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Hashempour A, Khodadad N, Bemani P, Ghasemi Y, Akbarinia S, Bordbari R, Tabatabaei AH, Falahi S. Design of multivalent-epitope vaccine models directed toward the world's population against HIV-Gag polyprotein: Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306559. [PMID: 39331650 PMCID: PMC11432917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in HIV-1 research; however, researchers have not yet achieved the objective of eradicating HIV-1 infection. Accordingly, in this study, eucaryotic and procaryotic in silico vaccines were developed for HIV-Gag polyproteins from 100 major HIV subtypes and CRFs using immunoinformatic techniques to simulate immune responses in mice and humans. The epitopes located in the conserved domains of the Gag polyprotein were evaluated for allergenicity, antigenicity, immunogenicity, toxicity, homology, topology, and IFN-γ induction. Adjuvants, linkers, CTLs, HTLs, and BCL epitopes were incorporated into the vaccine models. Strong binding affinities were detected between HLA/MHC alleles, TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-7, and TLR-9, and vaccine models. Immunological simulation showed that innate and adaptive immune cells elicited active and consistent responses. The human vaccine model was matched with approximately 93.91% of the human population. The strong binding of the vaccine to MHC/HLA and TLR molecules was confirmed through molecular dynamic stimulation. Codon optimization ensured the successful translation of the designed constructs into human cells and E. coli hosts. We believe that the HIV-1 Gag vaccine formulated in our research can reduce the challenges faced in developing an HIV-1 vaccine. Nevertheless, experimental verification is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of these vaccines in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hashempour
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khodadad
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peyman Bemani
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shokufeh Akbarinia
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Bordbari
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Tabatabaei
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahab Falahi
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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2
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Singh M, Leddy SM, Iñiguez LP, Bendall ML, Nixon DF, Feschotte C. Transposable elements may enhance antiviral resistance in HIV-1 elite controllers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.571123. [PMID: 38168352 PMCID: PMC10760019 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Less than 0.5% of people living with HIV-1 are elite controllers (ECs) - individuals who have a replication-competent viral reservoir in their CD4+ T cells but maintain undetectable plasma viremia without the help of antiretroviral therapy. While the EC CD4+ T cell transcriptome has been investigated for gene expression signatures associated with disease progression (or, in this case, a lack thereof), the expression and regulatory activity of transposable elements (TEs) in ECs has not been explored. Yet previous studies have established that TEs can directly impact the immune response to pathogens, including HIV-1. Thus, we hypothesize that the regulatory activities of TEs could contribute to the natural resistance of ECs against HIV-1. We perform a TE-centric analysis of previously published multi-omics data derived from EC individuals and other populations. We find that the CD4+ T cell transcriptome and retrotranscriptome of ECs are distinct from healthy controls, treated patients, and viremic progressors. However, there is a substantial level of transcriptomic heterogeneity among ECs. We categorize individuals with distinct chromatin accessibility and expression profiles into four clusters within the EC group, each possessing unique repertoires of TEs and antiviral factors. Notably, several TE families with known immuno-regulatory activity are differentially expressed among ECs. Their transcript levels in ECs positively correlate with their chromatin accessibility and negatively correlate with the expression of their KRAB zinc-finger (KZNF) repressors. This coordinated variation is seen at the level of individual TE loci likely acting or, in some cases, known to act as cis-regulatory elements for nearby genes involved in the immune response and HIV-1 restriction. Based on these results, we propose that the EC phenotype is driven in part by the reduced availability of specific KZNF proteins to repress TE-derived cis-regulatory elements for antiviral genes, thereby heightening their basal level of resistance to HIV-1 infection. Our study reveals considerable heterogeneity in the CD4+ T cell transcriptome of ECs, including variable expression of TEs and their KZNF controllers, that must be taken into consideration to decipher the mechanisms enabling HIV-1 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina M Leddy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luis Pedro Iñiguez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew L Bendall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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3
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Lima ÉRG, Queiroz MAF, Lima SS, Machado LFA, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Figueiredo FADPL, Guerreiro JF, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Ishak R. CCR5∆32 and SDF1 3'A: Gene Variants, Expression and Influence on Biological Markers for the Clinical Progression to AIDS among HIV-1 Virus Controllers in a Mixed Population of the Amazon Region of Brazil. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054958. [PMID: 36902388 PMCID: PMC10003039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5Δ32 and SDF1-3'A polymorphisms were investigated in a cohort of viremia controllers, without the use of therapy, along with their influence on CD4+ T lymphocytes (TLs), CD8+ TLs, and plasma viral load (VL). The samples were analyzed from 32 HIV-1-infected individuals classified as viremia controllers 1 and 2 and viremia non-controllers, from both sexes, mostly heterosexuals, paired with 300 individuals from a control group. CCR5∆32 polymorphism was identified by PCR amplification of a fragment of 189 bp for the wild-type allele and 157 bp for the allele with the ∆32 deletion. SDF1-3'A polymorphism was identified by PCR, followed by enzymatic digestion (restriction fragment length polymorphism) with the Msp I enzyme. The relative quantification of gene expression was performed by real-time PCR. The distribution of allele and genotype frequencies did not show significant differences between the groups. The gene expression of CCR5 and SDF1 was not different between the profiles of AIDS progression. There was no significant correlation between the progression markers (CD4+ TL/CD8+ TL and VL) and the CCR5∆32 polymorphism carrier status. The 3'A allele variant was associated with a marked loss of CD4+ TLs and a higher plasma VL. Neither CCR5∆32 nor SDF1-3'A was associated with viremia control or the controlling phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Ribeiro Gomes Lima
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-98864-4259
