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Ashida S, Kawada C, Tanaka H, Kurabayashi A, Yagyu KI, Sakamoto S, Maejima K, Miyano S, Daibata M, Nakagawa H, Inoue K. Cutibacterium acnes invades prostate epithelial cells to induce BRCAness as a possible pathogen of prostate cancer. Prostate 2024; 84:1056-1066. [PMID: 38721925 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abundant evidence suggests that chronic inflammation is linked to prostate cancer and that infection is a possible cause of prostate cancer. METHODS To identify microbiota or pathogens associated with prostate cancer, we investigated the transcriptomes of 20 human prostate cancer tissues. We performed de novo assembly of nonhuman sequences from RNA-seq data. RESULTS We identified four bacteria as candidate microbiota in the prostate, including Moraxella osloensis, Uncultured chroococcidiopsis, Cutibacterium acnes, and Micrococcus luteus. Among these, C. acnes was detected in 19 of 20 prostate cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. We then analyzed the gene expression profiles of prostate epithelial cells infected in vitro with C. acnes and found significant changes in homologous recombination (HR) and the Fanconi anemia pathway. Notably, electron microscopy demonstrated that C. acnes invaded prostate epithelial cells and localized in perinuclear vesicles, whereas analysis of γH2AX foci and HR assays demonstrated impaired HR repair. In particular, BRCA2 was significantly downregulated in C. acnes-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that C. acnes infection in the prostate could lead to HR deficiency (BRCAness) which promotes DNA double-strand breaks, thereby increasing the risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ashida
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kawada
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tanaka
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ken-Ichi Yagyu
- Division of Biological Research, Science Research Center, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Shuji Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Science Research Center, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maejima
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
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Bouezzedine F, El Baba R, Haidar Ahmad S, Herbein G. Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells Generated from Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Prostate Epithelial Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4994. [PMID: 37894361 PMCID: PMC10604969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Chromosomal instability (CIN) and polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) have been considered predominant hallmarks of cancer. Recent clinical studies have proven the association of CIN, aneuploidy, and PGCCs with poor prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa). Evidence of HCMV transforming potential might indicate that HCMV may be involved in PCa. METHODS Herein, we underline the role of the high-risk HCMV-DB and -BL clinical strains in transforming prostate epithelial cells and assess the molecular and cellular oncogenic processes associated with PCa. RESULTS Oncogenesis parallels a sustained growth of "CMV-Transformed Prostate epithelial cells" or CTP cells that highly express Myc and EZH2, forming soft agar colonies and displaying stemness as well as mesenchymal features, hence promoting EMT as well as PGCCs and a spheroid appearance. CONCLUSIONS HCMV-induced Myc and EZH2 upregulation coupled with stemness and EMT traits in IE1-expressing CTP might highlight the potential role of HCMV in PCa development and encourage the use of anti-EZH2 and anti-HCMV in PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidaa Bouezzedine
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (F.B.); (R.E.B.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Ranim El Baba
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (F.B.); (R.E.B.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Sandy Haidar Ahmad
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (F.B.); (R.E.B.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Georges Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (F.B.); (R.E.B.); (S.H.A.)
- Department of Virology, CHU Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
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Tavassoli N, Vojdani A, Salimi-Namin S, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Kalantari M, Youssefi M. Human BKV large T genome detection in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue samples by nested PCR: A case-control study. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 12:149-154. [PMID: 37886738 PMCID: PMC10599593 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2023.47537.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a latent infectious agent in the genitourinary tract associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy. This virus can be a risk factor for various human malignancies, including prostate cancer (PCa). It may contribute to prostate cancer development, as it demonstrates oncogenic properties by encoding oncoproteins. This study assessed the prevalence of this virus in benign and malignant prostate tissues. Between 2009 and 2019, 49 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PCa and 49 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples were gathered from the pathology department of a tertiary care university hospital. They were used as cases and controls, respectively. After deparaffinization and DNA extraction, nested PCR was applied to identify the BKPyVgp5 gene (LTAg) using inner and outer primers. The nested PCR showed a 278-bp bond corresponding to the BKPyVgp5 genome (LTAg) in 53.1% (26/49) of PCa and 14.3% (7/49) of BPH (p<0.001). The presence of BKV was significantly associated with an increased risk of PCa development (OR=6.78, 95% CI=2.55-18.02, p<0.001). The BKV LTAg gene was significantly more prevalent in PCa samples than in BPH samples. These results demonstrate the presence of the virus in prostate cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Tavassoli
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Contributed equally as first authors
| | - Arastoo Vojdani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Contributed equally as first authors
| | - Sara Salimi-Namin
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khadem-Rezaiyan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Kalantari
- Department of Pathology, Mashhad Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Sarkar P, Malik S, Banerjee A, Datta C, Pal DK, Ghosh A, Saha A. Differential Microbial Signature Associated With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:894777. [PMID: 35865814 PMCID: PMC9294280 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.894777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from other risk factors, chronic inflammation is also associated with the onset of Prostate Cancer (PCa), wherein pathogen infection and tissue microbiome dysbiosis are known to play a major role in both inflammatory response and cancer development. However, except for a few studies, the link between microbes and PCa remained poorly understood. To explore the potential microbiome signature associated with PCa in Indian patients, we investigated differential compositions of commensal bacteria among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and PCa using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing followed by qPCR analyses using two distinct primer sets. Using two independent cohorts, we show that Prevotella copri, Cupriavidus campinensis, and Propionibacterium acnes represent the three most abundant bacteria in diseased prostate lesions. LEfSe analyses identified that while Cupriavidus taiwanensis and Methylobacterium organophilum are distinctly elevated in PCa samples, Kocuria palustris and Cellvibrio mixtus are significantly enriched in BPH samples. Furthermore, we identify that a number of human tumor viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), along with two high-risk human papillomaviruses - HPV-16 and HPV-18, are significantly associated with the PCa development and strongly correlated with PCa bacterial signature. The study may thus offer to develop a framework for exploiting this microbial signature for early diagnosis and prognosis of PCa development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purandar Sarkar
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, New Town, Kolkata, India
| | - Samaresh Malik
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, New Town, Kolkata, India
| | - Anwesha Banerjee
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Chhanda Datta
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Pal
- Department of Urology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhik Saha
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, New Town, Kolkata, India
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5
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Lawson JS, Glenn WK. Multiple pathogens and prostate cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:23. [PMID: 35637508 PMCID: PMC9150368 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this review is to consider whether multiple pathogens have roles in prostate cancer. METHODS We have reviewed case control studies in which infectious pathogens in prostate cancer were compared to normal and benign prostate tissues. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles. RESULTS We confirmed that high risk human papilloma viruses are a probable cause of prostate cancer. We judged Escherichia coli, Cutibacterium acnes, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Herpes simplex, Epstein Barr virus and Mycoplasmas as each having possible but unproven roles in chronic prostatic inflammation and prostate cancer. We judged Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and the Polyoma viruses as possible but unlikely to have a role in prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS AND ACTIONS The most influential cause of prostate cancer appears to be infection induced chronic inflammation. Given the high prevalence of prostate cancer it is important for action to can be taken without waiting for additional conclusive evidence. These include: 1. Encouragement of all boys (as well as girls) to have HPV vaccines 2. The vigorous use of antibiotics to treat all bacterial pathogens identified in the urogenital tract 3. The use of antiviral medications to control herpes infections 4. Education about safe sexual practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Wendy K. Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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Javier-DesLoges J, McKay RR, Swafford AD, Sepich-Poore GD, Knight R, Parsons JK. The microbiome and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:159-164. [PMID: 34267333 PMCID: PMC8767983 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the microbiome is involved in development and treatment of many human diseases, including prostate cancer. There are several potential pathways for microbiome-based mechanisms for the development of prostate cancer: direct impacts of microbes or microbial products in the prostate or the urine, and indirect impacts from microbes or microbial products in the gastrointestinal tract. Unique microbial signatures have been identified within the stool, oral cavity, tissue, urine, and blood of prostate cancer patients, but studies vary in their findings. Recent studies describe potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the microbiome, but further clinical investigation is needed. In this review, we explore the existing literature on the discovery of the human microbiome and its relationship to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana R McKay
