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Muñoz-Muela E, Trujillo-Rodríguez M, Serna-Gallego A, Saborido-Alconchel A, Ruiz-Mateos E, López-Cortés LF, Gutiérrez-Valencia A. HIV-1-specific T-cell responses and exhaustion profiles in people with HIV after switching to dual therapy vs. maintaining triple therapy based on integrase inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115750. [PMID: 37871555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual therapy (DT) has shown comparable results to triple therapy (TT) in efficacy and other immunological aspects. However, there are still some concerns about DT, including several immunological features. Therefore, we evaluated whether HIV-1-specific memory T-cell responses and exhaustion phenotypes are adversely influenced after simplification to DT. METHODS HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were assessed by intracellular cytokine and degranulation marker staining, and polyfunctionality indexes after stimulation with a Gag peptide pool. Exhaustion phenotypes were evaluated by PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Forty participants in the TRIDUAL trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03447873) who were randomized to continue integrase inhibitor-based TT (n = 20) or to switch to DT (dolutegravir or darunavir/cobicistat plus lamivudine) (n = 20). After 96 weeks, the magnitude of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses was similar in both treatment arms (p = 0.221 and p = 0.602, respectively). The CD4+ polyfunctionality index decreased in the TT arm (p = 0.013) and remained stable in the DT arm, while the polyfunctionality of CD8+ T cells was unchanged in both arms. There was a significant decrease in the expression of PD-1, TIM-3, and the co-expression of PD-1+TIM-3+LAG-3+, and PD-1 +TIM-3 + in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, the decrease in the expression of exhaustion markers did not improve HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that simplification to DT does not negatively influence the HIV-1-specific T-cell response or the exhaustion phenotype after 96 weeks of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Muñoz-Muela
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Serna-Gallego
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Abraham Saborido-Alconchel
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis F López-Cortés
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alicia Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Li X, Singh NK, Collins DR, Ng R, Zhang A, Lamothe-Molina PA, Shahinian P, Xu S, Tan K, Piechocka-Trocha A, Urbach JM, Weber JK, Gaiha GD, Takou Mbah OC, Huynh T, Cheever S, Chen J, Birnbaum M, Zhou R, Walker BD, Wang JH. Molecular basis of differential HLA class I-restricted T cell recognition of a highly networked HIV peptide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2929. [PMID: 37217466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) mediated control of HIV-1 is enhanced by targeting highly networked epitopes in complex with human-leukocyte-antigen-class-I (HLA-I). However, the extent to which the presenting HLA allele contributes to this process is unknown. Here we examine the CTL response to QW9, a highly networked epitope presented by the disease-protective HLA-B57 and disease-neutral HLA-B53. Despite robust targeting of QW9 in persons expressing either allele, T cell receptor (TCR) cross-recognition of the naturally occurring variant QW9_S3T is consistently reduced when presented by HLA-B53 but not by HLA-B57. Crystal structures show substantial conformational changes from QW9-HLA to QW9_S3T-HLA by both alleles. The TCR-QW9-B53 ternary complex structure manifests how the QW9-B53 can elicit effective CTLs and suggests sterically hindered cross-recognition by QW9_S3T-B53. We observe populations of cross-reactive TCRs for B57, but not B53 and also find greater peptide-HLA stability for B57 in comparison to B53. These data demonstrate differential impacts of HLAs on TCR cross-recognition and antigen presentation of a naturally arising variant, with important implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Nishant Kumar Singh
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Robert Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Peter Shahinian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shutong Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kemin Tan
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey K Weber
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | | | - Tien Huynh
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Sophia Cheever
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael Birnbaum
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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de Almeida Baptista MV, da Silva LT, Samer S, Oshiro TM, Shytaj IL, Giron LB, Pena NM, Cruz N, Gosuen GC, Ferreira PRA, Cunha-Neto E, Galinskas J, Dias D, Sucupira MCA, de Almeida-Neto C, Salomão R, da Silva Duarte AJ, Janini LM, Hunter JR, Savarino A, Juliano MA, Diaz RS. Immunogenicity of personalized dendritic-cell therapy in HIV-1 infected individuals under suppressive antiretroviral treatment: interim analysis from a phase II clinical trial. AIDS Res Ther 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 35022035 PMCID: PMC8753935 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We developed a personalized Monocyte-Derived Dendritic-cell Therapy (MDDCT) for HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral treatment and evaluated HIV-specific T-cell responses. Methods PBMCs were obtained from 10 HIV+ individuals enrolled in trial NCT02961829. Monocytes were differentiated into DCs using IFN-α and GM-CSF. After sequencing each patient’s HIV-1 Gag and determining HLA profiles, autologous Gag peptides were selected based on the predicted individual immunogenicity and used to pulse MDDCs. Three doses of the MDDCT were administered every 15 days. To assess immunogenicity, patients’ cells were stimulated in vitro with autologous peptides, and intracellular IL-2, TNF, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production were measured in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Results The protocol of ex-vivo treatment with IFN-α and GM-CSF was able to induce maturation of MDDCs, as well as to preserve their viability for reinfusion. MDDCT administration was associated with increased expression of IL-2 in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells at 15 and/or 30 days after the first MDDCT administration. Moreover, intracellular TNF and IFN-γ expression was significantly increased in CD4+ T-cells. The number of candidates that increased in vitro the cytokine levels in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon stimulation with Gag peptides from baseline to day 15 and from baseline to day 30 and day 120 after MDDCT was significant as compared to Gag unstimulated response. This was accompanied by an increasing trend in the frequency of polyfunctional T-cells over time, which was visible when considering both cells expressing two and three out of the three cytokines examined. Conclusions MDDC had a mature profile, and this MDDCT promoted in-vitro T-cell immune responses in HIV-infected patients undergoing long-term suppressive antiretroviral treatment. Trial registration NCT02961829: (Multi Interventional Study Exploring HIV-1 Residual Replication: a Step Towards HIV-1 Eradication and Sterilizing Cure, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02961829, posted November 11th, 2016) Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12981-021-00426-z.