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Human and Medical Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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Wang Q, Chu F, Zhang X, Hu H, Lu L, Wang F, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, Xu Z, Eldemery F, Ou C, Liu X. Infectious bursal disease virus replication is inhibited by avain T cell chemoattractant chemokine CCL19. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:912908. [PMID: 35935208 PMCID: PMC9355407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.912908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine CCL19, together with its receptor CCR7, is one of the most important factors recruiting immune cells into target organ during virus infection. Our previous study has shown that CCL19 played a vital role in the process of T cell trafficking into bursae during bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection. In this study, we hypothesized that CCL19 could exert direct influences on IBDV replication other than recruiting immune cells. A eukaryotic expression vector of pEGFP-N1/CCL19 was successfully constructed and identified by PCR, double enzymes digestion, and sequencing. Different concentrations of pEGFP-N1/CCL19 plasmids were transfected into DF1 cells and CCL19 protein was highly expressed. Then, DF1 cells were infected with IBDV B87 strain post-transfection. Based on PCR and Western blot results, CCL19 could obviously decrease the gene levels of VP1 and VP2 and the protein levels of VP2 and VP3. When CCL19 was knocked down, the gene levels of VP1 and VP2 were significantly upregulated. Moreover, indirect immunostaining revealed that the IBDV content was largely decreased after CCL19 overexpression. Additionally, CCL19 inhibitory effects might rely on activation of the JNK signal pathway. Taken together, chemokine CCL19 directly blocks IBDV replication in DF1 cells, indicating that CCL19 could play crucial functions other than recruiting T cells during the pathogenesis of IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fuming Chu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huilong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lang Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Changbo Ou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Changbo Ou
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
- Xingyou Liu
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5
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Romero-Martín L, Tarrés-Freixas F, Pedreño-López N, de la Concepción MLR, Cunyat F, Hartigan-O'Connor D, Carrillo J, Mothe B, Blanco J, Ruiz-Riol M, Brander C, Olvera A. T-Follicular-Like CD8 + T Cell Responses in Chronic HIV Infection Are Associated With Virus Control and Antibody Isotype Switching to IgG. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928039. [PMID: 35784304 PMCID: PMC9241491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses are considered critical for the in vivo control of HIV, but the contribution of different T cell subsets to this control remains unclear. Using a boosted flow cytometric approach that is able to differentiate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell Th1/Tc1, Th2/Tc2, Th17/Tc17, Treg and Tfh/Tfc-like HIV-specific T cell populations, we identified CD8+ Tfc responses that were related to HIV plasma viral loads and associated with rate of antibody isotype class switching to IgG. This favorable balance towards IgG responses positively correlated with increased virus neutralization, higher avidity of neutralizing antibodies and more potent antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) in PBMCs from HIV controllers compared to non-controllers. Our results identified the CD8+ Tfc-like T-cell response as a component of effective virus control which could possibly be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Romero-Martín
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Núria Pedreño-López
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria L. Rodríguez de la Concepción
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Cunyat
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Dennis Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
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6
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Li J, Huang HH, Tu B, Zhou MJ, Hu W, Fu YL, Li XY, Yang T, Song JW, Fan X, Jiao YM, Xu RN, Zhang JY, Zhou CB, Yuan JH, Zhen C, Shi M, Wang FS, Zhang C. Reversal of the CD8 + T-Cell Exhaustion Induced by Chronic HIV-1 Infection Through Combined Blockade of the Adenosine and PD-1 Pathways. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687296. [PMID: 34177939 PMCID: PMC8222537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting immune checkpoints for HIV treatment potentially provides a double benefit resulting from the ability to restore viral-specific CD8+ T-cell functions and enhance HIV production from reservoir cells. Despite promising pre-clinical data, PD-1 blockade alone in HIV-1-infected patients with advanced cancer has shown limited benefits in controlling HIV, suggesting the need for additional targets beyond PD-1. CD39 and PD-1 are highly co-expressed on CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 infection. However, the characteristics of CD39 and PD-1 dual-positive CD8+ T-cell subsets in chronic HIV-1 infection remain poorly understood. Methods This study enrolled 72 HIV-1-infected patients, including 40 treatment naïve and 32 ART patients. A total of 11 healthy individuals were included as controls. Different subsets of CD8+ T cells defined by CD39 and/or PD-1 expression were studied by flow cytometry. The relationships between the frequencies of the different subsets and parameters indicating HIV-1 disease progression were analyzed. Functional (i.e., cytokine secretion, viral inhibition) assays were performed to evaluate the impact of the blockade of adenosine and/or PD-1 signaling on CD8+ T cells. Results The proportions of PD-1+, CD39+, and PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in treatment naïve patients but were partially lowered in patients on antiretroviral therapy. In treatment naïve patients, the proportions of PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells were negatively correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio, and were positively correlated with viral load. CD39+CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of the A2A adenosine receptor and were more sensitive to 2-chloroadenosine-mediated functional inhibition than their CD39- counterparts. In vitro, a combination of blocking CD39/adenosine and PD-1 signaling showed a synergic effect in restoring CD8+ T-cell function, as evidenced by enhanced abilities to secrete functional cytokines and to kill autologous reservoir cells. Conclusion In patients with chronic HIV-1 infection there are increased frequencies of PD-1+, CD39+, and PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells. In treatment naïve patients, the frequencies of PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells are negatively correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio and positively correlated with viral load. Combined blockade of CD39/adenosine and PD-1 signaling in vitro may exert a synergistic effect in restoring CD8+ T-cell function in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Long Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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7
