1
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Rodrigo MB, De Min A, Jorch SK, Martin-Higueras C, Baumgart AK, Goldyn B, Becker S, Garbi N, Lemmermann NA, Kurts C. Dual fluorescence reporter mice for Ccl3 transcription, translation, and intercellular communication. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231814. [PMID: 38661718 PMCID: PMC11044946 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines guide immune cells during their response against pathogens and tumors. Various techniques exist to determine chemokine production, but none to identify cells that directly sense chemokines in vivo. We have generated CCL3-EASER (ErAse, SEnd, Receive) mice that simultaneously report for Ccl3 transcription and translation, allow identifying Ccl3-sensing cells, and permit inducible deletion of Ccl3-producing cells. We infected these mice with murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV), where Ccl3 and NK cells are critical defense mediators. We found that NK cells transcribed Ccl3 already in homeostasis, but Ccl3 translation required type I interferon signaling in infected organs during early infection. NK cells were both the principal Ccl3 producers and sensors of Ccl3, indicating auto/paracrine communication that amplified NK cell response, and this was essential for the early defense against mCMV. CCL3-EASER mice represent the prototype of a new class of dual fluorescence reporter mice for analyzing cellular communication via chemokines, which may be applied also to other chemokines and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belen Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna De Min
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Selina Kathleen Jorch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristina Martin-Higueras
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Baumgart
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beata Goldyn
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara Becker
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels A. Lemmermann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Chowdhury S, Latham KA, Tran AC, Carroll CJ, Stanton RJ, Weekes MP, Neil SJD, Swanson CM, Strang BL. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by interferon alpha can involve multiple anti-viral factors. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001929. [PMID: 38063292 PMCID: PMC10770924 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The shortcomings of current direct-acting anti-viral therapy against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has led to interest in host-directed therapy. Here we re-examine the use of interferon proteins to inhibit HCMV replication utilizing both high and low passage strains of HCMV. Pre-treatment of cells with interferon alpha (IFNα) was required for robust and prolonged inhibition of both low and high passage HCMV strains, with no obvious toxicity, and was associated with an increased anti-viral state in HCMV-infected cells. Pre-treatment of cells with IFNα led to poor expression of HCMV immediate-early proteins from both high and low passage strains, which was associated with the presence of the anti-viral factor SUMO-PML. Inhibition of HCMV replication in the presence of IFNα involving ZAP proteins was HCMV strain-dependent, wherein a high passage HCMV strain was obviously restricted by ZAP and a low passage strain was not. This suggested that strain-specific combinations of anti-viral factors were involved in inhibition of HCMV replication in the presence of IFNα. Overall, this work further supports the development of strategies involving IFNα that may be useful to inhibit HCMV replication and highlights the complexity of the anti-viral response to HCMV in the presence of IFNα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabab Chowdhury
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Katie A. Latham
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J. Carroll
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Chad M. Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Blair L. Strang
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
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3
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Bošnjak B, Lueder Y, Messerle M, Förster R. Imaging cytomegalovirus infection and ensuing immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102307. [PMID: 36996701 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) possess exquisite mechanisms enabling colonization, replication, and release allowing spread to new hosts. Moreover, they developed ways to escape the control of the host immune responses and hide latently within the host cells. Here, we outline studies that visualized individual CMV-infected cells using reporter viruses. These investigations provided crucial insights into all steps of CMV infection and mechanisms the host's immune response struggles to control it. Uncovering complex viral and cellular interactions and underlying molecular as well as immunological mechanisms are a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for successful treatment of CMV-related pathologies in neonates and transplant patients.
