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Zhang Q, Yuan J, Zhao W, Ouyang W, Chen B, Li Y, Tao J, Chen X, Li G, Guo Z, Liu Y. Coxsackie B virus-induced myocarditis in a patient with a history of lymphoma: A case report and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37248. [PMID: 38457543 PMCID: PMC10919497 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In rare occasions, coxsackievirus infections can cause serious illness, such as encephalitis and myocarditis. The immunotherapies of cancer could increase the risk of myocarditis, especially when applying immune checkpoint inhibitors. Herein, we report a rare case of Coxsackie B virus-induced myocarditis in a patient with a history of lymphoma. CASE PRESENTATION A 32-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with recurrent fever for more than 20 days, and she had a history of lymphoma. Before admission, the positron emission tomography/computed tomography result indicated that the patient had no tumor progression, and she was not considered the cancer-related fever upon arriving at our hospital. Patient's red blood cell, platelet count, and blood pressure were decreased. In addition, she had sinus bradycardia and 3 branch blocks, which was consistent with acute high lateral and anterior wall myocardial infarction. During hospitalization, the patient had recurrent arrhythmia, repeated sweating, poor mentation, dyspnea, and Coxsackie B virus were detected in patient's blood samples by pathogen-targeted next-generation sequencing. The creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were persistently elevated. Consequently, the patient was diagnosed with viral myocarditis induced by Coxsackie B virus, and treated with acyclovir, gamma globulin combined with methylprednisolone shock therapy, trimetazidine, levosimendan, sildenan, continuous pump pressors with m-hydroxylamine, entecavir, adefovir, glutathione, pantoprazole, and low-molecular-weight heparin. Her symptoms worsened and died. CONCLUSION We reported a case with a history of lymphoma presented with fever, myocardial injury, who was ultimately diagnosed with Coxsackie B virus-induced myocarditis. Moreover, pathogen-targeted next-generation sequencing indeed exhibited higher sensitivity compared to mNGS in detecting Coxsackie B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiwei Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yehong Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Junling Tao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guangsu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Beijing Goldstandard Medicine Independent Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Pattnaik A, Dhalech AH, Condotta SA, Corn C, Richer MJ, Snell LM, Robinson CM. A viral-specific CD4 + T cell response protects female mice from Coxsackievirus B3 infection. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1327384. [PMID: 38274806 PMCID: PMC10808549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Biological sex plays an integral role in the immune response to various pathogens. The underlying basis for these sex differences is still not well defined. Here, we show that Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induces a viral-specific CD4+ T cell response that can protect female mice from mortality. Methods We inoculated C57BL/6 Ifnar-/- mice with CVB3. We investigated the T cell response in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes in male and female mice following infection. Results We found that CVB3 can induce expansion of CD62Llo CD4+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph node and spleen of female but not male mice as early as 5 days post-inoculation, indicative of activation. Using a recombinant CVB3 virus expressing a model CD4+ T cell epitope, we found that this response is due to viral antigen and not bystander activation. Finally, the depletion of CD4+ T cells before infection increased mortality in female mice, indicating that CD4+ T cells play a protective role against CVB3 in our model. Conclusions Overall, these data demonstrated that CVB3 can induce an early CD4 response in female but not male mice and further emphasize how sex differences in immune responses to pathogens affect disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher M. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Pattnaik A, Dhalech AH, Condotta SA, Corn C, Richer MJ, Snell LM, Robinson CM. A viral-specific CD4 + T cell response protects female mice from Coxsackievirus B3 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563774. [PMID: 37961130 PMCID: PMC10634798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex plays an integral role in the immune response to various pathogens. The underlying basis for these sex differences is still not well defined. Here, we show that Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induces a viral-specific CD4 + T cell response that can protect female mice from mortality. We found that CVB3 can induce expansion of CD62L lo CD4 + T cells in the mesenteric lymph node and spleen of female but not male mice as early as 5 days post-inoculation, indicative of activation. Using a recombinant CVB3 virus expressing a model CD4 + T cell epitope, we found that this response is due to viral antigen and not bystander activation. Finally, the depletion of CD4 + T cells before infection increased mortality in female mice, indicating that CD4 + T cells play a protective role against CVB3 in our model. Overall, these data demonstrated that CVB3 can induce an early CD4 response in female but not male mice and further emphasize how sex differences in immune responses to pathogens affect disease outcomes.