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Pretorius E. Platelets in HIV: A Guardian of Host Defence or Transient Reservoir of the Virus? Front Immunol 2021; 12:649465. [PMID: 33968041 PMCID: PMC8102774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune and inflammatory responses of platelets to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and its envelope proteins are of great significance to both the treatment of the infection, and to the comorbidities related to systemic inflammation. Platelets can interact with the HIV-1 virus itself, or with viral membrane proteins, or with dysregulated inflammatory molecules in circulation, ensuing from HIV-1 infection. Platelets can facilitate the inhibition of HIV-1 infection via endogenously-produced inhibitors of HIV-1 replication, or the virus can temporarily hide from the immune system inside platelets, whereby platelets act as HIV-1 reservoirs. Platelets are therefore both guardians of the host defence system, and transient reservoirs of the virus. Such reservoirs may be of particular significance during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) interruption, as it may drive viral persistence, and result in significant implications for treatment. Both HIV-1 envelope proteins and circulating inflammatory molecules can also initiate platelet complex formation with immune cells and erythrocytes. Complex formation cause platelet hypercoagulation and may lead to an increased thrombotic risk. Ultimately, HIV-1 infection can initiate platelet depletion and thrombocytopenia. Because of their relatively short lifespan, platelets are important signalling entities, and could be targeted more directly during HIV-1 infection and cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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8
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Makinde J, Nduati EW, Freni-Sterrantino A, Streatfield C, Kibirige C, Dalel J, Black SL, Hayes P, Macharia G, Hare J, McGowan E, Abel B, King D, Joseph S, Hunter E, Sanders EJ, Price M, Gilmour J. A Novel Sample Selection Approach to Aid the Identification of Factors That Correlate With the Control of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634832. [PMID: 33777023 PMCID: PMC7991997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected with HIV display varying rates of viral control and disease progression, with a small percentage of individuals being able to spontaneously control infection in the absence of treatment. In attempting to define the correlates associated with natural protection against HIV, extreme heterogeneity in the datasets generated from systems methodologies can be further complicated by the inherent variability encountered at the population, individual, cellular and molecular levels. Furthermore, such studies have been limited by the paucity of well-characterised samples and linked epidemiological data, including duration of infection and clinical outcomes. To address this, we selected 10 volunteers who rapidly and persistently controlled HIV, and 10 volunteers each, from two control groups who failed to control (based on set point viral loads) from an acute and early HIV prospective cohort from East and Southern Africa. A propensity score matching approach was applied to control for the influence of five factors (age, risk group, virus subtype, gender, and country) known to influence disease progression on causal observations. Fifty-two plasma proteins were assessed at two timepoints in the 1st year of infection. We independently confirmed factors known to influence disease progression such as the B*57 HLA Class I allele, and infecting virus Subtype. We demonstrated associations between circulating levels of MIP-1α and IL-17C, and the ability to control infection. IL-17C has not been described previously within the context of HIV control, making it an interesting target for future studies to understand HIV infection and transmission. An in-depth systems analysis is now underway to fully characterise host, viral and immunological factors contributing to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Makinde
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eunice W Nduati
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Anna Freni-Sterrantino
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Streatfield
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Kibirige
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jama Dalel
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Lucas Black
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gladys Macharia
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hare
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward McGowan
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Abel
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah King
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Joseph
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Yerkes National Primate Research Centre, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Eduard J Sanders
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Matt Price
- IAVI, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Fredolini C, Pathak KV, Paris L, Chapple KM, Tsantilas KA, Rosenow M, Tegeler TJ, Garcia-Mansfield K, Tamburro D, Zhou W, Russo P, Massarut S, Facchiano F, Belluco C, De Maria R, Garaci E, Liotta L, Petricoin EF, Pirrotte P. Shotgun proteomics coupled to nanoparticle-based biomarker enrichment reveals a novel panel of extracellular matrix proteins as candidate serum protein biomarkers for early-stage breast cancer detection. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:135. [PMID: 33267867 PMCID: PMC7709252 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of specificity and high degree of false positive and false negative rates when using mammographic screening for detecting early-stage breast cancer is a critical issue. Blood-based molecular assays that could be used in adjunct with mammography for increased specificity and sensitivity could have profound clinical impact. Our objective was to discover and independently verify a panel of candidate blood-based biomarkers that could identify the earliest stages of breast cancer and complement current mammographic screening approaches. Methods We used affinity hydrogel nanoparticles coupled with LC-MS/MS analysis to enrich and analyze low-abundance proteins in serum samples from 20 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast cancer and 20 female control individuals with positive mammograms and benign pathology at biopsy. We compared these results to those obtained from five cohorts of individuals diagnosed with cancer in organs other than breast (ovarian, lung, prostate, and colon cancer, as well as melanoma) to establish IDC-specific protein signatures. Twenty-four IDC candidate biomarkers were then verified by multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) in an independent validation cohort of 60 serum samples specifically including earliest-stage breast cancer and benign controls (19 early-stage (T1a) IDC and 41 controls). Results In our discovery set, 56 proteins were increased in the serum samples from IDC patients, and 32 of these proteins were specific to IDC. Verification of a subset of these proteins in an independent cohort of early-stage T1a breast cancer yielded a panel of 4 proteins, ITGA2B (integrin subunit alpha IIb), FLNA (Filamin A), RAP1A (Ras-associated protein-1A), and TLN-1 (Talin-1), which classified breast cancer patients with 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity (AUC of 0.93). Conclusions Using a nanoparticle-based protein enrichment technology, we identified and verified a highly specific and sensitive protein signature indicative of early-stage breast cancer with no false positives when assessing benign and inflammatory controls. These markers have been previously reported in cell-ECM interaction and tumor microenvironment biology. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to evaluate whether this biomarker panel improves the positive predictive value of mammography for breast cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fredolini
