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Mou C, Meng H, Shi K, Huang Y, Liu M, Chen Z. GETV nsP2 plays a critical role in the interferon antagonism and viral pathogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:361. [PMID: 38110975 PMCID: PMC10729338 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) was becoming more serious and posing a potential threat to animal safety and public health. Currently, there is limited comprehension regarding the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms employed by GETV. Our study reveals that GETV infection exhibits the capacity for interferon antagonism. Specifically, the nonstructural protein nsP2 of GETV plays a crucial role in evading the host immune response. GETV nsP2 effectively inhibits the induction of IFN-β by blocking the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Additionally, GETV nsP2 hinders the phosphorylation of STAT1 and its nuclear accumulation, leading to significantly impaired JAK-STAT signaling. Furthermore, the amino acids K648 and R649, situated in the C-terminal region of GETV nsP2, play a crucial role in facilitating nuclear localization. Not only do they affect the interference of nsP2 with the innate immune response, but they also exert an influence on the pathogenicity of GETV in mice. In summary, our study reveals novel mechanisms by which GETV evades the immune system, thereby offering a foundation for comprehending the pathogenic nature of GETV. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, GX, China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Ware BC, Parks MG, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts MHC-I antigen presentation via nonstructural protein 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565436. [PMID: 37961400 PMCID: PMC10635105 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes severe polyarthralgia and polymyalgia, which can last in some people for months to years. Chronic CHIKV disease signs and symptoms are associated with the persistence of viral nucleic acid and antigen in tissues. Like humans and nonhuman primates, CHIKV infection in mice results in the development of robust adaptive antiviral immune responses. Despite this, joint tissue fibroblasts survive CHIKV infection and can support persistent viral replication, suggesting that they escape immune surveillance. Here, using a recombinant CHIKV strain encoding a chimeric protein of VENUS fused to a CD8+ T cell epitope, SIINFEKL, we observed a marked loss of both MHC class I (MHC-I) surface expression and antigen presentation by CHIKV-infected joint tissue fibroblasts. Both in vivo and ex vivo infected joint tissue fibroblasts displayed reduced cell surface levels of H2-Kb and H2-Db MHC proteins while maintaining similar levels of other cell surface proteins. Mutations within the methyl transferase-like domain of the CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) increased MHC-I cell surface expression and antigen presentation efficiency by CHIKV-infected cells. Moreover, expression of WT nsP2 alone, but not nsP2 with mutations in the methyltransferase-like domain, resulted in decreased MHC-I antigen presentation efficiency. MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation could be rescued by replacing VENUS-SIINFEKL with SIINFEKL tethered to β2-microglobulin in the CHIKV genome, which bypasses the need for peptide processing and TAP-mediated peptide transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Collectively, this work suggests that CHIKV escapes the surveillance of antiviral CD8+ T cells, in part, by nsP2-mediated disruption of MHC-I antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M. Guston Parks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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3
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Bhattacharjee S, Ghosh D, Saha R, Sarkar R, Kumar S, Khokhar M, Pandey RK. Mechanism of Immune Evasion in Mosquito-Borne Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050635. [PMID: 37242305 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, mosquito-borne illnesses have emerged as a major health burden in many tropical regions. These diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika virus infection, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile virus infection, are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. These pathogens have been shown to interfere with the host's immune system through adaptive and innate immune mechanisms, as well as the human circulatory system. Crucial immune checkpoints such as antigen presentation, T cell activation, differentiation, and proinflammatory response play a vital role in the host cell's response to pathogenic infection. Furthermore, these immune evasions have the potential to stimulate the human immune system, resulting in other associated non-communicable diseases. This review aims to advance our understanding of mosquito-borne diseases and the immune evasion mechanisms by associated pathogens. Moreover, it highlights the adverse outcomes of mosquito-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debanjan Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rounak Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rima Sarkar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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4
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Bartholomeeusen K, Daniel M, LaBeaud DA, Gasque P, Peeling RW, Stephenson KE, Ng LFP, Ariën KK. Chikungunya fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:17. [PMID: 37024497 PMCID: PMC11126297 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is widespread throughout the tropics, where it causes recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya fever. In recent years, outbreaks have afflicted populations in East and Central Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Chikungunya fever is characterized by severe arthralgia and myalgia that can persist for years and have considerable detrimental effects on health, quality of life and economic productivity. The effects of climate change as well as increased globalization of commerce and travel have led to growth of the habitat of Aedes mosquitoes. As a result, increasing numbers of people will be at risk of chikungunya fever in the coming years. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments and with vaccines still in development, surveillance and vector control are essential to suppress re-emergence and epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Daniel
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Service de Médecine d'Urgences-SAMU-SMUR, CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Desiree A LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale Océan Indien LICE-OI, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Rosanna W Peeling
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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5
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ADP-Ribosylation in Antiviral Innate Immune Response. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020303. [PMID: 36839575 PMCID: PMC9964302 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification catalyzed by ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs). ARTs transfer one or more ADP-ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to the target substrate and release the nicotinamide (Nam). Accordingly, it comes in two forms: mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation) and poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation). ADP-ribosylation plays important roles in many biological processes, such as DNA damage repair, gene regulation, and energy metabolism. Emerging evidence demonstrates that ADP-ribosylation is implicated in host antiviral immune activity. Here, we summarize and discuss ADP-ribosylation modifications that occur on both host and viral proteins and their roles in host antiviral response.