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Álvarez-Rodríguez B, Buceta J, Geller R. Comprehensive profiling of neutralizing polyclonal sera targeting coxsackievirus B3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6417. [PMID: 37828013 PMCID: PMC10570382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their fundamental role in resolving viral infections, our understanding of how polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses target non-enveloped viruses remains limited. To define these responses, we obtained the full antigenic profile of multiple human and mouse polyclonal sera targeting the capsid of a prototypical picornavirus, coxsackievirus B3. Our results uncover significant variation in the breadth and strength of neutralization sites targeted by individual human polyclonal responses, which contrasted with homogenous responses observed in experimentally infected mice. We further use these comprehensive antigenic profiles to define key structural and evolutionary parameters that are predictive of escape, assess epitope dominance at the population level, and reveal a need for at least two mutations to achieve significant escape from multiple sera. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive analysis of how polyclonal sera target a non-enveloped viral capsid and help define both immune dominance and escape at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Javier Buceta
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
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Bernard-Raichon L, Cadwell K. Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:477-502. [PMID: 37380186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse in certain contexts. Genetic variation in the host and environmental factors including the bacterial microbiota influence how the immune system responds to infections in a remarkably viral strain-specific manner. This immune response, in turn, determines whether a given virus establishes acute versus chronic infection, which may have long-lasting consequences such as susceptibility to inflammatory disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between enteric viruses and the immune system that underlie the impact of these ubiquitous infectious agents on our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Cell Biology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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Dhalech AH, Condotta SA, Pattnaik A, Corn C, Richer MJ, Robinson CM. Coxsackievirus B3 elicits a sex-specific CD8+ T cell response which protects female mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011465. [PMID: 37669302 PMCID: PMC10503745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex is a significant contributor to the outcome of human infections. Males are frequently more susceptible to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, often attributed to weaker immune responses. In contrast, a heightened immune response in females enables better pathogen elimination but leaves females more predisposed to autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, the underlying basis for sex-specific immune responses remains poorly understood. Here, we show a sex difference in the CD8+ T cell response to an enteric virus, Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). We found that CVB3 induced expansion of CD8+ T cells in female mice but not in male mice. CVB3 also increased the proportion and number of CD11ahiCD62Llo CD8+ T cells in female mice, indicative of activation. This response was independent of the inoculation route and type I interferon. Using a recombinant CVB3 virus expressing a model CD8+ T cell epitope, we found that the expansion of CD8+ T cells in females is viral-specific and not due to bystander activation. Finally, the depletion of CD8+ T cells, prior to infection, led to enhanced mortality, indicating that CD8+ T cells are protective against CVB3 in female mice. These data demonstrate that CVB3 induces a CD8+ T cell response in female mice and highlight the importance of sex-specific immune responses to viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeba H. Dhalech
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Caleb Corn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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7
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Testosterone Promotes the Intestinal Replication and Dissemination of Coxsackievirus B3 in an Oral Inoculation Mouse Model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0123222. [PMID: 36037480 PMCID: PMC9472648 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01232-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract, and sex is often a biological variable that impacts pathogenesis. Previous data suggest that sex hormones can influence the intestinal replication of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family. However, the specific sex hormone(s) that regulates intestinal CVB3 replication is poorly understood. To determine if testosterone promotes intestinal CVB3 replication, we orally inoculated male and female Ifnar-/- mice that were treated with either placebo or testosterone-filled capsules. Following oral inoculation, we found that the testosterone-treated male and female mice shed significantly more CVB3 in their feces than did the placebo-treated mice, indicating that testosterone enhances intestinal replication. Similarly, testosterone enhanced viral dissemination in both sexes, as we observed higher viral loads in peripheral tissues following infection. Further, the testosterone-treated male mice also had a higher mortality rate than did the testosterone-depleted male mice. Finally, we observed that testosterone significantly affected the immune response to CVB3. We found that testosterone broadly increased proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines while decreasing the number of splenic B cells and dendritic cells following CVB3 infection. Moreover, while testosterone did not affect the early CD4 T cell response to CVB3, testosterone reduced the activation of CD8 T cells. These data indicate that testosterone can promote intestinal CVB3 replication and dissemination while also impacting the subsequent viral immune response. IMPORTANCE Biological sex plays a significant role in the outcomes of various infections and diseases. The impact of sex hormones on the intestinal replication and dissemination of Coxsackievirus B3 remains poorly understood. Using an oral inoculation model, we found that testosterone enhances CVB3 shedding and dissemination in male and female mice. Further, testosterone can alter the immune response to CVB3. This work highlights the role of testosterone in CVB3 pathogenesis and suggests that sex hormones can impact the replication and dissemination of enteric viruses.