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Luisa Paris
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Kristina M Chapple
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Kristine A Tsantilas
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Matthew Rosenow
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Tony J Tegeler
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Krystine Garcia-Mansfield
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Davide Tamburro
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Paul Russo
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Samuele Massarut
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Belluco
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" - I.R.C.C.S, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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10
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Discovery of Potential Chemical Probe as Inhibitors of CXCL12 Using Ligand-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamic Simulation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204829. [PMID: 33092204 PMCID: PMC7594044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 are small pro-inflammatory chemo-attractant cytokines that bind to a specific receptor CXCR4 with a role in angiogenesis, tumor progression, metastasis, and cell survival. Globally, cancer metastasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In this study, we targeted CXCL12 rather than the chemokine receptor (CXCR4) because most of the drugs failed in clinical trials due to unmanageable toxicities. Until now, no FDA approved medication has been available against CXCL12. Therefore, we aimed to find new inhibitors for CXCL12 through virtual screening followed by molecular dynamics simulation. For virtual screening, active compounds against CXCL12 were taken as potent inhibitors and utilized in the generation of a pharmacophore model, followed by validation against different datasets. Ligand based virtual screening was performed on the ChEMBL and in-house databases, which resulted in successive elimination through the steps of pharmacophore-based and score-based screenings, and finally, sixteen compounds of various interactions with significant crucial amino acid residues were selected as virtual hits. Furthermore, the binding mode of these compounds were refined through molecular dynamic simulations. Moreover, the stability of protein complexes, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of gyration were analyzed, which led to the identification of three potent inhibitors of CXCL12 that may be pursued in the drug discovery process against cancer metastasis.
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11
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Ellwanger JH, Valverde-Villegas JM, Kaminski VDL, de Medeiros RM, Almeida SEDM, Santos BR, de Melo MG, Hackenhaar FS, Chies JAB. Increased IL-8 levels in HIV-infected individuals who initiated ART with CD4 + T cell counts <350 cells/mm 3 - A potential hallmark of chronic inflammation. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:474-480. [PMID: 32534178 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of inflammatory markers in HIV+ individuals on ART is fundamental since chronic ART-controlled HIV infection is linked to an increased inflammatory state. In this context, we assessed plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-12p70) of HIV+ individuals who initiated ART after immunosuppression (CD4+ T cell counts <350 cells/mm3). HIV+ individuals were stratified according to two extreme phenotypes: Slow Progressors (SPs; individuals with at least 8 years of infection before ART initiation) and Rapid Progressors (RPs; individuals who needed to initiate ART within 1-4 years after infection). A control group was composed of HIV-uninfected individuals. We found increased IL-8 levels (median: 5.13 pg/mL; SPs and RPs together) in HIV-infected individuals on ART as compared to controls (median: 3.2 pg/mL; p = 0.04), although no association with the progression profile (slow or rapid progressors) or CD4+ T cell counts at sampling was observed. This result indicates that IL-8 is a general marker of chronic inflammation in HIV+ individuals on ART, independently of CD4+ T cell counts at the beginning of the treatment or of the potential progression profile of the patient. In this sense, IL-8 may be considered a possible target for novel therapies focused on reducing inflammation in chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections (PCCI) Research Unit 1058, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Rúbia Marília de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Feevale (FEEVALE), Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Schäfer Hackenhaar
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM), Biotechnology Center (CBiot), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
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12
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Ruiz-Mateos E, Poveda E, Lederman MM. Antiretroviral Treatment for HIV Elite Controllers? Pathog Immun 2020; 5:121-133. [PMID: 32582872 PMCID: PMC7307444 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most HIV-infected persons, the natural history of untreated infection is one of sustained viremia, progressive CD4 T cell depletion with resultant morbidity and mortality. The advent of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) that controls HIV replication has altered this landscape dramatically. Yet a rare population of HIV-infected persons-elite controllers (EC)-can control HIV replication such that plasma levels of virus are "undetectable" without ART. The EC phenotype is heterogeneous, with some subjects durably controlling the virus-persistent elite controllers-and some eventually losing viral control-transient elite controllers. Overall, EC tend to have robust HIV-specific T cell responses and in some cases, mainly in transient elite controllers, elevated activation and inflammation indices that diminish with ART suggesting that endogenous defenses against this persistent pathogen come at the cost of heightened activation/inflammation. A limited data set suggests that cardiovascular disease risk as well as the occur-rence of other morbid events may be greater in the overall EC population than in treated HIV infection. ART in EC decreases activation indices but does not appear to increase circulating CD4 T cell numbers nor do we know if it alters clinical outcomes. Thus, it is difficult to recommend or discourage a decision to start ART in the EC population but the authors lean toward treatment particularly in those EC whose activation indices are high and those who are progressively losing circulating CD4 T cell numbers. Biomarkers that can reliably predict loss of virologic control and immune failure are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases; Microbiology and Preventive Medicine; Institute of Biomedicine of Seville; Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Poveda
