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Zhang N, Quan K, Chen Z, Hu Q, Nie M, Xu N, Gao R, Wang X, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. The emergence of new antigen branches of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China due to antigenic drift on hemagglutinin through antibody escape at immunodominant sites. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2246582. [PMID: 37550992 PMCID: PMC10444018 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2246582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in China undergo continuous antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA) under antibody pressure, leading to the emergence of immune escape variants. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the current widespread antigenic drift of H9N2 AIVs. Specifically, the most prevalent h9.4.2.5-lineage in China was divided into two antigenic branches based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) profiling analysis, and 12 antibody escape residues were identified as molecular markers of these two branches. The 12 escape residues were mapped to antigenic sites A, B, and E (H3 was used as the reference). Among these, eight residues primarily increased 3`SLN preference and contributed to antigenicity drift, and four of the eight residues at sites A and B were positively selected. Moreover, the analysis of H9N2 strains over time and space has revealed the emergence of a new antigenic branch in China since 2015, which has replaced the previous branch. However, the old antigenic branch recirculated to several regions after 2018. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of antigenic drift and for developing vaccine candidates that contest with the current antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoshun Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Carnaccini S, Cáceres CJ, Gay LC, Ferreri LM, Skepner E, Burke DF, Brown IH, Geiger G, Obadan A, Rajao DS, Lewis NS, Perez DR. Antigenic mapping of the hemagglutinin of the H9 subtype influenza A viruses using sera from Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica). J Virol 2023; 97:e0074323. [PMID: 37800947 PMCID: PMC10617583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00743-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Determining the relevant amino acids involved in antigenic drift on the surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) is critical to understand influenza virus evolution and efficient assessment of vaccine strains relative to current circulating strains. We used antigenic cartography to generate an antigenic map of the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) using sera produced in one of the most relevant minor poultry species, Japanese quail. Key antigenic positions were identified and tested to confirm their impact on the antigenic profile. This work provides a better understanding of the antigenic diversity of the H9 HA as it relates to reactivity to quail sera and will facilitate a rational approach for selecting more efficacious vaccines against poultry-origin H9 influenza viruses in minor poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Joaquín Cáceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - L. Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eugene Skepner
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Burke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Adebimpe Obadan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- World Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Kok A, Scheuer R, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Wilks SH, Spronken MI, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Pronk M, Smith DJ, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Characterization of A/H7 influenza virus global antigenic diversity and key determinants in the hemagglutinin globular head mediating A/H7N9 antigenic evolution. mBio 2023; 14:e0048823. [PMID: 37565755 PMCID: PMC10655666 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00488-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A/H7 avian influenza viruses cause outbreaks in poultry globally, resulting in outbreaks with significant socio-economical impact and zoonotic risks. Occasionally, poultry vaccination programs have been implemented to reduce the burden of these viruses, which might result in an increased immune pressure accelerating antigenic evolution. In fact, evidence for antigenic diversification of A/H7 influenza viruses exists, posing challenges to pandemic preparedness and the design of vaccination strategies efficacious against drifted variants. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the global antigenic diversity of A/H7 influenza viruses and identified the main substitutions in the hemagglutinin responsible for antigenic evolution in A/H7N9 viruses isolated between 2013 and 2019. The A/H7 antigenic map and knowledge of the molecular determinants of their antigenic evolution add value to A/H7 influenza virus surveillance programs, the design of vaccines and vaccination strategies, and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinda Kok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Scheuer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David F. Burke
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel H. Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Pronk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Burke DF. Structural Consequences of Antigenic Variants of Human A/H3N2 Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041008. [PMID: 37112987 PMCID: PMC10144855 DOI: 10.3390/v15041008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of antigenic drift of human A/H3N2 influenza virus is crucial to understanding the constraints of influenza evolution and determinants of vaccine escape. Amino acid changes at only seven positions near the receptor binding site of the surface hemagglutinin protein have been shown to be responsible for the major antigenic changes for over forty years. Experimental structures of HA are now available for the majority of the observed antigenic clusters of A/H3N2. An analysis of the HA structures of these viruses reveals the likely consequences of these mutations on the structure of HA and thus, provides a structural basis for the antigenic changes seen in human influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Francis Burke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
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5
