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Hussain MT, Stanfield BA, Bernstein DI. Small Animal Models to Study Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:1037. [PMID: 39066200 PMCID: PMC11281376 DOI: 10.3390/v16071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide. They are known to cause a variety of diseases including genital herpes, meningitis, encephalitis, cold sores and herpes stromal keratitis. The seropositive rate for HSV-1 is around 90%, whereas for HSV-2 it remains around 20-25% for the general adult population. The infections caused by these viruses remain difficult to study because a large proportion of infected individuals are asymptomatic. Furthermore, given the neurotropic characteristics of the virus, studies aimed at understanding the complex pathogenesis in humans is difficult. As a result, animal models have been developed to understand several characteristics of HSV biology, pathogenesis, disease and host responses to infection. These models are also commonly used as the first evaluation of new drugs and vaccines. There are several well-established animal models to study infection with HSV, including mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. Variables within the animal models depend on the species of animal, route of infection, viral strain, dosage, etc. This review aims at summarizing the most commonly used animal models to study HSV pathogenesis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tanveer Hussain
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David I. Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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2
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Quadiri A, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Singer M, Zayou L, Shaik AM, Sun M, Suzer B, Lau LSL, Chilukurri A, Vahed H, Schaefer H, BenMohamed L. Therapeutic prime/pull vaccination of HSV-2-infected guinea pigs with the ribonucleotide reductase 2 (RR2) protein and CXCL11 chemokine boosts antiviral local tissue-resident and effector memory CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and protects against recurrent genital herpes. J Virol 2024; 98:e0159623. [PMID: 38587378 PMCID: PMC11092353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01596-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Following acute herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the virus undergoes an asymptomatic latent infection of sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Chemical and physical stress cause intermittent virus reactivation from latently infected DRG and recurrent virus shedding in the genital mucosal epithelium causing genital herpes in symptomatic patients. While T cells appear to play a role in controlling virus reactivation from DRG and reducing the severity of recurrent genital herpes, the mechanisms for recruiting these T cells into DRG and the vaginal mucosa (VM) remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigates the effect of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines on the frequency and function of DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its effect on the frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes in the recurrent herpes guinea pig model. HSV-2 latent-infected guinea pigs were immunized intramuscularly with the HSV-2 ribonucleotide reductase 2 (RR2) protein (Prime) and subsequently treated intravaginally with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 chemokines to recruit CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the infected DRG and VM (Pull). Compared to the RR2 therapeutic vaccine alone, the RR2/CXCL11 prime/pull therapeutic vaccine significantly increased the frequencies of functional tissue-resident and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both DRG and VM tissues. This was associated with less virus in the healed genital mucosal epithelium and reduced frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. These findings confirm the role of local DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in reducing virus shedding at the vaginal site of infection and the severity of recurrent genital herpes and propose the novel prime-pull vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes.IMPORTANCEThe present study investigates the novel prime/pull therapeutic vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes using the latently infected guinea pig model. In this study, we used the strategy that involves immunization of herpes simplex virus type 2-infected guinea pigs using a recombinantly expressed herpes tegument protein-ribonucleotide reductase 2 (RR2; prime), followed by intravaginal treatment with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines to recruit T cells into the infected dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and vaginal mucosa (VM) (pull). We show that the RR2/CXCL11 prime-pull therapeutic vaccine strategy elicited a significant reduction in virus shedding in the vaginal mucosa and decreased the severity and frequency of recurrent genital herpes. This protection was associated with increased frequencies of functional tissue-resident (TRM cells) and effector (TEM cells) memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating latently infected DRG tissues and the healed regions of the vaginal mucosa. These findings shed light on the role of tissue-resident and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in DRG tissues and the VM in protection against recurrent genital herpes and propose the prime-pull therapeutic vaccine strategy in combating genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshana Quadiri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nisha Rajeswari Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mahmoud Singer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Amin Mohammed Shaik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Miyo Sun
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Berfin Suzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lauren Su Lin Lau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Amruth Chilukurri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hubert Schaefer
- Intracellular Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
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3
