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Contreras A, Sánchez SA, Rodríguez-Medina C, Botero JE. The role and impact of viruses on cancer development. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38641954 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on three major aspects of oncoviruses' role in cancer development. To begin, we discuss their geographic distribution, revealing that seven oncoviruses cause 20% of all human cancers worldwide. Second, we investigate the primary carcinogenic mechanisms, looking at how these oncogenic viruses can induce cellular transformation, angiogenesis, and local and systemic inflammation. Finally, we investigate the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection reactivating latent oncoviruses, which could increase the risk of further disease. The development of oncovirus vaccines holds great promise for reducing cancer burden. Many unanswered questions about the host and environmental cofactors that contribute to cancer development and prevention remain, which ongoing research is attempting to address.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Amaya Sánchez
- Advanced Periodontology Program, Escuela de Odontología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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2
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Duchemin NJ, Loonawat R, Yeakle K, Rosenkranz A, Bouchard MJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor affects hepatitis B virus transcripts and genome levels as well as the expression and subcellular location of the hepatitis B virus core protein. Virology 2023; 586:76-90. [PMID: 37490813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Globally, a chronic-hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is often elevated in HCC, including HBV-associated HCC. Previous studies have suggested that the expression of the HIF1 subunit, HIF1α, is elevated in HBV-infected hepatocytes; however, whether HIF1 activity affects the HBV lifecycle has not been fully explored. We used a liver-derived cell line and ex vivo cultured primary hepatocytes as models to determine how HIF1 affects the HBV lifecycle. We observed that HIF1 elevates HBV RNA transcript levels, core protein levels, core protein localization to the cytoplasm, and HBV genome replication. Attenuating the transcription activity of HIF1 blocked HIF1-mediated effects on the HBV lifecycle. Our studies show that HIF1 regulates various stages of the HBV lifecycle in hepatocytes and could be a therapeutic target for blocking HBV replication and the development of HBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Duchemin
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetic Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Ronak Loonawat
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Kyle Yeakle
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetic Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Andrea Rosenkranz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetic Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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3
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Medhat A, Arzumanyan A, Feitelson MA. Hepatitis B x antigen (HBx) is an important therapeutic target in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2421-2433. [PMID: 34853663 PMCID: PMC8629409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen that has infected an estimated two billion people worldwide. Despite the availability of highly efficacious vaccines, universal screening of the blood supply for virus, and potent direct acting anti-viral drugs, there are more than 250 million carriers of HBV who are at risk for the sequential development of hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More than 800,000 deaths per year are attributed to chronic hepatitis B. Many different therapeutic approaches have been developed to block virus replication, and although effective, none are curative. These treatments have little or no impact upon the portions of integrated HBV DNA, which often encode the virus regulatory protein, HBx. Although given little attention, HBx is an important therapeutic target because it contributes importantly to (a) HBV replication, (b) in protecting infected cells from immune mediated destruction during chronic infection, and (c) in the development of HCC. Thus, the development of therapies targeting HBx, combined with other established therapies, will provide a functional cure that will target virus replication and further reduce or eliminate both the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic liver disease and HCC. Simultaneous targeting of all these characteristics underscores the importance of developing therapies against HBx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Medhat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Azad University, North Unit, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Jia X, Yin Y, Chen Y, Mao L. The Role of Viral Proteins in the Regulation of Exosomes Biogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671625. [PMID: 34055668 PMCID: PMC8155792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin, secreted into the extracellular milieu, in which various biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids reside. A variety of external stimuli can regulate the formation and secretion of exosomes, including viruses. Viruses have evolved clever strategies to establish effective infections by employing exosomes to cloak their viral genomes and gain entry into uninfected cells. While most recent exosomal studies have focused on clarifying the effect of these bioactive vesicles on viral infection, the mechanisms by which the virus regulates exosomes are still unclear and deserve further attention. This article is devoted to studying how viral components regulate exosomes biogenesis, composition, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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5
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Transaminase Elevations during Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Safety Considerations and Role in Achieving Functional Cure. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050745. [PMID: 33922828 PMCID: PMC8146791 DOI: 10.3390/v13050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While current therapies for chronic HBV infection work well to control viremia and stop the progression of liver disease, the preferred outcome of therapy is the restoration of immune control of HBV infection, allowing therapy to be removed while maintaining effective suppression of infection and reversal of liver damage. This “functional cure” of chronic HBV infection is characterized by the absence of detectable viremia (HBV DNA) and antigenemia (HBsAg) and normal liver function and is the goal of new therapies in development. Functional cure requires removal of the ability of infected cells in the liver to produce the hepatitis B surface antigen. The increased observation of transaminase elevations with new therapies makes understanding the safety and therapeutic impact of these flares an increasingly important issue. This review examines the factors driving the appearance of transaminase elevations during therapy of chronic HBV infection and the interplay of these factors in assessing the safety and beneficial nature of these flares.
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Kim HJ, Kim OH, Hong HE, Lee SC, Kim SJ. Harnessing adipose‑derived stem cells to release specialized secretome for the treatment of hepatitis B. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:15. [PMID: 33448314 PMCID: PMC7834954 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the function of repairing damaged tissue, which is known to be mediated by the secretome, the collection of secretory materials shed from MSCs. Adjusting the culture conditions of MSCs can lead to a significant difference in the composition of the secretome. It was hypothesized that pre‑sensitization of MSCs with specific disease‑causing agents could harness MSCs to release the therapeutic materials specialized for the disease. To validate this hypothesis, the present study aimed to generate a 'disease‑specific secretome' for hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus using hepatitis BX antigen (HBx) as a disease‑causing material. Secretary materials (HBx‑IS) were collected following the stimulation of adipose‑derived stem cells (ASCs) with 100‑fold diluted culture media of AML12 hepatocytes that had been transfected with pcDNA‑HBx for 24 h. An animal model of hepatitis B was generated by injecting HBx into mice, and the mice were subsequently intravenously administered a control secretome (CS) or HBx‑IS. Compared with the CS injection, the HBx‑IS injection significantly reduced the serum levels of interleukin‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α (pro‑inflammatory cytokines). Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of the liver specimens revealed that the HBx‑IS injection led to a higher expression of liver regeneration‑related markers, including hepatocyte growth factor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a lower expression of pro‑apoptotic markers, such as cleaved caspase 3 and Bim in mouse livers, and a lower expression of pro‑inflammatory markers (F4/80 and CD68) compared to the CS injection. HBx‑IS exhibited higher liver regenerative, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑apoptotic properties, particularly in the mouse model of hepatitis B compared to CS. This suggests that the secretome obtained by stimulating ASCs with disease‑causing agents may have a more prominent therapeutic effect on the specific disease than the naïve secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ju Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943, Republic of Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
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7
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Sartorius K, Swadling L, An P, Makarova J, Winkler C, Chuturgoon A, Kramvis A. The Multiple Roles of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein (HBx) Dysregulated MicroRNA in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HBV-HCC) and Immune Pathways. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070746. [PMID: 32664401 PMCID: PMC7412373 DOI: 10.3390/v12070746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [HBV-HCC] relies on blunt tools that are unable to offer effective therapy for later stage pathogenesis. The potential of miRNA to treat HBV-HCC offer a more targeted approach to managing this lethal carcinoma; however, the complexity of miRNA as an ancillary regulator of the immune system remains poorly understood. This review examines the overlapping roles of HBx-dysregulated miRNA in HBV-HCC and immune pathways and seeks to demonstrate that specific miRNA response in immune cells is not independent of their expression in hepatocytes. This interplay between the two pathways may provide us with the possibility of using candidate miRNA to manipulate this interaction as a potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Sartorius
- Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa;
- UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, Durban 4041, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E6BT, UK;
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick Nat. Lab. for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 20878, USA; (P.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Julia Makarova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, 10100 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Cheryl Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick Nat. Lab. for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 20878, USA; (P.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa;
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
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In Vitro Systems for Studying Different Genotypes/Sub-Genotypes of Hepatitis B Virus: Strengths and Limitations. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030353. [PMID: 32210021 PMCID: PMC7150782 DOI: 10.3390/v12030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver resulting in end stage liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite an effective vaccine, HBV poses a serious health problem globally, accounting for 257 million chronic carriers. Unique features of HBV, including its narrow virus-host range and its hepatocyte tropism, have led to major challenges in the development of suitable in vivo and in vitro model systems to recapitulate the HBV replication cycle and to test various antiviral strategies. Moreover, HBV is classified into at least nine genotypes and 35 sub-genotypes with distinct geographical distributions and prevalence, which have different natural histories of infection, clinical manifestation, and response to current antiviral agents. Here, we review various in vitro systems used to study the molecular biology of the different (sub)genotypes of HBV and their response to antiviral agents, and we discuss their strengths and limitations. Despite the advances made, no system is ideal for pan-genotypic HBV research or drug development and therefore further improvement is required. It is necessary to establish a centralized repository of HBV-related generated materials, which are readily accessible to HBV researchers, with international collaboration toward advancement and development of in vitro model systems for testing new HBV antivirals to ensure their pan-genotypic and/or customized activity.