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6
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Targeting the alphavirus virus replication process for antiviral development. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105494. [PMID: 36574906 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many alphaviruses, including chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are known human pathogens that lack specific and effective antivirals or vaccines available. The upstream portion of the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of alphaviruses encodes four nonstructural proteins: nsP1 to nsP4. They are expressed and autoprocessed to nonstructural proteins which assemble into a replication complex (RC) playing multiple essential roles on viral RNA replication and communication with the host components. The assembly of alphavirus RC and its RNA genome initiates the membrane-derived ultrastructure known as spherule which facilitates viral RNA synthesis protected from host immune responses. Recent advances in the molecular understanding of the high-resolution CHIKV RC heteromeric ultrastructure have provided new insights into the viral replication process. Hence, alphavirus RC presents as an ideal multi-enzyme target for the development of structure-based antiviral drugs. Moreover, the alphavirus RC has therapeutic potential in the form of self-amplifying RNA technology against both infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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7
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Mahmoodi S, Amirzakaria JZ, Ghasemian A. In silico design and validation of a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate against structural proteins of Chikungunya virus using comprehensive immunoinformatics analyses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285177. [PMID: 37146081 PMCID: PMC10162528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging viral infectious agent with the potential of causing pandemic. There is neither a protective vaccine nor an approved drug against the virus. The aim of this study was design of a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) candidate against the CHIKV structural proteins using comprehensive immunoinformatics and immune simulation analyses. In this study, using comprehensive immunoinformatics approaches, we developed a novel MEV candidate using the CHIKV structural proteins (E1, E2, 6 K, and E3). The polyprotein sequence was obtained from the UniProt Knowledgebase and saved in FASTA format. The helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (HTLs and CTLs respectively) and B cell epitopes were predicted. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist RS09 and PADRE epitope were employed as promising immunostimulatory adjuvant proteins. All vaccine components were fused using proper linkers. The MEV construct was checked in terms of antigenicity, allergenicity, immunogenicity, and physicochemical features. The docking of the MEV construct and the TLR4 and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were also performed to assess the binding stability. The designed construct was non-allergen and was immunogen which efficiently stimulated immune responses using the proper synthetic adjuvant. The MEV candidate exhibited acceptable physicochemical features. Immune provocation included prediction of HTL, B cell, and CTL epitopes. The docking and MD simulation confirmed the stability of the docked TLR4-MEV complex. The high-level protein expression in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) host was observed through in silico cloning. The in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial investigations are required to verify the findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Javad Zamani Amirzakaria
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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8
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Skidmore AM, Bradfute SB. The life cycle of the alphaviruses: From an antiviral perspective. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105476. [PMID: 36436722 PMCID: PMC9840710 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The alphaviruses are a widely distributed group of positive-sense, single stranded, RNA viruses. These viruses are largely arthropod-borne and can be found on all populated continents. These viruses cause significant human disease, and recently have begun to spread into new populations, such as the expansion of Chikungunya virus into southern Europe and the Caribbean, where it has established itself as endemic. The study of alphaviruses is an active and expanding field, due to their impacts on human health, their effects on agriculture, and the threat that some pose as potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism. In this systematic review we will summarize both historic knowledge in the field as well as recently published data that has potential to shift current theories in how alphaviruses are able to function. This review is comprehensive, covering all parts of the alphaviral life cycle as well as a brief overview of their pathology and the current state of research in regards to vaccines and therapeutics for alphaviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Skidmore
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, IDTC Room 3245, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, IDTC Room 3330A, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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9
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Hakim MS, Aman AT. Understanding the Biology and Immune Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus Infection for Diagnostic and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 36680088 PMCID: PMC9863735 DOI: 10.3390/v15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus, the causative agent of chikungunya fever, is generally characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, rash, myalgia, and headache. In some patients, acute chikungunya virus infection progresses to severe and chronic arthralgia that persists for years. Chikungunya infection is more commonly identified in tropical and subtropical regions. However, recent expansions and epidemics in the temperate regions have raised concerns about the future public health impact of chikungunya diseases. Several underlying factors have likely contributed to the recent re-emergence of chikungunya infection, including urbanization, human travel, viral adaptation to mosquito vectors, lack of effective control measures, and the spread of mosquito vectors to new regions. However, the true burden of chikungunya disease is most likely to be underestimated, particularly in developing countries, due to the lack of standard diagnostic assays and clinical manifestations overlapping with those of other endemic viral infections in the regions. Additionally, there have been no chikungunya vaccines available to prevent the infection. Thus, it is important to update our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of chikungunya infection, its clinical manifestations, the diagnosis, and the development of chikungunya vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S. Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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10
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The JAK-STAT pathway at 30: Much learned, much more to do. Cell 2022; 185:3857-3876. [PMID: 36240739 PMCID: PMC9815833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway arose from investigations of how cells respond to interferons (IFNs), revealing a paradigm in cell signaling conserved from slime molds to mammals. These discoveries revealed mechanisms underlying rapid gene expression mediated by a wide variety of extracellular polypeptides including cytokines, interleukins, and related factors. This knowledge has provided numerous insights into human disease, from immune deficiencies to cancer, and was rapidly translated to new drugs for autoimmune, allergic, and infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Despite these advances, major challenges and opportunities remain.