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rob Knight
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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7
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Che B, Zhang W, Xu S, Yin J, He J, Huang T, Li W, Yu Y, Tang K. Prostate Microbiota and Prostate Cancer: A New Trend in Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:805459. [PMID: 34956913 PMCID: PMC8702560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.805459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have gradually begun to decline in the past few years, it is still one of the leading causes of death from malignant tumors in the world. The occurrence and development of prostate cancer are affected by race, family history, microenvironment, and other factors. In recent decades, more and more studies have confirmed that prostate microflora in the tumor microenvironment may play an important role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of prostate cancer. Microorganisms or their metabolites may affect the occurrence and metastasis of cancer cells or regulate anti-cancer immune surveillance. In addition, the use of tumor microenvironment bacteria in interventional targeting therapy of tumors also shows a unique advantage. In this review, we introduce the pathway of microbiota into prostate cancer, focusing on the mechanism of microorganisms in tumorigenesis and development, as well as the prospect and significance of microorganisms as tumor biomarkers and tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangwei Che
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shenghan Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingju Yin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaifa Tang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Medical Science of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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8
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Tissue Pathogens and Cancers: A Review of Commonly Seen Manifestations in Histo- and Cytopathology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111410. [PMID: 34832566 PMCID: PMC8624235 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue pathogens are commonly encountered in histopathology and cytology practice, where they can present as either benign mimickers of malignancy or true malignancies. The aim of this review is to provide a timely synthesis of our understanding of these tissue pathogens, with an emphasis on pertinent diagnostic conundrums associated with the benign mimickers of malignancy that can be seen with viral infections and those which manifest as granulomas. The oncogenic pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are then discussed with relationship to their associated malignancies. Although not exhaustive, the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and histological findings are included, along with a short review of emerging therapies.
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9
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Piwowarski JP, Stanisławska I, Granica S. Dietary polyphenol and microbiota interactions in the context of prostate health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1508:54-77. [PMID: 34636052 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent data strongly indicate a relationship between prostate health and gut microbiota, in which composition and physiological function strictly depend on dietary patterns. The bidirectional interplay of foods containing polyphenols, such as ellagitannins, condensed tannins, lignans, isoflavones, and prenylated flavonoids with human gut microbiota, has been proven to contribute to their impact on prostate health. Considering the attributed role of dietary polyphenols in the prevention of prostate diseases, this paper aims to critically review the studies concerning the influence of polyphenols' postbiotic metabolites on processes associated with the pathophysiology of prostate diseases. Clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies on polyphenols have been juxtaposed with the current knowledge regarding their pharmacokinetics, microbial metabolism, and potential interactions with microbiota harboring different niches of the human organism. Directions of future research on dietary polyphenols regarding their interaction with microbiota and prostate health have been indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub P Piwowarski
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Stanisławska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Prevalence of Human Polyomavirus BK Virus in Prostate Cancer Patients and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Cross-sectional Study on Prostate Patients Referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz Between 2015 and 2017. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) belongs to the Polyomaviridae family and seems to be a drastic virus in prostate cancer (PCa) etiology. BK virus induces oncogenesis via the expression of large tumor antigen (LTAg) and small tumor antigen (stAg). Also, BKV infection seems to play an essential role in prostate cancer development. Objectives: In this study was aimed to study the prevalence of BKV in benign and cancerous prostate tissues. Methods: In this study, 100 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of PCa specimens and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were collected. The DNA was extracted from tissue samples, and the BKV DNA was investigated using a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The MEGA 6.0 software was used for phylogenetic analysis to assemble the viral genome. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by neighbor-joining analysis with 1,000 replicates of the bootstrap resampling test. Results: The BKV DNA was found in 66% (33/50) of patients with PCa and 36% (18/50) of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (P = 0.003). The frequency of BKV DNA in different classes of Gleason score (5 - 10) was not significant (0.094). The distribution of BKV DNA among different age groups was not significant (P = 0.086). Conclusions: High frequency of BKV infection was detected in patients with PCa compared to patients with BPH (P = 0.003), and the coexistence of BKV DNA was confirmed in 51% (51/100) of tissue samples, which were confirmed to be subtype 1 of BKV infection.
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11
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Hemorrhagic cystitis from BK virus in a patient with AIDS. AIDS 2021; 35:999-1001. [PMID: 33821827 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Cohen-Bucay A, Ramirez-Andrade SE, Gordon CE, Francis JM, Chitalia VC. Advances in BK Virus Complications in Organ Transplantation and Beyond. Kidney Med 2020; 2:771-786. [PMID: 33319201 PMCID: PMC7729234 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of BK virus (BKV) remains a dreaded complication in immunosuppressed states. Conventionally, BKV is known as a cause for BKV-associated nephropathy and allograft dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients. However, emerging studies have shown its negative impact on native kidney function and patient survival in other transplants and its potential role in diseases such as cancer. Because BKV-associated nephropathy is driven by immunosuppression, reduction in the latter is a convenient standard of care. However, this strategy is risk prone due to the development of donor-specific antibodies affecting long-term allograft survival. Despite its pathogenic role, there is a distinct lack of effective anti-BKV therapeutics. This limitation combined with increased morbidity and health care cost of BKV-associated diseases add to the complexity of BKV management. While summarizing recent advances in the pathogenesis of BKV-associated nephropathy and its reactivation in other organ transplants, this review illustrates the limitations of current and emerging therapeutic options and provides a compelling argument for an effective targeted anti-BKV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Cohen-Bucay
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
- Nephrology Department, American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia E. Ramirez-Andrade
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jean M. Francis
- Section of Nephrology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Renal Section, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Vipul C. Chitalia
- Renal Section, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
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13
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Nakhaie M, Charostad J, Kaydani GA, Faghihloo E. The role of viruses in adenocarcinoma development. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104603. [PMID: 33091575 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading public health issue that accounts for million deaths around the world every year. Human cancers contain over 100 types, which are categorized into different groups. Adenocarcinoma is one of those categories of cancer that begins from the glans and involves various tissues such as lung, esophagus, pancreas, prostate and colorectal. A range of risk factors has been identified for the development and progression of adenocarcinomas. One of these risk factors are viruses that serves special mechanisms to affect important host cell factors and tumorigenic pathways, contributing in development and promotion of adenocarcinomas. Here, we summarized the main viruses and their mechanisms implicated in the course of various adenocarcinomas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nakhaie
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Javad Charostad
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, School of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Banerjee S, Alwine JC, Wei Z, Tian T, Shih N, Sperling C, Guzzo T, Feldman MD, Robertson ES. Microbiome signatures in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:749-764. [PMID: 30794288 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a microbiome signature for prostate cancer using an array-based metagenomic and capture-sequencing approach. A diverse microbiome signature (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) was observed in the prostate cancer samples compared with benign prostate hyperplasia controls. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified three distinct prostate cancer-specific microbiome signatures. The three signatures correlated with different grades, stages and scores of the cancer. Thus, microbiome signature analysis potentially provides clinical diagnosis and outcome predictions. The array data were validated by PCR and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Specific NGS data suggested that certain viral genomic sequences were inserted into the host somatic chromosomes of the prostate cancer samples. A randomly selected group of these was validated by direct PCR and sequencing. In addition, PCR validation of Helicobacter showed that Helicobacter cagA sequences integrated within specific chromosomes of prostate tumor cells. The viral and Helicobacter integrations are predicted to affect the expression of several cellular genes associated with oncogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Banerjee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Alwine