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Mitochondria ubiquitin ligase, MARCH5 resolves hepatitis B virus X protein aggregates in the liver pathogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:938. [PMID: 31819032 PMCID: PMC6901512 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) increase the incidence of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatitis B viral x (HBx) protein encoded by the HBV genome contributes to the pathogenesis of HCC and thus, negative regulation of HBx is beneficial for the alleviation of the disease pathogenesis. MARCH5 is a mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase and here, we show that high MARCH5 expression levels are correlated with improved survival in HCC patients. MARCH5 interacts with HBx protein mainly accumulated in mitochondria and targets it for degradation. The N-terminal RING domain of MARCH5 was required for the interaction with HBx, and MARCH5H43W lacking E3 ligase activity failed to reduce HBx protein levels. High expression of HBx results in the formation of protein aggregates in semi-denaturing detergent agarose gels and MARCH5 mediates the elimination of protein aggregates through the proteasome pathway. HBx-induced ROS production, mitophagy, and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression were suppressed in the presence of high MARCH5 expression. These results suggest MARCH5 as a target for alleviating HBV-mediated liver disease.
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10
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Birkett N, Al-Zoughool M, Bird M, Baan RA, Zielinski J, Krewski D. Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:288-359. [PMID: 31631808 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the carcinogenic mechanisms for 109 Group 1 human carcinogens identified as causes of human cancer through Volume 106 of the IARC Monographs. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluates human, experimental and mechanistic evidence on agents suspected of inducing cancer in humans, using a well-established weight of evidence approach. The monographs provide detailed mechanistic information about all carcinogens. Carcinogens with closely similar mechanisms of action (e.g. agents emitting alpha particles) were combined into groups for the review. A narrative synopsis of the mechanistic profiles for the 86 carcinogens or carcinogen groups is presented, based primarily on information in the IARC monographs, supplemented with a non-systematic review. Most carcinogens included a genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zielinski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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11
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[Effect and molecular mechanism of interferon-α on podocyte apoptosis induced by hepatitis B virus X protein]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019. [PMID: 31506156 PMCID: PMC7390256 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of interferon-α (INF-α) on the apoptosis of the mouse podocyte cell line MPC5 induced by hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein. METHODS MPC5 cells were transfected with the pEX plasmid carrying the HBx gene. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of HBx at different time points. MPC5 cells were divided into 4 groups: control group (MPC5 cells cultured under normal conditions), INF-α group (MPC5 cells cultured with INF-α), HBx group (MPC5 cells induced by HBx), and HBx+INF-α group (MPC5 cells induced by HBx and cultured with INF-α). After 48 hours of intervention under different experimental conditions, flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis of MPC5 cells, and quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression of slit diaphragm-related proteins (nephrin, CD2AP, and synaptopodin) and the cytoskeleton-related protein transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6). RESULTS MPC5 cells transfected by pEX-HBx had the highest expression of HBx mRNA at 48 hours after transfection (P<0.05). Compared with the control, INF-α and HBx+INF-α groups, the HBx group had a significant increase in the apoptosis rate of MPC5 cells (P<0.05). Compared with the control and INF-α groups, the HBx group had significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, and CD2AP and significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC6 (P<0.05). Compared with the HBx group, the HBx+INF-α group had significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, and CD2AP and significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC6 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS INF-α can inhibit the apoptosis of podocytes induced by HBx, possibly through improving the abnormal expression of slit diaphragm-related proteins (CD2AP, nephrin, and synaptopodin) and cytoskeleton-related protein (TRPC6) induced by HBx.
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12
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Sun YH, Lei XY, Chen XX, Cui WJ, Liu J. [Effect and molecular mechanism of interferon-α on podocyte apoptosis induced by hepatitis B virus X protein]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:930-935. [PMID: 31506156 PMCID: PMC7390256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 08/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of interferon-α (INF-α) on the apoptosis of the mouse podocyte cell line MPC5 induced by hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein. METHODS MPC5 cells were transfected with the pEX plasmid carrying the HBx gene. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of HBx at different time points. MPC5 cells were divided into 4 groups: control group (MPC5 cells cultured under normal conditions), INF-α group (MPC5 cells cultured with INF-α), HBx group (MPC5 cells induced by HBx), and HBx+INF-α group (MPC5 cells induced by HBx and cultured with INF-α). After 48 hours of intervention under different experimental conditions, flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis of MPC5 cells, and quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression of slit diaphragm-related proteins (nephrin, CD2AP, and synaptopodin) and the cytoskeleton-related protein transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6). RESULTS MPC5 cells transfected by pEX-HBx had the highest expression of HBx mRNA at 48 hours after transfection (P<0.05). Compared with the control, INF-α and HBx+INF-α groups, the HBx group had a significant increase in the apoptosis rate of MPC5 cells (P<0.05). Compared with the control and INF-α groups, the HBx group had significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, and CD2AP and significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC6 (P<0.05). Compared with the HBx group, the HBx+INF-α group had significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, and CD2AP and significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC6 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS INF-α can inhibit the apoptosis of podocytes induced by HBx, possibly through improving the abnormal expression of slit diaphragm-related proteins (CD2AP, nephrin, and synaptopodin) and cytoskeleton-related protein (TRPC6) induced by HBx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Province People's Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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13
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Zhao X, Ma X, Guo J, Mi M, Wang K, Zhang C, Tang X, Chang L, Huang Y, Tong D. Circular RNA CircEZH2 Suppresses Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus-induced Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore via Targeting MiR-22 in IPEC-J2. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2051-2064. [PMID: 31592229 PMCID: PMC6775298 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.36532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) is a contagious and infectious disease that is characterized by severe vomiting and diarrhea of swine , especially piglet, and caused by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) . TGEV infection provokes mitochondrial damage of porcine intestinal epthelial cell (IPEC), which is responsible for inflammation and cell death. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that circular RNA circEZH2 was down-regulated during TGEV infection and promoted the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) via targeting miR-22 in porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Activation of NF-κB is an important factor for mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening is a key reason for mitochondrial damage. So, we speculate that circEZH2 may regulate TGEV-induced mPTP opening via NF-kB pathway. In the present study, we found that mPTP opening of IPEC-J2 was occured during TGEV infection and suppressed by circEZH2 via attaching miR-22. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were identified as the targets of miR-22. Silencing HK2 enhanced TGEV-induced mPTP opening, while no effect on NF-κB pathway. Silencing IL-6 promoted TGEV-induced mPTP opening and inhibited NF-κB pathway. Inhibitor of NF-κB increased TGEV-induced mPTP opening. The data revealed that TGEV-induced mPTP opening was regulated via two pathways: circEZH2/miR-22/HK2 axis and circEZH2/miR-22/IL-6/NF-κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jianxiong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Mi Mi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Kaili Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Lei XY, Chen XX, Sun YH, Gao MD, Hu XX, Suo YH. Hepatitis B virus X protein decreases nephrin expression and induces podocyte apoptosis via activating STAT3. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4223-4229. [PMID: 31007753 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene for hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) comprises the smallest open reading frame in the HBV genome, and the protein product can activate various cell signaling pathways and regulate apoptosis, among other effects. However, in different cell types and under different external conditions, its mechanism of action differs. In the present study, the effect of HBx on the viability and apoptosis of mouse podocyte clone 5 (MPC5) cells was investigated. The cells were transfected with the HBx gene using pEX plasmid, and real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were used to test the transfection efficiency and assess related protein expression. The highest expression of HBx occurred at 48 h after MPC5 cells were transfected with HBx. The expression of nephrin protein in the HBx transfection group was lower than that in blank and negative control groups. Following transfection of the HBx gene, podocyte viability was suppressed, while the rate of cell apoptosis was increased; moreover, the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phospho-STAT3 was increased compared with in the control groups. The present study suggests that STAT3 activation may be involved in the pathogenic mechanism of renal injuries caused by HBV injection. Thus STAT3 is a potential molecular target in the treatment of HBV-GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Province People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Xing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Province People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Province People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Dong Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Province People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Province People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Suo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Province People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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15