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Single-Cell Multiomics Analysis for Drug Discovery. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110729. [PMID: 34822387 PMCID: PMC8623556 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the heterogeneity seen in cell populations within biological systems, analysis of single cells is necessary for studying mechanisms that cannot be identified on a bulk population level. There are significant variations in the biological and physiological function of cell populations due to the functional differences within, as well as between, single species as a result of the specific proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome that are unique to each individual cell. Single-cell analysis proves crucial in providing a comprehensive understanding of the biological and physiological properties underlying human health and disease. Omics technologies can help to examine proteins (proteomics), RNA molecules (transcriptomics), and the chemical processes involving metabolites (metabolomics) in cells, in addition to genomes. In this review, we discuss the value of multiomics in drug discovery and the importance of single-cell multiomics measurements. We will provide examples of the benefits of applying single-cell omics technologies in drug discovery and development. Moreover, we intend to show how multiomics offers the opportunity to understand the detailed events which produce or prevent disease, and ways in which the separate omics disciplines complement each other to build a broader, deeper knowledge base.
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5
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Xiao P, Dienger-Stambaugh K, Chen X, Wei H, Phan S, Beavis AC, Singh K, Adhikary NRD, Tiwari P, Villinger F, He B, Spearman P. Parainfluenza Virus 5 Priming Followed by SIV/HIV Virus-Like-Particle Boosting Induces Potent and Durable Immune Responses in Nonhuman Primates. Front Immunol 2021; 12:623996. [PMID: 33717130 PMCID: PMC7946978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for a preventive vaccine against HIV infection remains an ongoing challenge, indicating the need for novel approaches. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is a paramyxovirus replicating in the upper airways that is not associated with any animal or human pathology. In animal models, PIV5-vectored vaccines have shown protection against influenza, RSV, and other human pathogens. Here, we generated PIV5 vaccines expressing HIV envelope (Env) and SIV Gag and administered them intranasally to macaques, followed by boosting with virus-like particles (VLPs) containing trimeric HIV Env. Moreover, we compared the immune responses generated by PIV5-SHIV prime/VLPs boost regimen in naïve vs a control group in which pre-existing immunity to the PIV5 vector was established. We demonstrate for the first time that intranasal administration of PIV5-based HIV vaccines is safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic, and that boosting with adjuvanted trimeric Env VLPs enhances humoral and cellular immune responses. The PIV5 prime/VLPs boost regimen induced robust and durable systemic and mucosal Env-specific antibody titers with functional activities including ADCC and neutralization. This regimen also induced highly polyfunctional antigen-specific T cell responses. Importantly, we show that diminished responses due to PIV5 pre-existing immunity can be overcome in part with VLP protein boosts. Overall, these results establish that PIV5-based HIV vaccine candidates are promising and warrant further investigation including moving on to primate challenge studies.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Gene Products, gag/administration & dosage
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Nasal Mucosa/virology
- Parainfluenza Virus 5/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 5/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/administration & dosage
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Krista Dienger-Stambaugh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Huiling Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shannon Phan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ashley C. Beavis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Karnail Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nihar R. Deb Adhikary
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Pooja Tiwari
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Paul Spearman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Rutishauser RL, Deguit CDT, Hiatt J, Blaeschke F, Roth TL, Wang L, Raymond KA, Starke CE, Mudd JC, Chen W, Smullin C, Matus-Nicodemos R, Hoh R, Krone M, Hecht FM, Pilcher CD, Martin JN, Koup RA, Douek DC, Brenchley JM, Sékaly RP, Pillai SK, Marson A, Deeks SG, McCune JM, Hunt PW. TCF-1 regulates HIV-specific CD8+ T cell expansion capacity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:136648. [PMID: 33351785 PMCID: PMC7934879 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many HIV cure strategies seek to expand HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to control the virus, all are likely to fail if cellular exhaustion is not prevented. A loss in stem-like memory properties (i.e., the ability to proliferate and generate secondary effector cells) is a key feature of exhaustion; little is known, however, about how these properties are regulated in human virus-specific CD8+ T cells. We found that virus-specific CD8+ T cells from humans and nonhuman primates naturally controlling HIV/SIV infection express more of the transcription factor TCF-1 than noncontrollers. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell TCF-1 expression correlated with memory marker expression and expansion capacity and declined with antigenic stimulation. CRISPR-Cas9 editing of TCF-1 in human primary T cells demonstrated a direct role in regulating expansion capacity. Collectively, these data suggest that TCF-1 contributes to the regulation of the stem-like memory property of secondary expansion capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, and they provide a rationale for exploring the enhancement of this pathway in T cell-based therapeutic strategies for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Deo T. Deguit
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of the Philippines-National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Franziska Blaeschke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Theodore L. Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Lynn Wang
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kyle A. Raymond
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, California, USA
| | | | - Joseph C. Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases and
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolyn Smullin
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, California, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Hellen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Promotion of Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Immunization with Virus-Like Particles Encapsulated in Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Liposomes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040633. [PMID: 33142799 PMCID: PMC7712044 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising vaccine candidates against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, such vaccines provide a relatively low level of protection against FMD virus (FMDV) because of their poor immunogenicity. Therefore, it is necessary to design effective vaccine strategies that induce more potent immunogenicity. In order to investigate the means to improve FMD VLP vaccine (VLPFMDV) immunogenicity, we encapsulated VLPs (MPL/DDA-VLPFMDV) with cationic liposomes based on dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and/or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, TLR4 agonist) as adjuvants. Unlike inactivated whole-cell vaccines, VLPFMDV were successfully encapsulated in this MPL/DDA system. We found that MPL/DDA-VLPFMDV could induce strong cell-mediated immune responses by inducing not only VLP-specific IFN-γ+CD4+ (Th1), IL-17A+CD4+ (Th17), and IFN-γ+CD8+ (activated CD8 response) T cells, but also the development of VLP-specific multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells co-expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2. In addition, the MPL/DDA-VLPFMDV vaccine markedly induced VLP-specific antibody titers; in particular, the vaccine induced greater Th1-predominant IgG responses than VLPFMDV only and DDA-VLPFMDV. These results are expected to provide important clues for the development of an effective VLPFMDV that can induce cellular and humoral immune responses, and address the limitations seen in current VLP vaccines for various diseases.