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Coulon PG, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Srivastava R, Zayou L, Tifrea DF, Edwards RA, Figueroa CJ, Schubl SD, Hsieh L, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, Bahraoui E, Vahed H, Gil D, Jones TM, Ulmer JB, BenMohamed L. High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cells are associated with protection from symptomatic and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343716. [PMID: 38605956 PMCID: PMC11007208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are present in up to 50% of unexposed, pre-pandemic, healthy individuals (UPPHIs). However, the characteristics of cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells associated with subsequent protection of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (i.e., unvaccinated individuals who never develop any COVID-19 symptoms despite being infected with SARS-CoV-2) remains to be fully elucidated. Methods This study compares the antigen specificity, frequency, phenotype, and function of cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) and SARS-CoV-2. T-cell responses against genome-wide conserved epitopes were studied early in the disease course in a cohort of 147 unvaccinated COVID-19 patients who were divided into six groups based on the severity of their symptoms. Results Compared to severely ill COVID-19 patients and patients with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, the asymptomatic COVID-19 patients displayed significantly: (i) higher rates of co-infection with the 229E alpha species of CCCs (α-CCC-229E); (ii) higher frequencies of cross-reactive functional CD134+CD137+CD4+ and CD134+CD137+CD8+ T cells that cross-recognized conserved epitopes from α-CCCs and SARS-CoV-2 structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins; and (iii) lower frequencies of CCCs/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive exhausted PD-1+TIM3+TIGIT+CTLA4+CD4+ and PD-1+TIM3+TIGIT+CTLA4+CD8+ T cells, detected both ex vivo and in vitro. Conclusions These findings (i) support a crucial role of functional, poly-antigenic α-CCCs/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, induced following previous CCCs seasonal exposures, in protection against subsequent severe COVID-19 disease and (ii) provide critical insights into developing broadly protective, multi-antigen, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell-based, universal pan-Coronavirus vaccines capable of conferring cross-species protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R. Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Delia F. Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Cesar J. Figueroa
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma, Burns and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian D. Schubl
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma, Burns and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lanny Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospitalist Program, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Trevor M. Jones
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Ulmer
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Université Paul Sabatier, Infinity, Inserm, Toulouse, France
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, The University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Kamel MS, Munds RA, Verma MS. The Quest for Immunity: Exploring Human Herpesviruses as Vaccine Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16112. [PMID: 38003300 PMCID: PMC10671728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that have long been used as powerful gene therapy tools. In recent years, the ability of herpesviruses to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses has led to their transition to various applications as vaccine vectors. This vaccinology branch is growing at an unprecedented and accelerated rate. To date, human herpesvirus-based vectors have been used in vaccines to combat a variety of infectious agents, including the Ebola virus, foot and mouth disease virus, and human immunodeficiency viruses. Additionally, these vectors are being tested as potential vaccines for cancer-associated antigens. Thanks to advances in recombinant DNA technology, immunology, and genomics, numerous steps in vaccine development have been greatly improved. A better understanding of herpesvirus biology and the interactions between these viruses and the host cells will undoubtedly foster the use of herpesvirus-based vaccine vectors in clinical settings. To overcome the existing drawbacks of these vectors, ongoing research is needed to further advance our knowledge of herpesvirus biology and to develop safer and more effective vaccine vectors. Advanced molecular virology and cell biology techniques must be used to better understand the mechanisms by which herpesviruses manipulate host cells and how viral gene expression is regulated during infection. In this review, we cover the underlying molecular structure of herpesviruses and the strategies used to engineer their genomes to optimize capacity and efficacy as vaccine vectors. Also, we assess the available data on the successful application of herpesvirus-based vaccines for combating diseases such as viral infections and the potential drawbacks and alternative approaches to surmount them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Kamel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Rachel A. Munds
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Krishi Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Krishi Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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5
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Bourne N, Keith CA, Miller AL, Pyles RB, Cohen G, Milligan GN. Boosting of vaginal HSV-2-specific B and T cell responses by intravaginal therapeutic immunization results in diminished recurrent HSV-2 disease. J Virol 2023; 97:e0066923. [PMID: 37655939 PMCID: PMC10537585 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00669-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Boosting herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific immunity in the genital tissues of HSV-positive individuals to increase control of HSV-2 recurrent disease and virus shedding is an important goal of therapeutic immunization and would impact HSV-2 transmission. Experimental therapeutic HSV-2 vaccines delivered by a parenteral route have resulted in decreased recurrent disease in experimental animals. We used a guinea pig model of HSV-2 infection to test if HSV-specific antibody and cell-mediated responses in the vaginal mucosa would be more effectively increased by intravaginal (Ivag) therapeutic immunization compared to parenteral immunization. Therapeutic immunization with HSV glycoproteins and CpG adjuvant increased glycoprotein-specific IgG titers in vaginal secretions and serum to comparable levels in Ivag- and intramuscular (IM)-immunized animals. However, the mean numbers of HSV glycoprotein-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and IFN-γ SCs were greater in Ivag-immunized animals demonstrating superior boosting of immunity in the vaginal mucosa compared to parenteral immunization. Therapeutic Ivag immunization also resulted in a significant decrease in the cumulative mean lesion days compared to IM immunization. There was no difference in the incidence or magnitude of HSV-2 shedding in either therapeutic immunization group compared to control-treated animals. Collectively, these data demonstrated that Ivag therapeutic immunization was superior compared to parenteral immunization to boost HSV-2 antigen-specific ASC and IFN-γ SC responses in the vagina and control recurrent HSV-2 disease. These results suggest that novel antigen delivery methods providing controlled release of optimized antigen/adjuvant combinations in the vaginal mucosa would be an effective approach for therapeutic HSV vaccines. IMPORTANCE HSV-2 replicates in skin cells before it infects sensory nerve cells where it establishes a lifelong but mostly silent infection. HSV-2 occasionally reactivates, producing new virus which is released back at the skin surface and may be transmitted to new individuals. Some HSV-specific immune cells reside at the skin site of the HSV-2 infection that can quickly activate and clear new virus. Immunizing people already infected with HSV-2 to boost their skin-resident immune cells and rapidly control the new HSV-2 infection is logical, but we do not know the best way to administer the vaccine to achieve this goal. In this study, a therapeutic vaccine given intravaginally resulted in significantly better protection against HSV-2 disease than immunization with the same vaccine by a conventional route. Immunization by the intravaginal route resulted in greater stimulation of vaginal-resident, virus-specific cells that produced antibody and produced immune molecules to rapidly clear virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Celeste A. Keith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Gary Cohen
