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Novikov DV, Vasilchikova EA, Vasilchikov PI. Prospects for the use of viral proteins for the construction of chimeric toxins. Arch Virol 2024; 169:208. [PMID: 39327316 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the actively developing areas of drug development is the creation of chimeric toxins, recombinant bifunctional molecules designed to affect target cells selectively. The prevalent approach involves fusing bacterial and plant toxins with molecules that facilitate targeted delivery. However, the therapeutic use of such toxins often encounters challenges associated with negative side effects. Concurrently, viruses encode proteins possessing toxin-like properties, exerting multiple effects on the vital activity of cells. In contrast to bacterial and plant toxins, the impact of viral proteins is typically milder, presenting a significant advantage by potentially reducing the likelihood of side effects. This review delineates the characteristics of extensively studied viral proteins with toxic and immunomodulatory properties and explores the prospects of incorporating them into chimeric toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Novikov
- Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E A Vasilchikova
- National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - P I Vasilchikov
- National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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2
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Cunnion K, Goss J, Hair P, Dell L, Roberson D, Thienel U, Müller M, Carstensen-Aurèche S, Badorrek P, Holz O, Hohlfeld JM. RLS-0071, a novel anti-inflammatory agent, significantly reduced inflammatory biomarkers in a randomised human evaluation of mechanisms and safety study. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:01006-2023. [PMID: 39286057 PMCID: PMC11403592 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.01006-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study intended to establish the translatability of the RLS-0071 mechanisms of action from animal disease models to humans by inhibiting neutrophil-mediated inflammation at the tissue level and major inflammatory biomarkers. We hypothesised that RLS-0071 inhibits a temporary neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the lungs induced by inhalation of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in healthy participants. Methods Participants were randomised to one of three arms to receive inhaled LPS followed by three doses of either low-dose (10 mg·kg-1) or high-dose (120 mg·kg-1 loading dose followed by two doses of 40 mg·kg-1) RLS-0071 i.v. or placebo (saline) every 8 h. Biomarkers evaluating inflammatory responses, with absolute neutrophil counts in induced sputum as the primary end-point, were collected before and at 6 and 24 h after LPS challenge. Results Active treatment with RLS-0071 showed a similar safety profile to participants receiving placebo. RLS-0071 significantly decreased the numbers of neutrophils in sputum at 6 h post LPS by approximately half (p=0.04). Neutrophil effectors myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase and interleukin-1β in sputum were also significantly decreased at 6 h for RLS-0071 compared with placebo. Several biomarkers showed trends suggesting sustained decreases for RLS-0071 versus placebo at 24 h. Conclusion This clinical trial demonstrated that RLS-0071 was safe and well tolerated and modulated neutrophil-mediated inflammation in humans after inhaled LPS challenge, consistent with results from prior animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Cunnion
- Department of Research and Medical Affairs, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Dept Paediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jessica Goss
- Department of Research and Medical Affairs, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Pamela Hair
- Department of Research and Medical Affairs, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Linda Dell
- Department of Research and Medical Affairs, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Destrey Roberson
- Department of Research and Medical Affairs, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Ulrich Thienel
- Department of Research and Medical Affairs, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Meike Müller
- Division of Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Lung Research (DZL, BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Carstensen-Aurèche
- Division of Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Lung Research (DZL, BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Badorrek
- Division of Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Division of Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Lung Research (DZL, BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Division of Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Lung Research (DZL, BREATH), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Yang L, Wang C, Huang Y, Xu B, Liu Y, Yu J, Xiong L, Xiao T, Liu Q. Identification of the C1qDC gene family in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and the response of C1qA, C1qB, and C1qC to GCRV infection in vivo and in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109477. [PMID: 38447782 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Proteins from the C1q domain-containing (C1qDC) family recognize self-, non-self-, and altered-self ligands and serves as an initiator molecule for the classical complement pathway as well as recognizing immune complexes. In this study, C1qDC gene family members were identified and analyzed in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Members of the C1q subfamily were cloned, and their response to infection with the grass carp virus was investigated. In the grass carp genome, 54 C1qDC genes and 67 isoforms have been identified. Most were located on chromosome 3, with 52 shared zebrafish homologies. Seven substantially differentially expressed C1qDC family genes were identified in the transcriptomes of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells infected with grass carp reovirus (GCRV), all of which exhibited sustained upregulation. The opening reading frames of grass carp C1qA, C1qB, and C1qC, belonging to the C1q subfamily, were determined to be 738, 732, and 735 base pairs, encoding 245, 243, and 244 amino acids with molecular weights of 25.81 kDa, 25.63 kDa and 26.16 kDa, respectively. Three genes were detected in the nine collected tissues, and their expression patterns were similar, with the highest expression levels observed in the spleen. In vivo after GCRV infection showed expression trends of C1qA, C1qB, and C1qC in the liver, spleen, and kidney. An N-type pattern in the liver and kidney was characterized by an initial increase followed by a decrease, with the highest expression occurring during the recovering period, and a V-type pattern in the spleen with the lowest expression levels during the death period. In vitro, after GCRV infection showed expression trends of C1qA, C1qB, and C1qC, and this gradually increased within the first 24 h, with a notable increase observed at the 24 h time point. After CIK cells incubation with purified recombinant proteins, rC1qA, rC1qB, and rC1qC for 3 h, followed by GCRV inoculation, the GCRV replication indicated that rC1qC exerted a substantial inhibitory effect on viral replication in CIK cells after 24 h of GCRV inoculation. These findings offer valuable insights into the structure, evolution, and function of the C1qDC family genes and provide a foundational understanding of the immune function of C1q in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Baohong Xu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Qiaolin Liu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Dong Q, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang W, Lu L, Li J, Zhong S, Ma C, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Qin Y, Peng H, Huang W. Replication of Porcine Astrovirus Type 1-Infected PK-15 Cells In Vitro Affected by RIG-I and MDA5 Signaling Pathways. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0070123. [PMID: 37140381 PMCID: PMC10269537 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00701-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response in animal cells. The subsequent effects caused by porcine astrovirus type 1 (PAstV1) IFN activation are important for the host's response to viral infections. Here, we show that this virus, which causes mild diarrhea, growth retardation, and damage of the villi of the small intestinal mucosa in piglets, induces an IFN response upon infection of PK-15 cells. Although IFN-β mRNA was detected within infected cells, this response usually occurs during the middle stages of infection, after genome replication has taken place. Treatment of PAstV1-infected cells with the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) inhibitor BX795 decreased IFN-β expression, whereas the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inhibitor BAY11-7082 did not. These findings indicate that PAstV induced the production of IFN-β via IRF3-mediated rather than NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways in PK-15 cells. Moreover, PAstV1 increased the protein expression levels of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) in PK-15 cells. The knockdown of RIG-I and MDA5 decreased the expression levels of IFN-β and the viral loads and increased the infectivity of PAstV1. In conclusion, PAstV1 induced the production of IFN-β via the RIG-I and MDA5 signaling pathways, and the IFN-β produced during PAstV1 infection inhibited viral replication. These results will help provide new evidence that PAstV1-induced IFNs may protect against PAstV replication and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Astroviruses (AstVs) are widespread and can infect multiple species. Porcine astroviruses produce mainly gastroenteritis and neurological diseases in pigs. However, astrovirus-host interactions are less well studied, particularly with respect to their antagonism of IFN. Here, we report that PAstV1 acts via IRF3 transcription pathway activation of IFN-β. In addition, the knockdown of RIG-I and MDA5 attenuated the production of IFN-β induced by PAstV1 in PK-15 cells and increased efficient viral replication in vitro. We believe that these findings will help us to better understand the mechanism of how AstVs affect the host IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinting Dong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Leping Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Lifei Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Shuhong Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
