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Kembou-Ringert JE, Hotio FN, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Surachetpong W, Rakus K, Daly JM, Goonawardane N, Adamek M. Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease. Virulence 2024; 15:2329568. [PMID: 38555518 PMCID: PMC10984141 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore TiLV-associated neurological disease. We discuss the possible mechanism(s) used by TiLV to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and examine TiLV-induced neuroinflammation and brain immune responses. Lastly, we discuss future research questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed to significantly advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of infection, immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fortune N. Hotio
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Nguyen BH, Bartlett ML, Troisi EM, Stanley E, Griffin DE. Phenotypic and transcriptional changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during alphavirus encephalitis in mice. mBio 2024; 15:e0073624. [PMID: 38695564 PMCID: PMC11237501 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00736-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) infection of mice provides a model system for studying the pathogenesis of alphaviruses that infect the central nervous system (CNS) to cause encephalomyelitis. While studies of human viral infections typically focus on accessible cells from the blood, this compartment is rarely evaluated in mice. To bridge this gap, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was combined with flow cytometry to characterize the transcriptional and phenotypic changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SINV-infected mice. Twenty-one clusters were identified by scRNAseq at 7 days after infection, with a unique cluster and overall increase in naive B cells for infected mice. Uninfected mice had fewer immature T cells and CCR9+ CD4 T cells and a unique immature T cell cluster. Gene expression was most altered in the Ki67+ CD8 T cell cluster, with chemotaxis and proliferation-related genes upregulated. Global analysis indicated metabolic changes in myeloid cells and increased expression of Ccl5 by NK cells. Phenotypes of PBMCs and cells infiltrating the CNS were analyzed by flow cytometry over 14 days after infection. In PBMCs, CD8 and Th1 CD4 T cells increased in representation, while B cells showed a transient decrease at day 5 in total, Ly6a+, and naive cells, and an increase in activated B cells. In the brain, CD8 T cells increased for the first 7 days, while Th1 CD4 T cells and naive and Ly6a+ B cells continued to accumulate for 14 days. Therefore, dynamic immune cell changes can be identified in the blood as well as the CNS during viral encephalomyelitis. IMPORTANCE The outcome of viral encephalomyelitis is dependent on the host immune response, with clearance and resolution of infection mediated by the adaptive immune response. These processes are frequently studied in mouse models of infection, where infected tissues are examined to understand the mechanisms of clearance and recovery. However, studies of human infection typically focus on the analysis of cells from the blood, a compartment rarely examined in mice, rather than inaccessible tissue. To close this gap, we used single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry to profile the transcriptomic and phenotypic changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and after central nervous system (CNS) infection in mice. Changes to T and B cell gene expression and cell composition occurred in PBMC and during entry into the CNS, with CCL5 being a differentially expressed chemokine. Therefore, dynamic changes occur in the blood as well as the CNS during the response of mice to virus infection, which will inform the analysis of human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Nguyen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie L Bartlett
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Troisi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise Stanley
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Troisi EM, Nguyen BH, Baxter VK, Griffin DE. Interferon regulatory factor 7 modulates virus clearance and immune responses to alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0095923. [PMID: 37772825 PMCID: PMC10617562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00959-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viral encephalomyelitis outcome is dependent on host responses to neuronal infection. Interferon (IFN) is an important component of the innate response, and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 7 is an inducible transcription factor for the synthesis of IFN-α. IRF7-deficient mice develop fatal paralysis after CNS infection with Sindbis virus, while wild-type mice recover. Irf7 -/- mice produce low levels of IFN-α but high levels of IFN-β with induction of IFN-stimulated genes, so the reason for this difference is not understood. The current study shows that Irf7 -/- mice developed inflammation earlier but failed to clear virus from motor neuron-rich regions of the brainstem and spinal cord. Levels of IFN-γ and virus-specific antibody were comparable, indicating that IRF7 deficiency does not impair expression of these known viral clearance factors. Therefore, IRF7 is either necessary for the neuronal response to currently identified mediators of clearance or enables the production of additional antiviral factor(s) needed for clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Troisi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Nguyen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria K. Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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You L, Chen J, Cheng Y, Li Y, Chen YQ, Ying T, Turtle L, Yu H. Antibody signatures in hospitalized hand, foot and mouth disease patients with acute enterovirus A71 infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011420. [PMID: 37262073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection is a major cause of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. The characteristics of EV-A71 neutralizing antibodies in HFMD patients are not well understood. In this study, we identified and cloned EV-A71-neutralizing antibodies by single cell RNA and B cell receptor sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. From 145 plasmablasts, we identified two IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and six IgM mAbs that neutralized EV-A71. Four of the IgM mAbs harbor germline variable sequences and neutralize EV-A71 potently. Two genetically similar IgM antibodies from two patients have recurrent heavy chain variable domain gene usage and similar complementarity-determining region 3 sequences. We mapped the residues of EV-A71 critical for neutralization through selection of virus variants resistant to antibody neutralization in the presence of neutralizing mAbs. The residues critical for neutralization are conserved among EV-A71 genotypes. Epitopes for the two genetically similar antibodies overlap with the SCARB2 binding site of EV-A71. We used escape variants to measure the epitope-specific antibody response in acute phase serum samples from EV-A71 infected HFMD patients. We found that these epitopes are immunogenic and contributed to the neutralizing antibody response against the virus. Our findings advance understanding of antibody response to EV-A71 infection in young children and have translational potential: the IgM mAbs could potentially be used for prevention or treatment of EV-A71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibing Cheng
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ramjag A, Cutrone S, Lu K, Crasto C, Jin J, Bakkour S, Carrington CVF, Simmons G. A high-throughput screening assay to identify inhibitory antibodies targeting alphavirus release. Virol J 2022; 19:170. [PMID: 36309730 PMCID: PMC9617529 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated neutralizing antibodies to be highly effective against alphavirus infection in animal models, both prophylactically and remedially. In most studies, neutralizing antibodies have been evaluated for their ability to block viral entry in vitro but recent evidence suggests that antibody inhibition through other mechanisms, including viral budding/release, significantly contributes to viral control in vivo for a number of alphaviruses. RESULTS We describe a BSL-2, cell-based, high-throughput screening system that specifically screens for inhibitors of alphavirus egress using chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) novel replication competent nano-luciferase (nLuc) reporter viruses. Screening of both polyclonal sera and memory B-cell clones from CHIKV immune individuals using the optimized assay detected several antibodies that display potent anti-budding activity. CONCLUSIONS We describe an "anti-budding assay" to specifically screen for inhibitors of viral egress using novel CHIKV and MAYV nLuc reporter viruses. This BSL-2 safe, high-throughput system can be utilized to explore neutralizing "anti-budding" antibodies to yield potent candidates for CHIKV and MAYV therapeutics and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Ramjag
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sergej Cutrone
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kai Lu
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Christine Crasto
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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6
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Yeh JX, Fan Y, Bartlett ML, Zhang X, Sadowski N, Hauer DA, Timp W, Griffin DE. Treatment of Sindbis Virus-Infected Neurons with Antibody to E2 Alters Synthesis of Complete and nsP1-Expressing Defective Viral RNAs. mBio 2022; 13:e0222122. [PMID: 36069441 PMCID: PMC9600605 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02221-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses that are important causes of viral encephalomyelitis. Sindbis virus (SINV), the prototype alphavirus, preferentially infects neurons in mice and is a model system for studying mechanisms of viral clearance from the nervous system. Antibody specific to the SINV E2 glycoprotein plays an important role in SINV clearance, and this effect is reproduced in cultures of infected mature neurons. To determine how anti-E2 antibody affects SINV RNA synthesis, Oxford Nanopore Technologies direct long-read RNA sequencing was used to sequence viral RNAs following antibody treatment of infected neurons. Differentiated AP-7 rat olfactory neuronal cells, an in vitro model for mature neurons, were infected with SINV and treated with anti-E2 antibody. Whole-cell RNA lysates were collected for sequencing of poly(A)-selected RNA 24, 48, and 72 h after infection. Three primary species of viral RNA were produced: genomic, subgenomic, and defective