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11
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Basavappa MG, Ferretti M, Dittmar M, Stoute J, Sullivan MC, Whig K, Shen H, Liu KF, Schultz DC, Beiting DP, Lynch KW, Henao-Mejia J, Cherry S. The lncRNA ALPHA specifically targets chikungunya virus to control infection. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3729-3744.e10. [PMID: 36167073 PMCID: PMC10464526 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses, including the alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV), cause acute disease in millions of people and utilize potent mechanisms to antagonize and circumvent innate immune pathways including the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. In response, hosts have evolved antiviral counterdefense strategies that remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have found that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate classical innate immune pathways; how lncRNAs contribute to additional antiviral counterdefenses remains unclear. Using high-throughput genetic screening, we identified a cytoplasmic antiviral lncRNA that we named antiviral lncRNA prohibiting human alphaviruses (ALPHA), which is transcriptionally induced by alphaviruses and functions independently of IFN to inhibit the replication of CHIKV and its closest relative, O'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV), but not other viruses. Furthermore, we showed that ALPHA interacts with CHIKV genomic RNA and restrains viral RNA replication. Together, our findings reveal that ALPHA and potentially other lncRNAs can mediate non-canonical antiviral immune responses against specific viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha G Basavappa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Max Ferretti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julian Stoute
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan C Sullivan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; High-Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathy Fange Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; High-Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; High-Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Alphaviruses contain many human and animal pathogens, such as CHIKV, SINV, and VEEV. Accumulating evidence indicates that innate immunity plays an important role in response to alphaviruses infection. In parallel, alphaviruses have evolved many strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity. In the current review, we focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by alphaviruses to evade cGAS-STING, IFN, transcriptional host shutoff, translational host shutoff, and RNAi. Dissecting the detailed antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by alphaviruses will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of alphaviruses and may provide more effective strategies to control alphaviruses infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yupei Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Leiliang Zhang,
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13
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Methyltransferases of Riboviria. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091247. [PMID: 36139088 PMCID: PMC9496149 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses from the realm Riboviria infecting eukaryotic hosts encode protein domains with sequence similarity to S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. These protein domains are thought to be involved in methylation of the 5′-terminal cap structures in virus mRNAs. Some methyltransferase-like domains of Riboviria are homologous to the widespread cellular FtsJ/RrmJ-like methyltransferases involved in modification of cellular RNAs; other methyltransferases, found in a subset of positive-strand RNA viruses, have been assigned to a separate “Sindbis-like” family; and coronavirus-specific Nsp13/14-like methyltransferases appeared to be different from both those classes. The representative structures of proteins from all three groups belong to a specific variety of the Rossmann fold with a seven-stranded β-sheet, but it was unclear whether this structural similarity extends to the level of conserved sequence signatures. Here I survey methyltransferases in Riboviria and derive a joint sequence alignment model that covers all groups of virus methyltransferases and subsumes the previously defined conserved sequence motifs. Analysis of the spatial structures indicates that two highly conserved residues, a lysine and an aspartate, frequently contact a water molecule, which is located in the enzyme active center next to the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine cofactor and could play a key role in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. Phylogenetic evidence indicates a likely origin of all methyltransferases of Riboviria from cellular RrmJ-like enzymes and their rapid divergence with infrequent horizontal transfer between distantly related viruses.
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14
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Cherkashchenko L, Rausalu K, Basu S, Alphey L, Merits A. Expression of Alphavirus Nonstructural Protein 2 (nsP2) in Mosquito Cells Inhibits Viral RNA Replication in Both a Protease Activity-Dependent and -Independent Manner. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061327. [PMID: 35746799 PMCID: PMC9228716 DOI: 10.3390/v14061327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses, mostly being mosquito-transmitted. Cells infected by an alphavirus become resistant to superinfection due to a block that occurs at the level of RNA replication. Alphavirus replication proteins, called nsP1-4, are produced from nonstructural polyprotein precursors, processed by the protease activity of nsP2. Trans-replicase systems and replicon vectors were used to study effects of nsP2 of chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus on alphavirus RNA replication in mosquito cells. Co-expressed wild-type nsP2 reduced RNA replicase activity of homologous virus; this effect was reduced but typically not abolished by mutation in the protease active site of nsP2. Mutations in the replicase polyprotein that blocked its cleavage by nsP2 reduced the negative effect of nsP2 co-expression, confirming that nsP2-mediated inhibition of RNA replicase activity is largely due to nsP2-mediated processing of the nonstructural polyprotein. Co-expression of nsP2 also suppressed the activity of replicases of heterologous alphaviruses. Thus, the presence of nsP2 inhibits formation and activity of alphavirus RNA replicase in protease activity-dependent and -independent manners. This knowledge improves our understanding about mechanisms of superinfection exclusion for alphaviruses and may aid the development of anti-alphavirus approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Cherkashchenko
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.C.); (K.R.)
| | - Kai Rausalu
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.C.); (K.R.)