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Cui H, Zhang C, Tu F, Zhao K, Kong Y, Pu J, Zhang L, Chen Z, Sun Y, Wei Y, Liang C, Liu J, Liu J, Guo Z. Rapid detection of influenza A viruses using a real-time reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1071288. [PMID: 36683681 PMCID: PMC9849684 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1071288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important pathogens of respiratory infections, causing not only seasonal influenza but also influenza pandemics and posing a global threat to public health. IAVs infection spreads rapidly, widely, and across species, causing huge losses, especially zoonotic IAVs infections that are more harmful. Fast and sensitive detection of IAVs is critical for controlling the spread of this disease. Methods Here, a real-time reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (real-time RT-RAA) assay targeting conserved positions in the matrix protein gene (M gene) of IAVs, is successfully established to detect IAVs. The assay can be completed within 20 min at 42°C. Results The sensitivity of the real-time RT-RAA assay was 142 copies per reaction at 95% probability, which was comparable to the sensitivity of the RT-qPCR assay. The specificity assay showed that the real-time RT-RAA assay was specific to IAVs, and there was no cross-reactivity with other important viruses. In addition, 100%concordance between the real-time RT-RAA and RT-qPCR assays was achieved after testing 120 clinical specimens. Discussion The results suggested that the real-time RT-RAA assay we developed was a specific, sensitive and reliable diagnostic tool for the rapid detection of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fei Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunyi Kong
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Pu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoliang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chuncai Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Juxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
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6
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Gaudino M, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Zohari S, O’Donovan T, Quinless E, Sausy A, Oliva J, Salem E, Fusade-Boyer M, Meyer G, Hübschen JM, Saegerman C, Ducatez MF, Snoeck CJ. Evolutionary and temporal dynamics of emerging influenza D virus in Europe (2009-22). Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac081. [PMID: 36533151 PMCID: PMC9752663 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is an emerging influenza virus that was isolated for the first time in 2011 in the USA from swine with respiratory illness. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in different animal species, and it was also reported in humans. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed the circulation of two major clades, named D/OK and D/660. Additional divergent clades have been described but have been limited to specific geographic areas (i.e. Japan and California). In Europe, IDV was detected for the first time in France in 2012 and subsequently also in Italy, Luxembourg, Ireland, the UK, Switzerland, and Denmark. To understand the time of introduction and the evolutionary dynamics of IDV on the continent, molecular screening of bovine and swine clinical samples was carried out in different European countries, and phylogenetic analyses were performed on all available and newly generated sequences. Until recently, D/OK was the only clade detected in this area. Starting from 2019, an increase in D/660 clade detections was observed, accompanied by an increase in the overall viral genetic diversity and genetic reassortments. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of all existing IDV sequences was estimated as 1995-16 years before its discovery, indicating that the virus could have started its global spread in this time frame. Despite the D/OK and D/660 clades having a similar mean tMRCA (2007), the mean tMRCA for European D/OK sequences was estimated as January 2013 compared to July 2014 for European D/660 sequences. This indicated that the two clades were likely introduced on the European continent at different time points, as confirmed by virological screening findings. The mean nucleotide substitution rate of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) glycoprotein segment was estimated as 1.403 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, which is significantly higher than the one of the HEF of human influenza C virus (P < 0.0001). IDV genetic drift, the introduction of new clades on the continent, and multiple reassortment patterns shape the increasing viral diversity observed in the last years. Its elevated substitution rate, diffusion in various animal species, and the growing evidence pointing towards zoonotic potential justify continuous surveillance of this emerging influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Tom O’Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Emma Quinless
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Oliva
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Elias Salem
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
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Petro-Turnquist EM, Bullard BL, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Adenoviral-Vectored Centralized Consensus Hemagglutinin Vaccine Provides Broad Protection against H2 Influenza a Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060926. [PMID: 35746534 PMCID: PMC9229510 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several influenza pandemics have occurred in the past century, one of which emerged in 1957 from a zoonotic transmission of H2N2 from an avian reservoir into humans. This pandemic caused 2–4 million deaths and circulated until 1968. Since the disappearance of H2N2 from human populations, there has been waning immunity against H2, and this subtype is not currently incorporated into seasonal vaccines. However, H2 influenza remains a pandemic threat due to consistent circulation in avian reservoirs. Here, we describe a method of pandemic preparedness by creating an adenoviral-vectored centralized consensus vaccine design against human H2 influenza. We also assessed the utility of serotype-switching to enhance the protective immune responses seen with homologous prime-boosting strategies. Immunization with an H2 centralized consensus showed a wide breadth of antibody responses after vaccination, protection against challenge with a divergent human H2 strain, and significantly reduced viral load in the lungs after challenge. Further, serotype switching between two species C adenoviruses enhanced protective antibody titers after heterologous boosting. These data support the notion that an adenoviral-vectored H2 centralized consensus vaccine has the ability to provide broadly cross-reactive immune responses to protect against divergent strains of H2 influenza and prepare for a possible pandemic.