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Enterovirus Replication and Dissemination Are Differentially Controlled by Type I and III Interferons in the Gastrointestinal Tract. mBio 2022; 13:e0044322. [PMID: 35604122 PMCID: PMC9239134 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00443-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus infections are associated with a broad spectrum of illness, particularly in neonates, and are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Little is known regarding how echoviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract and how the intestinal epithelium controls echoviral replication.
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9
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Abstract
Enteric viruses infect the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Data indicate that enteric viruses can utilize intestinal bacteria to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. However, the precise interactions between enteric viruses and bacteria are unknown. Here, we examined the interaction between bacteria and coxsackievirus B3, an enteric virus from the picornavirus family. We found that bacteria enhance the infectivity of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in vitro. Notably, specific bacteria are required, as Gram-negative Salmonella enterica, but not Escherichia coli, enhanced CVB3 infectivity and stability. Investigating the cell wall components of both S. enterica and E. coli revealed that structures in the O-antigen or core of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall, were required for S. enterica to enhance CVB3. To determine if these requirements were necessary for similar enteric viruses, we investigated if S. enterica and E. coli enhanced infectivity of poliovirus, another enteric virus in the picornavirus family. We found that while E. coli did not enhance the infectivity of CVB3, E. coli enhanced poliovirus infectivity. Overall, these data indicate that distinct bacteria enhance CVB3 infectivity and stability, and specific enteric viruses may have differing requirements for their interactions with specific bacterial species. IMPORTANCE Previous data indicate that several enteric viruses utilize bacteria to promote intestinal infection and viral stability. Here, we show that specific bacteria and bacterial cell wall components are required to enhance infectivity and stability of coxsackievirus B3 in vitro. These requirements are likely enteric virus specific, as the bacteria for CVB3 differ from poliovirus, a closely related virus. Therefore, these data indicate that specific bacteria and their cell wall components dictate the interaction with various enteric viruses in distinct mechanisms.
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10
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Lanahan MR, Maples RW, Pfeiffer JK. Tradeoffs for a viral mutant with enhanced replication speed. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105288118. [PMID: 34282021 PMCID: PMC8325337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105288118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses exist as genetically heterogeneous populations due to high mutation rates, and many of these mutations reduce fitness and/or replication speed. However, it is unknown whether mutations can increase replication speed of a virus already well adapted to replication in cultured cells. By sequentially passaging coxsackievirus B3 in cultured cells and collecting the very earliest progeny, we selected for increased replication speed. We found that a single mutation in a viral capsid protein, VP1-F106L, was sufficient for the fast-replication phenotype. Characterization of this mutant revealed quicker genome release during entry compared to wild-type virus, highlighting a previously unappreciated infection barrier. However, this mutation also reduced capsid stability in vitro and reduced replication and pathogenesis in mice. These results reveal a tradeoff between overall replication speed and fitness. Importantly, this approach-selecting for the earliest viral progeny-could be applied to a variety of viral systems and has the potential to reveal unanticipated inefficiencies in viral replication cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lanahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Robert W Maples
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
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11
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Fan W, Mar KB, Sari L, Gaszek IK, Cheng Q, Evers BM, Shelton JM, Wight-Carter M, Siegwart DJ, Lin MM, Schoggins JW. TRIM7 inhibits enterovirus replication and promotes emergence of a viral variant with increased pathogenicity. Cell 2021; 184:3410-3425.e17. [PMID: 34062120 PMCID: PMC8276836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To control viral infection, vertebrates rely on both inducible interferon responses and less well-characterized cell-intrinsic responses composed of "at the ready" antiviral effector proteins. Here, we show that E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM7 is a cell-intrinsic antiviral effector that restricts multiple human enteroviruses by targeting viral 2BC, a membrane remodeling protein, for ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Selective pressure exerted by TRIM7 results in emergence of a TRIM7-resistant coxsackievirus with a single point mutation in the viral 2C ATPase/helicase. In cultured cells, the mutation helps the virus evade TRIM7 but impairs optimal viral replication, and this correlates with a hyperactive and structurally plastic 2C ATPase. Unexpectedly, the TRIM7-resistant virus has a replication advantage in mice and causes lethal pancreatitis. These findings reveal a unique mechanism for targeting enterovirus replication and provide molecular insight into the benefits and trade-offs of viral evolution imposed by a host restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchun Fan
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Levent Sari
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ilona K Gaszek
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bret M Evers
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Histo Pathology Core Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mary Wight-Carter
- Animal Resource Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milo M Lin
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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12