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Han W, Luo M, He M, Zhu Y, Zhong Y, Ding H, Hu G, Liu L, Chen Q, Lu Y. HBx gene transfection affects the cycle of primary renal tubular epithelial cells through regulating cyclin expression. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1947-1954. [PMID: 29956780 PMCID: PMC6072163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) has been previously demonstrated to be associated with the regulation of cell proliferation; however, the exact mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of HBx on the cycle progression of primary renal tubular epithelial cells. Primary renal tubular epithelial cells of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were separated and cultured. The morphology of cultured cells was characterized by immunohistochemical analysis and the results demonstrated that primary renal tubular epithelial cells with the expected morphology and distribution were successfully separated and cultured from SD rats. HBx gene pcDNA3.1/myc vector and empty vector were constructed and transfected into cells as HBx and empty groups, respectively. Following transfection, the mRNA and protein levels of HBx, cyclin A, cyclin D1 and cyclin E in cells were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that following HBx gene transfection, the mRNA and protein levels of HBx, cyclin A, cyclin D1 and cyclin E in cells were significantly upregulated, compared with the empty control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, cell apoptosis and the cell cycle were evaluated by Annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. HBx gene transfection significantly inhibited the cell apoptosis (P<0.05), promoted cell cycle progression from the G1 to S phase and arrested the cell cycle in the S phase. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that HBx gene transfection may regulate the apoptosis and cell cycle of primary renal tubular epithelial cells by affecting the expression of cyclins. The results of the present study may improve the understanding of pathogenesis associated with HBV‑associated glomerulonephritis, and may also provide insight and theoretical support for the future design and development of drugs for the treatment of hepatitis B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlun Han
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Meiliang Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Mengying He
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Huideng Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
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16
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Lamontagne RJ, Casciano JC, Bouchard MJ. A broad investigation of the HBV-mediated changes to primary hepatocyte physiology reveals HBV significantly alters metabolic pathways. Metabolism 2018; 83:50-59. [PMID: 29410347 PMCID: PMC5960616 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the leading risk factor for the development of liver cancer, chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a significant global health concern. Although an effective HBV vaccine exists, at least 240 million people are chronically infected with HBV worldwide. Therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic HBV remain limited, and none achieve an absolute cure. To develop novel therapeutic targets, a better understanding of the complex network of virus-host interactions is needed. Because of the central metabolic role of the liver, we assessed the metabolic impact of HBV infection as a means to identify viral dependency factors and metabolic pathways that could serve as novel points of therapeutic intervention. METHODS Primary rat hepatocytes were infected with a control adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing a greater-than-unit-length copy of the HBV genome, or an adenovirus expressing the HBV X protein (HBx). A panel of 369 metabolites was analyzed for HBV- or HBx-induced changes 24 and 48 h post infection. Pathway analysis was used to identify key metabolic pathways altered in the presence of HBV or HBx expression, and these findings were further supported through integration of publically available gene expression data. RESULTS We observed distinct changes to multiple metabolites in the context of HBV replication or HBx expression. Interestingly, a panel of 7 metabolites (maltotriose, maltose, myristate [14:0], arachidate [20:0], 3-hydroxybutyrate [BHBA], myo-inositol, and 2-palmitoylglycerol [16,0]) were altered by both HBV and HBx at both time points. In addition, incorporation of data from a transcriptome-based dataset allowed us to identify metabolic pathways, including long chain fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis, and glycogen metabolism, that were significantly altered by HBV and HBx. CONCLUSIONS Because the liver is a central regulator of metabolic processes, it is important to understand how HBV replication and HBV protein expression affects the metabolic function of hepatocytes. Through analysis of a broad panel of metabolites we investigated this metabolic impact. The results of these studies have defined metabolic consequences of an HBV infection of hepatocytes and will help to lay the groundwork for novel research directions and, potentially, development of novel anti-HBV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jason Lamontagne
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Jessica C Casciano
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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17
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Lee H, Cho YY, Lee GY, You D, Yoo YD, Kim YJ. A direct role for hepatitis B virus X protein in inducing mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:412-420. [PMID: 29193612 PMCID: PMC7167162 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) acts as a multifunctional protein that regulates intracellular signalling pathways during HBV infection. It has mainly been studied in terms of its interaction with cellular proteins. Here, we show that HBx induces membrane permeabilization independently of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex. We generated mitochondrial outer membrane-mimic liposomes to observe the direct effects of HBx on membranes. We found that HBx induced membrane permeabilization, and the region comprising the transmembrane domain and the mitochondrial-targeting sequence was sufficient for this process. Membrane permeabilization was inhibited by nonselective channel blockers or by N-(n-nonyl)deoxynojirimycin (NN-DNJ), a viroporin inhibitor. Moreover, NN-DNJ inhibited HBx-induced mitochondrial depolarization in Huh-7 cells. Based on the results of this study, we can postulate that the HBx protein itself is sufficient to induce mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Our finding provides important information for a strategy of HBx targeting during HBV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H‐R. Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKorea University College of MedicineKorea UniversitySeoulKorea,Department of Biosystems and BiotechnologyCollege of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Y. Y. Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - G. Y. Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKorea University College of MedicineKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - D‐g. You
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKorea University College of MedicineKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Y. D. Yoo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKorea University College of MedicineKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Y. J. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
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18
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Role of HBx in hepatitis B virus persistence and its therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 30:32-38. [PMID: 29454995 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a significant risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The HBx protein is required for virus replication, but the lack of robust infection models has hindered our understanding of HBx functions that could be targeted for antiviral purposes. We briefly review three properties of HBx: its binding to DDB1 and its regulation of cell survival and metabolism, to illustrate how a single viral protein can have multiple effects in a cell. We propose that different functions of HBx are needed, depending on the changing hepatocyte environment encountered during a chronic virus infection, and that these functions might serve as novel therapeutic targets for inhibiting hepatitis B virus replication and the development of associated diseases.
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19
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Yang Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yuan W. Hepatitis B virus X protein and proinflammatory cytokines synergize to enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells by upregulation of DR4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:62-72. [PMID: 29432906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may lead to HBV-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN). Presence of HBV-DNA and -RNA in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) suggests direct virus-induced injury. Increase in proinflammatory cytokines is also observed under these conditions. Apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HBV-infections. However, the effects of HBV X protein (HBx) on TRAIL-induced apoptosis of RTECs especially under certain inflammatory conditions remain obscure. Here, we show that HBx synergizes with proinflammatory cytokines to significantly increase TRAIL-induced apoptosis of RTECs. HBx markedly up-regulates death receptor-4 (DR4) expression by enhancing the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Dramatic increase in DR4 expression leads to the sensitization of RTECs to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, in patients with HBV-GN, DR4 expression in the kidneys is significantly elevated and is positively correlated with the HBx and proinflammatory cytokines expression. These findings provide a novel insight into the underlying mechanisms of renal tubule lesions induced by HBx in HBV-GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Weijie Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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20
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Casciano JC, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus X protein modulates cytosolic Ca 2+ signaling in primary human hepatocytes. Virus Res 2018; 246:23-27. [PMID: 29307794 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV); chronic HBV infection is associated with the development of life-threatening liver diseases. The HBV HBx protein alters hepatocyte physiology to promote HBV replication. We previously reported that HBx modulates calcium signaling to stimulate HBV replication in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. Whether HBx modulates calcium signaling in a primary human hepatocyte, the natural site of an HBV infection, has not been determined. Here, we report the effect of HBx on calcium signaling in primary human hepatocytes and show that HBx modulates calcium signaling via enhanced calcium entry through store-operated calcium channels and elevated mitochondrial calcium, similar to HBx effects in HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. In addition to demonstrating that HBV and HBx affect calcium signaling in human hepatocytes, these studies also show that HBV and HBx regulation of calcium signaling is identical in primary human and rat hepatocytes, further validating the use of cultured primary rat hepatocytes for HBV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Casciano
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene mutations and their association with liver disease progression in HBV-infected patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105115-105125. [PMID: 29285238 PMCID: PMC5739625 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most widespread human pathogens causing chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated the clinical impact of single and combinational mutations in HBx gene on the pathogenesis of HCC during progressive stages of liver disease. The patients were categorized into inactive HBV carriers, active carriers, cirrhosis and HCC groups based on disease severity. Male sex, age > 50 years, and high serum alanine aminotransferase level were associated with risk of progressive liver disease. I127T, V131I, and F132Y/I/R mutations showed a significant increasing trend associated with the disease progression to HCC. H94Y and K130M mutations were also significantly associated with severe liver disease. One double mutation (K130M+V131I) and two triple mutations (I127T+K130M+V131L and K130M+V131I+F132Y) were observed, with significant rising prevalence through progressive clinical phases of liver disease to HCC. Several single and combinational mutations in HBx correlating with severity and progressive clinical phases of HBV infection were identified. The mutational combinations may have a synergistic effect in accelerating the progression to HCC. These specific patterns of HBx mutations can be useful in predicting the clinical outcome of HBV-infected patients and may serve as early markers of high risk of developing HCC.