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8
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Pan Y, Zhang ZN, Yin LB, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Shang H. Reduced eIF3d accelerates HIV disease progression by attenuating CD8+ T cell function. J Transl Med 2019; 17:167. [PMID: 31118081 PMCID: PMC6530059 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 10–15% of individuals exhibit a rapid decline in CD4+ T cells and become rapid progressors (RPs). Overall, understanding the factors affecting rapid disease progression in early HIV infection (EHI) can aid in treatment initiation. Recent studies show that eIF3s, classic scaffold proteins during the translation initiation process, can directly promote or inhibit the translation of mRNA, therefore participating in the regulation of cell function. However, to our knowledge, it has not been addressed whether eIF3s are involved in the diverse prognosis of HIV infection. Methods Expression of eIF3s in primary cells from early or chronic HIV-infected patients was detected by real-time PCR. To investigate the potential mechanisms of eIF3d in the regulation of CD8+ T cell function, complete transcriptomes of eIF3d-inhibited Jurkat T cells were sequenced by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Additionally, to examine the effect of eIF3d on CD8+ T cell function, eIF3d expression was inhibited alone or in combination with SOCS-7 knockdown by siRNA in isolated CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cell proliferation, IFN-r secretion and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Moreover, the effect of eIF3d on HIV replication was evaluated in Jurkat cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+ T cells with eIF3d knockdown using a pNL4-3 pseudotyped virus. Results At approximately 100 days of infection, only eIF3d was markedly decreased in RPs compared with chronic progressors (CPs). Expression of eIF3d correlated significantly with disease progression in EHI. Based on in vitro analyses, reduced eIF3d expression led to decreased proliferation and IFN-γ secretion and increased apoptosis in CD8+ T cells. Inhibited expression of eIF3d caused enhanced expression of SOCS-7, and inhibiting SOCS-7 expression by siRNA rescued the attenuated CD8+ T cell function caused by eIF3d. Finally, when eIF3d was inhibited in Jurkat cells, PBMCs and CD4+ T cells, pNL4-3-VSV-G virus replication was enhanced. Conclusions The current data highlight the importance of eIF3d in HIV infection by inhibiting CD8+ T cell function and promoting viral replication. Our study provides potential targets for improved immune intervention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1925-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lin-Bo Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, He ping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qing Chun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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9
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Warren JA, Clutton G, Goonetilleke N. Harnessing CD8 + T Cells Under HIV Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30863403 PMCID: PMC6400228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. In recent years there has been considerable interest in strategies to enable HIV-infected individuals to cease ART without viral rebound, either by purging all cells infected harboring replication-competent virus (HIV eradication), or by boosting immune responses to allow durable suppression of virus without rebound (HIV remission). Both of these approaches may need to harness HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to eliminate infected cells and/or prevent viral spread. In untreated infection, both HIV-specific and total CD8+ T cells are dysfunctional. Here, we review our current understanding of both global and HIV-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in HIV-infected individuals with durably suppressed viral load under ART, and its implications for HIV cure, eradication or remission. Overall, the literature indicates significant normalization of global T cell parameters, including CD4/8 ratio, activation status, and telomere length. Global characteristics of CD8+ T cells from HIV+ART+ individuals align more closely with those of HIV-seronegative individuals than of viremic HIV-infected individuals. However, markers of senescence remain elevated, leading to the hypothesis that immune aging is accelerated in HIV-infected individuals on ART. This phenomenon could have implications for attempts to prime de novo, or boost existing HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. A major challenge for both HIV cure and remission strategies is to elicit HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses superior to that elicited by natural infection in terms of response kinetics, magnitude, breadth, viral suppressive capacity, and tissue localization. Addressing these issues will be critical to the success of HIV cure and remission attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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10
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Nakiboneka R, Mugaba S, Auma BO, Kintu C, Lindan C, Nanteza MB, Kaleebu P, Serwanga J. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) negative CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells can produce immune mediators in response to viral antigens. Vaccine 2019; 37:113-122. [PMID: 30459072 PMCID: PMC6290111 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of antigen-specific T-cell responses to viral antigens is frequently performed on IFN-γ secreting cells. However, T-cells are capable of producing many more functions than just IFN-γ, some of which, like Perforin, are associated with immune protection in HIV-1 disease elite controllers. We evaluated the extent of missed T-cell functions when IFN-γ secretion is used as a surrogate marker for further evaluation of T-cell functions. Intracellular cytokine staining assay and flow cytometry were used to assess peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 31 HIV-infected ART-naive individuals for the extent to which gated CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ producing and non-producing T-cells also secreted IL-2, Perforin, and TNF-α functions. Similarly, the extent of missed virus-specific responses in IFN-γ ELISpot assay negative T-cells from 5 HIV-1 uninfected individuals was evaluated. Cells from HIV-infected individuals were stimulated with pooled consensus group M (Con M) peptides; and those from healthy individuals were stimulated with pooled adenovirus (Ad) peptides. Overall, frequencies of virus-specific IFN-γ secreting CD4+ and CD8+ cells were low. Proportions of IFN-γ negative CD4+ expressing IL-2, Perforin, or TNF-α to Con M were significantly higher (5 of 7 functional profiles) than the corresponding IFN-γ positive CD4+ (0 of 7) T-cell phenotype, p = 0.02; Fisher's Exact test. Likewise, proportions of CD8+ T-cells expressing other functions were significantly higher in 4 of the 7 IFN-γ negative CD8+ T-cells. Notably, newly stimulated Perforin, identified as Perforin co-expression with IL-2 or TNF-α, was significantly higher in IFN-γ negative CD8+ T-cell than in the positive CD8+ T-cells. Using SEB, lower responses in IFN-γ positive cells were most associated with CD4+ than CD8+ T-cells. These findings suggest that studies evaluating immunogenicity in response to HIV and Adenovirus viral antigens should not only evaluate T-cell responsiveness among IFN-γ producing cells but also among those T-cells that do not express IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritah Nakiboneka