viral genomes (DVGs) encoding the RNA capping protein nsP1. Antibody treatment resulted in overall lower production of SINV RNA, decreased synthesis of subgenomic RNA relative to genomic RNA, and suppressed production of the nsP1 DVG. The nsP1 DVG was packaged into virus particles and could be translated. Because antibody-treated cells released a higher proportion of virions with noncapped genomes and transient transfection to express the nsP1 DVG improved viral RNA capping in antibody-treated cells, we postulate that one mechanism by which antibody inhibits SINV replication in neurons is to suppress DVG synthesis and thus decrease production of infectious virions containing capped genomes. IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses are important causes of viral encephalomyelitis without approved treatments or vaccines. Antibody to the Sindbis virus (SINV) E2 glycoprotein is required for immune-mediated noncytolytic virus clearance from neurons. We used direct RNA nanopore sequencing to evaluate how anti-E2 antibody affects SINV replication at the RNA level. Antibody altered the viral RNAs produced by decreasing the proportion of subgenomic relative to genomic RNA and suppressing production of a previously unrecognized defective viral genome (DVG) encoding nsP1, the viral RNA capping enzyme. Antibody-treated neurons released a lower proportion of SINV particles with capped genomes necessary for translation and infection. Decreased nsP1 DVG production in antibody-treated neurons led to lower expression of nsP1 protein, decreased genome capping efficiency, and release of fewer infectious virus particles. Capping was increased with exogenous expression of the nsP1 DVG. These studies identify a novel alphavirus DVG function and new mechanism for antibody-mediated control of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane X. Yeh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yunfan Fan
- Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie L. Bartlett
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Norah Sadowski
- Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra A. Hauer
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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7
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Abstract
DNA viruses often persist in the body of their host, becoming latent and recurring many months or years later. By contrast, most RNA viruses cause acute infections that are cleared from the host as they lack the mechanisms to persist. However, it is becoming clear that viral RNA can persist after clinical recovery and elimination of detectable infectious virus. This persistence can either be asymptomatic or associated with late progressive disease or nonspecific lingering symptoms, such as may be the case following infection with Ebola or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Why does viral RNA sometimes persist after recovery from an acute infection? Where does the RNA come from? And what are the consequences?
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8
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Torres-Ruesta A, Chee RSL, Ng LF. Insights into Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Immunity and Vaccine Development Landscape. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050899. [PMID: 33922370 PMCID: PMC8145166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne pathogens distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate areas causing a wide range of symptoms ranging from inflammatory arthritis-like manifestations to the induction of encephalitis in humans. Historically, large outbreaks in susceptible populations have been recorded followed by the development of protective long-lasting antibody responses suggesting a potential advantageous role for a vaccine. Although the current understanding of alphavirus antibody-mediated immunity has been mainly gathered in natural and experimental settings of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, little is known about the humoral responses triggered by other emerging alphaviruses. This knowledge is needed to improve serology-based diagnostic tests and the development of highly effective cross-protective vaccines. Here, we review the role of antibody-mediated immunity upon arthritogenic and neurotropic alphavirus infections, and the current research efforts for the development of vaccines as a tool to control future alphavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Torres-Ruesta
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Rhonda Sin-Ling Chee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
| | - Lisa F.P. Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6407-0028