| | - Sanjay Basu
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 ONF, UK; (S.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Luke Alphey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 ONF, UK; (S.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.C.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Taraphdar D, Singh B, Pattanayak S, Kiran A, Kokavalla P, Alam MF, Syed GH. Comodulation of Dengue and Chikungunya Virus Infection During a Coinfection Scenario in Human Cell Lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:821061. [PMID: 35573775 PMCID: PMC9097606 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.821061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are the arboviruses that pose a threat to global public health. Coinfection and antibody-dependent enhancement are major areas of concern during DENV and CHIKV infections, which can alter the clinical severity. Acute hepatic illness is a common manifestation and major sign of disease severity upon infection with either dengue or chikungunya. Hence, in this study, we characterized the coexistence and interaction between both the viruses in human hepatic (Huh7) cells during the coinfection/superinfection scenario. We observed that prior presence of or subsequent superinfection with DENV enhanced CHIKV replication. However, prior CHIKV infection negatively affected DENV. In comparison to monoinfection, coinfection with both DENV and CHIKV resulted in lower infectivity as compared to monoinfections with modest suppression of CHIKV but dramatic suppression of DENV replication. Subsequent investigations revealed that subneutralizing levels of DENV or CHIKV anti-sera can respectively promote the ADE of CHIKV or DENV infection in FcγRII bearing human myelogenous leukemia cell line K562. Our observations suggest that CHIKV has a fitness advantage over DENV in hepatic cells and prior DENV infection may enhance CHIKV disease severity if the patient subsequently contracts CHIKV. This study highlights the natural possibility of dengue-chikungunya coinfection and their subsequent modulation in human hepatic cells. These observations have important implications in regions where both viruses are prevalent and calls for proper management of DENV-CHIKV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Taraphdar
- Virus-Host Interactions Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bharati Singh
- Virus-Host Interactions Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Sabyasachi Pattanayak
- Virus-Host Interactions Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Avula Kiran
- Virus-Host Interactions Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Poornima Kokavalla
- Virus-Host Interactions Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mohd. Faraz Alam
- Virus-Host Interactions Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Gulam Hussain Syed
- Virus-Host Interactions Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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16
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STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084095. [PMID: 35456913 PMCID: PMC9028532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 protein plays a key role in the immune response against viruses and other pathogens by transducing, in the nucleus, the signal from type I, type II and type III IFNs. STAT1 activates the transcription of hundreds of genes, some of which have been well characterized for their antiviral properties. STAT1 gene deletion in mice and complete STAT1 deficiency in humans both cause rapid death from severe infections. STAT1 plays a key role in the immunoglobulin class-switch recombination through the upregulation of T-bet; it also plays a key role in the production of T-bet+ memory B cells that contribute to tissue-resident humoral memory by mounting an IgG response during re-infection. Considering the key role of STAT1 in the antiviral immune response, many viruses, including dangerous viruses such as Ebola and SARS-CoV-2, have developed different mechanisms to inhibit this transcription factor. The search for drugs capable of targeting the viral proteins implicated in both viral replication and IFN/STAT1 inhibition is important for the treatment of the most dangerous viral infections and for future viral pandemics, as shown by the clinical results obtained with Paxlovid in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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17
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Qu H, Wen Y, Hu J, Xiao D, Li S, Zhang L, Liao Y, Chen R, Zhao Y, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Yan Q, Wen X, Cao S, Huang X. Study of the inhibitory effect of STAT1 on PDCoV infection. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109333. [PMID: 35033844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteropathogen found in many pig producing countries. It can cause acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and death in newborn piglets, seriously affecting the development of pig breeding industries. To date, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of PDCoV and its interactions with host cell factors remains incomplete. Using Co-IP coupled with LC/MS-MS, we identified 67 proteins that potentially interact with PDCoV in LLC-PK1 cells; five of the identified proteins were chosen for further evaluation (IMMT, STAT1, XPO5, PIK3AP1, and TMPRSS11E). Five LLC-PK1 cell lines, each with one of the genes of interest knocked down, were constructed using CRISPR/cas9. In these knockdown cells lines, only STAT1KD resulted in a significantly greater virus yield. Knockdown of the remaining four genes resulted, to varying degrees, in a lower virus yield that wild-type LLC-PK1 cells. The absence of STAT1 did not significantly affect the attachment of PDCoV to cells, but did result in increased viral internalization. Additionally, PDCoV infection stimulated expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) downstream of STAT1 (IFIT1, IFIT2, RADS2, ISG15, MX1, and OAS1) while knockdown of STAT1 resulted in a greater than 80 % decrease in the expression of all six ISGs. Our findings show that STAT1 interacts with PDCoV, and plays a negative regulatory role in PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yimin Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jingfei Hu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Shiqian Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yijie Liao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yujia Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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18
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Mayaro Virus Non-Structural Protein 2 Circumvents the Induction of Interferon in Part by Depleting Host Transcription Initiation Factor IIE Subunit 2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123510. [PMID: 34944018 PMCID: PMC8700540 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted virus that belongs to the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. Humans infected with MAYV often develop chronic and debilitating arthralgia and myalgia. The virus is primarily maintained via a sylvatic cycle, but it has the potential to adapt to urban settings, which could lead to large outbreaks. The interferon (IFN) system is a critical antiviral response that limits replication and pathogenesis of many different RNA viruses, including alphaviruses. Here, we investigated how MAYV infection affects the induction phase of the IFN response. Production of type I and III IFNs was efficiently suppressed during MAYV infection, and mapping revealed that expression of the viral non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) was sufficient for this process. Interactome analysis showed that nsP2 interacts with DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit A (Rpb1) and transcription initiation factor IIE subunit 2 (TFIIE2), which are host proteins required for RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. Levels of these host proteins were reduced by nsP2 expression and during infection by MAYV and related alphaviruses, suggesting that nsP2-mediated inhibition of host cell transcription is an important aspect of how some alphaviruses block IFN induction. The findings from this study may prove useful in design of vaccines and antivirals, which are currently not available for protection against MAYV and infection by other alphaviruses.