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregg N. Milligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Quadiri A, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Singer M, Zayou L, Shaik AM, Sun M, Suzer B, Lau L, Chilukurri A, Vahed H, Schaefer H, BenMohamed L. Therapeutic Prime/Pull Vaccination of HSV-2 Infected Guinea Pigs with the Ribonucleotide Reductase 2 (RR2) Protein and CXCL11 Chemokine Boosts Antiviral Local Tissue-Resident and Effector Memory CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells and Protects Against Recurrent Genital Herpes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552454. [PMID: 37609157 PMCID: PMC10441333 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Following acute herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the virus undergoes latency in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Intermittent virus reactivation from latency and shedding in the vaginal mucosa (VM) causes recurrent genital herpes. While T-cells appear to play a role in controlling virus reactivation and reducing the severity of recurrent genital herpes, the mechanisms for recruiting these T-cells into DRG and VM tissues remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigates the effect of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines on the frequency and function of DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its effect on the frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. HSV-2 latent-infected guinea pigs were immunized intramuscularly with the HSV-1 RR2 protein (Prime) and subsequently treated intravaginally with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV-8) expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines (Pull). Compared to the RR2 therapeutic vaccine alone, the RR2/CXCL11 prime/pull therapeutic vaccine significantly increased the frequencies of functional tissue-resident (TRM cells) and effector (TEM cells) memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both DRG and VM tissues. This was associated with less virus shedding in the healed genital mucosal epithelium and reduced frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. These findings confirm the role of local DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ TRM and TEM cells in reducing virus reactivation shedding and the severity of recurrent genital herpes and propose the novel prime/pull vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshana Quadiri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Nisha Rajeswari Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Mahmoud Singer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Amin Mohammed Shaik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Miyo Sun
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Berfin Suzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Lauren Lau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Amruth Chilukurri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660; USA
| | - Hubert Schaefer
- Intracellular Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CaA 92697
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660; USA
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7
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Wan M, Yang X, Sun J, Ding X, Chen Z, Su W, Cai L, Hou A, Sun B, Gao F, Jiang C, Zhou Y. An Adenovirus-Based Recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Therapeutic Vaccine Is Highly Protective against Acute and Recurrent HSV-2 Disease in a Guinea Pig Model. Viruses 2023; 15:219. [PMID: 36680259 PMCID: PMC9861952 DOI: 10.3390/v15010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes (GH) has become one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, and it is spreading rapidly in developing countries. Approximately 90% of GH cases are caused by HSV-2. Therapeutic HSV-2 vaccines are intended for people already infected with HSV-2 with the goal of reducing clinical recurrences and recurrent virus shedding. In our previous work, we evaluated recombinant adenovirus-based vaccines, including rAd-gD2ΔUL25, rAd-ΔUL25, and rAd-gD2, for their potency as prophylactic vaccines. In this study, we evaluated these three vaccines as therapeutic vaccines against acute and recurrent diseases in intravaginal challenged guinea pigs. Compared with the control groups, the recombinant vaccine rAd-gD2ΔUL25 induced a higher titer of the binding antibody, and rAd-gD2 + rAd-ΔUL25 induced a higher titer of the neutralizing antibody. Both rAd-gD2ΔUL25 and rAd-gD2 + rAd-ΔUL25 vaccines significantly enhanced the survival rate by 50% compared to rAd-gD2 and reduced viral replication in the genital tract and recurrent genital skin disease. Our findings provide a new perspective for HSV-2 therapeutic vaccine research and provide a new technique to curtail the increasing spread of HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jie Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xue Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ali Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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8
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Dithranol as novel co-adjuvant for non-invasive dermal vaccination. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:112. [PMID: 36153349 PMCID: PMC9509335 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) utilizing the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ-TCI) induces T cell-driven protective immunity upon application onto intact skin. In our present work, we combine the anti-psoriatic agent dithranol with IMQ-TCI to boost vaccination efficacy (Dithranol/IMQ-based transcutaneous vaccination (DIVA)). Using ovalbumin-derived peptides as model antigens in mice, DIVA induced superior cytolytic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells with a TH1 cytokine profile in the priming as well as in the memory phase. Regarding the underlying mechanisms, dithranol induced an oxidant-dependent, monocyte-attracting inflammatory milieu in the skin boosting TLR7-dependent activation of dendritic cells and macrophages leading to superior T cell priming and protective immunity in vaccinia virus infection. In conclusion, we introduce the non-invasive vaccination method DIVA to induce strong primary and memory T cell responses upon a single local treatment. This work provides relevant insights in cutaneous vaccination approaches, paving the way for clinical development in humans.