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22
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Interference of Apoptosis by Hepatitis B Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080230. [PMID: 28820498 PMCID: PMC5580487 DOI: 10.3390/v9080230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes liver diseases that have been a consistent problem for human health, leading to more than one million deaths every year worldwide. A large proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases across the world are closely associated with chronic HBV infection. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death and is frequently altered in cancer development. HBV infection interferes with the apoptosis signaling to promote HCC progression and viral proliferation. The HBV-mediated alteration of apoptosis is achieved via interference with cellular signaling pathways and regulation of epigenetics. HBV X protein (HBX) plays a major role in the interference of apoptosis. There are conflicting reports on the HBV interference of apoptosis with the majority showing inhibition of and the rest reporting induction of apoptosis. In this review, we described recent studies on the mechanisms of the HBV interference with the apoptosis signaling during the virus infection and provided perspective.
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23
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Li N, Shi Y, Zhang P, Sang J, Li F, Deng H, Lv Y, Han Q, Liu Z. Association of the tandem polymorphisms (rs148314165, rs200820567) in TNFAIP3 with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese Han population. Virol J 2017; 14:148. [PMID: 28784141 PMCID: PMC5547518 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains an important public health issue. A20, a ubiquitin-editing protein encoded by tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducible protein 3 (TNFAIP3) gene, is complicated in HBV infection and liver injury. The tandem polymorphisms (rs148314165, rs200820567), deletion T followed by a T to A transversion and collectively referred to as TT > A in TNFAIP3, may attenuate A20 expression. Methods The rs148314165 and rs200820567 polymorphisms were examined using PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing in 419 patients with chronic HBV infection, 77 HBV infection resolvers and 175 healthy controls of Chinese Han ethnicity. Results The genotypes and alleles of rs148314165 and rs200820567 polymorphisms determined and the haplotypes constructed were consistently identical, confirming the reliable determination of the TT > A variant. The genotypes of rs148314165 and rs200820567 in HBV patients, HBV infection resolvers and healthy controls are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0. 05). The patients with chronic HBV infection had higher frequency of TT > A variant than healthy controls (6.6% vs. 3.4%; OR, 1.979; 95% CI, 1.046–3.742; P = 0.033). The frequency of TT > A variant between patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma had no significant differences. Conclusions The TT > A variant of TNFAIP3 may be associated with the susceptibility of chronic HBV infection but not the clinical diseases. Studies in large sample size of HBV patient and control populations are required to further clarify the role of this important variant in chronic HBV infection and the disease progression related to the infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0814-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Maternal and Children Health Hospital of Tongchuan, Tongchuan, Shaanxi, 727000, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Jiao Sang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China. .,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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24
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Chen S, Dong Z, Yang P, Wang X, Jin G, Yu H, Chen L, Li L, Tang L, Bai S, Yan H, Shen F, Cong W, Wen W, Wang H. Hepatitis B virus X protein stimulates high mobility group box 1 secretion and enhances hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Cancer Lett 2017; 394:22-32. [PMID: 28216372 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays an important role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we reported that overexpression of HBx in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells could induce the secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) to promote invasion and metastasis of HCC in an autocrine/paracrine manner. HBx triggered an increase of cytoplasmic calcium and activated CAMKK/CAMKIV pathway, leading to subsequent translocation and release of HMGB1. HMGB1 neutralizing antibody, as well as calcium chelator or inhibitors of CAMKK/CAMKIV, could remarkably reduce invasion and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in a murine HCC metastasis model in vivo. Furthermore, the level of HMGB1 in patient serum and tumor tissues was positively correlated with HBV DNA load. We demonstrate an inverse relationship between HMGB1 in tumor cytoplasm and overall prognosis of HCC patients. CONCLUSION HBx promotes the progression of HCC through translocation and secretion of HMGB1 from tumor cells via calcium dependent cascades. These data indicates that HMGB1 could serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Chen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zihui Dong
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pinghua Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guangzhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Yu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Chen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Tang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shilei Bai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexin Yan
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongyang Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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25
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He P, Liu D, Zhang B, Zhou G, Su X, Wang Y, Li D, Yang X. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Reduces Podocyte Adhesion via Downregulation of α3β1 Integrin. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:689-700. [PMID: 28214836 DOI: 10.1159/000458428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN) is characterized by a reduced number of podocytes due to apoptosis and shedding from the basement membrane. However, the pathological mechanism of HBV-GN is unclear. We previously showed that hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) promotes apoptosis in tubular epithelial cells. In this study, we transfected podocytes with HBx and examined the effects on adhesion and apoptosis of these cells. METHODS Podocytes were transfected with pc-DNA3.1 (+)-HBx. One control group was not transfected and another control group was transfected with empty plasmids. Podocyte adhesion was assessed by a fluorescence assay, apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, and expression of α3β1 integrin was determined by western blotting and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Activity of caspase-8 was measured by a spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS Relative to controls, podocytes with pc-DNA3.1(+)-HBx had reduced cell adhesion, increased apoptosis, reduced expression of α3β1 integrin, and increased caspase-8 activity. β1 integrin blockage reduced podocyte adhesion, but increased apoptosis and caspase-8 activity. Treatment of transfected podocytes with a caspase-8 inhibitor (Z-IETD-FMK) had no effect on the HBx-mediated integrin downregulation and reduced podocyte adhesion, suggesting that α3β1 integrin downregulaton is sufficient to alter cell adhesion. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro results indicate that HBx reduced podocyte adhesion and expression of α3β1 integrin, and increased apoptosis. Moreover, HBx-mediated downregulation of α3β1 integrin expression is sufficient to reduce podocyte adhesion. HBx-induced apoptosis of podocytes may contribute to HBV-GN.