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Susan Mugaba
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Betty O. Auma
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christopher Kintu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christina Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States
| | - Mary Bridget Nanteza
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda.
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11
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Salido J, Ruiz MJ, Trifone C, Figueroa MI, Caruso MP, Gherardi MM, Sued O, Salomón H, Laufer N, Ghiglione Y, Turk G. Phenotype, Polyfunctionality, and Antiviral Activity of in vitro Stimulated CD8 + T-Cells From HIV + Subjects Who Initiated cART at Different Time-Points After Acute Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2443. [PMID: 30405632 PMCID: PMC6205955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since anti-HIV treatment cannot cure the infection, many strategies have been proposed to eradicate the viral reservoir, which still remains as a major challenge. The success of some of these strategies will rely on the ability of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells (CD8TC) to clear reactivated infected cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the phenotype and function of in vitro expanded CD8TC obtained from HIV+ subjects on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), either initiated earlier (median = 3 months postinfection, ET: Early treatment) or later (median = 20 months postinfection, DT: Delayed treatment) after infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 DT and 13 ET subjects were obtained and stimulated with Nef and Gag peptide pools plus IL-2 for 14 days. ELISPOT was performed pre- and post-expansion. CD8TC memory/effector phenotype, PD-1 expression, polyfunctionality (CD107a/b, IFN-γ, IL-2, CCL4 (MIP-1β), and/or TNF-α production) and antiviral activity were evaluated post-expansion. Magnitude of ELISPOT responses increased after expansion by 103 times, in both groups. Expanded cells were highly polyfunctional, regardless of time of cART initiation. The memory/effector phenotype distribution was sharply skewed toward an effector phenotype after expansion in both groups although ET subjects showed significantly higher proportions of stem-cell and central memory CD8TCs. PD-1 expression was clustered in HIV-specific effector memory CD8TCs, subset that also showed the highest proportion of cytokine-producing cells. Moreover, PD-1 expression directly correlated with CD8TC functionality. Expanded CD8TCs from DT and ET subjects were highly capable of mediating antiviral activity, measured by two different assays. Antiviral function directly correlated with the proportion of fully differentiated effector cells (viral inhibition assay) as well as with CD8TC polyfunctionality and PD-1 expression (VITAL assay). In sum, we show that, despite being dampened in subjects on cART, the HIV-specific CD8TC response could be selectively stimulated and expanded in vitro, presenting a high proportion of cells able to carry-out multiple effector functions. Timing of cART initiation had an impact on the memory/effector differentiation phenotype, most likely reflecting how different periods of antigen persistence affected immune function. Overall, these results have important implications for the design and evaluation of strategies aimed at modulating CD8TCs to achieve the HIV functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Salido
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julia Ruiz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - César Trifone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Paula Caruso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. JA Fernández”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Jazaeri EO, Mahdavi A, Abdoli A. Formulation of chitosan with the polyepitope HIV-1 protein candidate vaccine efficiently boosts cellular immune responses in mice. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4082731. [PMID: 28911033 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) continues to be a major global public health issue and priority. Despite the variety of antiretroviral therapies, it seems that an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is still very necessary. An ideal HIV-1 vaccine should be able to elicit both humoral and cellular immunities. In this respect, polyepitope vaccines, incorporated from several conserved regions of HIV-1 proteins, have received much attention recently. Herein, the immunogenicity of the HIV-1 polyepitope protein-based candidate vaccines was evaluated in BALB/c mice. Following the plasmid (pET23a-HIV-1-tat/pol/gag/env) preparation and transformation, the recombinant protein expression was optimized in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) host cells. After the HIV-1-top4 protein purification, chitosan and alum adjuvants were added to the vaccines formulations to reinforce the immunogenicity of the candidate vaccines. Mice were subcutaneously immunized three times at 2-week intervals with the candidate vaccines and the elicitation of both humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated. Taken together, the results showed that chitosan adjuvanted candidate vaccine conferred a stronger immunogenicity and elicited higher cellular responses than other candidate vaccines (P < 0.05). Thereby, it seems that co-utilizing of potent adjuvants with the HIV-1 polyepitope protein vaccines can help to open new avenues for strategies for HIV/AIDS vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ollah Jazaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45195-1159, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Mahdavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45195-1159, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
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13