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Zajitschek SR, Zajitschek F, Bonduriansky R, Brooks RC, Cornwell W, Falster DS, Lagisz M, Mason J, Senior AM, Noble DW, Nakagawa S. Sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its eco-evolutionary and statistical implications. eLife 2020; 9:63170. [PMID: 33198888 PMCID: PMC7704105 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical and clinical sciences are experiencing a renewed interest in the fact that males and females differ in many anatomic, physiological, and behavioural traits. Sex differences in trait variability, however, are yet to receive similar recognition. In medical science, mammalian females are assumed to have higher trait variability due to estrous cycles (the ‘estrus-mediated variability hypothesis’); historically in biomedical research, females have been excluded for this reason. Contrastingly, evolutionary theory and associated data support the ‘greater male variability hypothesis’. Here, we test these competing hypotheses in 218 traits measured in >26,900 mice, using meta-analysis methods. Neither hypothesis could universally explain patterns in trait variability. Sex bias in variability was trait-dependent. While greater male variability was found in morphological traits, females were much more variable in immunological traits. Sex-specific variability has eco-evolutionary ramifications, including sex-dependent responses to climate change, as well as statistical implications including power analysis considering sex difference in variance. Males and females differ in appearance, physiology and behavior. But we do not fully understand the health and evolutionary consequences of these differences. One reason for this is that, until recently, females were often excluded from medical studies. This made it difficult to know if a treatment would perform as well in females as males. To correct this, organizations that fund research now require scientists to include both sexes in studies. This has led to some questions about how to account for sex differences in studies. One reason females have historically been excluded from medical studies is that some scientists assumed that they would have more variable responses to a particular treatment based on their estrous cycles. Other scientists, however, believe that males of a given species might be more variable because of the evolutionary pressures they face in competing for mates. Better understanding how males and females vary would help scientists better design studies to ensure they provide accurate answers. Now, Zajitschek et al. debunk both the idea that males are more variable and the idea that females are more variable. To do this, Zajitschek et al. analyzed differences in 218 traits, like body size or certain behaviors, among nearly 27,000 male and female mice. This showed that neither male mice nor female mice were universally more different from other mice of their sex across all features. Instead, sex differences in how much variation existed in male or female mice depended on the individual trait. For example, males varied more in physical features like size, while females showed more differences in their immune systems. The results suggest it is particularly important to consider sex-specific variability in both medical and other types of studies. To help other researchers better design experiments to factor in such variability, Zajitschek et al. created an interactive tool that will allow scientists to look at sex-based differences in individual features among male or female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rk Zajitschek
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Liverpool John Moores University, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Zajitschek
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert C Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Will Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel S Falster
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair M Senior
- University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Wa Noble
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Lasrado N, Reddy J. An overview of the immune mechanisms of viral myocarditis. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:1-14. [PMID: 32720461 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis has been identified as a major cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) that can lead to heart failure. Historically, Coxsackieviruses and adenoviruses have been commonly suspected in myocarditis/DCM patients in North America and Europe. However, this notion is changing as other viruses such as Parvovirus B19 and human herpesvirus-6 are increasingly reported as causes of myocarditis in the United States, with the most recent example being the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, causing the Coronavirus Disease-19. The mouse model of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis, which may involve mediation of autoimmunity, is routinely used in the study of immune pathogenesis of viral infections as triggers of DCM. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms underlying the development of viral myocarditis with an emphasis on autoimmunity in the development of post-infectious myocarditis induced with CVB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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14
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Woods Acevedo MA, Pfeiffer JK. Microbiota-independent antiviral effects of antibiotics on poliovirus and coxsackievirus. Virology 2020; 546:20-24. [PMID: 32452414 PMCID: PMC7253499 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but they can disseminate systemically and cause severe disease. Using antibiotic treatment regimens to deplete intestinal microbes in mice, several groups have shown that bacteria promote oral infection with a variety of enteric viruses. However, it is unknown whether antibiotics have microbiota-independent antiviral effects for enteric viruses or whether antibiotics influence extra-intestinal, systemic infection. Here, we examined the effects of antibiotics on systemic enteric virus infection by performing intraperitoneal injections of either coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or poliovirus followed by quantification of viral titers. We found that antibiotic treatment reduced systemic infection for both viruses. Interestingly, antibiotics reduced CVB3 titers in germ-free mice, suggesting that antibiotic treatment alters CVB3 infection through a microbiota-independent mechanism. Overall, these data provide further evidence that antibiotics can have noncanonical effects on viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikal A Woods Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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15
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Infectious Norovirus Is Chronically Shed by Immunocompromised Pediatric Hosts. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060619. [PMID: 32516960 PMCID: PMC7354526 DOI: 10.3390/v12060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Although infections in healthy individuals are self-resolving, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for chronic disease and severe complications. Chronic norovirus infections in immunocompromised hosts are often characterized by long-term virus shedding, but it is unclear whether this shed virus remains infectious. We investigated the prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and temporal aspects of norovirus infections in 1140 patients treated during a 6-year period at a pediatric research hospital. Additionally, we identified 20 patients with chronic infections lasting 37 to >418 days. Using a new human norovirus in vitro assay, we confirmed the continuous shedding of infectious virus for the first time. Shedding lasted longer in male patients and those with diarrheal symptoms. Prolonged shedding of infectious norovirus in immunocompromised hosts can potentially increase the likelihood of transmission, highlighting the importance of isolation precautions to prevent nosocomial infections.