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Natalie Shih
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin Sperling
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Guzzo
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Krajewski W, Kamińska D, Poterek A, Małkiewicz B, Kłak J, Zdrojowy R, Janczak D. Pathogenicity of BK virus on the urinary system. Cent European J Urol 2020; 73:94-103. [PMID: 32395331 PMCID: PMC7203775 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2020.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The polyomaviruses are omnipresent in nature. The major sites of BK virus appearance are the kidney tubular epithelial cells and urinary bladder surface transitional cells. Material and methods A literature search according to PRISMA guidelines within the Medline database was conducted in July 2019 for articles presenting data about BK virus in urologic aspect without setting time limits, using the terms ‘BK virus’ in conjunction with transplantation, nephropathy, stenosis, cancer, bladder, prostate, kidney. Results The BK virus usually stays latent, however, its replication may become active in various clinical situations of impaired immunocompetence such as solid organ transplantation, bone marrow transplantation, AIDS, pregnancy, multiple sclerosis, administration of chemotherapy or biologic therapy. BK virus is associated with two main complications after transplantation: polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in kidney transplant patients and polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Conclusions The aim of this article was to present available data on urologic aspects of BK virus infection, its detection methods and available treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krajewski
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Kamińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adrian Poterek
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Małkiewicz
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Kłak
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Lower Silesian Specialistic Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Romuald Zdrojowy
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dariusz Janczak
- Department of Vascular, General and Transplantation Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Gorish BMT, Ournasseir MEH, Shammat IM. Molecular Characterization of BK Polyomavirus’ Large T Antigen Gene Sequences Detected in Prostate Cancer Tissues of Sudanese Patients. Open Virol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874357901913010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
BK virus, which is associated with Prostate Cancer (PCa), have a global seroprevalence in humans. Based on the sequences of VP1 and the Large Antigen (LTAg) genes, there are four subtypes of BKV. Each subtype has its own subgroups.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to identify the BKV subtype that circulates among Sudanese patients with PCa.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 8 samples from our previous work on BKV were studied in this investigation. The LTAg gene was partially amplified (176nt) by a homemade PCR. All the amplicons were purified and subjected to sequencing. Bioedit version 7.0 and Mega X version 6.0 were used to analyze the sequence and compare the results with the BKV sequences and build a phylogenetic tree.
Results:
All the BKV LTAg gene sequences derived from Sudanese patients were classified with Subtype-1 BKV strains from Iran and Japan. Translated protein alignment showed that some isolates had identical amino acids with Iranian and Japanese strains, whereas others had a silent mutation. Interestingly, a point mutation was identified in the sequences of isolate 5 and 8 where adenine nucleotide (A) was replaced with Cytosine (C) at position 276, resulting in amino acid substitution.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that all the BKV isolates which circulated among Sudanese prostate tumor patients belonged to subtype 1. These findings only highlighted the need for the molecular detection and subtyping of BKV strains in Sudanese patients in order to better demonstrate the relationship between BKV infection and PCa.
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17
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Starrett GJ, Buck CB. The case for BK polyomavirus as a cause of bladder cancer. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39:8-15. [PMID: 31336246 PMCID: PMC6901737 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the International Agency for Research on Cancer judged Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) to be a probable human carcinogen. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV, a distant cousin of MCPyV) was ruled a possible carcinogen. In this review, we argue that it has recently become reasonable to view both of these viruses as known human carcinogens. In particular, several complementary lines of evidence support a causal role for BKPyV in the development of bladder carcinomas affecting organ transplant patients. The expansion of inexpensive deep sequencing has opened new approaches to investigating the important question of whether BKPyV causes urinary tract cancers in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Starrett
- National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 4118, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, United States.
| | - Christopher B Buck
- National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 4118, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, United States
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18
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Gorish BMT, Ournasseir MEH, Shammat IM. A correlation study of BK Polyoma Virus infection and prostate Cancer among Sudanese patients - immunofluorescence and molecular based case-control study. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:25. [PMID: 31548852 PMCID: PMC6751814 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyomavirus hominis1, also called BK virus (BKV) is a well-known etiological agent of renal transplant nephropathy and cystitis. Recently, it got great attention from the researcher as a principal predisposing factor for different kinds of cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, this study aims to determine the correlation between BKV infection and PCa through a descriptive case-control based study. Methods A total of 55 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of patients with PCa and another 55 tissue blocks from BPH patients were obtained. In parallel, respective urine samples were collected from all the cases and controls. The existence of BKV large T antigen (LTAg) was analyzed by Direct Immunofluorescence assay. Only BKV LTAg positive specimens were further analyzed for the presence of viral DNA by using a conventional PCR then subjected to viral load quantitation by using Q-PCR. Result BKV LTAg was identified in 30% (17/55) of cases tissue specimens and only in 7% (4/55) of the controls tissue specimens with P-value 0.002 and Odd ratio 5.7. The conventional PCR detects the BKV DNA in 16 out of 17 cases specimens while only two out of four controls specimens were identified with a viral DNA. The mean of the BKV DNA load was higher significantly among cases 6733 ± 6745 copies/ml when compared to controls 509.0 ± 792.9 copies/m with a p-value of 0.002. Conclusion More BKV prevalence with high viral load was observed in PCa patients tissue compared to BPH specimens. PCa Gleason scores 9 and 7 were the most cancer grades identified with the presence of BKV DNA. Our findings are thus consistent with a significant link between the BKV infection and the PCa risk. Prostate or seminal fluids should be selected as principal specimens for future studies and can, therefore, be designated as screening samples to find early virus evidence in the prostate tissue. Detection of early virus evidence may help to reduce the risk of PCa cancer due to BKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babbiker Mohammed Taher Gorish
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | | | - Iman Mohammed Shammat
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan.,2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Teixeira AA, Marchiò S, Dias-Neto E, Nunes DN, da Silva IT, Chackerian B, Barry M, Lauer RC, Giordano RJ, Sidman RL, Wheeler CM, Cavenee WK, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Going viral? Linking the etiology of human prostate cancer to the PCA3 long noncoding RNA and oncogenic viruses. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1327-1330. [PMID: 28751581 PMCID: PMC5623838 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis is discussed that prostate cancer marker lncRNA PCA3 was introduced into the human genome by an oncogenic virus, and that viral infection‐related mechanisms might underlie its overexpression and prostate cancer initiation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre A Teixeira
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Serena Marchiò
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Torino, TO, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana N Nunes
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Israel T da Silva
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Marc Barry
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Richard C Lauer
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ricardo J Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard L Sidman
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cosette M Wheeler
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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20
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More than just oncogenes: mechanisms of tumorigenesis by human viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 32:48-59. [PMID: 30268926 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most humans are infected with at least one of the known human cancer viruses during their lifetimes. While the initial infection with these viruses does not cause major disease, infected cells can acquire cancer hallmarks, particularly upon immunosuppression or exposure to co-carcinogenic stimuli. Even though cancer formation represents a rare outcome of a viral infection, approximately one out of eight human cancers has a viral etiology. Viral cancers present unique opportunities for prophylaxis, diagnosis, and therapy, as demonstrated by the success of HBV and HPV vaccines and HCV antivirals in decreasing the incidence of tumors that are caused by these viruses. Here we review common characteristics and mechanisms of action of the human oncogenic viruses.