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Krishna NK, Cunnion KM, Parker GA. The EPICC Family of Anti-Inflammatory Peptides: Next Generation Peptides, Additional Mechanisms of Action, and In Vivo and Ex Vivo Efficacy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:752315. [PMID: 35222367 PMCID: PMC8863753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.752315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The EPICC peptides are a family of peptides that have been developed from the sequence of the capsid protein of human astrovirus type 1 and previously shown to inhibit the classical and lectin pathways of complement. The EPICC peptides have been further optimized to increase aqueous solubility and identify additional mechanisms of action. Our laboratory has developed the lead EPICC molecule, PA-dPEG24 (also known as RLS-0071), which is composed of a 15 amino acid peptide with a C-terminal monodisperse 24-mer PEGylated moiety. RLS-0071 has been demonstrated to possess other mechanisms of action in addition to complement blockade that include the inhibition of neutrophil-driven myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation as well as intrinsic antioxidant activity mediated by vicinal cysteine residues contained within the peptide sequence. RLS-0071 has been tested in various ex vivo and in vivo systems and has shown promise for the treatment of both immune-mediated hematological diseases where alterations in the classical complement pathway plays an important pathogenic role as well as in models of tissue-based diseases such as acute lung injury and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy driven by both complement and neutrophil-mediated pathways (i.e., MPO activity and NET formation). Next generation EPICC peptides containing a sarcosine residue substitution in various positions within the peptide sequence possess aqueous solubility in the absence of PEGylation and demonstrate enhanced complement and neutrophil inhibitory activity compared to RLS-0071. This review details the development of the EPICC peptides, elucidation of their dual-acting complement and neutrophil inhibitory activities and efficacy in ex vivo systems using human clinical specimens and in vivo efficacy in animal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel K Krishna
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Grace A Parker
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States
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Sajewicz-Krukowska J, Jastrzębski JP, Grzybek M, Domańska-Blicharz K, Tarasiuk K, Marzec-Kotarska B. Transcriptome Sequencing of the Spleen Reveals Antiviral Response Genes in Chickens Infected with CAstV. Viruses 2021; 13:2374. [PMID: 34960643 PMCID: PMC8708055 DOI: 10.3390/v13122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrovirus infections pose a significant problem in the poultry industry, leading to multiple adverse effects such as a decreased egg production, breeding disorders, poor weight gain, and even increased mortality. The commonly observed chicken astrovirus (CAstV) was recently reported to be responsible for the "white chicks syndrome" associated with an increased embryo/chick mortality. CAstV-mediated pathogenesis in chickens occurs due to complex interactions between the infectious pathogen and the immune system. Many aspects of CAstV-chicken interactions remain unclear, and there is no information available regarding possible changes in gene expression in the chicken spleen in response to CAstV infection. We aim to investigate changes in gene expression triggered by CAstV infection. Ten 21-day-old SPF White Leghorn chickens were divided into two groups of five birds each. One group was inoculated with CAstV, and the other used as the negative control. At 4 days post infection, spleen samples were collected and immediately frozen at -70 °C for RNA isolation. We analyzed the isolated RNA, using RNA-seq to generate transcriptional profiles of the chickens' spleens and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The RNA-seq findings were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 31,959 genes was identified in response to CAstV infection. Eventually, 45 DEGs (p-value < 0.05; log2 fold change > 1) were recognized in the spleen after CAstV infection (26 upregulated DEGs and 19 downregulated DEGs). qRT-PCR performed on four genes (IFIT5, OASL, RASD1, and DDX60) confirmed the RNA-seq results. The most differentially expressed genes encode putative IFN-induced CAstV restriction factors. Most DEGs were associated with the RIG-I-like signaling pathway or more generally with an innate antiviral response (upregulated: BLEC3, CMPK2, IFIT5, OASL, DDX60, and IFI6; downregulated: SPIK5, SELENOP, HSPA2, TMEM158, RASD1, and YWHAB). The study provides a global analysis of host transcriptional changes that occur during CAstV infection in vivo and proves that, in the spleen, CAstV infection in chickens predominantly affects the cell cycle and immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sajewicz-Krukowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Karolina Tarasiuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Barbara Marzec-Kotarska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, The Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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7
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Ferreyra FM, Arruda PEH, Bradner LK, Harmon KM, Zhang M, Giménez-Lirola L, Arruda BL. Experimental porcine astrovirus type 3-associated polioencephalomyelitis in swine. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1064-1074. [PMID: 34657543 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211025794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Porcine astrovirus type 3 (PoAstV3) is an emerging virus in the family Astroviridae that has been recently associated with polioencephalomyelitis/encephalitis. Herein, we describe the experimental oral and intravenous inoculation of an infectious central nervous system (CNS) tissue homogenate containing PoAstV3 to cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs, and the subsequent development of clinical signs, histologic lesions, specific humoral immune response, and detection of viral particles by electron microscopy (EM) and viral RNA by RT-qPCR (reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and in situ hybridization (ISH). IgG against a portion of the PoAstV3 ORF2 capsid was first detected at 7 days post-inoculation (DPI) in 2 of 4 inoculated animals and in all inoculated animals by 14 DPI. At 21 and 28 DPI, 2 of 4 inoculated animals developed ataxia, tetraparesis, and/or lateral recumbency. All inoculated animals had histologic lesions in the CNS including perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffs, multifocal areas of gliosis with neuronal necrosis, satellitosis, and radiculoneuritis, and PoAstV3 RNA as detected by RT-qPCR within multiple anatomic regions of the CNS. Consistent viral structures were within the soma of a spinal cord neuron in the single pig examined by EM. Of note, PoAstV3 was not only detected by ISH in neurons of the cerebrum and spinal cord but also neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and nerve roots consistent with viral dissemination via axonal transport. This is the first study reproducing CNS disease with a porcine astrovirus strain consistent with natural infection, suggesting that pigs may serve as an animal model to study the pathogenesis of neurotropic astroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo E H Arruda
- 1177Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Veterinary Resources Inc, Cambridge, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Min Zhang
- 1177Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Murugaiah V, Varghese PM, Beirag N, DeCordova S, Sim RB, Kishore U. Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050824. [PMID: 34063241 PMCID: PMC8147407 DOI: 10.3390/v13050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Praveen M. Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Robert B. Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK;
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: or
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Sinha A, Singh AK, Kadni TS, Mullick J, Sahu A. Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020208. [PMID: 33573085 PMCID: PMC7912105 DOI: 10.3390/v13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sinha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Trupti Satish Kadni
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Polio Virology Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India;
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-20-2570-8083; Fax: +91-20-2569-2259
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10
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Kumar NA, Kunnakkadan U, Thomas S, Johnson JB. In the Crosshairs: RNA Viruses OR Complement? Front Immunol 2020; 11:573583. [PMID: 33133089 PMCID: PMC7550403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement, a part of the innate arm of the immune system, is integral to the frontline defense of the host against innumerable pathogens, which includes RNA viruses. Among the major groups of viruses, RNA viruses contribute significantly to the global mortality and morbidity index associated with viral infection. Despite multiple routes of entry adopted by these viruses, facing complement is inevitable. The initial interaction with complement and the nature of this interaction play an important role in determining host resistance versus susceptibility to the viral infection. Many RNA viruses are potent activators of complement, often resulting in virus neutralization. Yet, another facet of virus-induced activation is the exacerbation in pathogenesis contributing to the overall morbidity. The severity in disease and death associated with RNA virus infections shows a tip in the scale favoring viruses. Growing evidence suggest that like their DNA counterparts, RNA viruses have co-evolved to master ingenious strategies to remarkably restrict complement. Modulation of host genes involved in antiviral responses contributed prominently to the adoption of unique strategies to keep complement at bay, which included either down regulation of activation components (C3, C4) or up regulation of complement regulatory proteins. All this hints at a possible “hijacking” of the cross-talk mechanism of the host immune system. Enveloped RNA viruses have a selective advantage of not only modulating the host responses but also recruiting membrane-associated regulators of complement activation (RCAs). This review aims to highlight the significant progress in the understanding of RNA virus–complement interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Asok Kumar