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8
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Swine H1N1 Influenza Virus Variants with Enhanced Polymerase Activity and HA Stability Promote Airborne Transmission in Ferrets. J Virol 2022; 96:e0010022. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00100-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse IAVs circulate in animals, yet few acquire the viral traits needed to start a human pandemic. A stabilized HA and mammalian-adapted polymerase have been shown to promote the adaptation of IAVs to humans and ferrets (the gold-standard model for IAV replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility).
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9
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The molecular determinants of antigenic drift in a novel avian influenza A (H9N2) variant virus. Virol J 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 35123509 PMCID: PMC8817646 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In early 2020, a novel H9N2 AIV immune escape variant emerged in South China and rapidly spread throughout mainland China. The effectiveness of the current H9N2 vaccine is being challenged by emerging immune escape strains. Assessing key amino acid substitutions that contribute to antigenic drift and immune escape in the HA gene of circulating strains is critical for understanding virus evolution and in selecting more effective vaccine components. Methods In this study, a representative immune escape strain, A/chicken/Fujian/11/2020 (FJ/20), differed from current H9N2 vaccine strain, A/chicken/Anhui/LH99/2017 (AH/17) by 18 amino acids in the head domain in HA protein. To investigate the molecular determinants of antigenic drift of FJ/20, a panel of mutants were generated by reverse genetics including specific amino acids changes in the HA genes of FJ/20 and AH/17. The antigenic effect of the substitutions was evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and antigenic cartography. Results Fujian-like H9N2 viruses had changed antigenicity significantly, having mutated into an antigenically distinct sub-clade. Relative to the titers of the vaccine virus AH/17, the escape strain FJ/20 saw a 16-fold reduction in HI titer against antiserum elicited by AH/17. Our results showed that seven residue substitutions (D127S, G135D, N145T, R146Q, D179T, R182T and T183N) near the HA receptor binding sites were critical for converting the antigenicity of both AH/17 and FJ/20. Especially, the combined mutations 127D, 135G, 145N, and 146R could be a major factor of antigenic drift in the current immune escape variant FJ/20. The avian influenza A (H9N2) variant virus need further ongoing epidemiological surveillance. Conclusions In this study, we evaluated the relative contributions of different combinations of amino acid substitutions in the HA globular head domain of the immune escape strain FJ/20 and the vaccine strain AH/17. Our study provides more insights into the molecular mechanism of the antigenic drift of the H9N2 AIV immune escape strain. This work identified important markers for understanding H9N2 AIV evolution as well as for improving vaccine development and control strategies in poultry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01755-9.