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Casciano JC, Duchemin NJ, Lamontagne RJ, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus modulates store-operated calcium entry to enhance viral replication in primary hepatocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168328. [PMID: 28151934 PMCID: PMC5289456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses modulate calcium (Ca2+) signaling to create a cellular environment that is more permissive to viral replication, but for most viruses that regulate Ca2+ signaling, the mechanism underlying this regulation is not well understood. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx protein modulates cytosolic Ca2+ levels to stimulate HBV replication in some liver cell lines. A chronic HBV infection is associated with life-threatening liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and HBx modulation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels could have an important role in HBV pathogenesis. Whether HBx affects cytosolic Ca2+ in a normal hepatocyte, the natural site of an HBV infection, has not been addressed. Here, we report that HBx alters cytosolic Ca2+ signaling in cultured primary hepatocytes. We used single cell Ca2+ imaging of cultured primary rat hepatocytes to demonstrate that HBx elevates the cytosolic Ca2+ level in hepatocytes following an IP3-linked Ca2+ response; HBx effects were similar when expressed alone or in the context of replicating HBV. HBx elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ level required extracellular Ca2+ influx and store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry and stimulated HBV replication in hepatocytes. We used both targeted RT-qPCR and transcriptome-wide RNAseq analyses to compare levels of SOC channel components and other Ca2+ signaling regulators in HBV-expressing and control hepatocytes and show that the transcript levels of these various proteins are not affected by HBV. We also show that HBx regulation of SOC-regulated Ca2+ accumulation is likely the consequence of HBV modulation of a SOC channel regulatory mechanism. In support of this, we link HBx enhancement of SOC-regulated Ca2+ accumulation to Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria and demonstrate that HBx stimulates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in primary hepatocytes. The results of our study may provide insights into viral mechanisms that affect Ca2+ signaling to regulate viral replication and virus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Casciano
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Duchemin
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - R. Jason Lamontagne
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura F. Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
We have developed a miniature human liver (liver-sinusoid-on-a-chip) model using a dual microchannel separated by a porous membrane. Primary human hepatocytes and immortalized bovine aortic endothelial cells were co-cultured on opposite sides of a microporous membrane in a dual microchannel with continuous perfusion. Primary human hepatocytes in this system retained their polygonal morphology for up to 26 days, while hepatocytes cultured in the absence of bovine aortic endothelial cells lost their morphology within a week. In order to demonstrate the utility of our human-liver-sinusoid-on-a-chip, human hepatocytes in this system were directly infected by Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Expression of the HBV core antigen was detected in human hepatocytes in the microchannel system. HBV replication, measured by the presence of cell-secreted HBV DNA, was also detected. Importantly, HBV is hepatotropic, and expression of HBV RNA transcripts is dependent upon expression of hepatocyte-specific factors. Moreover, HBV infection requires expression of the human-hepatocyte-specific HBV cell surface receptor. Therefore, the ability to detect HBV replication and Hepatitis B core Antigen (HBcAg) expression in our microfluidic platform confirmed that hepatocyte differentiation and functions were retained throughout the time course of our studies. We believe that our human-liver-sinusoid-on-a-chip could have many applications in liver-related research and drug development.
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Cao L, Quan XB, Zeng WJ, Yang XO, Wang MJ. Mechanism of Hepatocyte Apoptosis. J Cell Death 2016; 9:19-29. [PMID: 28058033 PMCID: PMC5201115 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s39824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte apoptosis plays important roles in both the removal of external microorganisms and the occurrence and development of liver diseases. Different conditions, such as virus infection, fatty liver disease, hepatic ischemia reperfusion, and drug-induced liver injury, are accompanied by hepatocyte apoptosis. This review summarizes recent research on the mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis involving the classical extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. We emphasized the major causes of apoptosis according to the characteristics of different liver diseases. Several concerns regarding future research and clinical application are also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Bing Quan
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Jie Wang
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gao WY, Li D, Cai DE, Huang XY, Zheng BY, Huang YH, Chen ZX, Wang XZ. Hepatitis B virus X protein sensitizes HL-7702 cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:48-56. [PMID: 27840960 PMCID: PMC5355673 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Among the pathogenic factors of HBV, HBV X protein (HBx) is attracting increased attention. Although it is documented that HBx is a multifunctional regulator that modulates cell inflammation and apoptosis, the exact mechanism remains controversial. In the present study, we explored the effect of HBx on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in normal liver cell line, HL-7702. Our results showed that the existence of HBx affected mitochondrial biogenesis by modulating the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Notably, this phenomenon was associated with a pronounced translocation of Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondria during the period of exposure to oxidative stress with a release of cytochrome c and activation of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. Moreover, MPTP blockage with cyclosporin A prevented the translocation of Bax, and inhibited oxidative stress-induced apoptotic killing in the HBx-expressing HL-7702 cells. Our findings suggest that HBx exhibits pro-apoptotic effects upon normal liver cells following exposure to oxidative stress by modulating the MPTP gateway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - De-En Cai
- Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Huang
- Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Yun Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Bagga S, Rawat S, Ajenjo M, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein-mediated regulation of hepatocyte metabolic pathways affects viral replication. Virology 2016; 498:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Chen Y, Bai X, Zhang Q, Wen L, Su W, Fu Q, Sun X, Lou Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Chen Q, Wang J, Liang T. The hepatitis B virus X protein promotes pancreatic cancer through modulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lamontagne RJ, Bagga S, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus molecular biology and pathogenesis. HEPATOMA RESEARCH 2016; 2:163-186. [PMID: 28042609 PMCID: PMC5198785 DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2016.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses need a host cell to provide a milieu favorable to viral replication. Consequently, viruses often adopt mechanisms to subvert host cellular signaling processes. While beneficial for the viral replication cycle, virus-induced deregulation of host cellular signaling processes can be detrimental to host cell physiology and can lead to virus-associated pathogenesis, including, for oncogenic viruses, cell transformation and cancer progression. Included among these oncogenic viruses is the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite the availability of an HBV vaccine, 350-500 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV, and a significant number of these chronically infected individuals will develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epidemiological studies indicate that chronic infection with HBV is the leading risk factor for the development of HCC. Globally, HCC is the second highest cause of cancer-associated deaths, underscoring the need for understanding mechanisms that regulate HBV replication and the development of HBV-associated HCC. HBV is the prototype member of the Hepadnaviridae family; members of this family of viruses have a narrow host range and predominately infect hepatocytes in their respective hosts. The extremely small and compact hepadnaviral genome, the unique arrangement of open reading frames, and a replication strategy utilizing reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate to generate the DNA genome are distinguishing features of the Hepadnaviridae. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of HBV biology, summarize the model systems used for studying HBV infections, and highlight potential mechanisms that link a chronic HBV-infection to the development of HCC. For example, the HBV X protein (HBx), a key regulatory HBV protein that is important for HBV replication, is thought to play a cofactor role in the development of HBV-induced HCC, and we highlight the functions of HBx that may contribute to the development of HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jason Lamontagne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sumedha Bagga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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33
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Mehta A, Comunale MA, Rawat S, Casciano JC, Lamontagne J, Herrera H, Ramanathan A, Betesh L, Wang M, Norton P, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Intrinsic hepatocyte dedifferentiation is accompanied by upregulation of mesenchymal markers, protein sialylation and core alpha 1,6 linked fucosylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27965. [PMID: 27328854 PMCID: PMC4916422 DOI: 10.1038/srep27965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in N-linked glycosylation have long been associated with cancer but for the most part, the reasons why have remained poorly understood. Here we show that increased core fucosylation is associated with de-differentiation of primary hepatocytes and with the appearance of markers indicative of a transition of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state. This increase in core fucosylation was associated with increased levels of two enzymes involved in α-1,6 linked fucosylation, GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase (Gmds) and to a lesser extent fucosyltransferase 8 (Fut8). In addition, the activation of cancer-associated cellular signaling pathways in primary rat hepatocytes can increase core fucosylation and induce additional glycoform alterations on hepatocyte proteins. Specifically, we show that increased levels of protein sialylation and α-1,6-linked core fucosylation are observed following activation of the β-catenin pathway. Activation of the Akt signaling pathway or induction of hypoxia also results in increased levels of fucosylation and sialylation. We believe that this knowledge will help in the better understanding of the genetic factors associated with altered glycosylation and may allow for the development of more clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mehta