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Bidmon N, Kind S, Welters MJP, Joseph-Pietras D, Laske K, Maurer D, Hadrup SR, Schreibelt G, Rae R, Sahin U, Gouttefangeas C, Britten CM, van der Burg SH. Development of an RNA-based kit for easy generation of TCR-engineered lymphocytes to control T-cell assay performance. J Immunol Methods 2018; 458:74-82. [PMID: 29684430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based assays to monitor antigen-specific T-cell responses are characterized by their high complexity and should be conducted under controlled conditions to lower multiple possible sources of assay variation. However, the lack of standard reagents makes it difficult to directly compare results generated in one lab over time and across institutions. Therefore TCR-engineered reference samples (TERS) that contain a defined number of antigen-specific T cells and continuously deliver stable results are urgently needed. We successfully established a simple and robust TERS technology that constitutes a useful tool to overcome this issue for commonly used T-cell immuno-assays. To enable users to generate large-scale TERS, on-site using the most commonly used electroporation (EP) devices, an RNA-based kit approach, providing stable TCR mRNA and an optimized manufacturing protocol were established. In preparation for the release of this immuno-control kit, we established optimal EP conditions on six devices and initiated an extended RNA stability study. Furthermore, we coordinated on-site production of TERS with 4 participants. Finally, a proficiency panel was organized to test the unsupervised production of TERS at different laboratories using the kit approach. The results obtained show the feasibility and robustness of the kit approach for versatile in-house production of cellular control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bidmon
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany; BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Kind
- BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Joseph-Pietras
- ECMC, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Dominik Maurer
- Immatics biotechnologies GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital Herlev, Ringvej 75, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Dept. of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen, HB 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Rae
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany; BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cedrik M Britten
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333, The Netherlands.
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14
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Wang Y, Nag M, Tuohy JL, De Paris K, Fogle JE. T Regulatory Cell Induced Foxp3 Binds the IL2, IFNγ, and TNFα Promoters in Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells from Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Cats. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:269-276. [PMID: 29037051 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyfunctional CD8+ T cells play a critical role in controlling viremia during AIDS lentiviral infections. However, for most HIV-infected individuals, virus-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit loss of polyfunctionality, including loss of IL2, TNFα, and IFNγ. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model for AIDS lentiviral persistence, our laboratory has demonstrated that FIV-activated Treg cells target CD8+ T cells, leading to a reduction in IL2 and IFNγ production. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that Treg cells induce expression of the repressive transcription factor, Foxp3, in CD8+ T cells. Based upon these findings, we asked if Treg-induced Foxp3 could bind to the IL2, TNFα, and IFNγ promoter regions in virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Following coculture with autologous Treg cells, we demonstrated decreased mRNA levels of IL2 and IFNγ at weeks 4 and 8 postinfection and decreased TNFα at week 4 postinfection in virus-specific CD8+ T cells. We also clearly demonstrated Treg cell-induced Foxp3 expression in virus-specific CD8+ T cells at weeks 1, 4, and 8 postinfection. Finally, we documented Foxp3 binding to the IL2, TNFα, and IFNγ promoters at 8 weeks and 6 months postinfection in virus-specific CD8+ T cells following Treg cell coculture. In summary, the results here clearly demonstrate that Foxp3 inhibits IL2, TNFα, and IFNγ transcription by binding to their promoter regions in lentivirus-specific CD8+ T cells. We believe this is the first description of this process during the course of AIDS lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mukta Nag
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Joanne L. Tuohy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan E. Fogle
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
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15
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Preserved immune functionality and high CMV-specific T-cell responses in HIV-infected individuals with poor CD4 + T-cell immune recovery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11711. [PMID: 28916780 PMCID: PMC5601464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor CD4+ T-cell recovery after cART has been associated with skewed T-cell maturation, inflammation and immunosenescence; however, T-cell functionality in those individuals has not been fully characterized. In the present study, we assessed T-cell function by assessing cytokine production after polyclonal, CMV and HIV stimulations of T-cells from ART-suppressed HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ T-cell counts >350 cells/μL (immunoconcordants) or <350 cells/μL (immunodiscordants). A group of HIV-uninfected individuals were also included as controls. Since CMV co-infection significantly affected T-cell maturation and polyfunctionality, only CMV+ individuals were analyzed. Despite their reduced and skewed CD4+ T-cell compartment, immunodiscordant individuals showed preserved polyclonal and HIV-specific responses. However, CMV response in immunodiscordant participants was significantly different from immunoconcordant or HIV-seronegative individuals. In immunodiscordant subjects, the magnitude of IFN-γ+ CD8+ and IL-2+ CD4+ T-cells in response to CMV was higher and differently associated with the CD4+ T-cell maturation profile., showing an increased frequency of naïve, central memory and EMRA CMV-specific CD4+ T-cells. In conclusion, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality was not reduced in immunodiscordant individuals, although heightened CMV-specific immune responses, likely related to subclinical CMV reactivations, may be contributing to the skewed T-cell maturation and the higher risk of clinical progression observed in those individuals.