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21
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Levican J, Acevedo M, León O, Gaggero A, Aguayo F. Role of BK human polyomavirus in cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:12. [PMID: 29632550 PMCID: PMC5887205 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyV), which are small DNA viruses classified into the polyomaviridae family, are widely distributed in human populations. Thirteen distinct HPyVs have been described to date. Some of these viruses have been found in human tumors, suggesting an etiological relationship with cancer. In particular, convincing evidence of an oncogenic role has emerged for a specific HPyV, the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). This HPyV has been linked to rare skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). This finding may be just the tip of the iceberg, as HPyV infections are ubiquitous in humans. Many authors have conjectured that additional associations between HPyV infections and neoplastic diseases will likely be discovered. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated the carcinogenicity of the BK virus (BKPyV), reporting that BKPyV is “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” This review explores the BKPyV infection from a historical point of view, including biological aspects related to viral entry, tropism, epidemiology and mechanisms potentially involved in BKPyV-mediated human carcinogenesis. In order to clarify the role of this virus in human cancer, more epidemiological and basic research is strongly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Levican
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Acevedo
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar León
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- 2Departamento de Oncología Básico clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,3Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Gupta G, Kuppachi S, Kalil RS, Buck CB, Lynch CF, Engels EA. Treatment for presumed BK polyomavirus nephropathy and risk of urinary tract cancers among kidney transplant recipients in the United States. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:245-252. [PMID: 28980390 PMCID: PMC5739985 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent case series describe detection of BK polyomavirus (BKV) in urinary tract cancers in kidney transplant recipients, suggesting that BKV could contribute to the development of these cancers. We assessed risk for urinary tract cancers in kidney recipients with or without treatment for presumed BKV nephropathy (tBKVN) using data from the United States Transplant Cancer Match Study (2003-2013). Among 55 697 included recipients, 2015 (3.6%) were reported with tBKVN. Relative to the general population, incidence was similarly elevated (approximately 4.5-fold) for kidney cancer in recipients with or without tBKVN, and incidence was not increased in either group for prostate cancer. In contrast, for invasive bladder cancer, incidence was more strongly elevated in recipients with versus without tBKVN (standardized incidence ratios 4.5 vs. 1.7; N = 48 cases), corresponding to an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-8.2), adjusted for sex, age, transplant year, and use of polyclonal antibody induction. As a result, recipients with tBKVN had borderline increased incidence for all urothelial cancers combined (renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder cancers: adjusted IRR 2.2, 95% CI 0.9-5.4; N = 89 cases). Together with reports describing BKV detection in tumor tissues, these results support an association between BKV and urothelial carcinogenesis among kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Gupta
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
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23
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Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) causes frequent infections during childhood and establishes persistent infections within renal tubular cells and the uroepithelium, with minimal clinical implications. However, reactivation of BKV in immunocompromised individuals following renal or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may cause serious complications, including BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), ureteric stenosis, or hemorrhagic cystitis. Implementation of more potent immunosuppression and increased posttransplant surveillance has resulted in a higher incidence of BKVAN. Antiviral immunity plays a crucial role in controlling BKV replication, and our increasing knowledge about host-virus interactions has led to the development of improved diagnostic tools and clinical management strategies. Currently, there are no effective antiviral agents for BKV infection, and the mainstay of managing reactivation is reduction of immunosuppression. Development of immune-based therapies to combat BKV may provide new and exciting opportunities for the successful treatment of BKV-associated complications.
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24
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Trang VD, Rockett R, Jeoffreys N, Trung NV, Hai An HP, Kok J, Dwyer DE. BK polyomavirus: a review of the virology, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory features, and treatment. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a non-enveloped, circular dsDNA virus with a genome of approximately 5100 base pairs. It can be divided into four major genotypes, but the effects of different genotypes on clinical disease are uncertain. Primary BKPyV infection is generally acquired asymptomatically in childhood. It establishes low-level persistence in many tissues, particularly the genitourinary tract. Reactivation can lead to severe disease including BKPyV-associated nephropathy confirmed by renal biopsy, hemorrhagic cystitis and meningoencephalitis. Nucleic acid amplification testing of blood and urine is the main diagnostic and prognostic test for BKPyV infection. The treatment of BKPyV infection has concentrated on reduction in immunosuppressive therapy. Recent studies suggest that antiviral drugs have demonstrated only modest benefit, but adoptive T-cell therapies offer potential advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Dinh Trang
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78-Giai Phong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Western Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Rockett
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Neisha Jeoffreys
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Nguyen Vu Trung
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78-Giai Phong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung St, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Phan Hai An
- Department of International Cooperation, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung St, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Kidney Diseases & Dialysis Department, Viet Duc Hospital, No. 40 Trang Thi St, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jen Kok
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Western Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
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25
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Anzivino E, Zingaropoli MA, Iannetta M, Pietropaolo VA, Oliva A, Iori F, Ciardi A, Rodio DM, Antonini F, Fedele CG, D'Abramo A, Mastroianni CM, Vullo V, Ciardi MR. Archetype and Rearranged Non-coding Control Regions in Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma of Immunocompetent Individuals. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 13:499-509. [PMID: 27807073 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are potential transforming viruses. Despite their involvement in human tumours still being debated, there is evidence to suggest a role for PyVs in bladder carcinoma (BC). Therefore, a possible association between PyVs and BC was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine, blood and fresh bladder tissue specimens were collected from 29 patients with BC. PyV prevalence, non-coding control region (NCCR) organization and genotypic analysis were assessed. RESULTS Data showed a significant prevalence of John Cunningham (JC) PyV in BC tissues and in urine with respect to BKPyV, while simian virus 40 was not revealed. A BKPyV rearranged NCCR sequence was isolated, whereas a JCPyV archetypal structure was consistently retained. A prevalence of European genotypes was observed. CONCLUSION Our data would suggest a JCPyV involvement in cancer progression and a BKPyV association with BC pathogenesis in immunocompetent patients. However, further work is necessary to better understand the exact role of PyVs in urothelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anzivino
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Iannetta
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Iori
- Department of Obstretics, Gynecology and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ciardi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Maria Rodio
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonini
- Department of Obstretics, Gynecology and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Giovanni Fedele
- Diagnostic Microbiology Service National Center for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra D'Abramo
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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26
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Barth H, Solis M, Lepiller Q, Sueur C, Soulier E, Caillard S, Stoll-Keller F, Fafi-Kremer S. 45 years after the discovery of human polyomaviruses BK and JC: Time to speed up the understanding of associated diseases and treatment approaches. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:178-195. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1189873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Lepiller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Sueur
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Soulier
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Caillard
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Stoll-Keller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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27