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Pott F, Postmus D, Brown RJP, Wyler E, Neumann E, Landthaler M, Goffinet C. Single-cell analysis of arthritogenic alphavirus-infected human synovial fibroblasts links low abundance of viral RNA to induction of innate immunity and arthralgia-associated gene expression. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2151-2168. [PMID: 34723780 PMCID: PMC8604527 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection by (re-)emerging RNA arboviruses including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus primarily cause acute febrile disease and transient polyarthralgia. However, in a significant subset of infected individuals, debilitating arthralgia persists for weeks over months up to years. The underlying immunopathogenesis of chronification of arthralgia upon primary RNA-viral infection remains unclear. Here, we analysed cell-intrinsic responses to ex vivo arthritogenic alphaviral infection of primary human synovial fibroblasts isolated from knee joints, one the most affected joint types during acute and chronic CHIKV disease. Synovial fibroblasts were susceptible and permissive to alphaviral infection. Base-line and exogenously added type I interferon (IFN) partially and potently restricted infection, respectively. RNA-seq revealed a CHIKV infection-induced transcriptional profile that comprised upregulation of expression of several hundred IFN-stimulated and arthralgia-mediating genes. Single-cell virus-inclusive RNA-seq uncovered a fine-tuned switch from induction to repression of cell-intrinsic immune responses depending on the abundance of viral RNA in an individual cell. Specifically, responses were most pronounced in cells displaying low-to-intermediate amounts of viral RNA and absence of virus-encoded, fluorescent reporter protein expression, arguing for efficient counteraction of innate immunity in cells expressing viral antagonists at sufficient quantities. In summary, cell-intrinsic sensing of viral RNA that potentially persists or replicates at low levels in synovial fibroblasts and other target cell types in vivo may contribute to the chronic arthralgia induced by alphaviral infections. Our findings might advance our understanding of the immunopathophysiology of long-term pathogenesis of RNA-viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pott
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dylan Postmus
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Emanuel Wyler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
- IRI Life Sciences, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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The C-Terminal Domain of Salmonid Alphavirus Nonstructural Protein 2 (nsP2) Is Essential and Sufficient To Block RIG-I Pathway Induction and Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Response. J Virol 2021; 95:e0115521. [PMID: 34523969 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01155-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is an atypical alphavirus that has a considerable impact on salmon and trout farms. Unlike other alphaviruses, such as the chikungunya virus, SAV is transmitted without an arthropod vector, and it does not cause cell shutoff during infection. The mechanisms by which SAV escapes the host immune system remain unknown. By studying the role of SAV proteins on the RIG-I signaling cascade, the first line of defense of the immune system during infection, we demonstrated that nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) effectively blocks the induction of type I interferon (IFN). This inhibition, independent of the protease activity carried by nsP2, occurs downstream of IRF3, which is the transcription factor allowing the activation of the IFN promoter and its expression. The inhibitory effect of nsP2 on the RIG-I pathway depends on the localization of nsP2 in the host cell nucleus, which is linked to two nuclear localization sequences (NLS) located in its C-terminal part. The C-terminal domain of nsP2 by itself is sufficient and necessary to block IFN induction. Mutation of the NLS of nsP2 is deleterious to the virus. Finally, nsP2 does not interact with IRF3, indicating that its action is possible through a targeted interaction within discrete areas of chromatin, as suggested by its punctate distribution observed in the nucleus. These results therefore demonstrate a major role for nsP2 in the control by SAV of the host cell's innate immune response. IMPORTANCE The global consumption of fish continues to rise, and the future demand cannot be met by capture fisheries alone due to limited stocks of wild fish. Aquaculture is currently the world's fastest-growing food production sector, with an annual growth rate of 6 to 8%. Recurrent outbreaks of SAV result in significant economic losses with serious environmental consequences for wild stocks. While the clinical and pathological signs of SAV infection are fairly well known, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly described. In the present study, we focus on the nonstructural protein nsP2 and characterize a specific domain containing nuclear localization sequences that are critical for the inhibition of the host innate immune response mediated by the RIG-I pathway.
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21
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Constant LEC, Rajsfus BF, Carneiro PH, Sisnande T, Mohana-Borges R, Allonso D. Overview on Chikungunya Virus Infection: From Epidemiology to State-of-the-Art Experimental Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744164. [PMID: 34675908 PMCID: PMC8524093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is currently one of the most relevant arboviruses to public health. It is a member of the Togaviridae family and alphavirus genus and causes an arthritogenic disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). It is characterized by a multifaceted disease, which is distinguished from other arbovirus infections by the intense and debilitating arthralgia that can last for months or years in some individuals. Despite the great social and economic burden caused by CHIKV infection, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral drugs currently available. Recent outbreaks have shown a change in the severity profile of the disease in which atypical and severe manifestation lead to hundreds of deaths, reinforcing the necessity to understand the replication and pathogenesis processes. CHIKF is a complex disease resultant from the infection of a plethora of cell types. Although there are several in vivo models for studying CHIKV infection, none of them reproduces integrally the disease signature observed in humans, which is a challenge for vaccine and drug development. Therefore, understanding the potentials and limitations of the state-of-the-art experimental models is imperative to advance in the field. In this context, the present review outlines the present knowledge on CHIKV epidemiology, replication, pathogenesis, and immunity and also brings a critical perspective on the current in vitro and in vivo state-of-the-art experimental models of CHIKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E. C. Constant
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bia F. Rajsfus
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Kril V, Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet O, Briant L, Amara A. New Insights into Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:327-347. [PMID: 34255544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for major outbreaks of disease since 2004 in the Indian Ocean islands, South east Asia, and the Americas. CHIKV causes debilitating musculoskeletal disorders in humans that are characterized by fever, rash, polyarthralgia, and myalgia. The disease is often self-limiting and nonlethal; however, some patients experience atypical or severe clinical manifestations, as well as a chronic rheumatic syndrome. Unfortunately, no efficient antivirals against CHIKV infection are available so far, highlighting the importance of deepening our knowledge of CHIKV host cell interactions and viral replication strategies. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs in the molecular mechanisms that regulate CHIKV infection and lay down the foundations to understand viral pathogenesis. We describe the role of the recently identified host factors co-opted by the virus for infection and pathogenesis, and emphasize the importance of CHIKV nonstructural proteins in both replication complex assembly and host immune response evasion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliya Kril
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Olivier Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Laurence Briant
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Ali Amara
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
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23
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Facile method for delivering chikungunya viral replicons into mosquitoes and mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12321. [PMID: 34112897 PMCID: PMC8192953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse genetics is an important tool in the elucidation of viral replication and the development of countermeasures; however, these methods are impeded by laborious and inefficient replicon delivery methods. This paper demonstrates the use of a baculovirus to facilitate the efficient delivery of autonomous CHIKV replicons into mosquito and mammalian cells in vitro as well as adult mosquitoes in vivo. The efficacy of this approach was verified via co-localization among an eGFP reporter, nsP1, and dsRNA as well as through the inhibition of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) null mutation (DDAA) in nsP4, or the treatment of a known antiviral compound (6-azauridine). We also investigated the correlation between CHIKV replicon-launched eGFP expression and the effectiveness of CHIKV replicon variants in inducing IFN-β expression in human cell lines. This delivery method based on a single vector is applicable to mosquito and mammalian cells in seeking to decipher the mechanisms underlying CHIKV replication, elucidate virus-host interactions, and develop antivirals. This study presents an effective alternative to overcome many of the technological issues related to the study and utilization of autonomous arbovirus replicons.