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16
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Ranasinghe S, Lamothe PA, Soghoian DZ, Kazer SW, Cole MB, Shalek AK, Yosef N, Jones RB, Donaghey F, Nwonu C, Jani P, Clayton GM, Crawford F, White J, Montoya A, Power K, Allen TM, Streeck H, Kaufmann DE, Picker LJ, Kappler JW, Walker BD. Antiviral CD8 + T Cells Restricted by Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Exist during Natural HIV Infection and Exhibit Clonal Expansion. Immunity 2017; 45:917-930. [PMID: 27760342 PMCID: PMC5077698 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell recognition of virus-infected cells is characteristically restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, although rare examples of MHC class II restriction have been reported in Cd4-deficient mice and a macaque SIV vaccine trial using a recombinant cytomegalovirus vector. Here, we demonstrate the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted CD8+ T cell responses with antiviral properties in a small subset of HIV-infected individuals. In these individuals, T cell receptor β (TCRβ) analysis revealed that class II-restricted CD8+ T cells underwent clonal expansion and mediated killing of HIV-infected cells. In one case, these cells comprised 12% of circulating CD8+ T cells, and TCRα analysis revealed two distinct co-expressed TCRα chains, with only one contributing to binding of the class II HLA-peptide complex. These data indicate that class II-restricted CD8+ T cell responses can exist in a chronic human viral infection, and may contribute to immune control. CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-DRB1 exist in a small number of HIV-infected persons These CD8+ T cells exhibit potent antiviral functions against HIV-infected cells TCRβ usage patterns indicate clonal expansion of class II-restricted CD8+ T cells CD8+ T cells that violate immunologic paradigms may contribute to viral control
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro A Lamothe
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | | | - Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Michael B Cole
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Faith Donaghey
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Chioma Nwonu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Priya Jani
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Gina M Clayton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Frances Crawford
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Janice White
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Alana Montoya
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Karen Power
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Todd M Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20910, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - John W Kappler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA.
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17
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Adenovirus-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates tested in efficacy trials elicit CD8+ T cells with limited breadth of HIV-1 inhibition. AIDS 2016; 30:1703-12. [PMID: 27088318 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability of HIV-1 vaccine candidates MRKAd5, VRC DNA/Ad5 and ALVAC/AIDSVAX to elicit CD8 T cells with direct antiviral function was assessed and compared with HIV-1-infected volunteers. DESIGN Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based regimens MRKAd5 and VRC DNA/Ad5, designed to elicit HIV-1-specific T cells, are immunogenic but failed to prevent infection or impact on viral loads in volunteers infected subsequently. Failure may be due in part to a lack of CD8 T cells with effective antiviral functions. METHODS An in-vitro viral inhibition assay tested the ability of bispecific antibody expanded CD8 T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to inhibit replication of a multiclade panel of HIV-1 isolates in autologous CD4 T cells. HIV-1 proteins recognized by CD8 T cells were assessed by IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS Ad5-based regimens elicited CD8 T cells that inhibited replication of HIV-1 IIIB isolate with more limited inhibition of other isolates. IIIB isolate Gag and Pol genes have high sequence identities (>96%) to vector HIV-1 gene inserts, and these were the predominant HIV-1 proteins recognized by CD8 T cells. Virus inhibition breadth was greater in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected volunteers naturally controlling viremia (plasma viral load < 10 000/ml). HIV-1-inhibitory CD8 T cells were not elicited by the ALVAC/AIDSVAX regimen. CONCLUSION The Ad5-based regimens, although immunogenic, elicited CD8 T cells with limited HIV-1-inhibition breadth. Effective T-cell-based vaccines should presumably elicit broader HIV-1-inhibition profiles. The viral inhibition assay can be used in vaccine design and to prioritize promising candidates with greater inhibition breadth for further clinical trials.
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18
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B Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis: Bregs and BTLA/CD272 Expressing-CD19+ Lymphocytes Modulate Disease Severity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29699. [PMID: 27412504 PMCID: PMC4944189 DOI: 10.1038/srep29699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) by secreting antibodies and producing cytokines. This latter function was analyzed in myelin olygodendrocyte protein (MOG)-stimulated CD19+ B lymphocytes of 71 MS patients with different disease phenotypes and 40 age-and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Results showed that: 1) CD19+/TNFα+, CD19+/IL-12+ and CD19+/IFNγ+ lymphocytes are significantly increased in primary progressive (PP) compared to secondary progressive (SP), relapsing-remitting (RR), benign (BE) MS and HC; 2) CD19+/IL-6+ lymphocytes are significantly increased in PP, SP and RR compared to BEMS and HC; and 3) CD19+/IL-13+, CD19+/IL-10+, and CD19+/IL-10+/TGFβ+ (Bregs) B lymphocytes are reduced overall in MS patients compared to HC. B cells expressing BTLA, a receptor whose binding to HVEM inhibits TcR-initiated cytokine production, as well as CD19+/BTLA+/IL-10+ cells were also significantly overall reduced in MS patients compared to HC. Analyses performed in RRMS showed that fingolimod-induced disease remission is associated with a significant increase in Bregs, CD19+/BTLA+, and CD19+/BTLA+/IL-10+ B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes participate to the pathogenesis of MS via the secretion of functionally-diverse cytokines that might play a role in determining disease phenotypes. The impairment of Bregs and CD19+/BTLA+ cells, in particular, could play an important pathogenic role in MS.