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Illouz T, Nicola R, Ben-Shushan L, Madar R, Biragyn A, Okun E. Maternal antibodies facilitate Amyloid-β clearance by activating Fc-receptor-Syk-mediated phagocytosis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:329. [PMID: 33712740 PMCID: PMC7955073 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibodies (MAbs) protect against infections in immunologically-immature neonates. Maternally transferred immunity may also be harnessed to target diseases associated with endogenous protein misfolding and aggregation, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-pathology in Down syndrome (DS). While familial early-onset AD (fEOAD) is associated with autosomal dominant mutations in the APP, PSEN1,2 genes, promoting cerebral Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, DS features a life-long overexpression of the APP and DYRK1A genes, leading to a cognitive decline mediated by Aβ overproduction and tau hyperphosphorylation. Although no prenatal screening for fEOAD-related mutations is in clinical practice, DS can be diagnosed in utero. We hypothesized that anti-Aβ MAbs might promote the removal of early Aβ accumulation in the central nervous system of human APP-expressing mice. To this end, a DNA-vaccine expressing Aβ1-11 was delivered to wild-type female mice, followed by mating with 5xFAD males, which exhibit early Aβ plaque formation. MAbs reduce the offspring's cortical Aβ levels 4 months after antibodies were undetectable, along with alleviating short-term memory deficits. MAbs elicit a long-term shift in microglial phenotype in a mechanism involving activation of the FcγR1/Syk/Cofilin pathway. These data suggest that maternal immunization can alleviate cognitive decline mediated by early Aβ deposition, as occurs in EOAD and DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raneen Nicola
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Linoy Ben-Shushan
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ravit Madar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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10
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Williamson LE, Gilliland T, Yadav PK, Binshtein E, Bombardi R, Kose N, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Durie CL, Armstrong E, Carnahan RH, Walker LM, Kim AS, Fox JM, Diamond MS, Ohi MD, Klimstra WB, Crowe JE. Human Antibodies Protect against Aerosolized Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection. Cell 2020; 183:1884-1900.e23. [PMID: 33301709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is one of the most virulent viruses endemic to North America. No licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics are available to combat this infection, which has recently shown an increase in human cases. Here, we characterize human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from a survivor of natural EEEV infection with potent (<20 pM) inhibitory activity of EEEV. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of two highly neutralizing mAbs, EEEV-33 and EEEV-143, were solved in complex with chimeric Sindbis/EEEV virions to 7.2 Å and 8.3 Å, respectively. The mAbs recognize two distinct antigenic sites that are critical for inhibiting viral entry into cells. EEEV-33 and EEEV-143 protect against disease following stringent lethal aerosol challenge of mice with highly pathogenic EEEV. These studies provide insight into the molecular basis for the neutralizing human antibody response against EEEV and can facilitate development of vaccines and candidate antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - Pramod K Yadav
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clarissa L Durie
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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11
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Abstract
My great-grandparents were immigrants from Sweden and settled as farmers in Iowa and Illinois. My father, the oldest of six children, was the first in his family to go to college and had careers as a petroleum geologist and an academic. My mother, the youngest of four children, had older siblings in education, and she focused on early childhood education. My childhood in Oklahoma with two younger sisters was happy and comfortable, and public school prepared me well. My career trajectory into virology did not involve much if any advance planning but was characterized by recognizing the fascinating puzzles of virus diseases, being in good places at the right time, taking advantage of opportunities as they presented themselves, and being surrounded by great mentors, colleagues, trainees, and family. Most of my career was spent studying two diseases caused by RNA viruses, alphavirus encephalomyelitis and measles, and was enriched with several leadership opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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12
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Bartlett ML, Griffin DE. Acute RNA Viral Encephalomyelitis and the Role of Antibodies in the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090988. [PMID: 32899509 PMCID: PMC7551998 DOI: 10.3390/v12090988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute RNA viral encephalomyelitis is a serious complication of numerous virus infections. Antibodies in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) are correlated to better outcomes, and there is substantive evidence of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) entering the central nervous system (CNS) and contributing to resolution of infection. Here, we review the RNA viruses known to cause acute viral encephalomyelitis with mechanisms of control that require antibody or ASCs. We compile the cytokines, chemokines, and surface receptors associated with ASC recruitment to the CNS after infection and compare known antibody-mediated mechanisms as well as potential noncytolytic mechanisms for virus control. These non-canonical functions of antibodies may be employed in the CNS to protect precious non-renewable neurons. Understanding the immune-specialized zone of the CNS is essential for the development of effective treatments for acute encephalomyelitis caused by RNA viruses.