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Barth H, Solis M, Kack-Kack W, Soulier E, Velay A, Fafi-Kremer S. In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Study of Human Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:E292. [PMID: 27782080 PMCID: PMC5086624 DOI: 10.3390/v8100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments of genome amplification techniques have rapidly expanded the family of human polyomaviruses (PyV). Following infection early in life, PyV persist in their hosts and are generally of no clinical consequence. High-level replication of PyV can occur in patients under immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy and causes severe clinical entities, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy or Merkel cell carcinoma. The characterization of known and newly-discovered human PyV, their relationship to human health, and the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the most widely-used in vitro and in vivo models to study the PyV-host interaction, pathogenesis and anti-viral drug screening. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the different models and the lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Wallys Kack-Kack
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eric Soulier
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Aurélie Velay
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Packer JR, Maitland NJ. The molecular and cellular origin of human prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1238-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Keller XE, Kardas P, Acevedo C, Sais G, Poyet C, Banzola I, Mortezavi A, Seifert B, Sulser T, Hirsch HH, Provenzano M. Antibody response to BK polyomavirus as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6459-69. [PMID: 25749042 PMCID: PMC4467449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents, including the BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), have been proposed as important inflammatory pathogens in prostate cancer. Here, we evaluated whether the preoperative antibody response to BKPyV large T antigen (LTag) and viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) was associated with the risk of biochemical recurrence in 226 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for primary prostate cancer. Essentially, the multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that preoperative seropositivity to BKPyV LTag significantly reduced the risk of biochemical recurrence, independently of established predictors of biochemical recurrence such as tumor stage, Gleason score and surgical margin status. The predictive accuracy of the regression model was denotatively increased by the inclusion of the BKPyV LTag serostatus. In contrast, the VP1 serostatus was of no prognostic value. Finally, the BKPyV LTag serostatus was associated with a peculiar cytokine gene expression profile upon assessment of the cellular immune response elicited by LTag. Taken together, our findings suggest that the BKPyV LTag serology may serve as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer. If validated in additional studies, this biomarker may allow for better treatment decisions after radical prostatectomy. Finally, the favorable outcome of LTag seropositive patients may provide a potential opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches targeting a viral antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Etienne Keller
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Kardas
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Acevedo
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Sais
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Poyet
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Banzola
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ashkan Mortezavi
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhardt Seifert
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Research Unit, Division of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Tognon M, Provenzano M. New insights on the association between the prostate cancer and the small DNA tumour virus, BK polyomavirus. J Transl Med 2015; 13:387. [PMID: 26699530 PMCID: PMC4690311 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the scientific literature in the field of the prostate carcinoma (PCa) pointed out on the genetic heterogeneity and mutations occurring in this tumour, while little attention was given to the causes of PCa onset, in particular infectiuos agents. In this brief commentary, we wish to point out recent advancements done on the role of the human polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) in the development of PCa by harnessing both humoral and cellular immune responses. Altogether, these new insights suggest that BKPyV is involved in the transforming activity during the multistep process of PCa development. Although these findings do not provide evidence for a causal relationship between BKPyV and PCa development, additional investigations with novel techniques will help to make it a concrete event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Tognon
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, 8952, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Rodríguez H, Levican J, Muñoz JP, Carrillo D, Acevedo ML, Gaggero A, León O, Gheit T, Espinoza-Navarro O, Castillo J, Gallegos I, Tommasino M, Aguayo F. Viral infections in prostate carcinomas in Chilean patients. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:27. [PMID: 26330890 PMCID: PMC4556319 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-015-0024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few viruses have been detected in prostate cancer, however their role in the development of this malignancy has not been determined. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence and functionality of human papillomavirus (HPV) and polyomaviruses (BKPyV and JCPyV) in prostate carcinomas in Chilean patients. METHODS Sixty-nine primary prostate carcinomas were analyzed for the presence of HPV, BKPyV and JCPyV using standard polymerase chain reaction protocols. In addition, when samples were positive for HPyV, large T antigen (TAg) transcripts were analyzed using reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS HPV and JCPyV were not detected in any specimens (0/69, 0 %); whereas, BKPyV was detected in 6/69 PCas (8.7 %). We did not find a statistically significant association between the presence of BKPyV and age (p = 0.198) or Gleason score (p = 0.268). In addition, 2/6 (33 %) BKPyV positive specimens showed detectable levels of TAg transcripts. CONCLUSIONS There was no association between HPV or JCPyV presence and prostate cancer development. The presence of BKPyV in a small subset of prostate carcinomas in Chilean patients could indicate that this virus plays a potential role in prostate cancer development and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Rodríguez
- />Anatomy and Development Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Levican
- />Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- />Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Carrillo
- />Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica L. Acevedo
- />Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- />Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar León
- />Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tarik Gheit
- />Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Jorge Castillo
- />Pathological Anatomy Department, Barros Luco-Trudeau Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Gallegos
- />Pathological Anatomy Service, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- />Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- />Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Keller EX, Delbue S, Tognon M, Provenzano M. Polyomavirus BK and prostate cancer: a complex interaction of potential clinical relevance. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:366-78. [PMID: 26308483 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies associating BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and prostate cancer (PCa) suggested that this virus may exert its oncogenic activity at early stages of cancer development. The BKPyV oncogene, the large T antigen (LTag), has frequently been detected in areas of proliferative inflammatory atrophy, which is considered a precursor lesion leading to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and overt PCa. In a recently updated systematic review, the presence of BKPyV was significantly higher in PCa tissues than in healthy control tissues, providing an indication for a link between BKPyV infection and cancer risk. In addition, recent original investigations highlighted an association between expression of the virus and the clinical course of PCa. For example, by studying immune responses elicited against BKPyV LTag, a significant association between LTag positive cancer lesions and a peculiar regulatory profiling has been observed in PCa patients with evidence of disease recurrence after surgical radical prostatectomy. Lastly, a study carried out in a larger cohort of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy revealed the IgG response against LTag as an independent predictor of disease recurrence. Although a full picture of the mechanisms potentially responsible for the involvement of BKPyV in PCa is not available yet, continuing work on this topic should help to refine the potential role of BKPyV in PCa patients, perhaps revealing unsuspected associations with the clinical course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Xavier Keller
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Burger-Calderon R, Webster-Cyriaque J. Human BK Polyomavirus-The Potential for Head and Neck Malignancy and Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1244-70. [PMID: 26184314 PMCID: PMC4586768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the human Polyomaviridae family are ubiquitous and pathogenic among immune-compromised individuals. While only Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has conclusively been linked to human cancer, all members of the polyomavirus (PyV) family encode the oncoprotein T antigen and may be potentially carcinogenic. Studies focusing on PyV pathogenesis in humans have become more abundant as the number of PyV family members and the list of associated diseases has expanded. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) in particular has emerged as a new opportunistic pathogen among HIV positive individuals, carrying harmful implications. Increasing evidence links BKPyV to HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIVSGD). HIVSGD is associated with elevated risk of lymphoma formation and its prevalence has increased among HIV/AIDS patients. Determining the relationship between BKPyV, disease and tumorigenesis among immunosuppressed individuals is necessary and will allow for expanding effective anti-viral treatment and prevention options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Burger-Calderon
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jennifer Webster-Cyriaque
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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34
