis C patients. Deficiency of both ApoB and ApoE strongly inhibited the formation of infectious HCV particles. Interestingly, expression not only of ApoE but also of ApoA or ApoC could rescue the production of infectious HCV particles in ApoB/ApoE KO cells, suggesting that exchangeable apolipoproteins redundantly participate in the formation of infectious HCV particles.
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31
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Defective viral genomes are key drivers of the virus-host interaction. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1075-1087. [PMID: 31160826 PMCID: PMC7097797 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to appreciate the surprising versatility of viral genomes and how replication-competent and -defective virus variants can provide means for adaptation, immune escape and virus perpetuation. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the types of defective viral genomes generated during the replication of RNA viruses and the functions that they carry out. We highlight the universality and diversity of defective viral genomes during infections and discuss their predicted role in maintaining a fit virus population, their impact on human and animal health, and their potential to be harnessed as antiviral tools. This Review describes recent findings on the biogenesis and the role of defective viral genomes during replication of RNA viruses and discusses their impact on viral dynamics and evolution.
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32
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Collett S, Torresi J, Earnest-Silveira L, Christiansen D, Elbourne A, Ramsland PA. Probing and pressing surfaces of hepatitis C virus-like particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 545:259-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Hypervariable region 1 and N-linked glycans of hepatitis C regulate virion neutralization by modulating envelope conformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10039-10047. [PMID: 31040211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822002116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About two million new cases of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections annually underscore the urgent need for a vaccine. However, this effort has proven challenging because HCV evades neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) through molecular features of viral envelope glycoprotein E2, including hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and N-linked glycans. Here, we observe large variation in the effects of removing individual E2 glycans across HCV strains H77(genotype 1a), J6(2a), and S52(3a) in Huh7.5 cell infections. Also, glycan-mediated effects on neutralization sensitivity were completely HVR1-dependent, and neutralization data were consistent with indirect protection of epitopes, as opposed to direct steric shielding. Indeed, the effect of removing each glycan was similar both in type (protective or sensitizing) and relative strength across four nonoverlapping neutralization epitopes. Temperature-dependent neutralization (e.g., virus breathing) assays indicated that both HVR1 and protective glycans stabilized a closed, difficult to neutralize, envelope conformation. This stabilizing effect was hierarchical as removal of HVR1 fully destabilized closed conformations, irrespective of glycan status, consistent with increased instability at acidic pH and high temperatures. Finally, we observed a strong correlation between neutralization sensitivity and scavenger receptor BI dependency during viral entry. In conclusion, our study indicates that HVR1 and glycans regulate HCV neutralization by shifting the equilibrium between open and closed envelope conformations. This regulation appears tightly linked with scavenger receptor BI dependency, suggesting a role of this receptor in transitions from closed to open conformations during entry. This importance of structural dynamics of HCV envelope glycoproteins has critical implications for vaccine development and suggests that similar phenomena could contribute to immune evasion of other viruses.
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34
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The Role of ApoE in HCV Infection and Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082037. [PMID: 31027190 PMCID: PMC6515466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that can efficiently establish chronic infection in humans. The overlap between the HCV replication cycle and lipid metabolism is considered to be one of the primary means by which HCV efficiently develops chronic infections. In the blood, HCV is complex with lipoproteins to form heterogeneous lipo-viro-particles (LVPs). Furthermore, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which binds to receptors during lipoprotein transport and regulates lipid metabolism, is localized on the surface of LVPs. ApoE not only participate in the attachment and entry of HCV on the cell surface but also the assembly and release of HCV viral particles from cells. Moreover, in the blood, ApoE can also alter the infectivity of HCV and be used by HCV to escape recognition by the host immune system. In addition, because ApoE can also affect the antioxidant and immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory properties of the host organism, the long-term binding and utilization of host ApoE during chronic HCV infection not only leads to liver lipid metabolic disorders but may also lead to increased morbidity and mortality associated with systemic comorbidities.