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24
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Sajidah ES, Lim K, Wong RW. How SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses Build an Invasion Route to Hijack the Host Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking System. Cells 2021; 10:1424. [PMID: 34200500 PMCID: PMC8230057 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host nucleocytoplasmic trafficking system is often hijacked by viruses to accomplish their replication and to suppress the host immune response. Viruses encode many factors that interact with the host nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) and the nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to access the host nucleus. In this review, we discuss the viral factors and the host factors involved in the nuclear import and export of viral components. As nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is vital for the replication of many viruses, we also review several drugs that target the host nuclear transport machinery and discuss their feasibility for use in antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Wall GV, Wright IM, Barnardo C, Erasmus BJ, van Staden V, Potgieter AC. African horse sickness virus NS4 protein is an important virulence factor and interferes with JAK-STAT signaling during viral infection. Virus Res 2021; 298:198407. [PMID: 33812899 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) non-structural protein NS4 is a nucleocytoplasmic protein that is expressed in the heart, lung, and spleen of infected horses, binds dsDNA, and colocalizes with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of AHSV NS4 in viral replication, virulence and the host immune response. Using a reverse genetics-derived virulent strain of AHSV-5 and NS4 deletion mutants, we showed that knockdown of NS4 expression has no impact in cell culture, but results in virus attenuation in infected horses. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate the transcriptional response in these horses, to see how the lack of NS4 mediates the transition of the virus from virulent to attenuated. The presence of NS4 was shown to result in a 24 hour (h) delay in the transcriptional activation of several immune system processes compared to when the protein was absent. Included in these processes were the RIG-I-like, Toll-like receptor, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, which are key pathways involved in innate immunity and the antiviral response. Thus, it was shown that AHSV NS4 suppresses the host innate immune transcriptional response in the early stages of the infection cycle. We investigated whether AHSV NS4 affects the innate immune response by impacting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway specifically. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) we showed that AHSV NS4 disrupts JAK-STAT signaling by interfering with the phosphorylation and/or translocation of STAT1 and pSTAT1 into the nucleus. Overall, these results showed that AHSV NS4 is a key virulence factor in horses and allows AHSV to overcome host antiviral responses in order to promote viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle V Wall
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Isabella M Wright
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Carin Barnardo
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Baltus J Erasmus
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Vida van Staden
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - A Christiaan Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Bengue M, Ferraris P, Barthelemy J, Diagne CT, Hamel R, Liégeois F, Nougairède A, de Lamballerie X, Simonin Y, Pompon J, Salinas S, Missé D. Mayaro Virus Infects Human Brain Cells and Induces a Potent Antiviral Response in Human Astrocytes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030465. [PMID: 33799906 PMCID: PMC8001792 DOI: 10.3390/v13030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are known for their arthrotropism, but accumulating evidence shows that CHIKV infections are occasionally associated with serious neurological complications. However, little is known about the capacity of MAYV to invade the central nervous system (CNS). We show that human neural progenitors (hNPCs), pericytes and astrocytes are susceptible to MAYV infection, resulting in the production of infectious viral particles. In primary astrocytes, MAYV, and to a lesser extent CHIKV, elicited a strong antiviral response, as demonstrated by an increased expression of several interferon-stimulated genes, including ISG15, MX1 and OAS2. Infection with either virus led to an enhanced expression of inflammatory chemokines, such as CCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11, whereas MAYV induced higher levels of IL-6, IL-12 and IL-15 in these cells. Moreover, MAYV was more susceptible than CHIKV to the antiviral effects of both type I and type II interferons. Taken together, this study shows that although MAYV and CHIKV are phylogenetically related, they induce different types of antiviral responses in astrocytes. This work is the first to evaluate the potential neurotropism of MAYV and shows that brain cells and particularly astrocytes and hNPCs are permissive to MAYV, which, consequently, could lead to MAYV-induced neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bengue
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Pauline Ferraris
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Jonathan Barthelemy
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Rodolphe Hamel
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Florian Liégeois
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité Des Virus Emergents (UVE, Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité Des Virus Emergents (UVE, Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (D.M.)