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Chen Y, Wei J. Identification of Pathogen Signatures in Prostate Cancer Using RNA-seq. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128955. [PMID: 26053031 PMCID: PMC4460021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of the prostate by bacteria, human papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related gammaretroviruses, human cytomegaloviruses and other members of the herpesvirus family have been widely researched. However, many studies have yielded conflicting and controversial results. In this study, we systematically investigated the transcriptomes of human prostate samples for the unique genomic signatures of these pathogens using RNA-seq data from both western and Chinese patients. Human and nonhuman RNA-seq reads were mapped onto human and pathogen reference genomes respectively using alignment tools Bowtie and BLAT. Pathogen infections and integrations were analyzed in adherence with the standards from published studies. Among the nine pathogens (Propionibacterium acnes, HPV, HCMV, XMRV, BKV, JCV, SV40, EBV, and HBV) we analyzed, Propionibacterium acnes genes were detected in all prostate tumor samples and all adjacent samples, but not in prostate samples from healthy individuals. SV40, HCMV, EBV and low-risk HPVs transcripts were detected in one tumor sample and two adjacent samples from Chinese prostate cancer patients, but not in any samples of western prostate cancer patients; XMRV, BKV and JCV sequences were not identified in our work; HBV, as a negative control, was absent from any samples. Moreover, no pathogen integration was identified in our study. While further validation is required, our analysis provides evidence of Propionibacterium acnes infections in human prostate tumors. Noted differences in viral infections across ethnicity remain to be confirmed with other large prostate cancer data sets. The effects of bacterial and viral infections and their contributions to prostate cancer pathogenesis will require continuous research on associated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Chen
- AstraZeneca, R&D Information, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Wei
- AstraZeneca, R&D Information, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
- * E-mail:
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35
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Rockett R, Barraclough KA, Isbel NM, Dudley KJ, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Bialasiewicz S. Specific rolling circle amplification of low-copy human polyomaviruses BKV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, and STLPyV. J Virol Methods 2015; 215-216:17-21. [PMID: 25698464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eleven new human polyomaviruses have been recently discovered, yet for most of these viruses, little is known of their biology and clinical impact. Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an ideal method for the amplification of the circular polyomavirus genome due to its high fidelity amplification of circular DNA. In this study, a modified RCA method was developed to selectively amplify a range of polyomavirus genomes. Initial evaluation showed a multiplexed temperature-graded reaction profile gave the best yield and sensitivity in amplifying BK polyomavirus in a background of human DNA, with up to 1 × 10(8)-fold increases in viral genomes from as little as 10 genome copies per reaction. Furthermore, the method proved to be more sensitive and provided a 200-fold greater yield than that of random hexamers based standard RCA. Application of the method to other novel human polyomaviruses showed successful amplification of TSPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and STLPyV from low-viral load positive clinical samples, with viral genome enrichment ranging from 1 × 10(8) up to 1 × 10(10). This directed RCA method can be applied to selectively amplify other low-copy polyomaviral genomes from a background of competing non-specific DNA, and is a useful tool in further research into the rapidly expanding Polyomaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rockett
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Nicole M Isbel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin J Dudley
- Institute for Future Environments, Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael D Nissen
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Theo P Sloots
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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36
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Weng PH, Huang YL, Page JH, Chen JH, Xu J, Koutros S, Berndt S, Chanock S, Yeager M, Witte JS, Eeles RA, Easton DF, Neal DE, Donovan J, Hamdy FC, Muir KR, Giles G, Severi G, Smith JR, Balistreri CR, Shui IM, Chen YC. Polymorphisms of an innate immune gene, toll-like receptor 4, and aggressive prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110569. [PMID: 25360682 PMCID: PMC4215920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the best known TLR members expressed on the surface of several leukocytes and tissue cells and has a key function in detecting pathogen and danger-associated molecular patterns. The role of TLR4 in the pathophysiology of several age-related diseases is also well recognized, such as prostate cancer (PCa). TLR4 polymorphisms have been related to PCa risk, but the relationship between TLR4 genotypes and aggressive PCa risk has not been evaluated by any systematic reviews. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of candidate-gene and genome-wide association studies analyzing this relationship and included only white population. Considering appropriate criteria, only nine studies were analyzed in the meta-analysis, including 3,937 aggressive PCa and 7,382 controls. RESULTS Using random effects model, no significant association was found in the ten TLR4 SNPs reported by at least four included studies under any inheritance model (rs2737191, rs1927914, rs10759932, rs1927911, rs11536879, rs2149356, rs4986790, rs11536889, rs7873784, and rs1554973). Pooled estimates from another ten TLR4 SNPs reported by three studies also showed no significant association (rs10759930, rs10116253, rs11536869, rs5030717, rs4986791, rs11536897, rs1927906, rs913930, rs1927905, and rs7045953). Meta-regression revealed that study type was not a significant source of between-study heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the risk of aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Weng
- Department of Family Medicine, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Huang
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John H. Page
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sonja Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Center of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Departments of Public Health and Primary Care and Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), Departments of Oncology and Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Donovan
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth R. Muir
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carmela R. Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Irene M. Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Delbue S, Ferrante P, Provenzano M. Polyomavirus BK and prostate cancer: an unworthy scientific effort? Oncoscience 2014; 1:296-303. [PMID: 25594022 PMCID: PMC4278296 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Polyomavirus BK (BKV) has been proposed to be one of the possible co-factors in the genesis of prostate cancer (PCa) but, so far, the only convincing suggestion is the hypothesis of a “hit and run” carcinogenic mechanism induced by the virus at early stages of this disease. To support this hypothesis we conducted an updated systematic review on previous studies regarding the association between BKV and PCa, in order to interpret the contrasting results and to explore whether there might be a significant virus-disease link. This updated analysis provides evidence for a significant link between BKV expression and PCa development, particularly between the BKV infection and the cancer risk. Forthcoming scientific efforts that take cue from this study might overcome the atavistic and fruitless debate regarding the BKV-PCa association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Unit, Division of Urology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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38
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Geetha D, Levine SM, Manno RL, Valsamakis A, Ghazarian S, Seo P. BK virus replication in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Am J Nephrol 2013; 39:20-6. [PMID: 24401699 DOI: 10.1159/000357409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK virus (BKV) is an important cause of renal dysfunction in kidney transplant (KTX) recipients. Immunosuppression intensity is a major risk factor for BKV replication in these patients. The prevalence of BKV replication in immunosuppressed patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) without transplant is not known. METHODS Consecutive patients (n = 37) with a diagnosis of GPA (n = 25) or MPA (n = 12) without history of KTX were evaluated for plasma BKV replication by quantitative PCR (group A). Descriptive data were collected. BKV replication in this nontransplant immunosuppressed vasculitis cohort was compared with a historical cohort of vasculitis KTX recipients (group B). RESULTS Group A patients had mean disease duration of 75 months. Mean age was 57 years and 54% were female. Mean time from vasculitis onset to BKV testing was 36 months, and 19/37 patients were tested within 24 months of induction therapy. At the time of BKV testing, 73% were on prednisone (P) with azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), methotrexate or leflunomide. None of the nontransplanted vasculitis patients had detectable plasma BKV. Among 35 patients in group B, 16 were tested for BKV; 5/16 (31%) had detectable virus in plasma at a mean of 6 months after TX (p = 0.002). Most (94%) were on maintenance therapy with MMF, P and tacrolimus. CONCLUSION Immunosuppressed patients with GPA/MPA without KTX had no evidence of plasma BKV. However, BKV was common in GPA/MPA patients after KTX, suggesting that replication may be related to differences in immunosuppression, alloimmune activation or differences in host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Geetha
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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Polyoma BK Virus: An Oncogenic Virus? Case Rep Nephrol 2013; 2013:858139. [PMID: 24558631 PMCID: PMC3914159 DOI: 10.1155/2013/858139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 65-year-old gentleman with a history of end stage renal disease who underwent a successful cadaveric donor kidney transplant four years ago. He subsequently developed BK virus nephropathy related to chronic immunosuppressant therapy. Three years later, misfortune struck again, and he developed adenocarcinoma of the bladder.