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis; Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo; SERGAS-UVigo; Vigo, Spain
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Center for AIDS Research; Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals; Cleveland Medical Center; Cleveland, Ohio
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13
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Kelly S, Jacobs ES, Stone M, Keating SM, Lee TH, Chafets D, Heitman J, Dimapasoc M, Operskalski E, Hagar W, Vichinsky E, Busch MP, Norris PJ, Custer B. Influence of sickle cell disease on susceptibility to HIV infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0218880. [PMID: 32267841 PMCID: PMC7141606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People with sickle cell disease (SCD) are reported to have low rates of HIV infection, slower progression to AIDS and lower HIV-associated mortality compared to the general population. Mechanisms of potential resistance to HIV in SCD are incompletely understood. We retrospectively reviewed the Transfusion Safety Study to compare HIV status between people with SCD and other congenital anemias who were routinely exposed to blood products during the high-risk period before HIV screening implementation. Non-SCD congenital anemia diagnosis was associated with a higher risk of HIV acquisition compared to SCD (OR 13.1 95%CI 1.6–108.9). In addition, we prospectively enrolled 30 SCD cases and 30 non-SCD controls to investigate potential mechanisms of resistance to HIV in SCD. CCR5 and CCR7 expression was lower and CD4 expression was higher on CD4+ T cells from SCD cases compared to controls. Surface expression of CD4+ T cell CXCR4, CD38 and HLA-DR did not differ between the groups. SCD CD4+ T cells were not less susceptible to HIV infection than controls. Levels of multiple cytokines were elevated in the SCD plasma, but SCD plasma compared to control plasma did not inhibit HIV infection of target cells. In conclusion, our epidemiological data support people with SCD being resistant to HIV infection. Potential mechanisms include lower CD4+ T cell expression of CCR5 and CCR7, balanced by increased CD4 expression and cytokine levels, which did not result in in vitro resistance to HIV infection. Further study is needed to define the risk and pathophysiology of HIV in persons with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kelly
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Evan S. Jacobs
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sheila M. Keating
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Chafets
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - John Heitman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Melanie Dimapasoc
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Eva Operskalski
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ward Hagar
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Elliott Vichinsky
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian Custer
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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14
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Basini G, Ragionieri L, Bussolati S, Di Lecce R, Cacchioli A, Dettin M, Cantoni AM, Grolli S, La Bella O, Zamuner A, Grasselli F. Expression and function of the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in the swine ovarian follicle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 71:106404. [PMID: 31955063 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The most characterized stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) variants are the isoform α, which is the predominant one but undergoes rapid proteolysis, and the β isoform, which is more resistant. Through the interaction with a specific chemokine receptor called CXCR4, SDF-1 is able to regulate different physiological processes. The aim of this study was to verify the expression and potential functional role of SDF-1 and CXCR4 in the porcine ovary. Firstly, the expression of SDF-1 and its receptor in different ovarian districts was verified for the first time. Thereafter, the effect of SDF-1 β isoform (51-72) fragment on functional parameters, such as proliferation, metabolic activity, redox status, nitric oxide production, and steroidogenic activity, was assessed on granulosa cells collected from follicles. In addition, the potential effect of this protein in vascular events was verified through investigations on porcine aortic (AOC) endothelial cells, such as the production of nitric oxide and viability tests. The proliferation and metabolic activity were not affected by treatment with the cytokine. As regard to steroidogenesis, the peptide stimulated both estrogen (P = 0.049) and progesterone production (P = 0.039). Redox status was affected by the examined substance since superoxide anion was inhibited (P = 0.001), while antioxidant power (P = 0.034), as well as nitric oxide generation, were stimulated (P = 0.034). Tests performed on AOCs showed significant stimulation of nitric oxide production (P = 0.004) by the examined peptide, while cell viability was unaffected. Therefore, the potential role of cytokine in the mechanisms involved in the regulation of follicular function can be hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Basini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - L Ragionieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - S Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - R Di Lecce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - A Cacchioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Dettin
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A M Cantoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - S Grolli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - O La Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - A Zamuner
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - F Grasselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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15
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Gürtler LG. Cytokines and chemokines involved in the defense reaction against HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus: isn't it time to use a standardized nomenclature of the involved mediators? Virus Genes 2019; 56:120-127. [PMID: 31848887 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of new mediators of immune cell activation and interaction facilitated elucidation of the various ways of defense against infectious agents and happened some 40 years ago. Each involved group of researchers named the mediators according to their scope of investigation; often the same molecules were published at the same time with different names. To avoid confusion resulting from using different names for the same mediators and to prevent a Babylonian confusion, standardization was implemented-as in the field of metrics, music, or science including virology. For cytokines and chemokines a standard nomenclature was proposed some 10 years ago and in conclusion it should be used. In this paper the most relevant biomarkers in HIV-1 and HBV infection and their contribution during viral pathogenesis are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz G Gürtler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Pettenkofer Str 9A, 80336, München, Germany.