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mary Ann Comunale
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Siddhartha Rawat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jessica C Casciano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Harmin Herrera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Aarti Ramanathan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Lucy Betesh
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pamela Norton
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Laura F Steel
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Li M, Hu L, Zhu F, Zhou Z, Tian J, Ai J. Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes renal epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells through the activation of NF-κB. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:513-20. [PMID: 27314843 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated glomerulo-nephritis is the most common extra-hepatic disorder occurring with hepatitis B virus infection. In the present study, we hypothesized that HBV X protein (HBx) may play a critical role in renal interstitial fibrosis, as HBx has been shown to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal cells. For this purpose, we successfully transfected HBx plasmid into human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). We found that transfection with HBx plasmid significantly downregulated E-cadherin expression and upregulated α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I and fibronectin expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (at the lower concentrations and earlier time points). HBx also increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (again at the lower concentrations and earlier time points); however, it did not alter the phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, p38, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Thus, the findings of this study demonstrate that HBx promotes EMT in renal HK-2 cells, and the potential underlying mechanisms may involve the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Liping Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fengxin Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhangmei Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Tian
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ai
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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35
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Lamontagne J, Mell JC, Bouchard MJ. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus-Mediated Changes to Normal Hepatocyte Gene Expression. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005438. [PMID: 26891448 PMCID: PMC4758756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, a chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the leading cause of primary liver cancer. The mechanisms leading to the development of HBV-associated liver cancer remain incompletely understood. In part, this is because studies have been limited by the lack of effective model systems that are both readily available and mimic the cellular environment of a normal hepatocyte. Additionally, many studies have focused on single, specific factors or pathways that may be affected by HBV, without addressing cell physiology as a whole. Here, we apply RNA-seq technology to investigate transcriptome-wide, HBV-mediated changes in gene expression to identify single factors and pathways as well as networks of genes and pathways that are affected in the context of HBV replication. Importantly, these studies were conducted in an ex vivo model of cultured primary hepatocytes, allowing for the transcriptomic characterization of this model system and an investigation of early HBV-mediated effects in a biologically relevant context. We analyzed differential gene expression within the context of time-mediated gene-expression changes and show that in the context of HBV replication a number of genes and cellular pathways are altered, including those associated with metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and lipid biosynthesis. Multiple analysis pipelines, as well as qRT-PCR and an independent, replicate RNA-seq analysis, were used to identify and confirm differentially expressed genes. HBV-mediated alterations to the transcriptome that we identified likely represent early changes to hepatocytes following an HBV infection, suggesting potential targets for early therapeutic intervention. Overall, these studies have produced a valuable resource that can be used to expand our understanding of the complex network of host-virus interactions and the impact of HBV-mediated changes to normal hepatocyte physiology on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Mell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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36
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Slagle BL, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B Virus X and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a021402. [PMID: 26747833 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficient replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) requires the HBV regulatory hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein. The exact contributions of HBx are not fully understood, in part because of the limitations of the assays used for its study. When HBV replication is driven from a plasmid DNA, the contribution of HBx is modest. However, there is an absolute requirement for HBx in assays that recapitulate the infectious virus life cycle. There is much evidence that HBx can contribute directly to HBV replication by acting on viral promoters embedded within protein coding sequences. In addition, HBx may also contribute indirectly by modulating cellular pathways to benefit virus replication. Understanding the mechanism(s) of HBx action during virus replication may provide insight into novel ways to disrupt chronic HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty L Slagle
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
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37
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Guerrieri F, Belloni L, Pediconi N, Levrero M. Pathobiology of Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22330-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Yeganeh B, Rezaei Moghadam A, Alizadeh J, Wiechec E, Alavian SM, Hashemi M, Geramizadeh B, Samali A, Bagheri Lankarani K, Post M, Peymani P, Coombs KM, Ghavami S. Hepatitis B and C virus-induced hepatitis: Apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:13225-39. [PMID: 26715805 PMCID: PMC4679754 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i47.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the co-incidence of apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response (UPR) in hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infected hepatocytes. METHODS We performed immunofluorescence confocal microscopy on 10 liver biopsies from HBV and HCV patients and tissue microarrays of HBV positive liver samples. We used specific antibodies for LC3β, cleaved caspase-3, BIP (GRP78), and XBP1 to detect autophagy, apoptosis and UPR, respectively. Anti-HCV NS3 and anti-HBs antibodies were also used to confirm infection. We performed triple blind counting of events to determine the co-incidence of autophagy (LC3β punctuate), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3), and unfolded protein response (GRP78) with HBV and HCV infection in hepatocytes. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software for Windows (Version 16 SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, United States). P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed with Mann-Whitney test to compare incidence rates for autophagy, apoptosis, and UPR in HBV- and HCV-infected cells and adjacent non-infected cells. RESULTS Our results showed that infection of hepatocytes with either HBV and HCV induces significant increase (P < 0.001) in apoptosis (cleavage of caspase-3), autophagy (LC3β punctate), and UPR (increase in GRP78 expression) in the HCV- and HBV-infected cells, as compared to non-infected cells of the same biopsy sections. Our tissue microarray immunohistochemical expression analysis of LC3β in HBV(Neg) and HBV(Pos) revealed that majority of HBV-infected hepatocytes display strong positive staining for LC3β. Interestingly, although XBP splicing in HBV-infected cells was significantly higher (P < 0.05), our analyses show a slight increase of XBP splicing was in HCV-infected cells (P > 0.05). Furthermore, our evaluation of patients with HBV and HCV infection based on stage and grade of the liver diseases revealed no correlation between these pathological findings and induction of apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that HCV and HBV infection activates apoptosis, autophagy and UPR, but slightly differently by each virus. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the interconnections between these pathways in relation to pathology of HCV and HBV in the liver tissue.
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39
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Shi Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang A, Guo H, Wei F, Mehta SR, Espitia S, Smith DM, Liu L, Zhang Y, Chen D. A novel mutant 10Ala/Arg together with mutant 144Ser/Arg of hepatitis B virus X protein involved in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocarcinogenesis in HepG2 cell lines. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:285-91. [PMID: 26706415 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major health problem worldwide. HBV X (HBx) protein is the most common open reading frame that may undergo mutations, resulting in the development of HCC. This study aimed to determine specific HBx mutations that differentiate the central- and para-tumor tissues, and identify their association with HCC development. HBx gene from HCC tumor and para-tumor tissues of 47 HCC patients was amplified, sequenced and statistically analyzed. A novel combination of 2 mutations at residues 10 and 144 was identified which might play a significant role in HCC development. Expression vectors carrying HBx with the specific mutations were constructed and transfected into HepG2 and p53-null HepG2 cells. Compared to wild type (WT) and single mutation of HBx at residue 10 or 144, the 10/144 double mutations strongly up-regulated p21 expression and prolonged G1/S transition in WT- and p53-null HepG2 cells. Apoptosis was also inhibited by HBx harboring 10/44 double-mutation. Binding of 10/144 double-mutant HBx to p53 was lower than WT HBx. Conclusively, the 10/144 double mutation of HBx might play a crucial role in HCC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China; Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhe Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changping District Hospital, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Anna Wang
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Hongliang Guo
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Feili Wei
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Sanjay R Mehta
- Department of General Surgery, Changping District Hospital, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Stephen Espitia
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Longgen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou Institute of Hepatology, Changzhou City 213001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou Institute of Hepatology, Changzhou City 213001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Dexi Chen
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China.