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4
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Giacconi R, Cardelli M, Piacenza F, Pierpaoli E, Farnocchia E, Di Rosa M, Bonfigli AR, Casoli T, Marchegiani F, Marcheselli F, Recchioni R, Stripoli P, Galeazzi R, Cherubini A, Fedecostante M, Sarzani R, Di Pentima C, Giordano P, Antonicelli R, Provinciali M, Lattanzio F. Effect of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation on Inflammatory Status and Mortality of Older COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076832. [PMID: 37047803 PMCID: PMC10094990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviridae reactivation such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been described in severe COVID-19 (COronaVIrusDisease-2019). This study aimed to understand if CMV reactivation in older COVID-19 patients is associated with increased inflammation and in-hospital mortality. In an observational single-center cohort study, 156 geriatric COVID-19 patients were screened for CMV reactivation by RT-PCR. Participants underwent a comprehensive clinical investigation that included medical history, functional evaluation, laboratory tests and cytokine assays (TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10) at hospital admission. In 19 (12.2%) of 156 COVID-19 patients, CMV reactivation was detected. Multivariate Cox regression models showed that in-hospital mortality significantly increased among CMV positive patients younger than 87 years (HR: 9.94, 95% CI: 1.66–59.50). Other factors associated with in-hospital mortality were C-reactive protein (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05–1.30), neutrophil count (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01–1.42) and clinical frailty scale (HR:1.54, 95% CI: 1.04–2.28). In patients older than 87 years, neutrophil count (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05–1.21) and age (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01–1.31) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CMV reactivation was also correlated with increased IFN-α and TNF-α serum levels, but not with IL-6 and IL-10 serum changes. In conclusion, CMV reactivation was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients younger than 87 years old, but not in nonagenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Pierpaoli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Farnocchia
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - MirKo Di Rosa
- Unit of Geriatric Pharmacoepidemiology and Biostatistics, IRCCS INRCA, 60124 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchegiani
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorella Marcheselli
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Rina Recchioni
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Stripoli
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostic, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Cherubini
- Geriatria, Accettazione Geriatrica e Centro di Ricerca per L’invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fedecostante
- Geriatria, Accettazione Geriatrica e Centro di Ricerca per L’invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sarzani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Italian National Research Centre on Aging, Hospital “U. Sestilli”, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pentima
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Italian National Research Centre on Aging, Hospital “U. Sestilli”, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Piero Giordano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Italian National Research Centre on Aging, Hospital “U. Sestilli”, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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5
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Martín-Valls GE, Li Y, Díaz I, Cano E, Sosa-Portugal S, Mateu E. Diversity of respiratory viruses present in nasal swabs under influenza suspicion in respiratory disease cases of weaned pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1014475. [PMID: 36337208 PMCID: PMC9627340 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases in weaned pigs are a common problem, with a complex etiology involving both viruses and bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the presence of eleven viruses in nasal swabs, collected from nurseries (55 cases) under the suspicion of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) and submitted by swine veterinarians for diagnosis. The other ten viruses included in the study were influenza B (IBV) and D (IDV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), 3 (PCV3) and 4 (PCV), Porcine parainfluenza 1 (PPIV1) and Swine orthopneumovirus (SOV). Twenty-six swIAV-positive cases and twenty-nine cases of swIAV-negative respiratory disease were primarily established. While IBV, IDV, PCV4 and PPIV1 were not found in any of the cases, PRCV, SOV, and PCMV were more likely to be found in swIAV-positive nurseries with respiratory disease (p < 0.05). Overall, PCV3, PRRSV, and PCMV were the most frequently detected agents at herd level. Taken individually, virus prevalence was: swIAV, 48.6%; PRCV, 48.0%; PRRSV, 31.6%; SOV, 33.8%; PCMV, 48.3%, PCV2, 36.0%; and PCV3, 33.0%. Moreover, low Ct values (<30) were common for all agents, except PCV2 and PCV3. When the correlation between pathogens was individually examined, the presence of PRRSV was negatively correlated with swIAV and PRCV, while was positively associated to PCMV (p < 0.05). Also, PRCV and SOV were positively correlated between them and negatively with PCMV. Besides, the analysis of suckling pig samples, collected in subclinically infected farrowing units under an influenza monitoring program, showed that circulation of PRCV, PCMV, SOV, and PCV3 started during the early weeks of life. Interestingly, in those subclinically infected units, none of the pathogens was found to be correlated to any other. Overall, our data may contribute to a better understanding of the complex etiology and epidemiology of respiratory diseases in weaners. This is the first report of SOV in Spain and shows, for the first time, the dynamics of this pathogen in swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E. Martín-Valls
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- *Correspondence: Gerard E. Martín-Valls
| | - Yanli Li
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Cano
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvana Sosa-Portugal