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Bai Y, Wang Q, Liu M, Bian L, Liu J, Gao F, Mao Q, Wang Z, Wu X, Xu M, Liang Z. The next major emergent infectious disease: reflections on vaccine emergency development strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:471-481. [PMID: 35080441 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2027240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major emergent infectious diseases (MEID) pose the most serious threat to human health. The research proposes targeted response strategies for the prevention and control of potential MEID. AREAS COVERED Based on the analysis of infectious diseases, this research analyzes pandemics that have a high probability of occurrence and aims to synthesize the past experience and lessons learned of controlling infectious diseases such as coronavirus, influenza, Ebola, etc. In addition, by integrating major infectious disease response guidelines developed by WHO, the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, we intend to bring forward national vaccine R&D development strategies for emergency use. EXPERT OPINION We advise to establish and improve existing laws, regulations, and also prevention and control systems for the emergent R&D and application of vaccines in response to potential infectious diseases. The strategies would not only help increase the various abilities in response to the research, development, evaluation, production, and supervision of emergency vaccines, but also establish surrogate endpoint of immunogenicity protection in early clinical studies to enable a rapid evaluation of the efficacy of emergency vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchen Liu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Guangzhou Laboratory. No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
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11
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Li X, Liu J, Qiu Z, Liao Q, Peng Y, Chen Y, Shu Y. Host-Adaptive Signatures of H3N2 Influenza Virus in Canine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740472. [PMID: 34746280 PMCID: PMC8564371 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs), although a small number of viruses can spill over to mammals and circulate. The focus of IAV infection in mammals was largely limited to humans and swine variants, until the emergence of H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs), which provides new perspective for interspecies transmission of the virus. In this study, we captured 54 canine-adaptive signatures in H3N2 CIVs through entropy computation, which were largely concentrated in the interaction region of polymerase proteins on ribonucleoprotein complex. The receiver operating characteristic curves of these sites showed >95% accuracy in distinguishing between the hosts. Nine of the 54 canine-adaptive signatures were shared in avian–human/equine or equine–canine (PB2-82; PB1-361; PA-277; HA-81, 111, 172, 196, 222, 489), suggesting their involvement in canine adaptation. Furthermore, we found that IAVs can establish persistent transmission in lower mammals with greater ease compared to higher mammals, and 25 common adaptation signatures of H3 IAVs were observed in diverse avian–mammals comparison. There were few human-like residues in H3N2 CIVs, which suggested a low risk of human infection. Our study highlights the necessity of identifying and monitoring the emerging adaptive mutations in companion animals by enhanced surveillance and provides a basis for mammal adaptation of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zengzhao Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qijun Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yani Peng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongkun Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Kutter JS, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Lexmond P, Mulders A, Richard M, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1653. [PMID: 33712573 PMCID: PMC7955093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and caused a pandemic, whereas the closely related SARS-CoV was contained rapidly in 2003. Here, an experimental set-up is used to study transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 through the air between ferrets over more than a meter distance. Both viruses cause a robust productive respiratory tract infection resulting in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to two of four indirect recipient ferrets and SARS-CoV to all four. A control pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus also transmits efficiently. Serological assays confirm all virus transmission events. Although the experiments do not discriminate between transmission via small aerosols, large droplets and fomites, these results demonstrate that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious while traveling through the air. Efficient virus transmission between ferrets is in agreement with frequent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms. Although the evidence for virus transmission via the air between humans under natural conditions is absent or weak for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, ferrets may represent a sensitive model to study interventions aimed at preventing virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S Kutter
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ard Mulders
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Tung Yep A, Takeuchi Y, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Broad Reactivity Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza Virus and Their Applications to Vaccine Potency Testing and Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030407. [PMID: 33802072 PMCID: PMC8001348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of influenza presents many challenges to the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. However, it is apparent that there are epitopes on the virus that have evolved to remain largely constant due to their functional importance. These more conserved regions are often hidden and difficult to access by the human immune system but recent efforts have shown that these may be the Achilles heel of the virus through development and delivery of appropriate biological drugs. Amongst these, single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are equipped to target these vulnerabilities of the influenza virus due to their preference for concave epitopes on protein surfaces, their small size, flexible reformatting and high stability. Single domain antibodies are well placed to provide a new generation of robust analytical reagents and therapeutics to support the constant efforts to keep influenza in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tung Yep
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Advanced Therapies Division, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive H2 HA Influenza Vaccines Elicited Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies and Protected Mice from Viral Challenges. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01526-20. [PMID: 33115871 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01526-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have caused numerous pandemics throughout human history. The 1957 influenza pandemic was initiated by an H2N2 influenza virus. This H2N2 influenza virus was the result of a reassortment event between a circulating H2N2 avian virus and the seasonal H1N1 viruses in humans. Previously, our group has demonstrated the effectiveness of hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived using computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology against H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses. Using the COBRA methodology, H2 HA COBRA antigens were designed using sequences from H2N2 viruses isolated from humans in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as H2Nx viruses isolated from avian and mammalian species between the 1950s and 2016. In this study, the effectiveness of H2 COBRA HA antigens (Z1, Z3, Z5, and Z7) was evaluated in DBA/2J mice and compared to that of wild-type H2 HA antigens. The COBRA HA vaccines elicited neutralizing antibodies to the majority of viruses in our H2 HA panel and across all three clades as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralization assays. Comparatively, several wild-type HA vaccines elicited antibodies against a majority of the viruses in the H2 HA panel. DBA/2J mice vaccinated with COBRA vaccines showed increase survival for all three viral challenges compared to the wild-type H2 vaccines. In particular, the Z1 COBRA is a promising candidate for future work toward a pandemic H2 influenza vaccine.IMPORTANCE H2N2 influenza has caused at least one pandemic in the past. Given that individuals born after 1968 have not been exposed to H2N2 influenza viruses, a future pandemic caused by H2 influenza is likely. An effective H2 influenza vaccine would need to elicit broadly cross-reactive antibodies to multiple H2 influenza viruses. Choosing a wild-type virus to create a vaccine may elicit a narrow immune response and not protect against multiple H2 influenza viruses. COBRA H2 HA vaccines were developed and evaluated in mice along with wild-type H2 HA vaccines. Multiple COBRA H2 HA vaccines protected mice from all three viral challenges and produced broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies to H2 influenza viruses.