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16
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McCune BT, Lanahan MR, tenOever BR, Pfeiffer JK. Rapid Dissemination and Monopolization of Viral Populations in Mice Revealed Using a Panel of Barcoded Viruses. J Virol 2020; 94:e01590-19. [PMID: 31666382 PMCID: PMC6955244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01590-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, and the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine are not well characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over 100 CVB3 clones harboring nine unique nucleotide "barcodes." Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day postinfection, but by 48 h the viral populations were dominated by fewer than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found that diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 min postinoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus.IMPORTANCE Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 min after oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and monopolization in all examined tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broc T McCune
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew R Lanahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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17
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Robinson CM, Woods Acevedo MA, McCune BT, Pfeiffer JK. Related Enteric Viruses Have Different Requirements for Host Microbiota in Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:e01339-19. [PMID: 31511379 PMCID: PMC6854509 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01339-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria promote enteric virus infection in mice. For example, previous work demonstrated that antibiotic treatment of mice prior to oral infection with poliovirus reduced viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we examined the effect of antibiotic treatment on infection with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a picornavirus closely related to poliovirus. We treated mice with a mixture of five antibiotics to deplete host microbiota and examined CVB3 replication and pathogenesis following oral inoculation. We found that, as seen with poliovirus, CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis were reduced in antibiotic-treated mice. While treatment with just two antibiotics, vancomycin and ampicillin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 replication and pathogenesis, this treatment had no effect on poliovirus. The quantity and composition of bacterial communities were altered by treatment with the five-antibiotic cocktail and by treatment with vancomycin and ampicillin. To determine whether more-subtle changes in bacterial populations impact viral replication, we examined viral infection in mice treated with milder antibiotic regimens. Mice treated with one-tenth the standard concentration of the normal antibiotic cocktail supported replication of poliovirus but not CVB3. Importantly, a single dose of one antibiotic, streptomycin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis while having no effect on poliovirus shedding and pathogenesis. Overall, replication and pathogenesis of CVB3 are more sensitive to antibiotic treatment than poliovirus, indicating that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota.IMPORTANCE Recent data indicate that intestinal bacteria promote intestinal infection of several enteric viruses. Here, we show that coxsackievirus, an enteric virus in the picornavirus family, also relies on microbiota for intestinal replication and pathogenesis. Relatively minor depletion of the microbiota was sufficient to decrease coxsackievirus infection, while poliovirus infection was unaffected. Surprisingly, a single dose of one antibiotic was sufficient to reduce coxsackievirus infection. Therefore, these data indicate that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mikal A Woods Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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18
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Robinson CM. Enteric viruses exploit the microbiota to promote infection. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:58-62. [PMID: 31284078 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses infect the mammalian gastrointestinal tract which is home to a diverse community of intestinal bacteria. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain enteric viruses utilize these bacteria to promote infection. While this is not surprising considering their proximity, multiple viruses from different viral families have been shown to bind directly to bacteria or bacterial components to aid in viral replication, pathogenesis, and transmission. These data suggest that the concept of a single virus infecting a single cell, independent of the environment, needs to be reevaluated. In this review, I will discuss the current knowledge of enteric virus-bacterial interactions and discuss the implications for viral pathogenesis and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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19