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Macatangay BJC, Riddler SA, Wheeler ND, Spindler J, Lawani M, Hong F, Buffo MJ, Whiteside TL, Kearney MF, Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR. Therapeutic Vaccination With Dendritic Cells Loaded With Autologous HIV Type 1-Infected Apoptotic Cells. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1400-9. [PMID: 26647281 PMCID: PMC4813736 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the results of a phase I/II, open-label, single-arm clinical trial to evaluate the safety and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) efficacy of an autologous dendritic cell (DC)-based HIV-1 vaccine loaded with autologous HIV-1-infected apoptotic cells. METHODS Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals were enrolled, and viremia was suppressed by ART prior to delivery of 4 doses of DC-based vaccine. Participants underwent treatment interruption 6 weeks after the third vaccine dose. The plasma HIV-1 RNA level 12 weeks after treatment interruption was compared to the pre-ART (ie, baseline) level. RESULTS The vaccine was safe and well tolerated but did not prevent viral rebound during treatment interruption. Vaccination resulted in a modest but significant decrease in plasma viremia from the baseline level (from 4.53 log10 copies/mL to 4.27 log10 copies/mL;P= .05). Four of 10 participants had a >0.70 log10 increase in the HIV-1 RNA load in plasma following vaccination, despite continuous ART. Single-molecule sequencing of HIV-1 RNA in plasma before and after vaccination revealed increases in G>A hypermutants in gag and pol after vaccination, which suggests cytolysis of infected cells. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine based on DCs loaded with apoptotic bodies was safe and induced T-cell activation and cytolysis, including HIV-1-infected cells, in a subset of study participants. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00510497.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Nicole D Wheeler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Jonathan Spindler
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mariam Lawani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Feiyu Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Mary J Buffo
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | | | - Mary F Kearney
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
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20
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Du VY, Bansal A, Carlson J, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Ladell K, Gras S, Josephs TM, Heath SL, Price DA, Rossjohn J, Hunter E, Goepfert PA. HIV-1-Specific CD8 T Cells Exhibit Limited Cross-Reactivity during Acute Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3276-86. [PMID: 26983786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated that HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells can cross-recognize variant epitopes. However, most of these studies were performed in the context of chronic infection, where the presence of viral quasispecies makes it difficult to ascertain the true nature of the original antigenic stimulus. To overcome this limitation, we evaluated the extent of CD8 T cell cross-reactivity in patients with acute HIV-1 clade B infection. In each case, we determined the transmitted founder virus sequence to identify the autologous epitopes restricted by individual HLA class I molecules. Our data show that cross-reactive CD8 T cells are infrequent during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, in the uncommon instances where cross-reactive responses were detected, the variant epitopes were poorly recognized in cytotoxicity assays. Molecular analysis revealed that similar antigenic structures could be cross-recognized by identical CD8 T cell clonotypes mobilized in vivo, yet even subtle differences in a single TCR-accessible peptide residue were sufficient to disrupt variant-specific reactivity. These findings demonstrate that CD8 T cells are highly specific for autologous epitopes during acute HIV-1 infection. Polyvalent vaccines may therefore be required to provide optimal immune cover against this genetically labile pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Y Du
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | | | | | - Maria G Salazar
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Eric Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
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21
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Obuku AE, Bugembe DL, Musinguzi K, Watera C, Serwanga J, Ndembi N, Levin J, Kaleebu P, Pala P. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Beta and Interferon Gamma Responses in Ugandans with HIV-1 Acute/Early Infections. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:237-46. [PMID: 26548707 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of HIV replication through CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells might be possible, but the functional and phenotypic characteristics of such cells are not defined. Among cytokines produced by T cells, CCR5 ligands, including macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β), compete for the CCR5 coreceptor with HIV, promoting CCR5 internalization and decreasing its availability for virus binding. Interferon (IFN)-γ also has some antiviral activity and has been used as a read-out for T cell immunogenicity. We used cultured ELISpot assays to compare the relative contribution of MIP-1β and IFN-γ to HIV-specific responses. The magnitude of responses was 1.36 times higher for MIP-1β compared to IFN-γ. The breadth of the MIP-1β response (45.41%) was significantly higher than IFN-γ (36.88%), with considerable overlap between the peptide pools that stimulated both MIP-1β and IFN-γ production. Subtype A and D cross-reactive responses were observed both at stimulation and test level, but MIP-1β and IFN-γ responses displayed different effect patterns. We conclude that the MIP-1β ELISpot would be a useful complement to the evaluation of the immunogenicity of HIV vaccines and the activity of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ekii Obuku
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Daniel L. Bugembe
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Musinguzi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christine Watera
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nicaise Ndembi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jonathan Levin
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pietro Pala
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
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22