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27
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Nowee G, Bakker JW, Geertsema C, Ros VID, Göertz GP, Fros JJ, Pijlman GP. A Tale of 20 Alphaviruses; Inter-species Diversity and Conserved Interactions Between Viral Non-structural Protein 3 and Stress Granule Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625711. [PMID: 33644063 PMCID: PMC7905232 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses infect a diverse range of host organisms including mosquitoes, mammals, and birds. The enigmatic alphavirus non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) has an intrinsically disordered, C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD) that can interact with a variety of host proteins associated with stress granules (SGs). The HVD displays the highest variability across the more than 30 known alphaviruses, yet it also contains several motifs that are conserved amongst different subgroups of alphaviruses. For some alphaviruses, specific nsP3–SG protein interactions are essential for virus replication. However, it remains difficult to attribute general roles to these virus-host interactions, as multiple amino acid motifs in the HDV display a degree of redundancy and previous studies were performed with a limited number of alphaviruses. To better understand nsP3-host protein interactions we conducted comprehensive co-localization experiments with the nsP3s of 20 diverse alphaviruses: chikungunya, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, Bebaru, Barmah Forest, Getah, Mayaro, Middelburg, O'nyong-nyong, Ross River QML and T48, Una, Whataroa, Southern Elephant Seal, Eilat, Tai Forest (TAFV), Venezuelan/Eastern/Western equine encephalitis (V/E/WEEV) and the aquatic Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), with three different SG proteins (G3BP and its insect homolog Rasputin, FMRP) and BIN1 in mammalian and mosquito cell lines. Despite that all terrestrial alphavirus nsP3s contained at least one BIN1-binding motif (PxPxPR), not all nsP3s co-localized with BIN1. Further, all alphaviruses except SAV, TAFV and VEEV displayed co-localization with G3BP. Although viruses lacking FGxF-like motifs contained Agenet-like domain binding motifs to facilitate interaction with FMRP, cytoplasmic nsP3 granules of all tested alphaviruses co-localized with FMRP. Crispr-Cas9 knockout of G3BP in mammalian cells abolished nsP3-FMRP co-localization for all alphaviruses except V/E/WEEV nsP3s that bind FMRP directly. G3BP knockout also changed nsP3 subcellular localization of Bebaru, Barmah Forest, Getah, and Sindbis viruses. Taken together this study paints a more detailed picture of the diverse interactions between alphavirus nsP3 and SG-associated host proteins. The interaction between nsP3 and G3BP clearly plays a central role and results in recruitment of additional host proteins such as FMRP. However, direct binding of FMRP can make the interaction with G3BP redundant which exemplifies the alternate evolutionary paths of alphavirus subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Nowee
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Julian W Bakker
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Corinne Geertsema
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giel P Göertz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelke J Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Infection of Mammals and Mosquitoes by Alphaviruses: Involvement of Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122612. [PMID: 33291372 PMCID: PMC7762023 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, such as the chikungunya virus, are emerging and re-emerging viruses that pose a global public health threat. They are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, mainly mosquitoes, to humans and animals. Although alphaviruses cause debilitating diseases in mammalian hosts, it appears that they have no pathological effect on the mosquito vector. Alphavirus/host interactions are increasingly studied at cellular and molecular levels. While it seems clear that apoptosis plays a key role in some human pathologies, the role of cell death in determining the outcome of infections in mosquitoes remains to be fully understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on alphavirus-induced regulated cell death in hosts and vectors and the possible role they play in determining tolerance or resistance of mosquitoes.
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Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus: Mechanisms of Action and Antiviral Drug Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01788-20. [PMID: 32928738 PMCID: PMC7674028 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01788-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has spread to more than 60 countries worldwide. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterized by long-lasting and debilitating joint and muscle pain. CHIKV can cause large-scale epidemics with high attack rates, which substantiates the need for development of effective therapeutics suitable for outbreak containment. In this review, we highlight the different strategies used for developing CHIKV small-molecule inhibitors, ranging from high-throughput cell-based screening to in silico screens and enzymatic assays with purified viral proteins. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has spread to more than 60 countries worldwide. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterized by long-lasting and debilitating joint and muscle pain. CHIKV can cause large-scale epidemics with high attack rates, which substantiates the need for development of effective therapeutics suitable for outbreak containment. In this review, we highlight the different strategies used for developing CHIKV small-molecule inhibitors, ranging from high-throughput cell-based screening to in silico screens and enzymatic assays with purified viral proteins. We further discuss the current status of the most promising molecules, including in vitro and in vivo findings. In particular, we focus on describing host and/or viral targets, mode of action, and mechanisms of antiviral drug resistance and associated mutations. Knowledge of the key molecular determinants of drug resistance will aid selection of the most promising antiviral agent(s) for clinical use. For these reasons, we also summarize the available information about drug-resistant phenotypes in Aedes mosquito vectors. From this review, it is evident that more of the active molecules need to be evaluated in preclinical and clinical models to address the current lack of antiviral treatment for CHIKF.
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30
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Neupane B, Acharya D, Nazneen F, Gonzalez-Fernandez G, Flynt AS, Bai F. Interleukin-17A Facilitates Chikungunya Virus Infection by Inhibiting IFN-α2 Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588382. [PMID: 33304351 PMCID: PMC7701120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are the key components of innate immunity and are crucial for host defense against viral infections. Here, we report a novel role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in inhibiting IFN-α2 expression thus promoting chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. CHIKV infected IL-17A deficient (Il17a-/- ) mice expressed a higher level of IFN-α2 and developed diminished viremia and milder footpad swelling in comparison to wild-type (WT) control mice, which was also recapitulated in IL-17A receptor-deficient (Il17ra-/- ) mice. Interestingly, IL-17A selectively blocked IFN-α2 production during CHIKV, but not West Nile virus (WNV) or Zika virus (ZIKV), infections. Recombinant IL-17A treatment inhibited CHIKV-induced IFN-α2 expression and enhanced CHIKV replication in both human and mouse cells. We further found that IL-17A inhibited IFN-α2 production by modulating the expression of Interferon Regulatory Factor-5 (IRF-5), IRF-7, IFN-stimulated gene 49 (ISG-49), and Mx1 expression during CHIKV infection. Neutralization of IL-17A in vitro leads to the increase of the expression of these antiviral molecules and decrease of CHIKV replication. Collectively, these results suggest a novel function of IL-17A in inhibiting IFN-α2-mediated antiviral responses during CHIKV infection, which may have broad implications in viral infections and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswas Neupane
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Farzana Nazneen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Alex Sutton Flynt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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31