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Wu S, Wang S, Wang L, Peng H, Zhang S, Yang Q, Huang M, Li Y, Guan S, Jiang W, Zhang Z, Bi Q, Li L, Gao Y, Xiong P, Zhong Z, Xu B, Deng Y, Deng Y. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation represses the early immune response against murine cytomegalovirus but enhances NK cell effector function. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:17. [PMID: 35439922 PMCID: PMC9017742 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation is beneficial for several chronic diseases; however, its effect on immune regulation is still debated. Given the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and because natural killer (NK) cells are a component of innate immunity critical for controlling CMV infection, the current study explored the effect of a DHA-enriched diet on susceptibility to murine (M) CMV infection and the NK cell effector response to MCMV infection. RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice fed a control or DHA-enriched diet for 3 weeks were infected with MCMV and sacrificed at the indicated time points postinfection. Compared with control mice, DHA-fed mice had higher liver and spleen viral loads at day 7 postinfection, but final MCMV clearance was not affected. The total numbers of NK cells and their terminal mature cell subset (KLRG1+ and Ly49H+ NK cells) were reduced compared with those in control mice at day 7 postinfection but not day 21. DHA feeding resulted in higher IFN-γ and granzyme B expression in splenic NK cells at day 7 postinfection. A mechanistic analysis showed that the splenic NK cells of DHA-fed mice had enhanced glucose uptake, increased CD71 and CD98 expression, and higher mitochondrial mass than control mice. In addition, DHA-fed mice showed reductions in the total numbers and activation levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DHA supplementation represses the early response to CMV infection but preserves NK cell effector functions by improving mitochondrial activity, which may play critical roles in subsequent MCMV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wu
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Peng
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuju Zhang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglan Yang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Huang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yana Li
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Guan
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Bi
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Li
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwen Xiong
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhong
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yafei Deng
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Fueyo-González F, McGinty M, Ningoo M, Anderson L, Cantarelli C, Andrea Angeletti, Demir M, Llaudó I, Purroy C, Marjanovic N, Heja D, Sealfon SC, Heeger PS, Cravedi P, Fribourg M. Interferon-β acts directly on T cells to prolong allograft survival by enhancing regulatory T cell induction through Foxp3 acetylation. Immunity 2022; 55:459-474.e7. [PMID: 35148827 PMCID: PMC8917088 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines with potent antiviral properties that also promote protective T cell and humoral immunity. Paradoxically, type I IFNs, including the widely expressed IFNβ, also have immunosuppressive properties, including promoting persistent viral infections and treating T-cell-driven, remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis. Although associative evidence suggests that IFNβ mediates these immunosuppressive effects by impacting regulatory T (Treg) cells, mechanistic links remain elusive. Here, we found that IFNβ enhanced graft survival in a Treg-cell-dependent murine transplant model. Genetic conditional deletion models revealed that the extended allograft survival was Treg cell-mediated and required IFNβ signaling on T cells. Using an in silico computational model and analysis of human immune cells, we found that IFNβ directly promoted Treg cell induction via STAT1- and P300-dependent Foxp3 acetylation. These findings identify a mechanistic connection between the immunosuppressive effects of IFNβ and Treg cells, with therapeutic implications for transplantation, autoimmunity, and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fueyo-González
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell McGinty
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Mehek Ningoo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Anderson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Cantarelli
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Markus Demir
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Inés Llaudó
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Carolina Purroy
- Department of Nephrology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Nada Marjanovic
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - David Heja
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
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8
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Abstract
While many viral infections are limited and eventually resolved by the host immune response or by death of the host, other viruses establish long-term relationships with the host by way of a persistent infection, that range from chronic viruses that may be eventually cleared to those that establish life-long persistent or latent infection. Viruses infecting hosts from bacteria to humans establish quiescent infections that must be reactivated to produce progeny. For mammalian viruses, most notably herpesviruses, this quiescent maintenance of viral genomes in the absence of virus replication is referred to as latency. The latent strategy allows the virus to persist quiescently within a single host until conditions indicate a need to reactivate to reach a new host or, to re-seed a reservoir within the host. Here, I review common themes in viral strategies to regulate the latent cycle and reactivate from it ranging from bacteriophage to herpesviruses with a focus on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Themes central to herpesvirus latency include, epigenetic repression of viral gene expression and mechanisms to regulate host signaling and survival. Critical to the success of a latent program are mechanisms by which the virus can "sense" fluctuations in host biology (within the host) or environment (outside the host) and make appropriate "decisions" to maintain latency or re-initiate the replicative program. The signals or environments that indicate the establishment of a latent state, the very nature of the latent state, as well as the signals driving reactivation have been topics of intense study from bacteriophage to human viruses, as these questions encompass the height of complexity in virus-host interactions-where the host and the virus coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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9
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How dendritic cells sense and respond to viral infections. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2217-2242. [PMID: 34623425 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to sense viral pathogens and orchestrate a proper immune response makes them one of the key players in antiviral immunity. Different DC subsets have complementing functions during viral infections, some specialize in antigen presentation and cross-presentation and others in the production of cytokines with antiviral activity, such as type I interferons. In this review, we summarize the latest updates concerning the role of DCs in viral infections, with particular focus on the complex interplay between DC subsets and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being initiated by a vast array of immune receptors, DC-mediated antiviral responses often converge towards the same endpoint, that is the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, the inherent migratory properties of DCs make them a double-edged sword and often viral recognition by DCs results in further viral dissemination. Here we illustrate these various aspects of the antiviral functions of DCs and also provide a brief overview of novel antiviral vaccination strategies based on DCs targeting.