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35
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Pol S, Lagaye S. The remarkable history of the hepatitis C virus. Genes Immun 2019; 20:436-446. [PMID: 31019253 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an example of the translational research success. The reciprocal interactions between clinicians and scientists have allowed in 30 years the initiation of empirical treatments by interferon, the discovery of the virus, the development of serological and virological tools for diagnosis but also for prognosis (the non-invasive biochemical or morphological fibrosis tests, the predictors of the specific immune response including genetic IL28B polymorphisms). Finally, well-tolerated and effective treatments with oral antivirals inhibiting HCV non-structural viral proteins involved in viral replication have been marketed this last decade, allowing the cure of all infected subjects. HCV chronic infection, which is a public health issue, is a hepatic disease, which may lead to a cirrhosis and an hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but also a systemic disease with extra-hepatic manifestations either associated with a cryoglobulinemic vasculitis or chronic inflammation. The HCV infection is the only chronic viral infection, which may be cured: the so-called sustained virologic response, defined by undetectable HCV RNA 12 weeks after the end of the treatment, significantly reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations, which are mainly reversible. The history of HCV ends with the pangenotypic efficacy of the multiple combinations, easy to use for 8-12 weeks with one to three pills per day and little problems of tolerance. This explains the short 30 years from the virus discovery to the viral hepatitis elimination policy proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Pol
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. .,Département d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMS-20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Lagaye
- Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. HCV Pit Stop at the Lipid Droplet: Refuel Lipids and Put on a Lipoprotein Coat before Exit. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030233. [PMID: 30871009 PMCID: PMC6468556 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication cycle of the liver-tropic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly connected to the host lipid metabolism, during the virus entry, replication, assembly and egress stages, but also while the virus circulates in the bloodstream. This interplay coins viral particle properties, governs viral cell tropism, and facilitates immune evasion. This review summarizes our knowledge of these interactions focusing on the late steps of the virus replication cycle. It builds on our understanding of the cell biology of lipid droplets and the biosynthesis of liver lipoproteins and attempts to explain how HCV hijacks these organelles and pathways to assemble its lipo-viro-particles. In particular, this review describes (i) the mechanisms of viral protein translocation to and from the lipid droplet surface and the orchestration of an interface between replication and assembly complexes, (ii) the importance of the triglyceride mobilization from the lipid droplets for HCV assembly, (iii) the interplay between HCV and the lipoprotein synthesis pathway including the role played by apolipoproteins in virion assembly, and finally (iv) the consequences of these complex virus–host interactions on the virion composition and its biophysical properties. The wealth of data accumulated in the past years on the role of the lipid metabolism in HCV assembly and its imprint on the virion properties will guide vaccine design efforts and reinforce our understanding of the hepatic lipid metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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37
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays dual functions in the HCV life cycle by promoting HCV infection and virion assembly and production. ApoE is a structural component on the HCV envelope. It mediates HCV cell attachment through specific interactions with the cell surface receptors such as syndecan-1 (SDC-1) and SDC-2 heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). It also interacts with NS5A and E2, resulting in an enhancement of HCV morphogenesis. It can bind HCV extracellularly and promotes HCV infection. It is critical for HCV cell-to-cell transmission and may also play a role in HCV persistence by interfering with the action of HCV-neutralizing antibodies. Other apolipoproteins particularly apoB and apoC1 were also found on the HCV envelope, but their roles in the HCV life cycle remain unclear. In the last decade, a number of genomic, immunological, structural, and cell biology methodologies have been developed and used for determining the importance of apoE in the HCV life cycle. These methods and protocols will continue to be valuable to further understand the importance and the underlying molecular mechanism of various apolipoproteins in HCV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Guangxiang George Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a peculiar member of the Flaviviridae family, with features in between an enveloped virus and a human lipoprotein and, consequently, unusual biophysical properties that made its production and purification rather challenging.Here we describe methods to generate HCV stocks in cell culture by electroporating in vitro transcribed viral RNA into permissive cell lines as well as downstream concentration and purification strategies.
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39
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Monitoring of Interferon Response Triggered by Cells Infected by Hepatitis C Virus or Other Viruses Upon Cell-Cell Contact. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1911:319-335. [PMID: 30593636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8976-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitute a unique DC subset specialized in rapid and massive secretion of cytokines, including type I interferon (i.e., IFNα and IFNβ), known to be pivotal for both innate immunity and the onset of adaptive response. The production of type I IFNs by pDCs is primarily induced by the recognition of viral nucleic acids through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -9 sensors located in the endolysosomal compartment. Importantly, in the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, pDC type I IFN response is triggered by the sensing of infected cells via physical cell-cell contact. Such a feature is also observed for many genetically distant viruses, including notably viruses of the Retroviridae, Arenaviridae, Flaviviridae, Picornaviridaea, Togaviridae families and observed for various infected cell types. Here, we described a set of experimental methods for the ex vivo studies of the regulation of pDC activation upon physical cell-cell contact with virally infected cells.