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Cortez V, Sharp B, Yao J, Livingston B, Vogel P, Schultz-Cherry S. Characterizing a Murine Model for Astrovirus Using Viral Isolates from Persistently Infected Immunocompromised Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:e00223-19. [PMID: 30971471 PMCID: PMC6580942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00223-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses are single-stranded RNA enteric viruses that cause a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic infection to systemic extragastrointestinal spread; however, they are among the least-characterized enteric viruses, and there is a lack of a well-characterized small animal model. Finding that immunocompromised mice were resistant to human astrovirus infection via multiple routes of inoculation, our studies aimed to determine whether murine astrovirus (MuAstV) could be used to model human astrovirus disease. We experimentally infected wild-type mice with MuAstV isolated from immunocompromised mice and found that the virus was detected throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, but was not associated with diarrhea. The virus was also detected in the lung. Although virus levels were higher in recently weaned mice, the levels were similar in male and female adult mice. Using two distinct viruses isolated from different immunocompromised mouse strains, we observed virus strain-specific differences in the duration of infection (3 versus 10 weeks) in wild-type mice, indicating that the within-host immune pressure from donor mice shaped the virus kinetics in immunocompetent recipient hosts. Both virus strains elicited minimal pathology and a lack of sustained immunity. In summary, MuAstV represents a useful model for studying asymptomatic human infection and gaining insight into the astrovirus pathogenesis and immunity.IMPORTANCE Astroviruses are widespread in both birds and mammals; however, little is known about the pathogenesis and the immune response to the virus due to the lack of a well-characterized small-animal model. Here we describe two distinct strains of murine astrovirus that cause infections in immunocompetent mice that mirror aspects of asymptomatic human infections, including minimal pathology and short-lived immunity. However, we noted that the duration of infection differed greatly between the strains, highlighting an important facet of these viruses that was not previously appreciated. The ubiquitous nature and diversity of murine astroviruses coupled with the continuous likelihood of reinfection raise the possibility of viral interference with other mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiangwei Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Wells AI, Coyne CB. Enteroviruses: A Gut-Wrenching Game of Entry, Detection, and Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:E460. [PMID: 31117206 PMCID: PMC6563291 DOI: 10.3390/v11050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a major source of human disease, particularly in neonates and young children where infections can range from acute, self-limited febrile illness to meningitis, endocarditis, hepatitis, and acute flaccid myelitis. The enterovirus genus includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, enterovirus 71, and enterovirus D68. Enteroviruses primarily infect by the fecal-oral route and target the gastrointestinal epithelium early during their life cycles. In addition, spread via the respiratory tract is possible and some enteroviruses such as enterovirus D68 are preferentially spread via this route. Once internalized, enteroviruses are detected by intracellular proteins that recognize common viral features and trigger antiviral innate immune signaling. However, co-evolution of enteroviruses with humans has allowed them to develop strategies to evade detection or disrupt signaling. In this review, we will discuss how enteroviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract, the mechanisms by which cells detect enterovirus infections, and the strategies enteroviruses use to escape this detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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Woods Acevedo MA, Erickson AK, Pfeiffer JK. The Antibiotic Neomycin Enhances Coxsackievirus Plaque Formation. mSphere 2019; 4:e00632-18. [PMID: 30787120 PMCID: PMC6382971 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00632-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus typically infects humans via the gastrointestinal tract, which has a large number of microorganisms collectively referred to as the microbiota. To study how the intestinal microbiota influences enteric virus infection, several groups have used an antibiotic regimen in mice to deplete bacteria. These studies have shown that bacteria promote infection with several enteric viruses. However, very little is known about whether antibiotics influence viruses in a microbiota-independent manner. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of antibiotics on coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) using an in vitro cell culture model in the absence of bacteria. We determined that an aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin, enhanced the plaque size of CVB3 strain Nancy. Neomycin treatment did not alter viral attachment, translation, or replication. However, we found that the positive charge of neomycin and other positively charged compounds enhanced viral diffusion by overcoming the negative inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharides present in agar overlays. Neomycin and the positively charged compound protamine also enhanced plaque formation of reovirus. Overall, these data provide further evidence that antibiotics can play noncanonical roles in viral infections and that this should be considered when studying enteric virus-microbiota interactions.IMPORTANCE Coxsackieviruses primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but they can disseminate systemically and cause severe disease. Using antibiotic treatment regimens to deplete intestinal microbes in mice, several groups have shown the bacteria promote infection with a variety of enteric viruses. However, it is possible that antibiotics have microbiota-independent effects on viruses. Here we show that an aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin, can influence quantification of coxsackievirus in cultured cells in the absence of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikal A Woods Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea K Erickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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