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9
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Gmyrek GB, Berube AN, Sjoelund VH, Carr DJJ. HSV-1 0∆NLS vaccine elicits a robust B lymphocyte response and preserves vision without HSV-1 glycoprotein M or thymidine kinase recognition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15920. [PMID: 36151255 PMCID: PMC9508094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective experimental prophylactic vaccines against viral pathogens such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been shown to protect the host through T and/or B lymphocyte-driven responses. Previously, we found a live-attenuated HSV-1 mutant, 0ΔNLS used as a prophylactic vaccine, provided significant protection against subsequent ocular HSV-1 challenge aligned with a robust neutralizing antibody response. Yet, how the virus mutant elicited the humoral immune response relative to parental virus was unknown. Herein, we present the characterization of B cell subsets in vaccinated mice at times after primary vaccination and following boost compared to the parental virus, termed GFP105. We found that 0∆NLS-vaccinated mice possessed more CD4+ follicular helper T (TFH) cells, germinal B cells and class-switched B cells within the first 7 days post-vaccination. Moreover, 0∆NLS vaccination resulted in an increase in plasmablasts and plasma cells expressing amino-acid transporter CD98 along with an elevated titer of HSV-1-specific antibody compared to GFP105-vaccinated animals. Furthermore, O∆NLS-vaccine-induced CD4+ (TFH) cells produced significantly more IL-21 compared to mice immunized with the parental HSV-1 strain. In contrast, there were no differences in the number of regulatory B cells comparing the two groups of immunized mice. In comparing sera recognition of HSV-1-encoded proteins, it was noted antiserum from GFP105-vaccinated mice immunoprecipitated HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) and glycoprotein M (gM) whereas sera from 0∆NLS-immunized mice did not even though both groups of vaccinated mice displayed similar neutralizing antibody titers to HSV-1 and were highly resistant to ocular HSV-1 challenge. Collectively, the results suggest (1) the live-attenuated HSV-1 mutant 0∆NLS elicits a robust B cell response that drives select B cell responses greater than the parental HSV-1 and (2) HSV-1 TK and gM are likely expendable components in efficacy of a humoral response to ocular HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz B. Gmyrek
- grid.266902.90000 0001 2179 3618Departments of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI PA415, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Amanda N. Berube
- grid.266902.90000 0001 2179 3618Departments of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI PA415, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Virginie H. Sjoelund
- grid.266902.90000 0001 2179 3618Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- grid.266902.90000 0001 2179 3618Departments of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI PA415, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA ,grid.266902.90000 0001 2179 3618Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
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10
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Wijesinghe VN, Farouk IA, Zabidi NZ, Puniyamurti A, Choo WS, Lal SK. Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1077-1096. [PMID: 34296960 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1960162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccine development for the disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been challenging over the years and is always in dire need of novel approaches for prevention and cure. To date, the HSV disease remains incurable and challenging to prevent. The disease is extremely widespread due to its high infection rate, resulting in millions of infection cases worldwide.Areas covered: This review first explains the diverse forms of HSV-related disease presentations and reports past vaccine history for the disease. Next, this review examines current and novel HSV vaccine approaches being studied and tested for efficacy and safety as well as vaccines in clinical trial phases I to III. Modern approaches to vaccine design using bioinformatics are described. Finally, we discuss measures to enhance new vaccine development pipelines for HSV.Expert opinion: Modernized approaches using in silico analysis and bioinformatics are emerging methods that exhibit potential for producing vaccines with enhanced targets and formulations. Although not yet fully established for HSV disease, we describe current studies using these approaches for HSV vaccine design to shed light on these methods. In addition, we provide up-to-date requirements of immunogenicity, adjuvant selection, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Wang K, Dropulic L, Bozekowski J, Pietz HL, Jegaskanda S, Dowdell K, Vogel JS, Garabedian D, Oestreich M, Nguyen H, Ali MA, Lumbard K, Hunsberger S, Reifert J, Haynes WA, Sawyer JR, Shon JC, Daugherty PS, Cohen JI. Serum and Cervicovaginal Fluid Antibody Profiling in Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Seronegative Recipients of the HSV529 Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1509-1519. [PMID: 33718970 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous HSV2 vaccines have not prevented genital herpes. Concerns have been raised about the choice of antigen, the type of antibody induced by the vaccine, and whether antibody is present in the genital tract where infection occurs. We reported results of a trial of an HSV2 replication-defective vaccine, HSV529, that induced serum neutralizing antibody responses in 78% of HSV1 -/HSV2 - vaccine recipients. Here we show that HSV1 -/HSV2 - vaccine recipients developed antibodies to epitopes of several viral proteins; however, fewer antibody epitopes were detected in vaccine recipients compared with naturally infected persons. HSV529 induced antibodies that mediated HSV2-specific NK cell activation. Depletion of gD-binding antibody from sera reduced neutralizing titers by 62% and NK cell activation by 81%. HSV2 gD antibody was detected in cervicovaginal fluid at about one-third the level of that in serum. A vaccine that induces potent serum antibodies transported to the genital tract might reduce HSV genital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kening Wang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lesia Dropulic
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Harlan L Pietz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kennichi Dowdell
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua S Vogel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Doreen Garabedian