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13
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Abstract
Alphaviruses, members of the enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA Togaviridae family, represent a reemerging public health threat as mosquito vectors expand into new geographic territories. The Old World alphaviruses, which include chikungunya virus, Ross River virus, and Sindbis virus, tend to cause a clinical syndrome characterized by fever, rash, and arthritis, whereas the New World alphaviruses, which consist of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and western equine encephalitis virus, induce encephalomyelitis. Following recovery from the acute phase of infection, many patients are left with debilitating persistent joint and neurological complications that can last for years. Clues from human cases and studies using animal models strongly suggest that much of the disease and pathology induced by alphavirus infection, particularly atypical and chronic manifestations, is mediated by the immune system rather than directly by the virus. This review discusses the current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the arthritogenic and neurotropic alphaviruses accumulated through both natural infection of humans and experimental infection of animals, particularly mice. As treatment following alphavirus infection is currently limited to supportive care, understanding the contribution of the immune system to the disease process is critical to developing safe and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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14
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Nilaratanakul V, Hauer DA, Griffin DE. Visualization of cell-type dependent effects of anti-E2 antibody and interferon-gamma treatments on localization and expression of Broccoli aptamer-tagged alphavirus RNAs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5259. [PMID: 32210257 PMCID: PMC7093546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) is an alphavirus that causes age-dependent encephalomyelitis in mice. Within 7-8 days after infection infectious virus is cleared from neurons through the antiviral effects of antibody and interferon-gamma (IFNγ), but RNA persists. To better understand changes in viral RNA associated with immune-mediated clearance we developed recombinant strains of SINV that have genomic and subgenomic viral RNAs tagged with the Broccoli RNA aptamer that binds and activates a conditional fluorophore for live cell imaging of RNA. Treatment of SINV-Broccoli-infected cells with antibody to the SINV E2 glycoprotein had cell type-specific effects. In BHK cells, antibody increased levels of intracellular viral RNA and changed the primary location of genomic RNA from the perinuclear region to the plasma membrane without improving cell viability. In undifferentiated and differentiated AP7 (dAP7) neuronal cells, antibody treatment decreased levels of viral RNA. Occasional dAP7 cells escaped antibody-mediated clearance by not expressing cell surface E2 or binding antibody to the plasma membrane. IFNγ decreased viral RNA levels only in dAP7 cells and synergized with antibody for RNA clearance and improved cell survival. Therefore, analysis of aptamer-tagged SINV RNAs identified cell type- and neuronal maturation-dependent responses to immune mediators of virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voraphoj Nilaratanakul
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Debra A Hauer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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15
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Abraham R, McPherson RL, Dasovich M, Badiee M, Leung AKL, Griffin DE. Both ADP-Ribosyl-Binding and Hydrolase Activities of the Alphavirus nsP3 Macrodomain Affect Neurovirulence in Mice. mBio 2020; 11:e03253-19. [PMID: 32047134 PMCID: PMC7018654 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03253-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrodomain (MD), a highly conserved protein fold present in a subset of plus-strand RNA viruses, binds to and hydrolyzes ADP-ribose (ADPr) from ADP-ribosylated proteins. ADPr-binding by the alphavirus nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) MD is necessary for the initiation of virus replication in neural cells, whereas hydrolase activity facilitates replication complex amplification. To determine the importance of these activities for pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalomyelitis, mutations were introduced into the nsP3 MD of Sindbis virus (SINV), and the effects on ADPr binding and hydrolase activities, virus replication, immune responses, and disease were assessed. Elimination of ADPr-binding and hydrolase activities (G32E) severely impaired in vitro replication of SINV in neural cells and in vivo replication in the central nervous systems of 2-week-old mice with reversion to wild type (WT) (G) or selection of a less compromising change (S) during replication. SINVs with decreased binding and hydrolase activities (G32S and G32A) or with hydrolase deficiency combined with better ADPr-binding (Y114A) were less virulent than WT virus. Compared to the WT, the G32S virus replicated less well in both the brain and spinal cord, induced similar innate responses, and caused less severe disease with full recovery of survivors, whereas the Y114A virus replicated well, induced higher expression of interferon-stimulated and NF-κB-induced genes, and was cleared more slowly from the spinal cord with persistent paralysis in survivors. Therefore, MD function was important for neural cell replication both in vitro and in vivo and determined the outcome from alphavirus encephalomyelitis in mice.IMPORTANCE Viral encephalomyelitis is an important cause of long-term disability, as well as acute fatal disease. Identifying viral determinants of outcome helps in assessing disease severity and developing new treatments. Mosquito-borne alphaviruses infect neurons and cause fatal disease in mice. The highly conserved macrodomain of nonstructural protein 3 binds and can remove ADP-ribose (ADPr) from ADP-ribosylated proteins. To determine the