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Zhang H, Qiao L, Luo G. Characterization of apolipoprotein C1 in hepatitis C virus infection and morphogenesis. Virology 2018; 524:1-9. [PMID: 30130702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1)-specific antibodies precipitated hepatitis C virus (HCV) and neutralized HCV infectivity, suggesting that apoC1 is a HCV component. However, the importance of apoC1 in the HCV life cycle has not been experimentally examined. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of apoC1 in the HCV infection and morphogenesis by knocking out the apoC1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Strikingly, apoC1 gene knockout markedly enhanced apoE expression. As a result, apoC1 gene knockout per se didn't significantly affect HCV infection or morphogenesis, probably ascribing to its redundant functions with apoE. However, knockout of apoC1 gene potentiated the impairment of HCV infection and/or morphogenesis by apoE-specific small interfering RNAs. Additionally, a recombinant apoC1 protein efficiently blocked HCV infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that apoC1 and apoE have redundant functions in the HCV infection and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luhua Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Guangxiang Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Transmembrane Domains Mediate Intra- and Extracellular Trafficking of Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00280-18. [PMID: 29950415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00280-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is released from latently infected tumor cells in small membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Accumulating evidence suggests that LMP1 is a major driver of EV content and functions. LMP1-modified EVs have been shown to influence recipient cell growth, migration, differentiation, and regulation of immune cell function. Despite the significance of LMP1-modified exosomes, very little is known about how this viral protein enters or manipulates the host EV pathway. In this study, LMP1 deletion mutants were generated to assess protein regions required for EV trafficking. Following transfection of LMP1 or mutant plasmids, EVs were collected by differential centrifugation, and the levels of specific cargo were evaluated by immunoblot analysis. The results demonstrate that, together, the N terminus and transmembrane region 1 of LMP1 are sufficient for efficient sorting into EVs. Consistent with these findings, a mutant lacking the N terminus and transmembrane domains 1 through 4 (TM5-6) failed to be packaged into EVs, and exhibited higher colocalization with endoplasmic reticulum and early endosome markers than the wild-type protein. Surprisingly, TM5-6 maintained the ability to colocalize and form a complex with CD63, an abundant exosome protein that is important for the incorporation of LMP1 into EVs. Other mutations within LMP1 resulted in enhanced levels of secretion, pointing to potential positive and negative regulatory mechanisms for extracellular vesicle sorting of LMP1. These data suggest new functions of the N terminus and transmembrane domains in LMP1 intra- and extracellular trafficking that are likely downstream of an interaction with CD63.IMPORTANCE EBV infection contributes to the development of cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and posttransplant lymphomas, in immunocompromised or genetically susceptible individuals. LMP1 is an important viral protein expressed by EBV in these cancers. LMP1 is secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the transfer of LMP1-modified EVs to uninfected cells can alter their physiology. Understanding the cellular machinery responsible for sorting LMP1 into EVs is limited, despite the importance of LMP1-modified EVs. Here, we illustrate the roles of different regions of LMP1 in EV packaging. Our results show that the N terminus and TM1 are sufficient to drive LMP1 EV trafficking. We further show the existence of potential positive and negative regulatory mechanisms for LMP1 vesicle sorting. These findings provide a better basis for future investigations to identify the mechanisms of LMP1 targeting to EVs, which could have broad implications in understanding EV cargo sorting.
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Shanmugam S, Nichols AK, Saravanabalaji D, Welsch C, Yi M. HCV NS5A dimer interface residues regulate HCV replication by controlling its self-interaction, hyperphosphorylation, subcellular localization and interaction with cyclophilin A. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007177. [PMID: 30036383 PMCID: PMC6072203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HCV NS5A protein plays multiple roles during viral replication, including viral genome replication and virus particle assembly. The crystal structures of the NS5A N-terminal domain indicated the potential existence of the NS5A dimers formed via at least two or more distinct dimeric interfaces. However, it is unknown whether these different forms of NS5A dimers are involved in its numerous functions. To address this question, we mutated the residues lining the two different NS5A dimer interfaces and determined their effects on NS5A self-interaction, NS5A-cyclophilin A (CypA) interaction, HCV RNA replication and infectious virus production. We found that the mutations targeting either of two dimeric interfaces disrupted the NS5A self-interaction in cells. The NS5A dimer-interrupting mutations also inhibited both viral RNA replication and infectious virus production with some genotypic differences. We also determined that reduced NS5A self-interaction was associated with altered NS5A-CypA interaction, NS5A hyperphosphorylation and NS5A subcellular localization, providing the mechanistic bases for the role of NS5A self-interaction in multiple steps of HCV replication. The NS5A oligomers formed via different interfaces are likely its functional form, since the residues at two different dimeric interfaces played similar roles in different aspects of NS5A functions and, consequently, HCV replication. In conclusion, this study provides novel insight into the functional significance of NS5A self-interaction in different steps of the HCV replication, potentially, in the form of oligomers formed via multiple dimeric interfaces. HCV NS5A is a multifunctional protein involved in both viral RNA replication and infectious virus production, and is a target of one of the most potent antivirals available to date. However, the mode of action of NS5A inhibitors is still unclear due to the lack of mechanistic detail regarding NS5A functions during HCV life cycles. In this study, we have provided evidence that surface-exposed NS5A residues involved in two different dimeric interactions in crystal structures are indeed involved in NS5A self-interactions in cells. We also showed that these NS5A residues play critical role in HCV RNA replication and infectious virus production by regulating NS5A hyperphosphorylation, its subcellular localization and its interaction with host protein CypA. Overall, our data support the functional significance of “NS5A oligomers” formed via multiple interfaces in HCV replication. We speculate that the NS5A inhibitors exploited the NS5A oligomer-dependent functions during HCV replication, rather than targeting individual NS5A, which consequently resulted in their high potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanabalaji Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alyssa K. Nichols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dhanaranjani Saravanabalaji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - MinKyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Franco A, Balibrea N, Gimeno A, Merino E, Lopez MI, Santiago C, Perez Contreras F. Transplantation of hepatitis C infected kidneys into uninfected recipients. Why not? Nefrologia 2018; 38:672-673. [PMID: 30006233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franco
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Alicante, España.