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40
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Yokoyama Y, Miyagi T, Hikita H, Yoshioka T, Mukai K, Nawa T, Sakamori R, Ohkawa K, Hiramatsu N, Takahashi T, Suemizu H, Ryo A, Tatsumi T, Takehara T. The Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Affects the Persistence of Viral Replication in Immunodeficient NOG Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144775. [PMID: 26658490 PMCID: PMC4682774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims At least eight genotypes of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified. HBV genotype C is the most common genotype in Japan, although the incidence of HBV genotype A is increasing. The reason underlying the differences in viral multiplication of the HBV genotypes is unclear, especially in vivo. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the differences in HBV load and the persistence of viremia in vivo between genotypes A and C. Methods Immunodeficient NOG mice were transfected by hydrodynamic injection with the HBV expression plasmids pHBA1.2 or pHBC1.2, which contain overlength (1.2-mer) copies of the genomes of HBV genotype A or C, respectively. Results One day after transfection, the number of HBcAg-positive hepatocytes and serum HBV DNA levels were similar between mice transfected with pHBA1.2 and pHBC1.2. Serum levels of HBV DNA, HBsAg and HBeAg in mice transfected with pHBA1.2 were maintained over 5 months. In contrast, those in mice with pHBC1.2 gradually decreased over time and reached undetectable levels within 3 months after transfection. HBcAg-stained hepatocytes were detected in mice transfected with pHBA1.2, but not pHBC1.2, 5 months post-transfection. Double-staining immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of cleaved caspase3-stained, HBcAg-positive hepatocytes in the pHBC1.2-transfected mice was higher than in the pHBA1.2-transfected mice 3 days post-transfection. Moreover, the plasmid DNA and covalently closed circular DNA levels were decreased in the livers of pHBC1.2-transfected mice. These results suggested that hepatocytes expressing HBV genotype C were eliminated by apoptosis in the absence of immune cells more often than in hepatocytes expressing HBV genotype A. Conclusions Immunodeficient mice transfected with HBV genotype A develop persistent viremia, whereas those transfected with HBV genotype C exhibit transient viremia accompanied by apoptosis of HBV-expressing hepatocytes. This differences may affect the clinical courses of patients infected with HBV genotypes A and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyagi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teppei Yoshioka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ohkawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tatsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kang YBA, Sodunke TR, Lamontagne J, Cirillo J, Rajiv C, Bouchard MJ, Noh M. Liver sinusoid on a chip: Long-term layered co-culture of primary rat hepatocytes and endothelial cells in microfluidic platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2571-82. [PMID: 25994312 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the generation of microfluidic platforms for the co-culture of primary hepatocytes and endothelial cells; these platforms mimic the architecture of a liver sinusoid. This paper describes a progressional study of creating such a liver sinusoid on a chip system. Primary rat hepatocytes (PRHs) were co-cultured with primary or established endothelial cells in layers in single and dual microchannel configurations with or without continuous perfusion. Cell viability and maintenance of hepatocyte functions were monitored and compared for diverse experimental conditions. When primary rat hepatocytes were co-cultured with immortalized bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) in a dual microchannel with continuous perfusion, hepatocytes maintained their normal morphology and continued to produce urea for at least 30 days. In order to demonstrate the utility of our microfluidic liver sinusoid platform, we also performed an analysis of viral replication for the hepatotropic hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV replication, as measured by the presence of cell-secreted HBV DNA, was successfully detected. We believe that our liver model closely mimics the in vivo liver sinusoid and supports long-term primary liver cell culture. This liver model could be extended to diverse liver biology studies and liver-related disease research such as drug induced liver toxicology, cancer research, and analysis of pathological effects and replication strategies of various hepatotropic infectious agents. .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Temitope R Sodunke
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cirillo
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline Rajiv
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Moses Noh
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Wu G, Huang P, Ju X, Li Z, Wang Y. Lin28B over-expression mediates the repression of let-7 by hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatoma cells. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:15108-15116. [PMID: 26628994 PMCID: PMC4658883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Let-7 microRNA (miRNA) family is frequently downregulated in multiple human tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous report demonstrated that hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) suppressed the expression of let-7 in HepG2 hepatoma cells. However, the underlying mechanisms were not elucidated. Lin28B is known to negatively regulate the maturation of let-7, and this prompted us to determine whether HBx acts through Lin28B to suppress let-7. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine let-7 expression before and after treatment with c-Myc-and Lin28B-specific siRNAs in HepG2 cells stably/transiently transfected with HBx. mRNA and protein analyses were employed to determine the correlation of HBx, c-Myc and Lin28B in HCC tissues and cells. Cell cycle and proliferation assays were performed to delineate the consequences of Lin28B repression in HepG2 cells expressing HBx. Lin28B was overexpressed in HBx-transfected cells and HBV-infected liver tissues. HBx-c-Myc-Lin28B axis mediated the repression of let-7 in HepG2 cells. Reduced expression of Lin28B inhibited the growth and cell cycle progression of HepG2 cells by derepressing let-7 and repressing c-Myc. There was not only a preliminary HBx-c-Myc-Lin28B-let-7 pathway but also another possible double-negative feedback loop between c-Myc/Lin28B and let-7 in HepG2 cells transfected with HBx, which together induced the deregulation of let-7. Lin28B has the potential to be a novel molecular target in the treatment of HBV(+) HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital32 Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pinbo Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueming Ju
- Department of Ultrasound, Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital32 Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital32 Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital32 Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
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Lv M, Zhang B, Shi Y, Han Z, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Niu J, Yu XF. Identification of BST-2/tetherin-induced hepatitis B virus restriction and hepatocyte-specific BST-2 inactivation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11736. [PMID: 26119070 PMCID: PMC4484258 DOI: 10.1038/srep11736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BST-2/tetherin is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein that blocks the release of various enveloped viruses, including HIV-1. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a major cause of liver disease, belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family of enveloped DNA viruses. Whether BST-2 regulates HBV production is largely unknown. In this report, we have demonstrated that HBV particle release is modulated by BST-2 in a cell type-dependent fashion. In HEK293T cells, ectopically expressed or interferon-induced BST-2 strongly inhibited HBV release. BST-2 co-localized with HBV surface protein at multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and physically interacted with HBV particles. However, exogenous BST-2-induced HBV restriction was weak in Huh-7 hepatoma cells, and the interferon-induced anti-HBV effect was independent of BST-2 induction in hepatic L02 cells. Notably, HBV could promote HIV-1 ΔVpu virus release from BST-2-positive HepG2 hepatoma cells but not HeLa cells, whereas Vpu failed to efficiently inhibit BST-2-induced HBV restriction. HBx exhibited an enhanced interaction and co-localization with BST-2 in hepatocytes. These observations indicate that BST-2 restricts HBV production at intracellular MVBs but is inactivated by HBV through a novel mechanism requiring hepatocyte-specific cellular co-factors or a hepatocyte-specific environment. Further understanding of BST-2-induced HBV restriction may provide new therapeutic targets for future HBV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Lv
- 1] Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China [2] Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- 1] Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China [2] School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Han
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yulai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- 1] Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China [2] Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lamontagne J, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus and microRNAs: Complex interactions affecting hepatitis B virus replication and hepatitis B virus-associated diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7375-7399. [PMID: 26139985 PMCID: PMC4481434 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With nearly 750000 deaths yearly, hepatocellular carcinoma is the second highest cause of cancer-related death in the world. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of HBV-associated HCC remain incompletely understood. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), a family of small non-coding RNAs that play a role primarily in post-transcriptional gene regulation, have been recognized as important regulators of cellular homeostasis, and altered regulation of miRNA expression has been suggested to play a significant role in virus-associated diseases and the development of many cancers. With this in mind, many groups have begun to investigate the relationship between miRNAs and HBV replication and HBV-associated disease. Multiple findings suggest that some miRNAs, such as miR-122, and miR-125 and miR-199 family members, are playing a role in HBV replication and HBV-associated disease, including the development of HBV-associated HCC. In this review, we discuss the current state of our understanding of the relationship between HBV and miRNAs, including how HBV affects cellular miRNAs, how these miRNAs impact HBV replication, and the relationship between HBV-mediated miRNA regulation and HCC development. We also address the impact of challenges in studying HBV, such as the lack of an effective model system for infectivity and a reliance on transformed cell lines, on our understanding of the relationship between HBV and miRNAs, and propose potential applications of miRNA-related techniques that could enhance our understanding of the role miRNAs play in HBV replication and HBV-associated disease, ultimately leading to new therapeutic options and improved patient outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Therapy
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/growth & development