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10
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Montes-Gómez AE, García-Cordero J, Marcial-Juárez E, Shrivastava G, Visoso-Carvajal G, Juárez-Delgado FJ, Flores-Romo L, Sanchez-Torres MC, Santos-Argumedo L, Bustos-Arriaga J, Cedillo-Barrón L. Crosstalk Between Dermal Fibroblasts and Dendritic Cells During Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:538240. [PMID: 33193307 PMCID: PMC7645109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.538240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection (DENV-2) is transmitted by infected mosquitoes via the skin, where many dermal and epidermal cells are potentially susceptible to infection. Most of the cells in an area of infection will establish an antiviral microenvironment to control viral replication. Although cumulative studies report permissive DENV-2 infection in dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts, among other cells also infected, little information is available regarding cell-to-cell crosstalk and the effect of this on the outcome of the infection. Therefore, our study focused on understanding the contribution of fibroblast and dendritic cell crosstalk to the control or promotion of dengue. Our results suggest that dendritic cells promote an antiviral state over fibroblasts by enhancing the production of type I interferon, but not proinflammatory cytokines. Infected and non-infected fibroblasts promoted partial dendritic cell maturation, and the fibroblast-matured cells were less permissive to infection and showed enhanced type I interferon production. We also observed that the soluble mediators produced by non-infected or Poly (I:C) transfected fibroblasts induced allogenic T cell proliferation, but mediators produced by DENV-2 infected fibroblasts inhibited this phenomenon. Additionally, the effects of fibroblast soluble mediators on CD14+ monocytes were analyzed to assess whether they affected the differentiation of monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDC). Our data showed that mediators produced by infected fibroblasts induced variable levels of monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells, even in the presence of recombinant GM-CSF and IL-4. Cells with dendritic cell-like morphology appeared in the culture; however, flow cytometry analysis showed that the mediators did not fully downregulate CD14 nor did they upregulate CD1a. Our data revealed that fibroblast-dendritic cell crosstalk promoted an antiviral response mediated manly by type I interferons over fibroblasts. Furthermore, the maturation of dendritic cells and T cell proliferation were promoted, which was inhibited by DENV-2-induced mediators. Together, our results suggest that activation of the adaptive immune response is influenced by the crosstalk of skin resident cells and the intensity of innate immune responses established in the microenvironment of the infected skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo E. Montes-Gómez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julio García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Departamento de Biología Celular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gaurav Shrivastava
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Giovani Visoso-Carvajal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ma. Carmen Sanchez-Torres
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Bustos-Arriaga
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barrón
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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11
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Gonzalez-Perez AC, Stempel M, Chan B, Brinkmann MM. One Step Ahead: Herpesviruses Light the Way to Understanding Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:124. [PMID: 32117146 PMCID: PMC7018705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The host immune system is engaged in a constant battle with microorganisms, with the immediate detection of pathogenic invasion and subsequent signalling acting as crucial deterrents against the establishment of a successful infection. For this purpose, cells are equipped with a variety of sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which rapidly detect intruders leading to the expression of antiviral type I interferons (IFN). Type I IFN are crucial cytokines which exert their biological effects through the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The expression profile of these ISGs varies depending on the virus. For a small subset of ISGs, their anti- or even proviral effects have been revealed, however, the vast majority are uncharacterised. The spotlight is now on herpesviruses, with their large coding capacity and long co-evolution with their hosts, as a key to understanding the impact of ISGs during viral infection. Studies are emerging which have identified multiple herpesviral antagonists specifically targeting ISGs, hinting at the significant role these proteins must play in host defence against viral infection, with the promise of more to come. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of the complex interplay between ISGs and human herpesviruses: the antiviral role of selected ISGs during herpesviral infections, how herpesviruses antagonise these ISGs and, in some cases, even exploit them to benefit viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Stempel
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baca Chan
- Viral Genomics Group, Institute for Respiratory Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Koch S, Damas M, Freise A, Hage E, Dhingra A, Rückert J, Gallo A, Kremmer E, Tegge W, Brönstrup M, Brune W, Schulz TF. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vIRF2 protein utilizes an IFN-dependent pathway to regulate viral early gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007743. [PMID: 31059555 PMCID: PMC6522069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8) belongs to the subfamily of Gammaherpesvirinae and is the etiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma as well as of two lymphoproliferative diseases: primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. The KSHV life cycle is divided into a latent and a lytic phase and is highly regulated by viral immunomodulatory proteins which control the host antiviral immune response. Among them is a group of proteins with homology to cellular interferon regulatory factors, the viral interferon regulatory factors 1–4. The KSHV vIRFs are known as inhibitors of cellular interferon signaling and are involved in different oncogenic pathways. Here we characterized the role of the second vIRF protein, vIRF2, during the KSHV life cycle. We found the vIRF2 protein to be expressed in different KSHV positive cells with early lytic kinetics. Importantly, we observed that vIRF2 suppresses the expression of viral early lytic genes in both newly infected and reactivated persistently infected endothelial cells. This vIRF2-dependent regulation of the KSHV life cycle might involve the increased expression of cellular interferon-induced genes such as the IFIT proteins 1, 2 and 3, which antagonize the expression of early KSHV lytic proteins. Our findings suggest a model in which the viral protein vIRF2 allows KSHV to harness an IFN-dependent pathway to regulate KSHV early gene expression. The life cycle of Kaposi Sarcoma herpesvirus involves both persistence in a latent form and productive replication to generate new viral particles. How the virus switches between latency and productive (‘lytic’) replication is only partially understood. Here we show that a viral homologue of interferon regulatory factors, vIRF2, antagonizes lytic protein expression in endothelial cells. It does this by inducing the expression of cellular interferon-regulated genes such as IFIT 1–3, which in turn dampens early viral gene expression. This observation suggests that vIRF2 allows KSHV to harness the interferon pathway to regulate early viral gene expression in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Koch
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Modester Damas
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Anika Freise
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Elias Hage
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Jessica Rückert
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg Site, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Tegge
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg Site, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Becker J, Kinast V, Döring M, Lipps C, Duran V, Spanier J, Tegtmeyer PK, Wirth D, Cicin-Sain L, Alcamí A, Kalinke U. Human monocyte-derived macrophages inhibit HCMV spread independent of classical antiviral cytokines. Virulence 2019; 9:1669-1684. [PMID: 30403913 PMCID: PMC7000197 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1535785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of healthy individuals with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is usually unnoticed and results in life-long latency, whereas HCMV reactivation as well as infection of newborns or immunocompromised patients can cause life-threatening disease. To better understand HCMV pathogenesis we studied mechanisms that restrict HCMV spread. We discovered that HCMV-infected cells can directly trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to mount antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) responses, even in the absence of cell-free virus. In contrast, monocyte-derived cells only expressed IFN-I when stimulated by cell-free HCMV, or upon encounter of HCMV-infected cells that already produced cell-free virus. Nevertheless, also in the absence of cell-free virus, i.e., upon co-culture of infected epithelial/endothelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ) or dendritic cells (moDC), antiviral responses were induced that limited HCMV spread. The induction of this antiviral effect was dependent on cell-cell contact, whereas cell-free supernatants from co-culture experiments also inhibited virus spread, implying that soluble factors were critically needed. Interestingly, the antiviral effect was independent of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IFN-I as indicated by cytokine inhibition experiments using neutralizing antibodies or the vaccinia virus-derived soluble IFN-I binding protein B18R, which traps human IFN-α and IFN-β. In conclusion, our results indicate that human macrophages and dendritic cells can limit HCMV spread by IFN-I dependent as well as independent mechanisms, whereas the latter ones might be particularly relevant for the restriction of HCMV transmission via cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Becker
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Marius Döring
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Christoph Lipps
- b Model Systems for Infection and Immunity , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Veronica Duran
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Tegtmeyer
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- b Model Systems for Infection and Immunity , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- c Department of Vaccinology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,d German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , Hannover-Braunschweig site , Germany.,e Institute for Virology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- f Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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14
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15
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Kasmapour B, Kubsch T, Rand U, Eiz-Vesper B, Messerle M, Vondran FWR, Wiegmann B, Haverich A, Cicin-Sain L. Myeloid Dendritic Cells Repress Human Cytomegalovirus Gene Expression and Spread by Releasing Interferon-Unrelated Soluble Antiviral Factors. J Virol 2018; 92:e01138-17. [PMID: 29046460 PMCID: PMC5730771 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01138-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a betaherpesvirus that latently infects most adult humans worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Latent human CMV (HCMV) is believed to reside in precursors of myeloid-lineage leukocytes and monocytes, which give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). We report here that human monocyte-derived DC (mo-DC) suppress HCMV infection in coculture with infected fibroblast target cells in a manner dependent on the effector-to-target ratio. Intriguingly, optimal activation of mo-DC was achieved under coculture conditions and not by direct infection with HCMV, implying that mo-DC may recognize unique molecular patterns on, or within, infected fibroblasts. We show that HCMV is controlled by secreted factors that act by priming defenses in target cells rather than by direct viral neutralization, but we excluded a role for interferons (IFNs) in this control. The expression of lytic viral genes in infected cells and the progression of infection were significantly slowed, but this effect was reversible, indicating that the control of infection depended on the transient induction of antiviral effector molecules in target cells. Using immediate early or late-phase reporter HCMVs, we show that soluble factors secreted in the cocultures suppress HCMV replication at both stages of the infection and that their antiviral effects are robust and comparable in numerous batches of mo-DC as well as in primary fibroblasts and stromal cells.