| | - Noelia Balibrea
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Angelina Gimeno
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Esperanza Merino
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Maria Isabel Lopez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Carlos Santiago
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Alicante, España
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Fan YC, Chen JM, Lin JW, Chen YY, Wu GH, Su KH, Chiou MT, Wu SR, Yin JH, Liao JW, Chang GJJ, Chiou SS. Genotype I of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Virus-like Particles Elicit Sterilizing Immunity against Genotype I and III Viral Challenge in Swine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7481. [PMID: 29748549 PMCID: PMC5945781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine are a critical amplifying host involved in human Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreaks. Cross-genotypic immunogenicity and sterile protection are important for the current genotype III (GIII) virus-derived vaccines in swine, especially now that emerging genotype I (GI) JE virus (JEV) has replaced GIII virus as the dominant strain. Herein, we aimed to develop a system to generate GI JEV virus-like particles (VLPs) and evaluate the immunogenicity and protection of the GI vaccine candidate in mice and specific pathogen-free swine. A CHO-heparan sulfate-deficient (CHO-HS(-)) cell clone, named 51-10 clone, stably expressing GI-JEV VLP was selected and continually secreted GI VLPs without signs of cell fusion. 51-10 VLPs formed a homogeneously empty-particle morphology and exhibited similar antigenic activity as GI virus. GI VLP-immunized mice showed balanced cross-neutralizing antibody titers against GI to GIV viruses (50% focus-reduction micro-neutralization assay titers 71 to 240) as well as potent protection against GI or GIII virus infection. GI VLP-immunized swine challenged with GI or GIII viruses showed no fever, viremia, or viral RNA in tonsils, lymph nodes, and brains as compared with phosphate buffered saline-immunized swine. We thus conclude GI VLPs can provide sterile protection against GI and GIII viruses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Fan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hong Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hang Yin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gwong-Jen J Chang
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shyan-Song Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Immunological responses following administration of a genotype 1a/1b/2/3a quadrivalent HCV VLP vaccine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6483. [PMID: 29691437 PMCID: PMC5915487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant public health problem of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been partially addressed with the advent of directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs). However, the development of an effective preventative vaccine would have a significant impact on HCV incidence and would represent a major advance towards controlling and possibly eradicating HCV globally. We previously reported a genotype 1a HCV viral-like particle (VLP) vaccine that produced neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and T cell responses to HCV. To advance this approach, we produced a quadrivalent genotype 1a/1b/2a/3a HCV VLP vaccine to produce broader immune responses. We show that this quadrivalent vaccine produces antibody and NAb responses together with strong T and B cell responses in vaccinated mice. Moreover, selective neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) targeting conserved antigenic domain B and D epitopes of the E2 protein bound strongly to the HCV VLPs, suggesting that these critical epitopes are expressed on the surface of the particles. Our findings demonstrate that a quadrivalent HCV VLP based vaccine induces broad humoral and cellular immune responses that will be necessary for protection against HCV. Such a vaccine could provide a substantial addition to highly active antiviral drugs in eliminating HCV.