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16
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Bordoni V, Sacchi A, Casetti R, Cimini E, Tartaglia E, Pinnetti C, Mondi A, Gruber CEM, Antinori A, Agrati C. Impact of ART on dynamics of growth factors and cytokines in primary HIV infection. Cytokine 2019; 125:154839. [PMID: 31542514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) of Primary HIV Infection (PHI) has demonstrated virological and immunological benefits. The effect of early ART during PHI on the level of growth factors and chemokines modulating immune cell functions remains to be established. The aim of our work was to analyze the dynamics of 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth/regulation factors in plasma of HIV infected patients treated during PHI. Patients with PHI (n = 43) were enrolled before, 24 and 48 weeks after therapy initiation. Quantification of soluble immune mediators was performed in plasma from HIV infected patients and healthy donors (HD, n = 7) by Luminex technology. The cytokines profile was strongly perturbed in primary HIV infected patients when compared to healthy donors (HD). After 48 weeks of ART, some of these factors were restored to HD level (IL-2, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL12p70, TNFα) while others persisted higher than HD (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13). Interestingly, a subset of chemokines, such as IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES and CCL27, and growth factors such as HGF, SCF and GM-CSF, increased during ART, reaching values significantly higher than HD after 48 weeks. Moreover, the G-CSF and MIP-1β soluble mediators were persistently altered and showed an inverse correlation with the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio. The increase of chemokines with antiviral activity and of growth factors with hematopoietic and immunomodulatory properties may have beneficial effects. Other studies are mandatory to evaluate the effects of long lasting levels of these factors to clarify their possible role in the context of protection/pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bordoni
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tartaglia
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mondi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare E M Gruber
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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17
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Gebara NY, El Kamari V, Rizk N. HIV-1 elite controllers: an immunovirological review and clinical perspectives. J Virus Erad 2019; 5:163-166. [PMID: 31700663 PMCID: PMC6816117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) elite controllers (ECs) represent a rare group of individuals with an ability to maintain an undetectable HIV-1 viral load overtime in the absence of previous antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms associated with this paradigm remain not clearly defined. However, loss of virological control, morbidity and mortality persist in these individuals, such as progress to AIDS-defining conditions together with persistent high rate of immune activation. Further insight into potential therapeutic options is therefore warranted. In this review, we discuss recent data on the type of immune responses understood to be associated with chronic virological control, the potential for disease progression and therapeutic options in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Y Gebara
- Faculty of Medicine,
American University of Beirut,
Medical Center,
Lebanon
| | - Vanessa El Kamari
- Division Reserve University,
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western University,
OH,
USA
| | - Nesrine Rizk
- Faculty of Medicine,
American University of Beirut,
Medical Center,
Lebanon,Department of Internal Medicine,
Division of Infectious Diseases,
American University of Beirut Medical Center,
Lebanon,Corresponding author: Nesrine Rizk
Department of Internal Medicine,
Division of Infectious Diseases,
American University of Beirut Medical Center,
PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh 1107 2020,
Beirut,
Lebanon
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18
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Essien-Baidoo S, Obiri-Yeboah D, Opoku YK, Ayamga E, Hodi Zie K, Attoh D, Obboh E, Hayfron Benjamin A, Afrifa J. ART Regimen and Other Sociodemographics Do Not Affect Cytokine Expression in HIV Patients in Ghana. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2019; 2019:2730370. [PMID: 31641392 PMCID: PMC6767853 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2730370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection is marked by the production of cytokines by infected cells and cells of the immune system. Variations in the levels of cytokine in HIV-infected individuals significantly impact the role of the immune system with the possibility to affect the course of HIV disease by either exacerbating or suppressing HIV replication. AIM The study sought to investigate the effect of sociodemographic indices, clinical laboratory parameters, and ART regimen on Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in HIV patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of two hundred (200) HIV patients on either the first or second line of ART were recruited into the study. Sociodemographic indices were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Serum concentrations of two major immune-promoting cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ, and immune-suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and IL-17, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T-test and chi-square were used to compare mean scores, while correlation (Pearson's correlation) and linear regression analyses were also performed with the statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was (45.54 ± 0.7846) years with a greater proportion (84.5%) between 31 and 60 years. The mean interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin- (IL-) 10, interleukin-12, and interleukin-17 were estimated to be 349.9 ± 8.391 pg/ml, 19.32 ± 0.4593 pg/ml, 19.23 ± 0.3960 pg/ml, and 24.6 ± 0.6207 pg/ml, respectively. Although INF-γ and IL-17 levels were relatively higher in males compared to females, it was vice versa for IL-10 and IL-12. However, none of these was statistically significant. Again, no significant difference was observed among all the cytokines stratified by the duration of ART, stage of HIV, and smoking status. Most importantly, stratification by either first- or second-line ART regimens recorded no significant difference in cytokine levels. Age significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = -0.27, p ≤ 0.001), IL-10 (r = -0.24, p ≤ 0.001), and IL-12 (r = -0.18, p=0.01) while duration on ART significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = -0.16, p=0.02). CD4 counts at 6 months and 12 months on ART correlated inversely with IL-17 (r = -0.17, p=0.02) and plasma viral load at 1 year (r = -0.22, p ≤ 0.001), respectively. A positive correlation was observed between IFN-γ and IL-12 (r = -0.84, p ≤ 0.001) and IL-17 (r = -0.50, p ≤ 0.001). This positive trend was repeated between IL-10 and IL-12 (r = -0.92, p ≤ 0.001) and IL-17 (r = -0.61, p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION The levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-10 are not significantly affected by sociodemographics and ART regimen. This observation shows that no significant difference was observed in cytokine levels stratified by ART regiments. This means that both regimens are effective in the suppression of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Essien-Baidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yeboah Kwaku Opoku
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Elvis Ayamga
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kevin Hodi Zie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Daniel Attoh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Evans Obboh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Anna Hayfron Benjamin