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Umerali Kunnakkadan
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera and Biofilm Research Lab, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - John Bernet Johnson
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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11
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Maloney BE, Perera KD, Saunders DRD, Shadipeni N, Fleming SD. Interactions of viruses and the humoral innate immune response. Clin Immunol 2020; 212:108351. [PMID: 32028020 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is crucial for defense against virus infections where the complement system, coagulation cascade and natural antibodies play key roles. These immune components are interconnected in an intricate network and are tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis and avoid uncontrolled immune responses. Many viruses in turn have evolved to modulate these interactions through various strategies to evade innate immune activation. This review summarizes the current understanding on viral strategies to inhibit the activation of complement and coagulation cascades, evade natural antibody-mediated clearance and utilize complement regulatory mechanisms to their advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey E Maloney
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Krishani Dinali Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Danielle R D Saunders
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Naemi Shadipeni
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sherry D Fleming
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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12
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Hair PS, Enos AI, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Inhibition of complement activation, myeloperoxidase, NET formation and oxidant activity by PIC1 peptide variants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226875. [PMID: 31891617 PMCID: PMC6938345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A product of rational molecular design, PA-dPEG24 is the lead derivative of the PIC1 family of peptides with multiple functional abilities including classical complement pathway inhibition, myeloperoxidase inhibition, NET inhibition and antioxidant activity. PA-dPEG24 is composed of a sequence of 15 amino acid, IALILEPICCQERAA, and contains a monodisperse 24-mer PEGylated moiety at its C terminus to increase aqueous solubility. Here we explore a sarcosine substitution scan of the PA peptide to evaluate impacts on solubility in the absence of PEGylation and functional characteristics. Methods Sixteen sarcosine substitution variants were synthesized and evaluated for solubility in water. Aqueous soluble variants were then tested in standard complement, myeloperoxidase, NET formation and antioxidant capacity assays. Results Six sarcosine substitution variants were aqueous soluble without requiring PEGylation. Substitution with sarcosine of the isoleucine at position eight yielded a soluble peptide that surpassed the parent molecule for complement inhibition and myeloperoxidase inhibition. Substitution with sarcosine of the cysteine at position nine improved solubility, but did not otherwise change the functional characteristics compared with the parent compound. However, replacement of both vicinal cysteine residues at positions 9 and 10 with a single sarcosine residue reduced functional activity in most of the assays tested. Conclusions Several of the sarcosine PIC1 variant substitutions synthesized yielded improved solubility as well as a number of unanticipated structure-function findings that provide new insights. Several sarcosine substitution variants demonstrate increased potency over the parent peptide suggesting enhanced therapeutic potential for inflammatory disease processes involving complement, myeloperoxidase, NETs or oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S. Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Adrianne I. Enos
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Neel K. Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Kenji M. Cunnion
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Immunogenicity and Efficacy Evaluation of Subunit Astrovirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030079. [PMID: 31382451 PMCID: PMC6789684 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of the immune response to astrovirus (AstV) infection is required to treat and control AstV-induced gastroenteritis. Relative contributions of each arm of the immune system in restricting AstV infection remain unknown. In this study, two novel subunit AstV vaccines derived from capsid protein (CP) of mink AstV (MAstV) such as CPΔN (spanning amino acids 161–775) and CPΔC (spanning amino acids 1–621) were evaluated. Their immunogenicity and cytokine production in mice, as well as protective efficacy in mink litters via maternal immunization, were studied. Truncated CPs induced higher levels of serum anti-CP antibodies than CP, with the highest level for CPΔN. No seronegativity was detected after booster immunization with either AstV CP truncates in both mice and mink. All mink moms stayed seropositive during the entire 104-day study. Furthermore, lymphoproliferation responses and Th1/Th2 cytokine induction of mice splenocytes ex vivo re-stimulated by truncated CPs were significantly higher than those by CP, with the highest level for CPΔN. Immunization of mink moms with truncated CPs could suppress virus shedding and clinical signs in their litters during a 51-day study after challenge with a heterogeneous MAstV strain. Collectively, AstV truncated CPs exhibit better parameters for protection than full-length CP.
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14
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Wang Z, Hao C, Huang J, Zhuang Q, Zhan B, Zhu X. Mapping of the complement C1q binding site on Trichinella spiralis paramyosin. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:666. [PMID: 30587214 PMCID: PMC6307294 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinella spiralis is a tissue-dwelling parasite has developed the ability to evade the host immune attack to establish parasitism in a host. One of the strategies evolved by the nematode is to produce proteins that immunomodulate the host immune system. TsPmy is a paramyosin secreted by T. spiralis on the surface of larvae and adult worms that can interact with complement components C1q and C8/C9 to compromise their activation and functions. To better understand the mechanism of TsPmy involved in the C1q inactivation and immune evasion, the C1q-binding site on TsPmy was investigated. Methods The TsPmy C1q-binding site was investigated by sequential narrow-down fragment expression in bacteria and peptide binding screening. C1q binding activity was identified by Far-Western blotting and ELISA assays. Results After several runs of sequential fragment expression, the C1q binding site was narrowed down to fragments of N-terminal TsPmy226-280aa and TsPmy231-315aa, suggesting the final C1q binding site is probably located to TsPmy231-280aa. A total of nine peptides covering different amino acid sequences within TsPmy231-280aa were synthesized. The binding assay to C1q determined that only P2 peptide covering TsPmy241-280aa binds to C1q, indicating that the C1q binding domain may need both the linearized sequence and conformational structure required for binding to C1q. The binding of peptide P2 to C1q significantly inhibited both C1q-initiated complement classical activation and C1q-induced macrophage chemotaxis. Conclusions This study identifies the C1q binding site within TsPmy which provides helpful information for developing a vaccine against trichinellosis by targeting the C1q-binding activity of TsPmy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyue Hao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Zhuang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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15
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Hair PS, Enos AI, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Inhibition of Immune Complex Complement Activation and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation by Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:558. [PMID: 29632531 PMCID: PMC5879100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis that have yet to be targeted therapeutically are immune complex-initiated complement activation and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation by neutrophils. Here, we report in vitro testing of peptide inhibitor of complement C1 (PIC1) in assays of immune complex-mediated complement activation in human sera and assays for NET formation by human neutrophils. The lead PIC1 derivative, PA-dPEG24, was able to dose-dependently inhibit complement activation initiated by multiple types of immune complexes (IC), including C1-anti-C1q IC, limiting the generation of pro-inflammatory complement effectors, including C5a and membrane attack complex (sC5b-9). In several instances, PA-dPEG24 achieved complete inhibition with complement effector levels equivalent to background. PA-dPEG24 was also able to dose-dependently inhibit NET formation by human neutrophils stimulated by PMA, MPO, or immune complex activated human sera. In several instances PA-dPEG24 achieved complete inhibition with NETosis with quantitation equivalent to background levels. These results suggest that PA-dPEG24 inhibition of NETs occurs by blocking the MPO pathway of NET formation. Together these results demonstrate that PA-dPEG24 can inhibit immune complex activation of the complement system and NET formation. This provides proof of concept that peptides can potentially be developed to inhibit these two important contributors to rheumatologic pathology that are currently untargeted by available therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | | | - Neel K Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States