importance of these functions for virulence, recombinant mutant viruses were produced. If macrodomain mutations eliminated ADPr-binding or hydrolase activity, viruses did not grow. If the binding and hydrolase activities were impaired, the viruses grew less well than the wild-type virus, induced similar innate responses, and caused less severe disease, and most of the infected mice recovered. If binding was improved, but hydrolase activity was decreased, the virus replicated well and induced greater innate responses than did the WT, but clearance from the nervous system was impaired, and mice remained paralyzed. Therefore, macrodomain function determined the outcome of alphavirus encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachy Abraham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L McPherson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Morgan Dasovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohsen Badiee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Jin J, Simmons G. Antiviral Functions of Monoclonal Antibodies against Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040305. [PMID: 30925717 PMCID: PMC6520934 DOI: 10.3390/v11040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common alphavirus infecting humans worldwide. Antibodies play pivotal roles in the immune response to infection. Increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are becoming important for protection from pathogen infection for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available, such as CHIKV infection. The new generation of ultra-potent and/or broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provides new opportunities for intervention. In the past decade, several potent human and mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs were isolated and demonstrated to be protective in vivo. Mechanistic studies of these mAbs suggest that mAbs exert multiple modes of action cooperatively. Better understanding of these antiviral mechanisms for mAbs will help to optimize mAb therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Schultz KLW, Troisi EM, Baxter VK, Glowinski R, Griffin DE. Interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 have distinct roles in the pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:46-62. [PMID: 30451651 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) are important determinants of the innate response to infection. We evaluated the role(s) of combined and individual IRF deficiencies in the outcome of infection of C57BL/6 mice with Sindbis virus, an alphavirus that infects neurons and causes encephalomyelitis. The brain and spinal cord levels of Irf7, but not Irf3 mRNAs, were increased after infection. IRF3/5/7-/- and IRF3/7-/- mice died within 3-4 days with uncontrolled virus replication, similar to IFNα receptor-deficient mice, while all wild-type (WT) mice recovered. IRF3-/- and IRF7-/- mice had brain levels of IFNα that were lower, but brain and spinal cord levels of IFNβ and IFN-stimulated gene mRNAs that were similar to or higher than WT mice without detectable serum IFN or increases in Ifna or Ifnb mRNAs in the lymph nodes, indicating that the differences in outcome were not due to deficiencies in the central nervous system (CNS) type I IFN response. IRF3-/- mice developed persistent neurological deficits and had more spinal cord inflammation and higher CNS levels of Il1b and Ifnγ mRNAs than WT mice, but all mice survived. IRF7-/- mice died 5-8 days after infection with rapidly progressive paralysis and differed from both WT and IRF3-/- mice in the induction of higher CNS levels of IFNβ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α and Cxcl13 mRNA, delayed virus clearance and more extensive cell death. Therefore, fatal disease in IRF7-/- mice is likely due to immune-mediated neurotoxicity associated with failure to regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L W Schultz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,†Present address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Troisi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,‡Present address: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca Glowinski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,§Present address: Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Alphaviruses, members of the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus family Togaviridae, represent a re-emerging public health concern worldwide as mosquito vectors expand into new geographic ranges. Members of the alphavirus genus tend to induce clinical disease characterized by rash, arthralgia, and arthritis (chikungunya virus, Ross River virus, and Semliki Forest virus) or encephalomyelitis (eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), though some patients who recover from the initial acute illness may develop long-term sequelae, regardless of the specific infecting virus. Studies examining the natural disease course in humans and experimental infection in cell culture and animal models reveal that host genetics play a major role in influencing susceptibility to infection and severity of clinical disease. Genome-wide genetic screens, including loss of function screens, microarrays, RNA-sequencing, and candidate gene studies, have further elucidated the role host genetics play in the response to virus infection, with the immune response being found in particular to majorly influence the outcome. This review describes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which host genetic factors influence alphavirus pathogenesis and discusses emerging technologies that are poised to increase our understanding of the complex interplay between viral and host genetics on disease susceptibility and clinical outcome.
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19
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Lampson LA. Editorial: Immunotherapy for Tumor in the Brain: Insights From-and For-Other Tumor Sites. Front Oncol 2018; 8:128. [PMID: 29755955 PMCID: PMC5934480 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Lampson
- Brain Immunology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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