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Makinna Oestreich
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mir A Ali
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith Lumbard
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sally Hunsberger
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Kushch AA, Kisteneva LB, Klimova RR, Cheshik SG. [The role of herpesviruses in development of diseases of the urogenital tract and infertility in women]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 65:317-325. [PMID: 33533228 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the data on the spreading of all known human herpesviruses (НHVs) in female urogenital tract. According to the WHO almost 500 million people worldwide suffer from genital infection caused by НHVs. НHVs were detected in various inflammatory diseases of female upper and lower genital tract (vaginitis and cervicitis), in extrauterine pregnancy (in fallopian tubes), in infertility (cervical channel, endometrium and ovaries). Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‑1) was identified for the first time in oocytes after failed in vitro fertilization (IVF). НHVs produce negative effect on the entire reproductive process from conception to childbirth. It was established that HSV, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) markedly increase the risk of spontaneous abortion, preterm birth and stillbirth. Intrauterine НHV infection is a major cause of congenital malformations. Data on humoral and cell immunity in genital herpesvirus infections (НHVI) are also reviewed. Intravaginal HSV‑2 infection changes cell composition of vaginal mucosa, i.e., together with cells mobilized from the blood, protective role is performed by resident memory T‑cells (TRM), natural killer cells (NK‑cells) and regulatory T‑cells (Treg) whose function consists in maintaining the balance of the activities of lymphocytes. Constant НHVI spreading is largely explained by transition of primary infection to potentially reactivating latent form, since latent virus is unavailable to immune recognition and medicines. The genome editing system CRISPR/Cas9 can recognize and modify not only active but also latent viruses. The promising pilot results with the use of this system offer the possibility of developing innovative technologies for НHV elimination and НHVI eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kushch
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI «National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - L B Kisteneva
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI «National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - R R Klimova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI «National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - S G Cheshik
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI «National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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13
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Singh VK, Kumar S, Dhaked RK, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK, Tapryal S. Generation of oligomers of subunit vaccine candidate glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 expressed in fusion with IgM Fc domain(s) in Escherichia coli: A strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:463. [PMID: 33047090 PMCID: PMC7541101 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein D (gD) of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 is used as an antigen in various anti-herpes subunit vaccines owing to its involvement in binding the host cell receptors for host infectivity. However, most of these monomeric protein based candidates have shown low immunogenicity in animal models. To enhance the immunogenicity of gD, a fresh approach of fusing its ectodomain with the Fc domain(s) of IgM has been adopted to oligomerize the viral antigen and to exploite the immune-modulating potential of IgM Fc. Six vaccine constructs, generated by fusing three gD-ectodomain-length-variants with the Ig µ-chain domain 4 (µCH4) and µCH3-CH4 fragment, were cloned in Escherichia coli using pET28b( +) vector. The vaccine proteins were expressed in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) and were in vitro refolded into protein oligomers of high stoichiometries of ~ 15–24, with 70–80% refolding yields. The conformations of gD and Fc components of the refolded oligomers were analyzed by ELISA and CD spectroscopy and were found to be native-like. The sizes and profiles of the size-distribution of oligomers were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The candidate C2 (gD-μCH3-CH4), showing the most compact oligomer size and uniform distribution of its particles was chosen as the suitable candidate for mice immunization studies to assess the immunogenicity of the antigen gD. The C2 oligomer stimulated a strong anti-gD humoral response with an antibody titer of 102,400 and a strong, biased Th1 immune response in C57BL/6 mice, indicating its potential as a strong immunogen which may serve as an effective vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Rajeev Kumar Dhaked
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Abdul S. Ansari
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Nirmal K. Lohiya
- Indian Society for the Study of Reproduction and Fertility, Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Suman Tapryal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
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14
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Carr DJJ, Gmyrek GB, Filiberti A, Berube AN, Browne WP, Gudgel BM, Sjoelund VH. Distinguishing Features of High- and Low-Dose Vaccine against Ocular HSV-1 Infection Correlates with Recognition of Specific HSV-1-Encoded Proteins. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:608-626. [PMID: 33037098 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of a live-attenuated HSV type 1 (HSV-1) vaccine, HSV-1 0∆ nuclear location signal (NLS), was evaluated in mice prophylactically in response to ocular HSV-1 challenge. Mice vaccinated with the HSV-1 0∆NLS were found to be more resistant to subsequent ocular virus challenge in terms of viral shedding, spread, the inflammatory response, and ocular pathology in a dose-dependent fashion. Specifically, a strong neutralizing Ab profile associated with low virus titers recovered from the cornea and trigeminal ganglia was observed in vaccinated mice in a dose-dependent fashion with doses ranging from 1 × 103 to 1 × 105 PFU HSV-1 0∆NLS. This correlation also existed in terms of viral latency in the trigeminal ganglia, corneal neovascularization, and leukocyte infiltration and expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in infected tissue with the higher doses (1 × 104-1 × 105 PFU) of the HSV-1 0∆NLS-vaccinated mice, displaying reduced viral latency, ocular pathology, or inflammation in comparison with the lowest dose (1 × 103 PFU) or vehicle vaccine employed. Fifteen HSV-1-encoded proteins were uniquely recognized by antisera from high-dose (1 × 105 PFU)-vaccinated mice in comparison with low-dose (1 × 103 PFU)- or vehicle-vaccinated animals. Passive immunization using high-dose-vaccinated, but not low-dose-vaccinated, mouse sera showed significant efficacy against ocular pathology in HSV-1-challenged animals. In summary, we have identified the minimal protective dose of HSV-1 0∆NLS vaccine in mice to prevent HSV-mediated disease and identified candidate proteins that may be useful in the development of a noninfectious prophylactic vaccine against the insidious HSV-1 pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Grzegorz B Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Adrian Filiberti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Amanda N Berube
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - William P Browne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Brett M Gudgel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Virginie H Sjoelund
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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15
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Prakash S, Roy S, Srivastava R, Coulon PG, Dhanushkodi NR, Vahed H, Jankeel A, Geertsema R, Amezquita C, Nguyen L, Messaoudi I, Burkhardt AM, BenMohamed L. Unique molecular signatures of antiviral memory CD8 + T cells associated with asymptomatic recurrent ocular herpes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13843. [PMID: 32796943 PMCID: PMC7427992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of antiviral CD8+ T cells associated with protective and pathogenic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections remains unclear. We compared the transcriptome, phenotype, and function of memory CD8+ T cells, sharing the same HSV-1 epitope-specificities, from infected HLA-A*0201 positive symptomatic (SYMP) vs. asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals and HLA-A*0201 transgenic rabbits. Compared to higher frequencies of multifunctional effector memory CD8+ TEM cells in ASYMP individuals, the SYMP individuals presented dysfunctional CD8+ TEM cells, expressing major exhaustion pathways. Compared to protected ASYMP HLA transgenic rabbits, the trigeminal ganglia of non-protected SYMP HLA transgenic rabbits had higher frequencies of dysfunctional tissue-resident CD8+ TRM cells. Moreover, blockade of T cell exhaustion pathways restored the function of CD8+ T cells, reduced virus reactivation, and diminished recurrent disease in HLA transgenic rabbits. These findings reveal unique molecular signatures of protective CD8+ T cells and pave the way for T-cell-based immunotherapy to combat recurrent ocular herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Roger Geertsema
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Cassandra Amezquita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Amanda M Burkhardt
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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16
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Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020302. [PMID: 32545507 PMCID: PMC7350219 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.
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17
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Dhanushkodi NR, Srivastava R, Prakash S, Roy S, Coulon PGA, Vahed H, Nguyen AM, Salazar S, Nguyen L, Amezquita C, Ye C, Nguyen V, BenMohamed L. High Frequency of Gamma Interferon-Producing PLZF loRORγt lo Invariant Natural Killer 1 Cells Infiltrating Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Corneas Is Associated with Asymptomatic Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00140-20. [PMID: 32102882 PMCID: PMC7163123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00140-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells are among the first innate immune cells to elicit early protective immunity that controls invading viral pathogens. The role of the iNKT cell subsets iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17 in herpesvirus immunity remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the protective role of cornea-resident iNKT cell subsets using the mouse model of ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (B6) mice and CD1d knockout (KO) mice were infected ocularly with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) (strain McKrae). Cornea, spleen, and liver were harvested at 0, 2, 5, 8, and 14 days postinfection (p.i.), and the frequency and function of the three major iNKT cell subsets were analyzed and correlated with symptomatic and asymptomatic corneal herpesvirus infections. The profiles of 16 major pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in corneal lysates using Western blot and Luminex assays. Early during ocular herpesvirus infection (i.e., day 2), the gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing PLZFloRORγtlo (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gT) iNKT1 cell subset was the predominant iNKT cell subset in infected asymptomatic corneas. Moreover, compared to the asymptomatic corneas of HSV-1-infected WT mice, the symptomatic corneas CD1d KO mice, with iNKT cell deficiency, had increased levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decreased levels of IL-12, IFN-γ, and the JAK1, STAT1, NF-κB, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways. Our findings suggest that IFN-γ-producing PLZFloRORγtlo iNKT1 cells play a role in the protective innate immune response against symptomatic ocular herpes.IMPORTANCE We investigated the protective role of iNKT cell subsets in asymptomatic ocular herpesvirus infection. We found that early during ocular herpesvirus infection (i.e., on day 2 postinfection), IFN-γ-producing PLZFloRORγtlo iNKT1 cells were the predominant iNKT cell subset in infected corneas of asymptomatic B6 mice (with little to no corneal herpetic disease), compared to corneas of symptomatic mice (with severe corneal herpetic disease). Moreover, compared to asymptomatic corneas of wild-type (WT) B6 mice, the symptomatic corneas of CD1d KO mice, which lack iNKT cells, showed (i) decreases in the levels of IFN-γ and IL-12, (ii) an increase in the level of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6; and (iii) downregulation of the JAK1, STAT1, NF-κB, and ERK1/2 pathways. The findings suggest that early during ocular herpesvirus infection, cornea-resident IFN-γ-producing PLZFloRORγtlo iNKT1 cells provide protection from symptomatic ocular herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pierre-Gregoire A Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Angela M Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Salazar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cassandra Amezquita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Ye