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15
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A brief outline of respiratory viral disease outbreaks: 1889-till date on the public health perspectives. Virusdisease 2020; 31:441-449. [PMID: 32905186 PMCID: PMC7466926 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing the respiratory illness termed as the coronavirus disease 2019 or the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, the significant increase in deaths in the current days due to influenza around the world started in 1889 is a continued public health threat because of its intermittent style of pandemic outbreaks. An array of research on the influenza viruses has been conducted especially pointing on (1) the development of the anti-viral drugs and the design of probable vaccines on trial basis, (2) the biochemical and genetic aspects underlying the viral pathogenicity, (3) the viral epidemiology, and on (4) the protective immunity against the influenza viruses. Current review briefly discussed the epidemic/ pandemic history of influenza and correlated with the current epidemiology, the possible preventive measures that may be taken by the public health professionals as well as to increase the protective awareness among the general people. The viral reassortments during the initiation of pandemics have also been focused based on the previous literatures.
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16
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Kissling E, Pozo F, Buda S, Vilcu AM, Gherasim A, Brytting M, Domegan L, Gómez V, Meijer A, Lazar M, Vučina VV, Dürrwald R, van der Werf S, Larrauri A, Enkirch T, O'Donnell J, Guiomar R, Hooiveld M, Petrović G, Stoian E, Penttinen P, Valenciano M. Low 2018/19 vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) among 15-64-year-olds in Europe: exploration by birth cohort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31796152 PMCID: PMC6891946 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.48.1900604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Influenza A(H3N2) clades 3C.2a and 3C.3a co-circulated in Europe in 2018/19. Immunological imprinting by first childhood influenza infection may induce future birth cohort differences in vaccine effectiveness (VE). Aim The I-MOVE multicentre primary care test-negative study assessed 2018/19 influenza A(H3N2) VE by age and genetic subgroups to explore VE by birth cohort. Methods We measured VE against influenza A(H3N2) and (sub)clades. We stratified VE by usual age groups (0–14, 15–64, ≥ 65-years). To assess the imprint-regulated effect of vaccine (I-REV) hypothesis, we further stratified the middle-aged group, notably including 32–54-year-olds (1964–86) sharing potential childhood imprinting to serine at haemagglutinin position 159. Results Influenza A(H3N2) VE among all ages was −1% (95% confidence interval (CI): −24 to 18) and 46% (95% CI: 8–68), −26% (95% CI: −66 to 4) and 20% (95% CI: −20 to 46) among 0–14, 15–64 and ≥ 65-year-olds, respectively. Among 15–64-year-olds, VE against clades 3C.2a1b and 3C.3a was 15% (95% CI: −34 to 50) and −74% (95% CI: −259 to 16), respectively. VE was −18% (95% CI: −140 to 41), −53% (95% CI: −131 to −2) and −12% (95% CI: −74 to 28) among 15–31-year-olds (1987–2003), 32–54-year-olds (1964–86) and 55–64-year-olds (1954–63), respectively. Discussion The lowest 2018/19 influenza A(H3N2) VE was against clade 3C.3a and among those born 1964–86, corresponding to the I-REV hypothesis. The low influenza A(H3N2) VE in 15–64-year-olds and the public health impact of the I-REV hypothesis warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Pozo
- National Centre for Microbiology, National Influenza Reference Laboratory, WHO-National Influenza Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silke Buda
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Vilcu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - Alin Gherasim
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,National Epidemiology Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mia Brytting
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Domegan
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.,Health Service Executive- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Verónica Gómez
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mihaela Lazar
- "Cantacuzino" National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vesna Višekruna Vučina
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Division for epidemiology of communicable diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Center for Influenza, Germany
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- CNR des virus des infections respiratoires, WHO National Influenza Center, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Université Paris Diderot SPC, France