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus is a widespread opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe disease and complications in vulnerable individuals. This includes newborn children, HIV AIDS patients, and transplant recipients. Although the majority of healthy humans carry this virus throughout their lives without symptoms, it is not exactly clear which tissues in the body are the main reservoirs of latent virus infection or how the delicate balance between the virus and the immune system is maintained over an individual's lifetime. Here, for the first time, we provide evidence for a novel mechanism of direct virus control by a subset of human innate immune cells called dendritic cells, which are regarded as a major site of virus latency and reactivation. Our findings may have important implications in HCMV disease prevention as well as in development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Kasmapour
- Immune Ageing and Chronic Infections Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Kubsch
- Immune Ageing and Chronic Infections Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulfert Rand
- Immune Ageing and Chronic Infections Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian W R Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiegmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Immune Ageing and Chronic Infections Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Hemann EA, Gale M, Savan R. Interferon Lambda Genetics and Biology in Regulation of Viral Control. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1707. [PMID: 29270173 PMCID: PMC5723907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons, also known as interferon lambdas (IFNλs), are the most recent addition to the IFN family following their discovery in 2003. Initially, IFNλ was demonstrated to induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes and exert antiviral properties in a similar manner to type I IFNs. However, while IFNλ has been described to have largely overlapping expression and function with type I IFNs, it has become increasingly clear that type III IFNs also have distinct functions from type I IFNs. In contrast to type I IFNs, whose receptor is ubiquitously expressed, type III IFNs signal and function largely at barrier epithelial surfaces, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as the blood–brain barrier. In further support of unique functions for type III IFNs, single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFNL genes in humans are strongly associated with outcomes to viral infection. These biological linkages have also been more directly supported by studies in mice highlighting roles of IFNλ in promoting antiviral immune responses. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of type III IFNs, and how their functions are similar to, and different from, type I IFN in various immune cell subtypes and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hemann
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Puttur F, Francozo M, Solmaz G, Bueno C, Lindenberg M, Gohmert M, Swallow M, Tufa D, Jacobs R, Lienenklaus S, Kühl AA, Borkner L, Cicin-Sain L, Holzmann B, Wagner H, Berod L, Sparwasser T. Conventional Dendritic Cells Confer Protection against Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection via TLR9 and MyD88 Signaling. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1113-1127. [PMID: 27760315 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic virus severely infecting immunocompromised individuals. In mice, endosomal Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and downstream myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) are central to activating innate immune responses against mouse CMV (MCMV). In this respect, the cell-specific contribution of these pathways in initiating anti-MCMV immunity remains unclear. Using transgenic mice, we demonstrate that TLR9/MyD88 signaling selectively in CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) strongly enhances MCMV clearance by boosting natural killer (NK) cell CD69 expression and IFN-γ production. In addition, we show that in the absence of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conventional DCs (cDCs) promote robust NK cell effector function and MCMV clearance in a TLR9/MyD88-dependent manner. Simultaneously, cDC-derived IL-15 regulates NK cell degranulation by TLR9/MyD88-independent mechanisms. Overall, we compartmentalize the cellular contribution of TLR9 and MyD88 signaling in individual DC subsets and evaluate the mechanism by which cDCs control MCMV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Puttur
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcela Francozo
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany; Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Gülhas Solmaz
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlos Bueno
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany; Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Marc Lindenberg
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Gohmert
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dejene Tufa
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, MHH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, MHH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, MHH, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, MHH and HZI, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology)/Research Center ImmunoScience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Borkner