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16
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Hair PS, Gregory Rivera M, Enos AI, Pearsall SE, Sharp JA, Yousefieh N, Lattanzio FA, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (PIC1) Inhibits Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Garcia BL, Zwarthoff SA, Rooijakkers SHM, Geisbrecht BV. Novel Evasion Mechanisms of the Classical Complement Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2051-60. [PMID: 27591336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complement is a network of soluble and cell surface-associated proteins that gives rise to a self-amplifying, yet tightly regulated system with fundamental roles in immune surveillance and clearance. Complement becomes activated on the surface of nonself cells by one of three initiating mechanisms known as the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. Evasion of complement function is a hallmark of invasive pathogens and hematophagous organisms. Although many complement-inhibition strategies hinge on hijacking activities of endogenous complement regulatory proteins, an increasing number of uniquely evolved evasion molecules have been discovered over the past decade. In this review, we focus on several recent investigations that revealed mechanistically distinct inhibitors of the classical pathway. Because the classical pathway is an important and specific mediator of various autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, in-depth knowledge of novel evasion mechanisms could direct future development of therapeutic anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; and
| | - Seline A Zwarthoff
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; and
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18
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Cortez V, Meliopoulos VA, Karlsson EA, Hargest V, Johnson C, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus Biology and Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol 2017; 4:327-348. [PMID: 28715976 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that cause gastrointestinal illness. Although a leading cause of pediatric diarrhea, human astroviruses are among the least characterized enteric RNA viruses. However, by using in vitro methods and animal models to characterize virus-host interactions, researchers have discovered several important properties of astroviruses, including the ability of the astrovirus capsid to act as an enterotoxin, disrupting the gut epithelial barrier. Improved animal models are needed to study this phenomenon, along with the pathogenesis of astroviruses, particularly in those strains that can cause extraintestinal disease. Much like for other enteric viruses, the current dogma states that astroviruses infect in a species-specific manner; however, this assumption is being challenged by growing evidence that these viruses have potential to cross species barriers. This review summarizes these remarkable facets of astrovirus biology, highlighting critical steps toward increasing our understanding of this unique enteric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , , .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Cydney Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
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19
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Agrawal P, Nawadkar R, Ojha H, Kumar J, Sahu A. Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An Overview. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1117. [PMID: 28670306 PMCID: PMC5472698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major first line of immune defense, the complement system keeps a constant vigil against viruses. Its ability to recognize large panoply of viruses and virus-infected cells, and trigger the effector pathways, results in neutralization of viruses and killing of the infected cells. This selection pressure exerted by complement on viruses has made them evolve a multitude of countermeasures. These include targeting the recognition molecules for the avoidance of detection, targeting key enzymes and complexes of the complement pathways like C3 convertases and C5b-9 formation - either by encoding complement regulators or by recruiting membrane-bound and soluble host complement regulators, cleaving complement proteins by encoding protease, and inhibiting the synthesis of complement proteins. Additionally, viruses also exploit the complement system for their own benefit. For example, they use complement receptors as well as membrane regulators for cellular entry as well as their spread. Here, we provide an overview on the complement subversion mechanisms adopted by the members of various viral families including Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Agrawal
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Renuka Nawadkar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Hina Ojha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
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20
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Zhao L, Shao S, Chen Y, Sun X, Sun R, Huang J, Zhan B, Zhu X. Trichinella spiralis Calreticulin Binds Human Complement C1q As an Immune Evasion Strategy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:636. [PMID: 28620388 PMCID: PMC5449505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multicellular parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis regulates host immune responses by producing a variety of immunomodulatory molecules to escape from host immune attack, but the mechanisms underlying the immune evasion are not well understood. Here, we identified that T. spiralis calreticulin (Ts-CRT), a Ca2+-binding protein, facilitated T. spiralis immune evasion by interacting with the first component of human classical complement pathway, C1q. In the present study, Ts-CRT was found to be expressed on the surface of different developmental stages of T. spiralis as well as in the secreted products of adult and muscle larval worms. Functional analysis identified that Ts-CRT was able to bind to human C1q, resulting in the inhibition of C1q-initiated complement classical activation pathway reflected by reduced C4/C3 generation and C1q-dependent lysis of antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Moreover, recombinant Ts-CRT (rTs-CRT) binding to C1q suppressed C1q-induced THP-1-derived macrophages chemotaxis and reduced monocyte–macrophages release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). Blocking Ts-CRT on the surface of newborn larvae (NBL) of T. spiralis with anti-Ts-CRT antibody increased the C1q-mediated adherence of monocyte–macrophages to larvae and impaired larval infectivity. All of these results suggest that T. spiralis-expressed Ts-CRT plays crucial roles in T. spiralis immune evasion and survival in host mostly by directly binding to host complement C1q, which not only reduces C1q-mediated activation of classical complement pathway but also inhibits the C1q-induced non-complement activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Hair PS, Sass LA, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase Activity in Cystic Fibrosis Sputum by Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (PIC1). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170203. [PMID: 28135312 PMCID: PMC5279725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is the major peroxidase enzyme in neutrophil granules and implicated in contributing to inflammatory lung damage in cystic fibrosis. Free myeloperoxidase is present in cystic fibrosis lung fluid and generates hypochlorous acid. Here we report a new inhibitor of myeloperoxidase activity, Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (PIC1). Using TMB as the oxidizing substrate, PIC1 inhibited myeloperoxidase activity in cystic fibrosis sputum soluble fractions by an average of a 3.4-fold decrease (P = 0.02). PIC1 also dose-dependently inhibited myeloperoxidase activity in a neutrophil lysate or purified myeloperoxidase by up to 28-fold (P < 0.001). PIC1 inhibited myeloperoxidase activity similarly, on a molar basis, as the specific myeloperoxidase inhibitor 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) for various oxidizing substrates. PIC1 was able to protect the heme ring of myeloperoxidase from destruction by NaOCl, assayed by spectral analysis. PIC1 incubated with oxidized TMB reversed the oxidation state of TMB, as measured by absorbance at 450 nm, with a 20-fold reduction in oxidized TMB (P = 0.02). This result was consistent with an antioxidant mechanism for PIC1. In summary, PIC1 inhibits the peroxidase activity of myeloperoxidase in CF sputum likely via an antioxidant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S. Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Sass
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Neel K. Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenji M. Cunnion
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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The Astrovirus Capsid: A Review. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010015. [PMID: 28106836 PMCID: PMC5294984 DOI: 10.3390/v9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are enterically transmitted viruses that cause infections in mammalian and avian species. Astroviruses are nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses comprised of a capsid protein shell and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The capsid protein undergoes dramatic proteolytic processing both inside and outside of the host cell, resulting in a coordinated maturation process that affects cellular localization, virus structure, and infectivity. After maturation, the capsid protein controls the initial phases of virus infection, including virus attachment, endocytosis, and genome release into the host cell. The astrovirus capsid is the target of host antibodies including virus-neutralizing antibodies. The capsid protein also mediates the binding of host complement proteins and inhibits complement activation. Here, we will review our knowledge on the astrovirus capsid protein (CP), with particular attention to the recent structural, biochemical, and virological studies that have advanced our understanding of the astrovirus life cycle.