- Department of Maternal & Child Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Justice Afrifa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Scientific Research Centre, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Paim AC, Cummins NW, Natesampillai S, Garcia-Rivera E, Kogan N, Neogi U, Sönnerborg A, Sperk M, Bren GD, Deeks S, Polley E, Badley AD. HIV elite control is associated with reduced TRAILshort expression. AIDS 2019; 33:1757-1763. [PMID: 31149947 PMCID: PMC6873462 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dependent apoptosis has been implicated in CD4 T-cell death and immunologic control of HIV-1 infection. We have described a splice variant called TRAILshort, which is a dominant negative ligand that antagonizes TRAIL-induced cell death in the context of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 elite controllers naturally control viral replication for largely unknown reasons. Since enhanced death of infected cells might be responsible, as might occur in situations of low (or inhibited) TRAILshort, we tested whether there was an association between elite controller status and reduced levels of TRAILshort expression. DESIGN Cohort study comparing TRAILshort and full length TRAIL expression between HIV-1 elite controllers and viremic progressors from two independent populations. METHODS TRAILshort and TRAIL gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by RNA-seq. TRAILshort and TRAIL protein expression in plasma was determined by antibody bead array and proximity extension assay respectively. RESULTS HIV-1 elite controllers expressed less TRAILshort transcripts in PBMCs (P = 0.002) and less TRAILshort protein in plasma (P < 0.001) than viremic progressors. CONCLUSION Reduced TRAILshort expression in PBMCs and plasma is associated with HIV-1 elite controller status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steve Deeks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Polley
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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20
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21
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Argilaguet J, Pedragosa M, Esteve-Codina A, Riera G, Vidal E, Peligero-Cruz C, Casella V, Andreu D, Kaisho T, Bocharov G, Ludewig B, Heath S, Meyerhans A. Systems analysis reveals complex biological processes during virus infection fate decisions. Genome Res 2019; 29:907-919. [PMID: 31138618 PMCID: PMC6581057 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241372.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The processes and mechanisms of virus infection fate decisions that are the result of a dynamic virus-immune system interaction with either an efficient effector response and virus elimination or an alleviated immune response and chronic infection are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the host response to acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections by gene coexpression network analysis of time-resolved splenic transcriptomes. First, we found an early attenuation of inflammatory monocyte/macrophage prior to the onset of T cell exhaustion, and second, a critical role of the XCL1-XCR1 communication axis during the functional adaptation of the T cell response to the chronic infection state. These findings not only reveal an important feedback mechanism that couples T cell exhaustion with the maintenance of a lower level of effector T cell response but also suggest therapy options to better control virus levels during the chronic infection phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Mireia Pedragosa
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Graciela Riera
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Peligero-Cruz
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Valentina Casella
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Chemistry, DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Simon Heath
- CNAG-CRG, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
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22
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Pitman MC, Lau JSY, McMahon JH, Lewin SR. Barriers and strategies to achieve a cure for HIV. Lancet HIV 2019; 5:e317-e328. [PMID: 29893245 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
9 years since the report of a cure for HIV after C-C chemokine receptor type 5 Δ32 stem cell transplantation, no other case of HIV cure has been reported, despite much research. However, substantial progress has been made in understanding the biology of the latent HIV reservoir, and in measuring the amount of virus that persists after antiretroviral therapy (ART) with increasingly sophisticated approaches. This knowledge is being translated into a long pipeline of clinical trials seeking to reduce viral persistence in participants on suppressive treatment and ultimately to allow safe cessation of ART. In this Review, we discuss the main barriers preventing the development of an HIV cure, methods used to measure HIV persistence in individuals on ART, clinical strategies that aim to cure HIV, and future directions for studies in the field of HIV cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Pitman
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jillian S Y Lau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James H McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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23
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Steel HC, Venter WDF, Theron AJ, Anderson R, Feldman C, Kwofie L, Cronjé T, Arullapan N, Rossouw TM. Effects of Tobacco Usage and Antiretroviral Therapy on Biomarkers of Systemic Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Participants. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8357109. [PMID: 30622435 PMCID: PMC6304812 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8357109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like HIV infection, smoking, which is common among HIV-infected persons, is associated with chronic, systemic inflammation. However, the possible augmentative effects of HIV infection and smoking and other types of tobacco usage on indices of systemic inflammation and the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) thereon remain largely unexplored and represent the focus of the current study. Of the total number of HIV-infected persons recruited to the study (n = 199), 100 were categorised as pre-cART and 99 as virally suppressed (HIV viral load < 40 copies/mL). According to serum cotinine levels, 144 and 55 participants were categorised as nonusers and users of tobacco, respectively. In addition to cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and chemokines (IP-10, MIG, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES), other biomarkers of systemic inflammation included C-reactive protein (CRP), β2-microglobulin, and those of neutrophil activation [ICAM-1, L-selectin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)], microbial translocation (soluble CD14, LPS-binding protein), and oxidative stress (cyclophilin A, surfactant D). These were measured using multiplex bead array, ELISA, and immunonephelometric procedures. Viral suppression was associated with significant decreases in the levels of most of the biomarkers tested (P < 0.0037-0.0008), with the exceptions of CRP, cyclophilin A, and MMP-9. With respect to tobacco usage, irrespective of cART status, circulating levels of β2-microglobulin, cyclophilin A, and RANTES were significantly elevated (P < 0.042-0.012) in users vs nonusers. Additional analysis of the groups of tobacco users and nonusers according to cART status revealed high levels of RANTES in pre-cART/tobacco users relative to the three other subgroups (P < 0.004-0.0001), while more modest increases in cyclophilin A and MMP-9 (P < 0.019-0.027) were observed in comparison with the cART/tobacco user subgroup. Notwithstanding the efficacy of cART in attenuating HIV-associated, chronic systemic inflammation, the current study has identified RANTES as being significantly and seemingly selectively increased in those with active HIV infection who use tobacco, a mechanism which may underpin augmentative proinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Steel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - W. D. Francois Venter