| | - Amparo Larrauri
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,National Epidemiology Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joan O'Donnell
- Health Service Executive- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariëtte Hooiveld
- Nivel (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Goranka Petrović
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Division for epidemiology of communicable diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elena Stoian
- "Cantacuzino" National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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- The I-MOVE primary care study team members are listed at the end of the article
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17
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Yeo SJ, Than DD, Park HS, Sung HW, Park H. Molecular Characterization of a Novel Avian Influenza A (H2N9) Strain Isolated from Wild Duck in Korea in 2018. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111046. [PMID: 31717636 PMCID: PMC6893532 DOI: 10.3390/v11111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel avian influenza virus (A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018) (H2N9) was isolated from wild birds in South Korea in 2018, and phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted on complete gene sequences obtained by next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018 (H2N9) virus belonged to the Eurasian countries, whereas other internal genes (polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), PB2, nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase acidic protein (PA), matrix protein (M), and non-structural protein (NS)) belonged to the East Asian countries. A monobasic amino acid (PQIEPR/GLF) at the HA cleavage site, E627 in the PB2 gene, and no deletion of the stalk region in the NA gene indicated that the A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018 (H2N9) isolate was a typical low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI). Nucleotide sequence similarity analysis of HA revealed that the highest homology (98.34%) is to that of A/duck/Mongolia/482/2015 (H2N3), and amino acid sequence of NA was closely related to that of A/duck/Bangladesh/8987/2010 (H10N9) (96.45%). In contrast, internal genes showed homology higher than 98% compared to those of other isolates derived from duck and wild birds of China or Japan in 2016–2018. The newly isolated A/wild duck/Korea/K102/2018 (H2N9) strain is the first reported avian influenza virus in Korea, and may have evolved from multiple genotypes in wild birds and ducks in Mongolia, China, and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (S.-J.Y.); (D.-D.T.)
| | - Duc-Duong Than
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (S.-J.Y.); (D.-D.T.)
| | - Hong-Seog Park
- GnCBio Inc, 4F, Yegan Plaza, 36, Banseok-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34069, Korea;
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (S.-J.Y.); (D.-D.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (H.P.)
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18
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Antigenic Change in Human Influenza A(H2N2) Viruses Detected by Using Human Plasma from Aged and Younger Adult Individuals. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110978. [PMID: 31652870 PMCID: PMC6893718 DOI: 10.3390/v11110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A(H2N2) viruses emerged in 1957 and were replaced by A(H3N2) viruses in 1968. The antigenicity of human H2N2 viruses has been tested by using ferret antisera or mouse and human monoclonal antibodies. Here, we examined the antigenicity of human H2N2 viruses by using human plasma samples obtained from 50 aged individuals who were born between 1928 and 1933 and from 33 younger adult individuals who were born after 1962. The aged individuals possessed higher neutralization titers against H2N2 viruses isolated in 1957 and 1963 than those against H2N2 viruses isolated in 1968, whereas the younger adults who were born between 1962 and 1968 possessed higher neutralization titers against H2N2 viruses isolated in 1963 than those against other H2N2 viruses. Antigenic cartography revealed the antigenic changes that occurred in human H2N2 viruses during circulation in humans for 11 years, as detected by ferret antisera. These results show that even though aged individuals were likely exposed to more recent H2N2 viruses that are antigenically distinct from the earlier H2N2 viruses, they did not possess high neutralizing antibody titers to the more recent viruses, suggesting immunological imprinting of these individuals with the first H2N2 viruses they encountered and that this immunological imprinting lasts for over 50 years.
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