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Delbue S, Matei DV, Carloni C, Pecchenini V, Carluccio S, Villani S, Tringali V, Brescia A, Ferrante P. Evidence supporting the association of polyomavirus BK genome with prostate cancer. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 202:425-30. [PMID: 23821367 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most frequent cancer in men. Exposure to infectious agents has been reported to have a putative role in tumorigenesis. Among the infectious agents, convincing evidence has been accumulated about the human polyomavirus BK (BKV). Tissue fresh specimens, serum, and urine samples were collected from 124 consecutive patients, 56 with PCA and 68 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Quantitative PCR assays were used to assess the presence of BKV and JC virus (JCV) genomes. BKV-positive tissue specimens were found in 32.1 and 22.1 % of PCA and BPH patients, respectively; in PCA group the number of positive BKV specimens/patients was significantly higher than in BPH group (3.06 vs. 1.73, p = 0.02). JCV genome was found in the biopsies collected from 28.1 and 24.2 % of PCA and BPH patients, respectively, with no significant difference in the rate of JCV specimens/patients between PCA and BPH groups. Our results support the putative causal association between BKV genome and PCA. Further studies are required to demonstrate the direct pathogenetic role of BKV in the PCA occurrence and progression in order to clear the tempting way of vaccine prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36, 20123, Milan, Italy,
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Zhong S, Suzuki M, Peng X, Shen ZJ, Wang XJ, Xu TY, Li T, Yogo Y, Homma Y. BK polyomavirus from patients with tissue-derived prostate adenocarcinoma. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To explore the potential role of BK polyomavirus (BKV) in prostate tumorigenesis. Materials & methods: A total of 82 patients (no immunosuppression history) were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 32 patients receiving radical prostatectomy due to prostate adenocarcinoma. Group 2 consisted of 50 patients receiving transurethral resection of prostate or incision of prostate (TUIP) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate tissue specimens of group 1 were obtained from two regions of the prostate: one was from the peripheral section of the prostate or proximal to the region where adenocarcinoma was confirmed by the preoperative needle biopsies (mark A region), the other was from the central section of the prostate or distal from the region where adenocarcinoma was confirmed by the needle biopsies (mark B region). If BKV alone was detected in either of the two regions, that case was regarded as BKV-positive prostate cancer. Those of group 2 were obtained from transrectal prostate biopsy before transurethral resection of prostate or transurethral incision of the prostate. Total DNA was extracted from each of the tissues and subjected to single or nested PCR using the β-globin system to detect targeted sequences within: the LTag gene; the VP1 gene and the transcriptional control region (TCR). Results: In group 1, BKV DNA sequences were detected in six cases (18.8%, 6/32), which were all in the A regions. Among the six cases, there were four cases with all of LTag, VP1 and TCR amplified, one case with LTag and TCR amplified, and one case with only the LTag amplified. In group 2, there was only one case (2.0%, 1/50) in which BKV DNA sequences were detected, and the only amplified fragment was VP1. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.008). Conclusion: BKV is often detected in the prostate cancer tissue and may be associated with progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Systems Biology & Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Healthy Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Zhou-Jun Shen
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xian-Jin Wang
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yoshiaki Yogo
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Erturhan SM, Bayrak O, Pehlivan S, Ozgul H, Seckiner I, Sever T, Karakök M. Can mycoplasma contribute to formation of prostate cancer? Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 45:33-8. [PMID: 23001641 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-012-0299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To reveal the possible role of mycoplasmas in the etiopathogenesis of prostate cancer. METHODS In the study, prostate biopsy was performed on 62 patients with an abnormal digital rectal examination and/or elevated PSA. The patients' age was between 62 and 77 (mean 65.4 years) years. Thirty-one patients had adenocarcinoma of the prostate histopathologically (group 1). From these patients, the specimens were divided into two subgroups as specimens with malignant findings (group 1A) and specimens with benign findings (group 1B). The control group consisted of 31 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (group 2). In the specimens, the presence of mycoplasma DNA was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS The mycoplasma DNA was found to be positive in 11 (35.4 %) patients in group 1A and in 4 (12.9 %) patients in group 1B. There was no mycoplasma DNA in the patients in group 2. The differences between group 1A and group 1B, and between group 1A and group 2 were statistically significant (p values, respectively, 0.006 and 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our data supported the thesis that mycoplasma infections play a role in the etiopathogenesis of the prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakip M Erturhan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
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Abstract
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the only accepted precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma, according to numerous studies of animal models and man; other proposed precursors include atrophy and malignancy-associated changes (with no morphologic changes). PIN is characterized by progressive abnormalities of phenotype and genotype that are intermediate between benign prostatic epithelium and cancer, indicating impairment of cell differentiation and regulatory control with advancing stages of prostatic carcinogenesis. The only method of detection of PIN is biopsy because it does not significantly elevate serum prostate-specific antigen concentration and cannot be detected by ultrasonography. The mean incidence of PIN in biopsies is 9% (range, 4%-16%), representing about 115,000 new cases of isolated PIN diagnosed each year in the United States. The clinical importance of PIN is its high predictive value as a marker for adenocarcinoma, and its identification warrants repeat biopsy for concurrent or subsequent carcinoma, especially when multifocal or observed in association with atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). Carcinoma develops in most patients with PIN within 10 years. Androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy decrease the prevalence and extent of PIN, suggesting that these forms of treatment may play a role in prevention of subsequent cancer. Multiple clinical trials to date of men with PIN have had modest success in delaying or preventing subsequent cancer.
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Comar M, Zanotta N, Croci E, Murru I, Marci R, Pancaldi C, Dolcet O, Luppi S, Martinelli M, Giolo E, Ricci G, Tognon M. Association between the JC polyomavirus infection and male infertility. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42880. [PMID: 22912758 PMCID: PMC3418243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years the incidence of male infertility has increased. Many risk factors have been taken into consideration, including viral infections. Investigations into viral agents and male infertility have mainly been focused on human papillomaviruses, while no reports have been published on polyomaviruses and male infertility. The aim of this study was to verify whether JC virus and BK virus are associated with male infertility. Matched semen and urine samples from 106 infertile males and 100 fertile males, as controls, were analyzed. Specific PCR analyses were carried out to detect and quantify large T (Tag) coding sequences of JCV and BKV. DNA sequencing, carried out in Tag JCV-positive samples, was addressed to viral protein 1 (VP1) coding sequences. The prevalence of JCV Tag sequences in semen and urine samples from infertile males was 34% (72/212), whereas the BKV prevalence was 0.94% (2/212). Specifically, JCV Tag sequences were detected in 24.5% (26/106) of semen and 43.4% (46/106) of urine samples from infertile men. In semen and urine samples from controls the prevalence was 11% and 28%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in JCV prevalence was disclosed in semen and urine samples of cases vs. controls. A higher JC viral DNA load was detected in samples from infertile males than in controls. In samples from infertile males the JC virus type 2 strain, subtype 2b, was more prevalent than ubiquitous type 1. JCV type 2 strain infection has been found to be associated with male infertility. These data suggest that the JC virus should be taken into consideration as an infectious agent which is responsible for male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Croci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Immacolata Murru
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Marci
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pancaldi
- Section of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ornella Dolcet
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Luppi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Martinelli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Giolo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”– Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Section of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Differential patterns of large tumor antigen-specific immune responsiveness in patients with BK polyomavirus-positive prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Virol 2012; 86:8461-71. [PMID: 22647697 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00005-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the polyomavirus BK (BKV) large tumor antigen (L-Tag) as a target of immune response in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) has not been investigated thus far. In this study, we comparatively analyzed humoral and cellular L-Tag-specific responsiveness in age-matched patients bearing PCa or benign prostatic hyperplasia, expressing or not expressing BKV L-Tag-specific sequences in their tissue specimens, and in non-age-matched healthy individuals. Furthermore, results from patients with PCa were correlated to 5-year follow-up clinical data focusing on evidence of biochemical recurrence (BR) after surgery (prostate specific antigen level of ≥0.2 ng/ml). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with PCa with evidence of BR and BKV L-Tag-positive tumors, stimulation with peptides derived from the BKV L-Tag but not those derived from Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, or cytomegalovirus induced a peculiar cytokine gene expression profile, characterized by high expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β1 and low expression of gamma interferon genes. This pattern was confirmed by protein secretion data and correlated with high levels of anti-BKV L-Tag IgG. Furthermore, in PBMC from these PCa-bearing patients, L-Tag-derived peptides significantly expanded an IL-10-secreting CD4(+) CD25(+(high)) CD127(-) FoxP3(+) T cell population with an effector memory phenotype (CD103(+)) capable of inhibiting proliferation of autologous anti-CD3/CD28-triggered CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that potentially tolerogenic features of L-Tag-specific immune response are significantly associated with tumor progression in patients with BKV(+) PCa.