- Hepatitis B virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Amaddeo G, Cao Q, Ladeiro Y, Imbeaud S, Nault JC, Jaoui D, Gaston Mathe Y, Laurent C, Laurent A, Bioulac-Sage P, Calderaro J, Zucman-Rossi J. Integration of tumour and viral genomic characterizations in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinomas. Gut 2015; 64:820-9. [PMID: 25021421 PMCID: PMC4392232 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer. We characterised HCC associated with infection compared with non-HBV-related HCC to understand interactions between viral and hepatocyte genomic alterations and their relationships with clinical features. METHODS Frozen HBV (n=86) or non-HBV-related (n=90) HCC were collected in two French surgical departments. Viral characterisation was performed by sequencing HBS and HBX genes and quantifying HBV DNA and cccDNA. Nine genes were screened for somatic mutations and expression profiling of 37 genes involved in hepatocarcinogenesis was studied. RESULTS HBX revealed frequent non-sense, frameshift and deletions in tumours, suggesting an HBX inactivation selected in HCC. The number of viral copies was frequently lower in tumour than in non-tumour tissues (p=0.0005) and patients with low HBV copies in the non-tumour liver tissues presented additional risk factor (HCV, alcohol or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis, p=0.006). P53 was the most frequently altered pathway in HBV-related HCC (47%, p=0.001). Furthermore, TP53 mutations were associated with shorter survival only in HBV-related HCC (p=0.02) whereas R249S mutations were identified exclusively in migrants. Compared with other aetiologies, HBV-HCC were more frequently classified in tumours subgroups with upregulation of genes involved in cell-cycle regulation and a progenitor phenotype. Finally, in HBV-related HCC, transcriptomic profiles were associated with specific gene mutations (HBX, TP53, IRF2, AXIN1 and CTNNB1). CONCLUSIONS Integrated genomic characterisation of HBV and non-HBV-related HCC emphasised the immense molecular diversity of HCC closely related to aetiologies that could impact clinical care of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Amaddeo
- Inserm, UMR-674, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Qian Cao
- Inserm, UMR-674, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Ladeiro
- Inserm, UMR-674, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Inserm, UMR-674, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Inserm, UMR-674, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Alexis Laurent
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, digestive, hepatobiliary and liver transplantation, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France,IMRB—Inserm U955 Equipe n. 18 “Virologie moleculaire et immunologie –Physiopathologie et therapeutique des Hépatites virales chroniques”, Créteil, France
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- Inserm, UMR-1053; Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France,Department of Pathology, CHU de Bordeaux, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Inserm, UMR-674, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France,Department of Pathology, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMR-674, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France,Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Zhang P, Li N, Zhu Q, Li F, Yang C, Zeng X, Lv Y, Zhou Z, Han Q, Liu Z. Association between TNFAIP3 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2230926 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in a Chinese Han population. Virol J 2015; 12:33. [PMID: 25890346 PMCID: PMC4359777 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducible protein 3 (TNFAIP3) gene have been linked to inflammatory, immunological and malignant diseases. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by immunopathogenesis. This study investigated the association of rs2230926, a nonsynonymous SNP in TNFAIP3 gene, with chronic HBV infection. Methods Four hundred and fifty-five patients with chronic HBV infection with clinical diseases of chronic hepatitis (n = 183), liver cirrhosis (n = 167) and hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 105), 92 HBV infection resolvers and 171 healthy controls were included. All subjects were of Chinese Han ethnicity. Genotyping of rs2230926 was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results The gender and age between HBV patients, HBV infection resolvers and healthy controls had no statistical difference. The genotypes of rs2230926 in HBV patients, HBV infection resolvers and healthy controls are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype and allele frequencies of TNFAIP3 rs2230926 polymorphism between HBV patients, HBV infection resolvers and healthy controls had no significant difference. The genotype and allele frequencies of TNFAIP3 rs2230926 polymorphism between HBV patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma also showed no significant difference. Conclusions The TNFAIP3 rs2230926 polymorphism is not suggested to be associated with the susceptibility of chronic HBV infection or the progression of HBV-related diseases in this study. Replicative studies and studies in large control and HBV patient populations of different ethnicity by genotyping more polymorphisms in TNFAIP3 gene are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Cuiling Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China. .,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China. .,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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The hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx protein activates AKT to simultaneously regulate HBV replication and hepatocyte survival. J Virol 2014; 89:999-1012. [PMID: 25355887 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02440-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a risk factor for developing liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx is a multifunctional protein encoded by the HBV genome; HBx stimulates HBV replication and is thought to play an important role in the development of HBV-associated HCC. HBx can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway in some cell lines; however, whether HBx regulates PI3K/AKT signaling in normal hepatocytes has not been evaluated. In studies described here, we assessed HBx activation of PI3K/AKT signaling in an ex vivo model of cultured primary hepatocytes and determined how this HBx activity affects HBV replication. We report that HBx activates AKT in primary hepatocytes and that the activation of AKT decreases HBV replication and HBV mRNA and core protein levels. We show that the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is a target of HBx-regulated AKT, and we link HNF4α to HBx-regulated AKT modulation of HBV transcription and replication. Although we and others have shown that HBx stimulates and is likely required for HBV replication, we now report that HBx also activates signals that can diminish the overall level of HBV replication. While this may seem counterintuitive, we show that an important effect of HBx activation of AKT is inhibition of apoptosis. Consequently, our studies suggest that HBx balances HBV replication and cell survival by stimulating signaling pathways that enhance hepatocyte survival at the expense of higher levels of HBV replication. IMPORTANCE Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common cause of the development of liver cancer. Regulation of cell signaling pathways by the HBV HBx protein is thought to influence the development of HBV-associated liver cancer. HBx stimulates, and may be essential for, HBV replication. We show that HBx activates AKT in hepatocytes to reduce HBV replication. While this seems contradictory to an essential role of HBx during HBV replication, HBx activation of AKT inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis, and this may facilitate persistent, noncytopathic HBV replication. AKT regulates HBV replication by reducing the activity of the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). HBx activation of AKT may contribute to the development of liver cancer by facilitating persistent HBV replication, augmenting the dedifferentiation of hepatocytes by inhibiting HNF4α functions, and activating AKT-regulated oncogenic pathways. AKT-regulated factors may provide therapeutic targets for inhibiting HBV replication and the development of HBV-associated liver cancer.
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Zhang R, Cao Y, Bai L, Zhu C, Li R, He H, Liu Y, Wu K, Liu F, Wu J. The collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 facilitates hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating multiple cellular factors and signal cascades. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1554-66. [PMID: 25263696 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of acute and chronic liver diseases, fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC accounts for more than 85% of primary liver cancers and is the seventh most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, the mechanism by which HBV induces HCC is largely unknown. Collagen triple helixes repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) is a secreted protein and has characteristics of a circulating hormone with potentially broad implications for cell metabolism and physiology. CTHRC1 is associated with human cancers, but its effect on HCC is unknown. Here, we revealed that CTHRC1 expression is highly correlated with HCC progression in HBV-infected patients, and demonstrated that HBV stimulates CTHRC1 expression by activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), through extracellular signal-regulated kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (ERK/c-JNK) pathway. In addition, CTHRC1 activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through regulating phosphoinosmde-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI-3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway. More interestingly, CTHRC1 enhances colony formation, migration, and invasion of hepatoma cells by regulating p53 and stimulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. In addition, knock-down of CTHRC1 results in the repression of HBV-associated carcinogenesis in nude mice. Thus, we revealed a novel mechanism by which HBV facilitates HCC development through activating the oncoprotein CTHRC1, which in turn enhances HBV-related HCC progression by stimulates colony formation, migration, and invasion of hepatoma cells through regulating multiple cellular factors and signal cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zhou HB, Hu JY, Hu HP. Hepatitis B virus infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5721-5729. [PMID: 24914333 PMCID: PMC4024782 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a devastating malignant tumor arising from the peripheral intrahepatic bile duct epithelium. The incidence and mortality of ICC is markedly increasing over the past two decades worldwide, though the cause for this rise in incidence is unclear, thus intensifying the search for alternative etiological agents and pathogenetic mechanisms. Hepatolithiasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, parasitic infection (Opisthorchis viverrini or Clonorchis sinensis), fibropolycystic liver disease, and chemical carcinogen exposure are thought to be the risk factors for ICC. Nevertheless, the majority of ICC patients do not have any of these risk factors, and none of the established risk factors can explain the recent increasing trend of ICC. Therefore, identifying other risk factors may lead to the prevention and early detection of ICC. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the predominant cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBV-endemic areas. This review discusses the evidence implicating chronic HBV infection as a likely etiology of ICC and the pathogenetic mechanisms that might be involved.
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Feitelson MA, Bonamassa B, Arzumanyan A. The roles of hepatitis B virus-encoded X protein in virus replication and the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:293-306. [PMID: 24387282 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.867947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. More than 350 million people are at risk for HCC, and with few treatment options available, therapeutic approaches to targets other than the virus polymerase will be needed. This review suggests that the HBV-encoded X protein, HBx, would be an outstanding target because it contributes to the biology and pathogenesis of HBV in three fundamental ways. AREAS COVERED First, HBx is a trans-activating protein that stimulates virus gene expression and replication, thereby promoting the development and persistence of the carrier state. Second, HBx partially blocks the development of immune responses that would otherwise clear the virus, and protects infected hepatocytes from immune-mediated destruction. Thus, HBx contributes to the development of CLD without virus clearance. Third, HBx alters patterns of host gene expression that make possible the emergence of HCC. The selected literature cited is from the National Library of Medicine (Pubmed and Medline). EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms, whereby HBx supports virus replication and promotes pathogenesis, suggests that HBx will be an important therapeutic target against both virus replication and CLD aimed at the chemoprevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Feitelson
- Temple University, College of Science and Technology, Department of Biology , Room 409 BioLife Science Building, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122 , USA +1 215 204 8434 ; +1 215 204 8359 ;
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