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Vivianna Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
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18
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Srivastava R, Coulon PGA, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Roy S, Nguyen AM, Alomari NI, Mai UT, Amezquita C, Ye C, Maillère B, BenMohamed L. Human Epitopes Identified from Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein VP11/12 (UL46) Recall Multifunctional Effector Memory CD4 + T EM Cells in Asymptomatic Individuals and Protect from Ocular Herpes Infection and Disease in "Humanized" HLA-DR Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:e01991-19. [PMID: 31915285 PMCID: PMC7081904 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01991-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While the role of CD8+ T cells in the control of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection and disease is gaining wider acceptance, a direct involvement of effector CD4+ T cells in this protection and the phenotype and function of HSV-specific human CD4+ T cell epitopes remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we report that several epitopes from the HSV-1 virion tegument protein (VP11/12) encoded by UL46 are targeted by CD4+ T cells from HSV-seropositive asymptomatic individuals (who, despite being infected, never develop any recurrent herpetic disease). Among these, we identified two immunodominant effector memory CD4+ TEM cell epitopes, amino acids (aa) 129 to 143 of VP11/12 (VP11/12129-143) and VP11/12483-497, using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches based on the following: (i) a combination of the TEPITOPE algorithm and PepScan library scanning of the entire 718 aa of HSV-1 VP11/12 sequence; (ii) an in silico peptide-protein docking analysis and in vitro binding assay that identify epitopes with high affinity to soluble HLA-DRB1 molecules; and (iii) an ELISpot assay and intracellular detection of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), CD107a/b degranulation, and CD4+ T cell carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) proliferation assays. We demonstrated that native VP11/12129-143 and VP11/12483-497 epitopes presented by HSV-1-infected HLA-DR-positive target cells were recognized mainly by effector memory CD4+ TEM cells while being less targeted by FOXP3+ CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, immunization of HLA-DR transgenic mice with a mixture of the two immunodominant human VP11/12 CD4+ TEM cell epitopes, but not with cryptic epitopes, induced HSV-specific polyfunctional IFN-γ-producing CD107ab+ CD4+ T cells associated with protective immunity against ocular herpes infection and disease.IMPORTANCE We report that naturally protected HSV-1-seropositive asymptomatic individuals develop a higher frequency of antiviral effector memory CD4+ TEM cells specific to two immunodominant epitopes derived from the HSV-1 tegument protein VP11/12. Immunization of HLA-DR transgenic mice with a mixture of these two immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitopes induced a robust antiviral CD4+ T cell response in the cornea that was associated with protective immunity against ocular herpes. The emerging concept of developing an asymptomatic herpes vaccine that would boost effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ TEM cell responses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pierre-Gregoire A Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Angela M Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nuha I Alomari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Uyen T Mai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cassendra Amezquita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Ye
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
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19
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van Velthoven MH, Lam C, de Cock C, Stenfors T, Chaudhury H, Meinert E. Development of an Innovative Real-World Evidence Registry for the Herpes Simplex Virus: Case Study. JMIR DERMATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2196/16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Infection with the herpes simplex virus (HSV) is common but not well understood. Furthermore, there remains a social stigma surrounding HSV that can have psychosocial implications for those infected. Despite many patients infected with HSV experiencing mild-to-severe physical symptoms, only one subeffective treatment is available. A registry collecting real-world data reported by individuals potentially infected with HSV could help patients to better understand and manage their condition.
Objective
This study aimed to report on the development of a registry to collect real-world data reported by people who might be infected with HSV.
Methods
A case study design was selected as it provides a systematic and in-depth approach to investigating the planning phase of the registry. The case study followed seven stages: plan, design, prepare, collect, analyze, create, and share. We carried out semistructured interviews with experts, which were thematically analyzed and used to build use cases for the proposed registry. These use cases will be used to generate detailed models of how a real-world evidence registry might be perceived and used by different users.
Results
The following key themes were identified in the interviews: (1) stigma and anonymity, (2) selection bias, (3) understanding treatment and outcome gaps, (4) lifestyle factors, (5) individualized versus population-level data, and (6) severe complications of HSV. We developed use cases for different types of users of the registry, including individuals with HSV, members of the public, researchers, and clinicians.
Conclusions
This case study revealed key considerations and insights for the development of an appropriate registry to collect real-world data reported by people who might be infected with HSV. Further development and testing of the registry with different users is required. The registry must also be evaluated for the feasibility and effectiveness of collecting data to support symptom management. This registry has the potential to contribute to the development of vaccines and treatments and provide insights into the impact of HSV on other conditions.