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Hrbacek J, Urban M, Hamsikova E, Tachezy R, Heracek J. Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: no conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:951-65. [PMID: 22459691 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential role of genitourinary infection in the etiology of prostate cancer (CaP) has been extensively investigated for 30 years. Two basic approaches have been used: tissue-based methods (polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization) and serologic assays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, etc.). The objective of this review was to answer the question of whether infection of the male genitourinary tract may have a role in the etiology of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have carried out a systematic review of the evidence that was published in the MEDLINE/PubMed database until December 2011. The search terms included "prostate cancer," "infection," and the explicit names of the various infectious agents. Additional studies were identified using a reference search. A total of 74 papers were included in the review, which cover the following infectious agents: human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus, BK virus, JC virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, neisseria, treponema, Propionibacterium acnes, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and Candida albicans. RESULTS Despite the variable study designs and methodological approaches that were used, most of the pathogens that were studied were unlikely to be directly involved in prostate carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The role of infection in the etiology of CaP has yet to be determined despite 30 years of research efforts. A discovery of an infectious agent that is associated with CaP would be of great medical importance; however, such a link would have to be firmly established before impacting on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrbacek
- Charles University in Prague, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic; Královské Vinohrady Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Groom HCT, Warren AY, Neal DE, Bishop KN. No evidence for infection of UK prostate cancer patients with XMRV, BK virus, Trichomonas vaginalis or human papilloma viruses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34221. [PMID: 22470540 PMCID: PMC3314598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of specific infections in UK prostate cancer patients was investigated. Serum from 84 patients and 62 controls was tested for neutralisation of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) Envelope. No reactivity was found in the patient samples. In addition, a further 100 prostate DNA samples were tested for XMRV, BK virus, Trichomonas vaginalis and human papilloma viruses by nucleic acid detection techniques. Despite demonstrating DNA integrity and assay sensitivity, we failed to detect the presence of any of these agents in DNA samples, bar one sample that was weakly positive for HPV16. Therefore we conclude that these infections are absent in this typical cohort of men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet C. T. Groom
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Y. Warren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate N. Bishop
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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Comar M, Bonifacio D, Zanconati F, Di Napoli M, Isidoro E, Martini F, Torelli L, Tognon M. High prevalence of BK polyomavirus sequences in human papillomavirus-16-positive precancerous cervical lesions. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1770-6. [PMID: 21837794 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High- and low-grade cervical lesions were analyzed for the presence of polyomavirus (PYV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences. In precancerous cervical lesions, the overall prevalence of PYV sequences was 44% (41/93). Specifically, among the PYV-positive samples, 83% (34/41) tested positive for BK polyomavirus (BKV) sequences, whereas 17% (7/41) were positive for JC-virus. None of the samples were positive for simian virus 40. The presence of BKV DNA in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions was confirmed by in situ PCR. BKV sequences were detected more frequently in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, together with the genotype HPV-16. The association of BKV with precancerous cervical lesions suggests that this polyomavirus participates with HPV-16 in the cell transformation process. Alternatively, BKV might multiply better in HPV-16-positive cells from precancerous cervical lesions than in HPV-16-negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, and Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy, Italy
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Abstract
The simian virus 40 and murine polyomaviruses were shown to be DNA tumor viruses in their natural hosts and/or heterologous experimental hosts in the mid-20th Century. The first two human polyomaviruses, the BK polyomavirus and JC polyomavirus, were discovered in 1971 and were shown to induce severe disease in immunocompromised patients, but their involvement in human cancers is still a matter for debate. The discovery of a polyomavirus associated with Merkel cell carcinoma (Merkel cell polyomavirus) in 2008 resulted in a renewed interest in the Polyomaviridae family, leading to the discovery of new human polyomaviruses. This review addresses the involvement of the nine human polyomaviruses and simian virus 40 in human diseases, with a particular focus on their prevalence and the humoral response directed against structural antigens in the general population and in subjects presenting specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme TJ Nicol
- Université François Rabelais, INSERM U618 Equipe Vecteurs, Virus, Vaccins. Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Philippe Maupas, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 TOURS, France
| | - Antoine Touzé
- Université François Rabelais, INSERM U618 Equipe Vecteurs, Virus, Vaccins. Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Philippe Maupas, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 TOURS, France
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Mengus C, Le Magnen C, Trella E, Yousef K, Bubendorf L, Provenzano M, Bachmann A, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC, Wyler S. Elevated levels of circulating IL-7 and IL-15 in patients with early stage prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2011; 9:162. [PMID: 21943235 PMCID: PMC3191336 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation has been suggested to favour prostate cancer (PCA) development. Interleukins (IL) represent essential inflammation mediators. IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21, sharing a common receptor γ chain (c-γ), control T lymphocyte homeostasis and proliferation and play major roles in regulating cancer-immune system interactions. We evaluated local IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 gene expression in prostate tissues from patients with early stage PCA or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As control, we used IL-6 gene, encoding an IL involved in PCA progression. IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15 titres were also measured in patients' sera. Methods Eighty patients with BPH and 79 with early (1 to 2c) stage PCA were enrolled. Gene expression in prostate tissues was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Serum IL concentrations and acute phase protein titres were evaluated by ELISA. Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and χ2 tests were used to compare IL gene expression and serum titers in the two groups of patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the possibility to distinguish sera from different groups of patients based on IL titers. Results IL-2 and IL-21 gene expression was comparably detectable, with low frequency and at low extents, in PCA and BPH tissues. In contrast, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15 genes were expressed more frequently (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0047 and p = 0.0085, respectively) and to significantly higher extents (p = 0.0051, p = 0.0310 and p = 0.0205, respectively) in early stage PCA than in BPH tissues. Corresponding proteins could be detected to significantly higher amounts in sera from patients with localized PCA, than in those from patients with BPH (p = 0.0153, p = 0.0174 and p = 0.0064, respectively). Analysis of ROC curves indicates that IL-7 (p = 0.0039), but not IL-6 (p = 0.2938) or IL-15 (p = 0.1804) titres were able to distinguish sera from patients with malignancy from those from patients with benign disease. Serum titres of C reactive (CRP), high mobility group B1 (HMGB1) and serum amyloid A (SAA) acute phase proteins were similar in both groups of patients. Conclusions Expression IL-7 and IL-15 genes in prostate tissues and corresponding serum titres are significantly increased in patients with early stage PCA as compared with patients with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Mengus
- ICFS, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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