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Marvin SA. The Immune Response to Astrovirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 9:v9010001. [PMID: 28042824 PMCID: PMC5294970 DOI: 10.3390/v9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are one of the leading causes of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide and are clinically importantly pathogens in the elderly and immunocompromised populations. Although the use of cell culture systems and small animal models have enhanced our understanding of astrovirus infection and pathogenesis, little is known about the immune response to astrovirus infection. Studies from humans and animals suggest that adaptive immunity is important in restricting classic and novel astrovirus infections, while studies from animal models and cell culture systems suggest that an innate immune system plays a role in limiting astrovirus replication. The relative contribution of each arm of the immune system in restricting astrovirus infection remains unknown. This review summarizes our current understanding of the immune response to astrovirus infection and highlights some of the key questions that stem from these studies. A full understanding of the immune response to astrovirus infection is required to be able to treat and control astrovirus-induced gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna A Marvin
- Biology Department, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA.
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Abou-El-Hassan H, Zaraket H. Viral-derived complement inhibitors: current status and potential role in immunomodulation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:397-410. [PMID: 27798122 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216675772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is one of the body's major innate immune defense mechanisms in vertebrates. Its function is to detect foreign bodies and promote their elimination through opsonisation or lysis. Complement proteins play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of several disorders. However, excessive complement activation does not confer more protection but instead leads to several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With inappropriate activation of the complement system, activated complement proteins and glycoproteins may damage both healthy and diseased tissues. Development of complement inhibitors represents an effective approach in controlling dysregulated complement activity and reducing disease severity, yet few studies have investigated the nature and role of novel complement inhibitory proteins of viral origin. Viral complement inhibitors have important implications in understanding the importance of complement inhibition and their role as a promising novel therapeutic approach in diseases caused by dysregulated complement function. In this review, we discuss the role and importance of complement inhibitors derived from several viruses in the scope of human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,2 Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- 2 Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,3 Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Trichinella spiralis Paramyosin Binds Human Complement C1q and Inhibits Classical Complement Activation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004310. [PMID: 26720603 PMCID: PMC4697845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis expresses paramyosin (Ts-Pmy) as a defense mechanism. Ts-Pmy is a functional protein with binding activity to human complement C8 and C9 and thus plays a role in evading the attack of the host's immune system. In the present study, the binding activity of Ts-Pmy to human complement C1q and its ability to inhibit classical complement activation were investigated. METHODS AND FINDINGS The binding of recombinant and natural Ts-Pmy to human C1q were determined by ELISA, Far Western blotting and immunoprecipitation, respectively. Binding of recombinant Ts-Pmy (rTs-Pmy) to C1q inhibited C1q binding to IgM and consequently inhibited C3 deposition. The lysis of antibody-sensitized erythrocytes (EAs) elicited by the classical complement pathway was also inhibited in the presence of rTs-Pmy. In addition to inhibiting classical complement activation, rTs-Pmy also suppressed C1q binding to THP-1-derived macrophages, thereby reducing C1q-induced macrophages migration. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that T. spiralis paramyosin plays an important role in immune evasion by interfering with complement activation through binding to C1q in addition to C8 and C9.
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Structural, Mechanistic, and Antigenic Characterization of the Human Astrovirus Capsid. J Virol 2015; 90:2254-63. [PMID: 26656707 PMCID: PMC4810704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02666-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis. HAstV particles display T=3 icosahedral symmetry formed by 180 copies of the capsid protein (CP), which undergoes proteolytic maturation to generate infectious HAstV particles. Little is known about the molecular features that govern HAstV particle assembly, maturation, infectivity, and immunogenicity. Here we report the crystal structures of the two main structural domains of the HAstV CP: the core domain at 2.60-Å resolution and the spike domain at 0.95-Å resolution. Fitting of these structures into the previously determined 25-Å-resolution electron cryomicroscopy density maps of HAstV allowed us to characterize the molecular features on the surfaces of immature and mature T=3 HAstV particles. The highly electropositive inner surface of HAstV supports a model in which interaction of the HAstV CP core with viral RNA is a driving force in T=3 HAstV particle formation. Additionally, mapping of conserved residues onto the HAstV CP core and spike domains in the context of the immature and mature HAstV particles revealed dramatic changes to the exposure of conserved residues during virus maturation. Indeed, we show that antibodies raised against mature HAstV have reactivity to both the HAstV CP core and spike domains, revealing for the first time that the CP core domain is antigenic. Together, these data provide new molecular insights into HAstV that have practical applications for the development of vaccines and antiviral therapies. IMPORTANCE Astroviruses are a leading cause of viral diarrhea in young children, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. Despite the prevalence of astroviruses, little is known at the molecular level about how the astrovirus particle assembles and is converted into an infectious, mature virus. In this paper, we describe the high-resolution structures of the two main astrovirus capsid proteins. Fitting these structures into previously determined low-resolution maps of astrovirus allowed us to characterize the molecular surfaces of immature and mature astroviruses. Our studies provide the first evidence that astroviruses undergo viral RNA-dependent assembly. We also provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms that lead to astrovirus maturation and infectivity. Finally, we show that both capsid proteins contribute to the adaptive immune response against astrovirus. Together, these studies will help to guide the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs targeting astrovirus.
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Sharp JA, Hair PS, Pallera HK, Kumar PS, Mauriello CT, Nyalwidhe JO, Phelps CA, Park D, Thielens NM, Pascal SM, Chen W, Duffy DM, Lattanzio FA, Cunnion KM, Krishna NK. Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (PIC1) Rapidly Inhibits Complement Activation after Intravascular Injection in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132446. [PMID: 26196285 PMCID: PMC4511006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has been increasingly recognized to play a pivotal role in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, therapeutic modulators of the classical, lectin and alternative pathways of the complement system are currently in pre-clinical and clinical development. Our laboratory has identified a peptide that specifically inhibits the classical and lectin pathways of complement and is referred to as Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (PIC1). In this study, we determined that the lead PIC1 variant demonstrates a salt-dependent binding to C1q, the initiator molecule of the classical pathway. Additionally, this peptide bound to the lectin pathway initiator molecule MBL as well as the ficolins H, M and L, suggesting a common mechanism of PIC1 inhibitory activity occurs via binding to the collagen-like tails of these collectin molecules. We further analyzed the effect of arginine and glutamic acid residue substitution on the complement inhibitory activity of our lead derivative in a hemolytic assay and found that the original sequence demonstrated superior inhibitory activity. To improve upon the solubility of the lead derivative, a pegylated, water soluble variant was developed, structurally characterized and demonstrated to inhibit complement activation in mouse plasma, as well as rat, non-human primate and human serum in vitro. After intravenous injection in rats, the pegylated derivative inhibited complement activation in the blood by 90% after 30 seconds, demonstrating extremely rapid function. Additionally, no adverse toxicological effects were observed in limited testing. Together these results show that PIC1 rapidly inhibits classical complement activation in vitro and in vivo and is functional for a variety of animal species, suggesting its utility in animal models of classical complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Sharp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pamela S. Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Haree K. Pallera
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Parvathi S. Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Clifford T. Mauriello
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julius O. Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- The Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Cody A. Phelps
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dalnam Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Thielens
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephen M. Pascal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Waldon Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Diane M. Duffy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Lattanzio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenji M. Cunnion
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children’s Specialty Group, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Neel K. Krishna
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
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28
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Guix S, Pérez-Bosque A, Miró L, Moretó M, Bosch A, Pintó RM. Type I interferon response is delayed in human astrovirus infections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123087. [PMID: 25837699 PMCID: PMC4383485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) activation and its subsequent effects are important in the response to viral infections. Here we show that human astroviruses (HAstVs), which are important agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, induce a mild and delayed IFN response upon infecting CaCo-2 cells. Although IFN-β mRNA is detected within infected cells and supernatant from infected cells show antiviral activity against the replication of other well-known IFN-sensitive viruses, these responses occur at late stages of infection once genome replication has taken place. On the other hand, HAstV replication can be partially reduced by the addition of exogenous IFN, and inhibition of IFN activation by BX795 enhances viral replication, indicating that HAstVs are IFN-sensitive viruses. Finally, different levels of IFN response were observed in cells infected with different HAstV mutants with changes in the hypervariable region of nsP1a/4, suggesting that nsP1a/4 genotype may potentially have clinical implications due to its correlation with the viral replication phenotype and the antiviral responses induced within infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- Digestive Physiology and Nutritional Adaptations Group, Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Miró