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CD81 Receptor Regions outside the Large Extracellular Loop Determine Hepatitis C Virus Entry into Hepatoma Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040207. [PMID: 29677132 PMCID: PMC5923501 DOI: 10.3390/v10040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters human hepatocytes using four essential entry factors, one of which is human CD81 (hCD81). The tetraspanin hCD81 contains a large extracellular loop (LEL), which interacts with the E2 glycoprotein of HCV. The role of the non-LEL regions of hCD81 (intracellular tails, four transmembrane domains, small extracellular loop and intracellular loop) is poorly understood. Here, we studied the contribution of these domains to HCV susceptibility of hepatoma cells by generating chimeras of related tetraspanins with the hCD81 LEL. Our results show that non-LEL regions in addition to the LEL determine susceptibility of cells to HCV. While closely related tetraspanins (X. tropicalis CD81 and D. rerio CD81) functionally complement hCD81 non-LEL regions, distantly related tetraspanins (C. elegans TSP9 amd D. melanogaster TSP96F) do not and tetraspanins with intermediate homology (hCD9) show an intermediate phenotype. Tetraspanin homology and susceptibility to HCV correlate positively. For some chimeras, infectivity correlates with surface expression. In contrast, the hCD9 chimera is fully surface expressed, binds HCV E2 glycoprotein but is impaired in HCV receptor function. We demonstrate that a cholesterol-coordinating glutamate residue in CD81, which hCD9 lacks, promotes HCV infection. This work highlights the hCD81 non-LEL regions as additional HCV susceptibility-determining factors.
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Morozov VA, Lagaye S. Hepatitis C virus: Morphogenesis, infection and therapy. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:186-212. [PMID: 29527256 PMCID: PMC5838439 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 3% of the world population is infected with HCV. Thus, HCV infection is considered a public healthy challenge. It is worth mentioning, that the HCV prevalence is dependent on the countries with infection rates around 20% in high endemic countries. The review summarizes recent data on HCV molecular biology, the physiopathology of infection (immune-mediated liver damage, liver fibrosis and lipid metabolism), virus diagnostic and treatment. In addition, currently available in vitro, ex vivo and animal models to study the virus life cycle, virus pathogenesis and therapy are described. Understanding of both host and viral factors may in the future lead to creation of new approaches in generation of an efficient therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Alexei Morozov
- Center for HIV and Retrovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Sylvie Lagaye
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris 75015, France
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Valadkhan S, Fortes P. Regulation of the Interferon Response by lncRNAs in HCV Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29503633 PMCID: PMC5820368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Valadkhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Saba Valadkhan, Puri Fortes,
| | - Puri Fortes
- Center for Applied Medical Research, Department of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Saba Valadkhan, Puri Fortes,
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Xiao S, Tian Z, Wang Y, Si L, Zhang L, Zhou D. Recent progress in the antiviral activity and mechanism study of pentacyclic triterpenoids and their derivatives. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:951-976. [PMID: 29350407 PMCID: PMC7168445 DOI: 10.1002/med.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections cause many serious human diseases with high mortality rates. New drug‐resistant strains are continually emerging due to the high viral mutation rate, which makes it necessary to develop new antiviral agents. Compounds of plant origin are particularly interesting. The pentacyclic triterpenoids (PTs) are a diverse class of natural products from plants composed of three terpene units. They exhibit antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Oleanolic, betulinic, and ursolic acids are representative PTs widely present in nature with a broad antiviral spectrum. This review focuses on the recent literatures in the antiviral efficacy of this class of phytochemicals and their derivatives. In addition, their modes of action are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Longlong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Torresi J. The Rationale for a Preventative HCV Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccine. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2163. [PMID: 29163442 PMCID: PMC5674006 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV represents a global health problem with ~200 million individuals currently infected, worldwide. With the high cost of antiviral therapies, the global burden of chronic hepatitis C infection (CHCV) infection will be substantially reduced by the development of an effective vaccine for HCV. The field of HCV vaccines is generally divided into proponents of strategies to induce neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and those who propose to elicit cell mediated immunity (CMI). However, for a hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine to be effective in preventing infection, it must be capable of generating cross-reactive CD4+, CD8+ T cell, and NAb responses that will cover the major viral genotypes. Simulation models of hepatitis C have predicted that a vaccine of even modest efficacy and coverage will significantly reduce the incidence of hepatitis C. A HCV virus like particle (VLP) based vaccine would fulfill the requirement of delivering critical conformational neutralizing epitopes in addition to providing HCV specific CD4+ and CD8+ epitopes. Several approaches have been reported including insect cell-derived genotype 1b HCV VLPs; a human liver-derived quadrivalent genotype 1a, 1b, 2, and 3a vaccine; a genotype 1a HCV E1 and E2 glycoprotein/MLV Gag pseudotype VLP vaccine; and chimeric HBs-HCV VLP vaccines. All to result in the production of cross-NAb and/or T cell responses against HCV. This paper summarizes the evidence supporting the development of a HCV VLP based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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