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Nagy PD. Host protein chaperones, RNA helicases and the ubiquitin network highlight the arms race for resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:133-158. [PMID: 32711728 PMCID: PMC7342006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses need to arrogate many cellular resources to support their replication and infection cycles. These viruses co-opt host factors, lipids and subcellular membranes and exploit cellular metabolites to built viral replication organelles in infected cells. However, the host cells have their defensive arsenal of factors to protect themselves from easy exploitation by viruses. In this review, the author discusses an emerging arms race for cellular resources between viruses and hosts, which occur during the early events of virus-host interactions. Recent findings with tomato bushy stunt virus and its hosts revealed that the need of the virus to exploit and co-opt given members of protein families provides an opportunity for the host to deploy additional members of the same or associated protein family to interfere with virus replication. Three examples with well-established heat shock protein 70 and RNA helicase protein families and the ubiquitin network will be described to illustrate this model on the early arms race for cellular resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. We predict that arms race for resources with additional cellular protein families will be discovered with tombusviruses. These advances will fortify research on interactions among other plant and animal viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Kumar D, Singh P, Jayaraj A, Kumar V, Kumari K, Chandra R, Ramappa VK. Selective Docking of Pyranooxazoles Against nsP2 of CHIKV Eluted Through Isothermally and Non‐Isothermally MD simulations. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry A.R.S.D. CollegeUniversity of Delhi Delhi India
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Delhi Delhi India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Chemistry A.R.S.D. CollegeUniversity of Delhi Delhi India
| | | | - Vinod Kumar
- Special Centre for Nano SciencesJawaharlal Nehru University Delhi 110067 India
| | - Kamlesh Kumari
- Department of Zoology DDU CollegeUniversity of Delhi Delhi India
| | | | - Venkatesh Kumar Ramappa
- Department of ZoologyBabasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow 226025 Uttar Pradesh India
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Identification of Natural Molecular Determinants of Ross River Virus Type I Interferon Modulation. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01788-19. [PMID: 31996431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01788-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) belongs to the genus Alphavirus and is prevalent in Australia. RRV infection can cause arthritic symptoms in patients and may include rash, fever, arthralgia, and myalgia. Type I interferons (IFN) are the primary antiviral cytokines and trigger activation of the host innate immune system to suppress the replication of invading viruses. Alphaviruses are able to subvert the type I IFN system, but the mechanisms used are ill defined. In this study, seven RRV field strains were analyzed for induction of and sensitivity to type I IFN. The sensitivities of these strains to human IFN-β varied significantly and were highest for the RRV 2548 strain. Compared to prototype laboratory strain RRV-T48, RRV 2548 also induced higher type I IFN levels both in vitro and in vivo and caused milder disease. To identify the determinants involved in type I IFN modulation, the region encoding the nonstructural proteins (nsPs) of RRV 2548 was sequenced, and 42 amino acid differences from RRV-T48 were identified. Using fragment swapping and site-directed mutagenesis, we discovered that substitutions E402A and R522Q in nsP1 as well as Q619R in nsP2 were responsible for increased sensitivity of RRV 2548 to type I IFN. In contrast, substitutions A31T, N219T, S580L, and Q619R in nsP2 led to induction of higher levels of type I IFN. With exception of E402A, all these variations are common for naturally occurring RRV strains. However, they are different from all known determinants of type I IFN modulation reported previously in nsPs of alphaviruses.IMPORTANCE By identifying natural Ross River virus (RRV) amino acid determinants for type I interferon (IFN) modulation, this study gives further insight into the mechanism of type I IFN modulation by alphaviruses. Here, the crucial role of type I IFN in the early stages of RRV disease pathogenesis is further demonstrated. This study also provides a comparison of the roles of different parts of the RRV nonstructural region in type I IFN modulation, highlighting the importance of nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) and nsP2 in this process. Three substitutions in nsP1 and nsP2 were found to be independently associated with enhanced type I IFN sensitivity, and four independent substitutions in nsP2 were important in elevated type I IFN induction. Such evidence has clear implications for RRV immunobiology, persistence, and pathology. The identification of viral proteins that modulate type I IFN may also have importance for the pathogenesis of other alphaviruses.
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Chiang HS, Liu HM. The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3086. [PMID: 30671058 PMCID: PMC6332930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral innate immunity is the first line of host defense against virus infections. In mammalian cells, viral infections initiate the expression of interferons (IFNs) in the host that in turn activate an antiviral defense program to restrict viral replications by induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which are largely regulated by the IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) family and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family transcription factors. The mechanisms of action of IRFs and STATs involve several post-translational modifications, complex formation, and nuclear translocation of these transcription factors. However, many viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), have evolved strategies to evade host defense, including alteration in IRF and STAT post-translational modifications, disturbing the formation and nuclear translocation of the transcription complexes as well as proteolysis/degradation of IRFs and STATs. In this review, we discuss and summarize the molecular mechanisms by which how viral components may target IRFs and STATs to antagonize the establishment of antiviral host defense. The underlying host-viral interactions determine the outcome of viral infection. Gaining mechanistic insight into these processes will be crucial in understanding how viral replication can be more effectively controlled and in developing approaches to improve virus infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Sen Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Helene Minyi Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Henss L, Scholz T, Grünweller A, Schnierle BS. Silvestrol Inhibits Chikungunya Virus Replication. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110592. [PMID: 30380742 PMCID: PMC6266838 DOI: 10.3390/v10110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silvestrol, a natural compound that is isolated from plants of the genus Aglaia, is a specific inhibitor of the RNA helicase eIF4A, which unwinds RNA secondary structures in 5′-untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs and allows translation. Silvestrol has a broad antiviral activity against multiple RNA virus families. Here, we show that silvestrol inhibits the replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a positive single-stranded RNA virus. Silvestrol delayed the protein synthesis of non-structural (nsPs) and structural proteins, resulting in a delayed innate response to CHIKV infection. Interferon-α induced STAT1 phosphorylation was not inhibited nor did eIF2α become phosphorylated 16 h post infection in the presence of silvestrol. In addition, the host protein shut-off induced by CHIKV infection was decreased in silvestrol-treated cells. Silvestrol acts by limiting the amount of nsPs, and thereby reducing CHIKV RNA replication. From our results, we propose that inhibition of the host helicase eIF4A might have potential as a therapeutic strategy to treat CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henss
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Scholz
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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