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- Digestive Physiology and Nutritional Adaptations Group, Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Moretó
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- Digestive Physiology and Nutritional Adaptations Group, Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Pintó
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
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Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the genera Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus. Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and the Astroviridae family shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic (MAstV 1), HAstV-MLB (MAstV 6), and HAstV-VA/HMO (MAstV 8 and MAstV 9) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9% of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Tam JCH, Bidgood SR, McEwan WA, James LC. Intracellular sensing of complement C3 activates cell autonomous immunity. Science 2014; 345:1256070. [PMID: 25190799 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens traverse multiple barriers during infection, including cell membranes. We found that during this transition, pathogens carried covalently attached complement C3 into the cell, triggering immediate signaling and effector responses. Sensing of C3 in the cytosol activated mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-dependent signaling cascades and induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion. C3 also flagged viruses for rapid proteasomal degradation, preventing their replication. This system could detect both viral and bacterial pathogens but was antagonized by enteroviruses, such as rhinovirus and poliovirus, which cleave C3 using their 3C protease. The antiviral rupintrivir inhibited 3C protease and prevented C3 cleavage, rendering enteroviruses susceptible to intracellular complement sensing. Thus, complement C3 allows cells to detect and disable pathogens that have invaded the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry C H Tam
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Susanna R Bidgood
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - William A McEwan
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Leo C James
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Sharp JA, Whitley PH, Cunnion KM, Krishna NK. Peptide inhibitor of complement c1, a novel suppressor of classical pathway activation: mechanistic studies and clinical potential. Front Immunol 2014; 5:406. [PMID: 25202312 PMCID: PMC4141160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical pathway of complement plays multiple physiological roles including modulating immunological effectors initiated by adaptive immune responses and an essential homeostatic role in the clearance of damaged self-antigens. However, dysregulated classical pathway activation is associated with antibody-initiated, inflammatory diseases processes like cold agglutinin disease, acute intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction (AIHTR), and acute/hyperacute transplantation rejection. To date, only one putative classical pathway inhibitor, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), is currently commercially available and its only approved indication is for replacement treatment in hereditary angioedema, which is predominantly a kinin pathway disease. Given the variety of disease conditions in which the classical pathway is implicated, development of therapeutics that specifically inhibits complement initiation represents a major unmet medical need. Our laboratory has identified a peptide that specifically inhibits the classical and lectin pathways of complement. In vitro studies have demonstrated that these peptide inhibitors of complement C1 (PIC1) bind to the collagen-like region of the initiator molecule of the classical pathway, C1q. PIC1 binding to C1q blocks activation of the associated serine proteases (C1s–C1r–C1r–C1s) and subsequent downstream complement activation. Rational design optimization of PIC1 has resulted in the generation of a highly potent derivative of 15 amino acids. PIC1 inhibits classical pathway mediated complement activation in ABO incompatibility in vitro and inhibiting classical pathway activation in vivo in rats. This review will focus on the pre-clinical development of PIC1 and discuss its potential as a therapeutic in antibody-mediated classical pathway disease, specifically AIHTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Sharp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School , Norfolk, VA , USA
| | | | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School , Norfolk, VA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School , Norfolk, VA , USA ; Children's Specialty Group, Division of Infectious Diseases , Norfolk, VA , USA
| | - Neel K Krishna
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School , Norfolk, VA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School , Norfolk, VA , USA
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Shah TA, Mauriello CT, Hair PS, Sandhu A, Stolz MP, Bass WT, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Clinical hypothermia temperatures increase complement activation and cell destruction via the classical pathway. J Transl Med 2014; 12:181. [PMID: 24962100 PMCID: PMC4079622 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic hypothermia is a treatment modality that is increasingly used to improve clinical neurological outcomes for ischemia-reperfusion injury-mediated diseases. Antibody-initiated classical complement pathway activation has been shown to contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury in multiple disease processes. However, how therapeutic hypothermia affects complement activation is unknown. Our goal was to measure the independent effect of temperature on complement activation, and more specifically, examine the relationship between clinical hypothermia temperatures (31–33°C), and complement activation. Methods Antibody-sensitized erythrocytes were used to assay complement activation at temperatures ranging from 0-41°C. Individual complement pathway components were assayed by ELISA, Western blot, and quantitative dot blot. Peptide Inhibitor of complement C1 (PIC1) was used to specifically inhibit activation of C1. Results Antibody-initiated complement activation resulting in eukaryotic cell lysis was increased by 2-fold at 31°C compared with 37°C. Antibody-initiated complement activation in human serum increased as temperature decreased from 37°C until dramatically decreasing at 13°C. Quantitation of individual complement components showed significantly increased activation of C4, C3, and C5 at clinical hypothermia temperatures. In contrast, C1s activation by heat-aggregated IgG decreased at therapeutic hypothermia temperatures consistent with decreased enzymatic activity at lower temperatures. However, C1q binding to antibody-coated erythrocytes increased at lower temperatures, suggesting that increased classical complement pathway activation is mediated by increased C1 binding at therapeutic hypothermia temperatures. PIC1 inhibited hypothermia-enhanced complement-mediated cell lysis at 31°C by up to 60% (P = 0.001) in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions In summary, therapeutic hypothermia temperatures increased antibody-initiated complement activation and eukaryotic cell destruction suggesting that the benefits of therapeutic hypothermia may be mediated via other mechanisms. Antibody-initiated complement activation has been shown to contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury in several animal models, suggesting that for diseases with this mechanism hypothermia-enhanced complement activation may partially attenuate the benefits of therapeutic hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar A Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
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Bidokhti MRM, Ullman K, Jensen TH, Chriél M, Mottahedin A, Munir M, Andersson AM, Detournay O, Hammer AS, Baule C. Establishment of stably transfected cells constitutively expressing the full-length and truncated antigenic proteins of two genetically distinct mink astroviruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82978. [PMID: 24376619 PMCID: PMC3871642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are becoming a growing concern in veterinary and public health. To date there are no registered vaccines against astrovirus-induced disease, mostly due to the difficulty to cultivate astroviruses to high titer for vaccine development using conventional techniques. As means to circumvent this drawback, we have developed stably transfected mink fetal cells and BHK21 cells constitutively expressing the full-length and truncated capsid proteins of two distinct genotypes of mink astrovirus. Protein expression in these stably transfected cells was demonstrated by strong signals as evaluated by in-situ PLA and IFA, and confirmed by Western blotting. The recombinant full-length and truncated proteins induced a high level of antibodies in mink, evaluated by ELISA, demonstrating their immunogenicity. In a challenge experiment in mink, a reduction in presentation clinical signs and virus shedding was observed in mink kits born from immunized females. The gene integration and protein expression were sustained through cell passage, showing that the used approach is robust and reliable for expression of functional capsid proteins for vaccine and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi R. M. Bidokhti
- Joint R&D Division of Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Ullman
- Joint R&D Division of Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Trine H. Jensen
- Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariann Chriél
- Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Joint R&D Division of Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Andersson
- The National Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Resistance, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olivier Detournay
- Joint R&D Division of Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Baule
- Joint R&D Division of Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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34
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Douradinha B, McBurney SP, Soares de Melo KM, Smith AP, Krishna NK, Barratt-Boyes SM, Evans JD, Nascimento EJM, Marques ETA. C1q binding to dengue virus decreases levels of infection and inflammatory molecules transcription in THP-1 cells. Virus Res 2013; 179:231-4. [PMID: 24246304 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus infection elicits a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to severe disease. The mechanisms leading to severe dengue are not known, however it has been reported that the complement system is hyper-activated in severe dengue. Screening of complement proteins demonstrated that C1q, a pattern recognition molecule, can bind directly to dengue virus envelope protein and to whole dengue virus serotype 2. Incubation of dengue virus serotype 2 with C1q prior to infection of THP-1 cells led to decreased virus infectivity and modulation of mRNA expression of immunoregulatory molecules suggesting reduced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Douradinha