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | | | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Luyanda Kwofie
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanita Cronjé
- Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Natasha Arullapan
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Abstract
HIV-infected individuals who maintain control of virus without antiretroviral therapy (ART) are called HIV controllers. The immune responses of these individuals suppress HIV viral replication to low levels or, in the case of elite controllers, to undetectable levels. Although some research indicates a role for inferior virulence of the infecting viral strain in natural control, perhaps by way of defective Nef protein function, we find that the majority of research in HIV controllers highlights CD8 T cells as the main suppressor of viral replication. The most convincing evidence for this argument lies in the strong correlation between certain HLA-I alleles, especially B*57, and HIV control status, a finding that has been replicated by many groups. However, natural control can also occur in individuals lacking these specific HLA alleles, and our understanding of what constitutes an effective CD8 T-cell response remains an incomplete picture. Recent research has broadened our understanding of natural HIV control by illustrating the interactions between different immune cells, including innate immune effectors and antigen-presenting cells. For many years, the immune responses of the natural HIV controllers have been studied for clues on how to achieve functional cure in the rest of the HIV-infected population. The goal of a future functional cure to HIV is one where HIV-infected individuals’ immune responses are able to suppress virus long-term without requiring ART. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how HIV controllers’ natural immune responses are able to suppress virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Boppana
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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25
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Chitre AS, Kattah MG, Rosli YY, Pao M, Deswal M, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Abdel-Mohsen M, Montaner LJ, Kim CC, Ma A, Somsouk M, McCune JM. A20 upregulation during treated HIV disease is associated with intestinal epithelial cell recovery and function. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006806. [PMID: 29505600 PMCID: PMC5854440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Clinical Trial NCT00594880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika S. Chitre
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Kattah
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yenny Y. Rosli
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Montha Pao
- Division of HIV/AIDS, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Monika Deswal
- Division of HIV/AIDS, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV/AIDS, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Luis J. Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Averil Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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26
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Zhang W, Ambikan AT, Sperk M, van Domselaar R, Nowak P, Noyan K, Russom A, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Transcriptomics and Targeted Proteomics Analysis to Gain Insights Into the Immune-control Mechanisms of HIV-1 Infected Elite Controllers. EBioMedicine 2018; 27:40-50. [PMID: 29269040 PMCID: PMC5828548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A small subset of HIV-1 infected individuals, the "Elite Controllers" (EC), can control viral replication and restrain progression to immunodeficiency without antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this study, a cross-sectional transcriptomics and targeted proteomics analysis were performed in a well-defined Swedish cohort of untreated EC (n=19), treatment naïve patients with viremia (VP, n=32) and HIV-1-negative healthy controls (HC, n=23). The blood transcriptome identified 151 protein-coding genes that were differentially expressed (DE) in VP compared to EC. Genes like CXCR6 and SIGLEC1 were downregulated in EC compared to VP. A definite distinction in gene expression between males and females among all patient-groups were observed. The gene expression profile between female EC and the healthy females was similar but did differ between male EC and healthy males. At targeted proteomics analysis, 90% (29/32) of VPs clustered together while EC and HC clustered separately from VP. Among the soluble factors, 33 were distinctive to be statistically significant (False discovery rate=0.02). Cell surface receptor signaling pathway, programmed cell death, response to cytokine and cytokine-mediated signaling seem to synergistically play an essential role in HIV-1 control in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Robert van Domselaar
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Noyan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Russom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Hotter D, Kirchhoff F. Interferons and beyond: Induction of antiretroviral restriction factors. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:465-477. [PMID: 29345347 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0717-307r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral restriction factors are structurally and functionally diverse cellular proteins that play a key role in the first line of defense against viral pathogens. Although many cell types constitutively express restriction factors at low levels, their induction in response to viral exposure and replication is often required for potent control and repulse of the invading pathogens. It is well established that type I IFNs efficiently induce antiviral restriction factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that other types of IFN, as well as specific cytokines, such as IL-27, and other activators of the cell are also capable of enhancing the expression of restriction factors and hence to establish an antiviral cellular state. Agents that efficiently induce restriction factors, increase their activity, and/or render them resistant against viral antagonists without causing general inflammation and significant side effects hold some promise for novel therapeutic or preventive strategies. In the present review, we summarize some of the current knowledge on the induction of antiretroviral restriction factors and perspectives for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hotter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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28
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29
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Schott K, Riess M, König R. Role of Innate Genes in HIV Replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 419:69-111. [PMID: 28685292 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells use an elaborate innate immune surveillance and defense system against virus infections. Here, we discuss recent studies that reveal how HIV-1 is sensed by the innate immune system. Furthermore, we present mechanisms on the counteraction of HIV-1. We will provide an overview how HIV-1 actively utilizes host cellular factors to avoid sensing. Additionally, we will summarize effectors of the innate response that provide an antiviral cellular state. HIV-1 has evolved passive mechanism to avoid restriction and to regulate the innate response. We review in detail two prominent examples of these cellular factors: (i) NLRX1, a negative regulator of the innate response that HIV-1 actively usurps to block cytosolic innate sensing; (ii) SAMHD1, a restriction factor blocking the virus at the reverse transcription step that HIV-1 passively avoids to escape sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Riess
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany. .,Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 63225, Langen, Germany.
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