- Department for Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, HZI, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department for Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, HZI, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bernard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Twincore), Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Liao Y, Liu X, Huang Y, Huang H, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Shu S, Fang F. Expression pattern of CD11c on lung immune cells after disseminated murine cytomegalovirus infection. Virol J 2017; 14:132. [PMID: 28720115 PMCID: PMC5516330 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs frequently and is widespread globally. Numerous studies have shown that various types of immune cells play roles in mediating the response to CMV infection. CD11c, a commonly used dendritic cell (DC) marker, is expressed by other immune cells as well, such as T cells. This study analyzed the immune cells that express CD11c and monitored the expression level of their specific cell surface markers in the lung following a disseminated murine (M)CMV infection. Methods Mouse models of disseminated MCMV infection were used; uninfected and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice were used as controls. At 1, 3 and 7 days following infection, single cell suspensions prepared from freshly digested lung tissue were stained for CD11c, CD86 and MHC II. Stained cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Peripheral blood and single cell suspensions from spleen were sorted as well. Then these cells were subjected to analyze the CD11c expression pattern on natural killer (NK) cells and T cells. Results This assay showed that after MCMV infection, the expression of CD86 on pulmonary CD11chiMHC-IIhi cells (encompassing conventional DCs) was higher at 3 days post-infection than at 1 or 7 days post-infection, accompanied by a downregulation of MHC II. In addition, expression of CD11c was greatly increased in the MCMV infection group at 7 days post infection. This study also detected a large population of cells displaying an intermediate level of expression of CD11c (CD11cint); these cells were in the MCMV groups exclusively, and were subsequently identified as CD8+ T cells. In lung, spleen and blood, different proportions of CD11cint cells among the NK cell and T cell populations were observed between the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with or without MCMV infection. The expression level of NKp46 in NK cells dropped to a lower level after MCMV infection. Conclusions The findings collectively indicate that CD11cintCD8+ T cells might play a key role in anti-MCMV adaptive immune response in lungs, as well as in spleen and blood. B220+CD11cint NK cells might be a more effective type of NK cell, participating in anti-MCMV infection. The downregulation of NKp46, in particular, might be linked with the immune evasion of MCMV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0801-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Heyu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Sainan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Dekhtiarenko I, Ratts RB, Blatnik R, Lee LN, Fischer S, Borkner L, Oduro JD, Marandu TF, Hoppe S, Ruzsics Z, Sonnemann JK, Mansouri M, Meyer C, Lemmermann NAW, Holtappels R, Arens R, Klenerman P, Früh K, Reddehase MJ, Riemer AB, Cicin-Sain L. Peptide Processing Is Critical for T-Cell Memory Inflation and May Be Optimized to Improve Immune Protection by CMV-Based Vaccine Vectors. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006072. [PMID: 27977791 PMCID: PMC5158087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) elicits long-term T-cell immunity of unparalleled strength, which has allowed the development of highly protective CMV-based vaccine vectors. Counterintuitively, experimental vaccines encoding a single MHC-I restricted epitope offered better immune protection than those expressing entire proteins, including the same epitope. To clarify this conundrum, we generated recombinant murine CMVs (MCMVs) encoding well-characterized MHC-I epitopes at different positions within viral genes and observed strong immune responses and protection against viruses and tumor growth when the epitopes were expressed at the protein C-terminus. We used the M45-encoded conventional epitope HGIRNASFI to dissect this phenomenon at the molecular level. A recombinant MCMV expressing HGIRNASFI on the C-terminus of M45, in contrast to wild-type MCMV, enabled peptide processing by the constitutive proteasome, direct antigen presentation, and an inflation of antigen-specific effector memory cells. Consequently, our results indicate that constitutive proteasome processing of antigenic epitopes in latently infected cells is required for robust inflationary responses. This insight allows utilizing the epitope positioning in the design of CMV-based vectors as a novel strategy for enhancing their efficacy. Experimental cytomegalovirus (CMV) based vaccine vectors have provided highly encouraging results as innovative vaccine formulations against deadly virus infections, such as Ebola or AIDS. Nevertheless, it has remained incompletely understood why CMV is so efficient at stimulating T-lymphocytes, the immune cells that recognize pathogens within infected cells. We have generated an array of CMV mutants expressing the same antigen in different genes or in different parts of the same gene. This allowed us to identify that the immediate environment of the antigen, rather than properties of the antigen itself, crucially determine the immune protection conferred by CMV-based vaccines, implying that optimal immunity depends on the ability of host cells to degrade CMV proteins into peptides, short units that are recognized by T-cells. Detailed analysis revealed that strong and sustained T-cell immunity occurs only when their antigenic targets are processed by a primitive cellular machinery that is present in all cells of the body, rather than by its newly-evolved counterpart, which is present only in specialized antigen-presenting cells. Most importantly, our results provide a simple strategy to develop improved CMV vaccines by positioning the antigenic peptides at the right spot in CMV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Dekhtiarenko
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Renata Blatnik
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lian N. Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Fischer
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Borkner
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Marandu
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephanie Hoppe
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia K. Sonnemann
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Früh
- TomegaVax Inc., Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelika B. Riemer