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy; University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Sean P McBurney
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Klecia M Soares de Melo
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Smith
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Neel K Krishna
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Lewis Hall, Room 3184, 700W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jared D Evans
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Eduardo J M Nascimento
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 9th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
Astroviruses are small, nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that cause diarrhea in a wide variety of mammals and birds. On the surface of the viral capsid are globular spikes that are thought to be involved in attachment to host cells. To understand the basis of species specificity, we investigated the structure of an avian astrovirus capsid spike and compared it to a previously reported human astrovirus capsid spike structure. Here we report the crystal structure of the turkey astrovirus 2 (TAstV-2) capsid surface spike domain, determined to 1.5-Å resolution, and identify three conserved patches on the surface of the spike that are candidate avian receptor-binding sites. Surprisingly, the overall TAstV-2 capsid spike structure is unique, with only distant structural similarities to the human astrovirus capsid spike and other viral capsid spikes. There is an absence of conserved putative receptor-binding sites between the human and avian spikes. However, there is evidence for carbohydrate-binding sites in both human and avian spikes, and studies with human astrovirus 1 (HAstV-1) suggest a minor role in infection for chondroitin sulfate but not heparin. Overall, our structural and functional studies provide new insights into astrovirus host cell entry, species specificity, and evolution.
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Mauriello CT, Pallera HK, Sharp JA, Woltmann JL, Qian S, Hair PS, van der Pol P, van Kooten C, Thielens NM, Lattanzio FA, Cunnion KM, Krishna NK. A novel peptide inhibitor of classical and lectin complement activation including ABO incompatibility. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:132-9. [PMID: 22906481 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments from our laboratories have identified peptides derived from the human astrovirus coat protein (CP) that bind C1q and mannose binding lectin (MBL) inhibiting activation of the classical and lectin pathways of complement, respectively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of these coat protein peptides (CPPs) in an in vitro model of complement-mediated disease (ABO incompatibility), preliminarily assess their in vivo complement suppression profile and develop more highly potent derivatives of these molecules. E23A, a 30 amino acid CPP derivative previously demonstrated to inhibit classical pathway activation was able to dose-dependently inhibit lysis of AB erythrocytes treated with mismatched human O serum. Additionally, when injected into rats, E23A inhibited the animals' serum from lysing antibody-sensitized erythrocytes, providing preliminary in vivo functional evidence that this CPP can cross the species barrier to inhibit serum complement activity in rodents. A rational drug design approach was implemented to identify more potent CPP derivatives, resulting in the identification and characterization of a 15 residue peptide (polar assortant (PA)), which demonstrated both superior inhibition of classical complement pathway activation and robust binding to C1q collagen-like tails. PA also inhibited ABO incompatibility in vitro and demonstrated in vivo complement suppression up to 24h post-injection. CPP's ability to inhibit ABO incompatibility in vitro, proof of concept in vivo inhibitory activity in rats and the development of the highly potent PA derivative set the stage for preclinical testing of this molecule in small animal models of complement-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford T Mauriello
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, United States
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Shishido SN, Varahan S, Yuan K, Li X, Fleming SD. Humoral innate immune response and disease. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:142-58. [PMID: 22771788 PMCID: PMC3576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The humoral innate immune response consists of multiple components, including the naturally occurring antibodies (NAb), pentraxins and the complement and contact cascades. As soluble, plasma components, these innate proteins provide key elements in the prevention and control of disease. However, pathogens and cells with altered self proteins utilize multiple humoral components to evade destruction and promote pathogy. Many studies have examined the relationship between humoral immunity and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the interactions between the humoral components and their role in promoting the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections and chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Understanding the beneficial and detrimental aspects of the individual components and the interactions between proteins which regulate the innate and adaptive response will provide therapeutic targets for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Shishido
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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38
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De Benedictis P, Schultz-Cherry S, Burnham A, Cattoli G. Astrovirus infections in humans and animals - molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1529-44. [PMID: 21843659 PMCID: PMC7185765 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses first identified in 1975 in children suffering from diarrhea and then described in a wide variety of animals. To date, the list of animal species susceptible to astrovirus infection has expanded to 22 animal species or families, including domestic, synantropic and wild animals, avian, and mammalian species in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. Astrovirus infections are considered among the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, second only to rotavirus infections, but in animals their association with enteric diseases is not well documented, with the exception of turkey and mink astrovirus infection. Genetic variability has been described in almost all astrovirus species sufficiently examined infecting mammals and birds; however, antigenic variability has been demonstrated for human astroviruses but is far less investigated in animal viruses. Interestingly, there is an increasing evidence of recombination events occurring in astroviruses, which contributes to increase the genetic variability of this group of viruses. A wide variety of species infected, the evident virus genetic diversity and the occurrence of recombination events indicate or imply either cross-species transmission and subsequent virus adaptation to new hosts or the co-infection of the same host with different astroviruses. This can also favor the emergence of novel astroviruses infecting animals or with a zoonotic potential. After more than 30 years from their first description in humans, there are many exciting streams of research to be explored and intriguing questions that remain to be answered about the relatively under-studied Astroviridae family. In the present work, we will review the existing knowledge concerning astrovirus infections in humans and animals, with particular focus on the molecular biology, interspecies transmission and zoonotic potential of this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Benedictis
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Research & Innovation Department, Division of Biomedical Science, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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39
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Song JJ, Kwon SK, Cho CG, Park SW, Chae SW. Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in LPS induced inflammation of human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs). Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:648-51. [PMID: 21377743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between inflammatory response of human middle ear epithelial cell (HMEEC) and microRNA (miRNA). METHODS In experimental group, cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 2 h. No LPS was treated in the control group. Total RNA was extractedand used for miRNA microarray analysis. The predicted targets of miRNA with significant change were obtained using miRBase. To assess the function of predicted target gene lists, we evaluated the frequency of specific gene ontology (GO) terms among the predicted target genes of the miRNA with significant change using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). RESULTS After normalization, the number of the differentially expressed genes was 15. Among them, 5 miRNAs were up-regulated and 10 miRNAs were down-regulated in LPS group compared with control group. The most enriched GO terms in the predicted target genes of miRNA with increased expression were developmental process, response to biotic stimulus, acute inflammatory response, and regulation of cell growth. The most enriched GO terms in the predicted target genes of miRNA with decreased expression were developmental process, cell differentiation, endocytosis, cell communication, IκB kinase/NFκB cascade, complement activation, innate immune response and cell adhesion. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we identified the differentially expressed miRNA in LPS induced acute inflammation of HMEECs whose expression profile may provide a useful clue for the understanding of pathophysiology of otitis media. Our work indicates that miRNA play important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
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40
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Complement and non-complement activating functions of C1q: A prototypical innate immune molecule. Innate Immun 2011; 18:350-63. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425910396252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q is a versatile innate immune molecule that serves as the initiation subcomponent of the classical complement pathway. In addition, it is also a potent pattern recognition molecule, the versatility of which has fuelled its functional flexibility. C1q recognises an array of self, non-self and altered-self ligands. The broad-spectrum ligand-binding potential of C1q is facilitated by the modular organisation of the heterotrimeric globular head region, its ability to change its conformation in a very subtle way, and the manner in which this ancient molecule appears to have evolved to deal with the different types of ligands. Over recent years, molecules that resemble C1q have been put together to form the C1q family. In this review, we briefly summarise complement-dependent and complement-independent functions of C1q, its cognate receptors and key members of the rapidly growing C1q family.