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Marshak JO, Dong L, Koelle DM. The Murine Intravaginal HSV-2 Challenge Model for Investigation of DNA Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:429-454. [PMID: 31617196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been licensed in veterinary medicine and have promise for humans. This format is relatively immunogenic in mice and guinea pigs, the two principle HSV-2 animal models, permitting rapid assessment of vectors, antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Limitations include the relatively poor immunogenicity of naked DNA in humans and the profound differences in HSV-2 pathogenesis between host species. Herein, we detail lessons learned investigating candidate DNA vaccines in the progesterone-primed female mouse vaginal model of HSV-2 infection as a guide to investigators in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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21
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Zhao Y, Yang Q, Jin C, Feng Y, Xie S, Xie H, Qi Y, Qiu H, Chen H, Tao A, Mu J, Qin W, Huang J. Changes of CD103-expressing pulmonary CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in S. japonicum infected C57BL/6 mice. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:999. [PMID: 31775660 PMCID: PMC6880605 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that CD103 is an important marker for tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) which plays an important role in anti-infection. However, the role of CD103+ TRM was not elucidated in the progress of S. japonicum infection induced disease. METHODS 6-8 weeks old C57BL/6 mice were infected by S. japonicum. Mice were sacrificed and the lungs were removed 5-6 weeks after infection. Immunofluorescent staining and Q-PCR were performed to identify the expression of CD103 molecule. Single cellular populations were made, percentages of CD103 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were dynamical observed by flow cytometry (FCM). Moreover, the expression of memory T cells related molecules CD69 and CD62L, T cell function associated molecules CD107a, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-9, and IL-10 were compared between CD103+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by FCM. RESULTS CD103+ cells were emerged in the lung of both naive and S. japonicum infected mice. Both the percentage and the absolute numbers of pulmonary CD4+ and CD8+ cells were increased after S. japonicum infection (P < 0.05). The percentage of CD103+ cells in CD8+ T cells decreased significantly at the early stage of S. japonicum infection (P < 0.05). Increased CD69, decreased CD62L and CD107a expressions were detected on both CD4+ and CD8+ CD103+ T cells in the lungs of infected mice (P < 0.05). Compared to CD8+ CD103+ T cells, CD4+ CD103+ T cells from infected mice expressed higher level of CD69 and lower level CD62L molecules (P < 0.05). Moreover, higher percentage of IL-4+, IL-9+ and IL-10+ cells on CD4+ CD103+ pulmonary T cells was found in infected mice (P < 0.05). Significantly increased IL-4 and IL-9, and decreased IFN-γ expressing cells were detected in CD8+CD103+ cells of infected mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CD103-expressing pulmonary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play important roles in mediating S. japonicum infection induced granulomatous inflammation in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Quan Yang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shihao Xie
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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Blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 Immune Checkpoints Combined with Vaccination Restores the Function of Antiviral Tissue-Resident CD8 + T RM Cells and Reduces Ocular Herpes Simplex Infection and Disease in HLA Transgenic Rabbits. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00827-19. [PMID: 31217250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00827-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) evade the hosts' immune system by inducing the exhaustion of antiviral T cells. In the present study, we found that exhausted HSV-specific CD8+ T cells, with elevated expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) receptors were frequent in symptomatic patients, with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent corneal herpetic disease, compared to asymptomatic patients who never had corneal herpetic disease. Subsequently, using a rabbit model of recurrent ocular herpes, we found that the combined blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 pathways with antagonist antibodies significantly restored the function of tissue-resident antiviral CD8+ TRM cells in both the cornea and the trigeminal ganglia (TG). An increased number of functional tissue-resident HSV-specific CD8+ TRM cells in latently infected rabbits was associated with protection against recurrent herpes infection and disease. Compared to the PD-1 or LAG-3 blockade alone, the combined blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 appeared to have a synergistic effect in generating frequent polyfunctional Ki-67+, IFN-γ+, CD107+, and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, using the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic rabbit model, we found that dual blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 reinforced the effect of a multiepitope vaccine in boosting the frequency of HSV-1-specific CD8+ TRM cells and reducing disease severity. Thus, both the PD-1 and the LAG-3 exhaustion pathways play a fundamental role in ocular herpes T cell immunopathology and provide important immune checkpoint targets to combat ocular herpes.IMPORTANCE HSV-specific tissue-resident memory CD8+ TRM cells play a critical role in preventing virus reactivation from latently infected TG and subsequent virus shedding in tears that trigger the recurrent corneal herpetic disease. In this report, we determined how the dual blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 immune checkpoints, combined with vaccination, improved the function of CD8+ TRM cells associated with a significant reduction in recurrent ocular herpes in HLA transgenic (Tg) rabbit model. The combined blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 appeared to have a synergistic effect in generating frequent polyfunctional CD8+ TRM cells that infiltrated both the cornea and the TG. The preclinical findings using the established HLA Tg rabbit model of recurrent herpes highlight that blocking immune checkpoints combined with a T cell-based vaccine would provide an important strategy to combat recurrent ocular herpes in the clinic.
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