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Lenac Rovis T, Kucan Brlic P, Kaynan N, Juranic Lisnic V, Brizic I, Jordan S, Tomic A, Kvestak D, Babic M, Tsukerman P, Colonna M, Koszinowski U, Messerle M, Mandelboim O, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S. Inflammatory monocytes and NK cells play a crucial role in DNAM-1-dependent control of cytomegalovirus infection. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1835-50. [PMID: 27503073 PMCID: PMC4995080 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jonjic et al. show that inflammatory macrophages play an essential role in the control of murine CMV (MCMV) infection through a DNAM-1–PVR pathway. The poliovirus receptor (PVR) is a ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein involved in cellular adhesion and immune response. It engages the activating receptor DNAX accessory molecule (DNAM)-1, the inhibitory receptor TIGIT, and the CD96 receptor with both activating and inhibitory functions. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) down-regulates PVR expression, but the significance of this viral function in vivo remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mouse CMV (MCMV) also down-regulates the surface PVR. The m20.1 protein of MCMV retains PVR in the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes its degradation. A MCMV mutant lacking the PVR inhibitor was attenuated in normal mice but not in mice lacking DNAM-1. This attenuation was partially reversed by NK cell depletion, whereas the simultaneous depletion of mononuclear phagocytes abolished the virus control. This effect was associated with the increased expression of DNAM-1, whereas TIGIT and CD96 were absent on these cells. An increased level of proinflammatory cytokines in sera of mice infected with the virus lacking the m20.1 and an increased production of iNOS by inflammatory monocytes was observed. Blocking of CCL2 or the inhibition of iNOS significantly increased titer of the virus lacking m20.1. In this study, we have demonstrated that inflammatory monocytes, together with NK cells, are essential in the early control of CMV through the DNAM-1–PVR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Paola Kucan Brlic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Noa Kaynan
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Tomic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Marina Babic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Pinchas Tsukerman
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ulrich Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
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21
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Harwardt T, Lukas S, Zenger M, Reitberger T, Danzer D, Übner T, Munday DC, Nevels M, Paulus C. Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early 1 Protein Rewires Upstream STAT3 to Downstream STAT1 Signaling Switching an IL6-Type to an IFNγ-Like Response. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005748. [PMID: 27387064 PMCID: PMC4936752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) major immediate-early 1 protein (IE1) is best known for activating transcription to facilitate viral replication. Here we present transcriptome data indicating that IE1 is as significant a repressor as it is an activator of host gene expression. Human cells induced to express IE1 exhibit global repression of IL6- and oncostatin M-responsive STAT3 target genes. This repression is followed by STAT1 phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 target genes normally induced by IFNγ. The observed repression and subsequent activation are both mediated through the same region (amino acids 410 to 445) in the C-terminal domain of IE1, and this region serves as a binding site for STAT3. Depletion of STAT3 phenocopies the STAT1-dependent IFNγ-like response to IE1. In contrast, depletion of the IL6 receptor (IL6ST) or the STAT kinase JAK1 prevents this response. Accordingly, treatment with IL6 leads to prolonged STAT1 instead of STAT3 activation in wild-type IE1 expressing cells, but not in cells expressing a mutant protein (IE1dl410-420) deficient for STAT3 binding. A very similar STAT1-directed response to IL6 is also present in cells infected with a wild-type or revertant hCMV, but not an IE1dl410-420 mutant virus, and this response results in restricted viral replication. We conclude that IE1 is sufficient and necessary to rewire upstream IL6-type to downstream IFNγ-like signaling, two pathways linked to opposing actions, resulting in repressed STAT3- and activated STAT1-responsive genes. These findings relate transcriptional repressor and activator functions of IE1 and suggest unexpected outcomes relevant to viral pathogenesis in response to cytokines or growth factors that signal through the IL6ST-JAK1-STAT3 axis in hCMV-infected cells. Our results also reveal that IE1, a protein considered to be a key activator of the hCMV productive cycle, has an unanticipated role in tempering viral replication. Our previous work has shown that the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) major immediate-early 1 protein (IE1) modulates host cell signaling pathways involving proteins of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family. IE1 has also long been known to facilitate viral replication by activating transcription. In this report we demonstrate that IE1 is as significant a repressor as it is an activator of host gene expression. Many genes repressed by IE1 are normally induced via STAT3 signaling triggered by interleukin 6 (IL6) or related cytokines, whereas many genes activated by IE1 are normally induced via STAT1 signaling triggered by interferon gamma (IFNγ). Our results suggest that the repression of STAT3- and the activation of STAT1-responsive genes by IE1 are coupled. By targeting STAT3, IE1 rewires upstream STAT3 to downstream STAT1 signaling. Consequently, genes normally induced by IL6 are repressed while genes normally induced by IFNγ become responsive to IL6 in the presence of IE1. We also demonstrate that, by switching an IL6 to an IFNγ-like response, IE1 tempers viral replication. These results suggest an unanticipated dual role for IE1 in either promoting or limiting hCMV propagation and demonstrate how a key viral regulatory protein merges two central cellular signaling pathways to divert cytokine responses relevant to hCMV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harwardt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simone Lukas
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Zenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Reitberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Danzer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Übner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diane C. Munday
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nevels
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MN); (CP)
| | - Christina Paulus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MN); (CP)
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