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41
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Abstract
The complement system functions as an immune surveillance system that rapidly responds to infection. Activation of the complement system by specific recognition pathways triggers a protease cascade, generating cleavage products that function to eliminate pathogens, regulate inflammatory responses, and shape adaptive immune responses. However, when dysregulated, these powerful functions can become destructive and the complement system has been implicated as a pathogenic effector in numerous diseases, including infectious diseases. This review highlights recent discoveries that have identified critical roles for the complement system in the pathogenesis of viral infection.
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42
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Gronemus JQ, Hair PS, Crawford KB, Nyalwidhe JO, Cunnion KM, Krishna NK. Potent inhibition of the classical pathway of complement by a novel C1q-binding peptide derived from the human astrovirus coat protein. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:305-13. [PMID: 20728940 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratories has demonstrated that purified, recombinant human astrovirus coat protein (HAstV CP) binds C1q and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) inhibiting activation of the classical and lectin pathways of complement, respectively. Analysis of the 787 amino acid CP molecule revealed that residues 79-139 share limited sequence homology with human neutrophil defensin-1 (HNP-1), a molecule previously demonstrated to bind C1q and MBL, inhibiting activation of the classical and lectin pathways of complement, respectively. A 30 amino acid peptide derived from this region of the CP molecule competitively inhibited the binding of wild-type CP to C1q. The parent peptide and various derivatives were subsequently assayed for C1q binding, inhibition of C1 and C4 activation as well as suppression of complement activation in hemolytic assays. The parent peptide and several derivatives inhibited complement activation in these functional assays to varying degrees. One peptide derivative in particular (E23A) displayed superior inhibition of complement activation in multiple assays of classical complement pathway activation. Further analysis revealed homology to a plant defensin allowing development of a proposed structural model for E23A. Based upon these findings, we hypothesize that further rationale optimization of E23A may result in a promising therapeutic inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in which dysregulated activation of the classical and lectin pathways of complement contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Q Gronemus
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23507-1696, USA
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43
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Hodges K, Gill R. Infectious diarrhea: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:4-21. [PMID: 21327112 PMCID: PMC3035144 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.1.11036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by enteric infections is a major factor in morbidity and mortality worldwide. An estimated 2-4 billion episodes of infectious diarrhea occur each year and are especially prevalent in infants. This review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying diarrhea associated with the three classes of infectious agents, i.e., bacteria, viruses and parasites. Several bacterial pathogens have been chosen as model organisms, including Vibrio cholerae as a classical example of secretory diarrhea, Clostridium difficile and Shigella species as agents of inflammatory diarrhea and selected strains of pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) to discuss the recent advances in alteration of epithelial ion absorption. Many of the recent studies addressing epithelial ion transport and barrier function have been carried out using viruses and parasites. Here, we focus on the rapidly developing field of viral diarrhea including rotavirus, norovirus and astrovirus infections. Finally we discuss Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica as examples of parasitic diarrhea. Parasites have a greater complexity than the other pathogens and are capable of creating molecules similar to those produced by the host, such as serotonin and PGE(2). The underlying mechanisms of infectious diarrhea discussed include alterations in ion transport and tight junctions as well as the virulence factors, which alter these processes either through direct effects or indirectly through inflammation and neurotransmitters.
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44
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Hair PS, Gronemus JQ, Crawford KB, Salvi VP, Cunnion KM, Thielens NM, Arlaud GJ, Rawal N, Krishna NK. Human astrovirus coat protein binds C1q and MBL and inhibits the classical and lectin pathways of complement activation. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:792-8. [PMID: 19896716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) constitute a family of non-enveloped, RNA viruses which cause infantile gastroenteritis. We have previously demonstrated that purified HAstV coat protein (CP), multiple copies of which compose the viral capsid, bind C1q resulting in inhibition of classical complement pathway activity. The objective of this study was to further analyze the mechanism by which CP inhibits C1 activation. CP inhibited C1 activation, preventing cleavage of C1s to its active form in the presence of heat-aggregated IgG, a potent classical pathway activator. CP also inhibited generation of the potent anaphylatoxin C5a. CP dose-dependently bound to C1q, the isolated globular heads and the collagen-like regions of the C1q molecule. When CP was added to C1, C1s dissociated from C1q suggesting that CP functionally displaces the protease tetramer (C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s). Given the structural and functional relatedness of C1q and MBL, we subsequently investigated the interactions between CP and MBL. CP bound to purified MBL and was able to inhibit mannan-mediated activation of the lectin pathway. Interestingly, CP did not bind to a variant of MBL that replaces a lysine residue (Lys55) critical for binding to MASP-2, a functional homolog of C1s. Finally, CP was shown to cross the species barrier to inhibit C3 activation and MAC formation in rat serum. These findings suggest CP inhibits C1 and MBL activation via a novel mechanism of interference with the normal interaction of the recognition molecule with its cognate serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, United States
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45
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Zhang J, Li G, Liu X, Wang Z, Liu W, Ye X. Influenza A virus M1 blocks the classical complement pathway through interacting with C1qA. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2751-2758. [PMID: 19656971 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M1) protein of influenza A virus is a conserved multifunctional protein that plays essential roles in regulating the viral life cycle. This study demonstrated that M1 is able to interact with complement C1qA and plays an important inhibitory function in the classical complement pathway. The N-terminal domain of M1 protein was required for its binding to the globular region of C1qA. As a consequence, M1 blocked the interaction between C1qA and heat-aggregated IgG in vitro and inhibited haemolysis. It was shown that M1 protein prevented the complement-mediated neutralization of influenza virus in vitro. In addition, studies on mice indicated that the administration of M1 could promote a higher virus propagation rate in lung and shortened survival of mice infected with the virus. Taken together, these results suggest strongly that the M1 protein plays a critical role in protecting influenza virus from the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zengfu Wang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xin Ye
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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46
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Avirutnan P, Mehlhop E, Diamond MS. Complement and its role in protection and pathogenesis of flavivirus infections. Vaccine 2009; 26 Suppl 8:I100-7. [PMID: 19388173 PMCID: PMC2768071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a family of serum and cell surface proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, altered-self ligands, and immune complexes. Activation of the complement cascade triggers several antiviral functions including pathogen opsonization and/or lysis, and priming of adaptive immune responses. In this review, we will examine the role of complement activation in protection and/or pathogenesis against infection by Flaviviruses, with an emphasis on experiments with West Nile and Dengue viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panisadee Avirutnan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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47
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Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Human Astrovirus Coat Protein: A Novel C1 Inhibitor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78952-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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