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Acevedo-Sáenz L, Carmona-Pérez L, Velilla-Hernández PA, Delgado JC, Rugeles L MT. The APPEESFRS Peptide, Restricted by the HLA-B*35:01 Molecule, and the APPEESFRF Variant Derived from an Autologous HIV-1 Strain Induces Polyfunctional Responses in CD8+ T Cells. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:115-20. [PMID: 26309788 PMCID: PMC4497628 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports have focused on consensus peptides to determine CD8+ T-cell responses; however, few studies evaluated the functional profile using peptides derived from circulating strains of a specific region. We determined the effector profile and maturation phenotype of CD8+ T-cells targeting the consensus APPEESFRS (AS9) epitope and its variant APPEESFRF (AF9), previously identified. The free energy of binding, maturation phenotype, and polyfunctional profile of both peptides were similar. The magnitude of CD8+ T-cell responses to AF9 was greater than the one elicited by AS9, although the difference was not significant. The polyfunctional profile of AF9 was characterized by CD107a/interleukin-2 (IL-2)/macrophage inflammatory protein beta (MIP1β) and by interferon gamma (IFNγ)/MIP1β/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in response to AS9. TNFα production was significantly higher in response to AF9 than to AS9, and there was a negative correlation between the absolute number of CD8+ T-cell-producing TNFα and the plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load, suggesting a role of this cytokine in the control of HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Acevedo-Sáenz
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA) , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Liseth Carmona-Pérez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA) , Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Julio C Delgado
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - María Teresa Rugeles L
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA) , Medellín, Colombia
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-specific T cell responses are likely to have an important role in HIV cure strategies that aim for long-lasting viral control without antiretroviral therapy (ART). An important issue in enhancing virus-specific T cell responses is whether timing of ART can influence their magnitude and breadth. RECENT FINDINGS Early ART is associated with lower T cell activation, preservation of T cell numbers, smaller DNA and RNA reservoir size, and, in a single study (VISCONTI), control of plasma viremia after treatment interruption. The prevention of T cell destruction by early ART is associated with relatively low anti-HIV CD8⁺ T cell responses but stronger CD4⁺ T helper function. The relatively lower CD8⁺T cell response, which is presumably due to rapid lowering of HIV antigen burden after early ART, appears sufficient to control residual viral replication as well as viral rebound upon treatment interruption. SUMMARY Available evidence of starting ART during acute or early HIV infection has shown benefit in both virologic and immunologic parameters despite the lower HIV-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses observed. Encouraging as this is, more extensive data are necessary to evaluate its role in combination with immunotherapeutic and latency activation strategies that are being assessed in various HIV cure-related studies.
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24
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Hancock G, Yang H, Yorke E, Wainwright E, Bourne V, Frisbee A, Payne TL, Berrong M, Ferrari G, Chopera D, Hanke T, Mothe B, Brander C, McElrath MJ, McMichael A, Goonetilleke N, Tomaras GD, Frahm N, Dorrell L. Identification of effective subdominant anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T cells within entire post-infection and post-vaccination immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004658. [PMID: 25723536 PMCID: PMC4344337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the components of an HIV immunogen that could induce effective CD8+ T cell responses is critical to vaccine development. We addressed this question by investigating the viral targets of CD8+ T cells that potently inhibit HIV replication in vitro, as this is highly predictive of virus control in vivo. We observed broad and potent ex vivo CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibitory activity against a panel of HIV isolates among viremic controllers (VC, viral loads <5000 copies/ml), in contrast to unselected HIV-infected HIV Vaccine trials Network (HVTN) participants. Viral inhibition of clade-matched HIV isolates was strongly correlated with the frequency of CD8+ T cells targeting vulnerable regions within Gag, Pol, Nef and Vif that had been identified in an independent study of nearly 1000 chronically infected individuals. These vulnerable and so-called “beneficial” regions were of low entropy overall, yet several were not predicted by stringent conservation algorithms. Consistent with this, stronger inhibition of clade-matched than mismatched viruses was observed in the majority of subjects, indicating better targeting of clade-specific than conserved epitopes. The magnitude of CD8+ T cell responses to beneficial regions, together with viral entropy and HLA class I genotype, explained up to 59% of the variation in viral inhibitory activity, with magnitude of the T cell response making the strongest unique contribution. However, beneficial regions were infrequently targeted by CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccines encoding full-length HIV proteins, when the latter were administered to healthy volunteers and HIV-positive ART-treated subjects, suggesting that immunodominance hierarchies undermine effective anti-HIV CD8+ T cell responses. Taken together, our data support HIV immunogen design that is based on systematic selection of empirically defined vulnerable regions within the viral proteome, with exclusion of immunodominant decoy epitopes that are irrelevant for HIV control. Attempts to develop an HIV vaccine that elicits potent cell-mediated immunity have so far been unsuccessful. This is due in part to the use of immunogens that appear to recapitulate responses induced naturally by HIV that are, at best, partially effective. We previously showed that the capacity of CD8+ T cells from patients to block HIV replication in culture is strongly correlated with HIV control in vivo, therefore, we investigated the virological determinants of potent CD8+ T cell inhibitory activity. We observed that CD8+ T cells from patients with naturally low plasma viral loads (viremic controllers) were better able to inhibit the replication of diverse HIV strains in vitro than CD8+ T cells from HIV-noncontroller patients. Importantly, we also found that the potency of the antiviral activity in the latter group was strongly correlated with recognition of selected regions across the viral proteome that are critical to viral fitness. Vaccines that encode full-length viral proteins rarely elicited responses to these vulnerable regions. Taken together, our results provide insight into the characteristics of effective cell-mediated immune responses against HIV and how these may inform the design of better immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Hancock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Wainwright
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Bourne
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alyse Frisbee
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tamika L. Payne
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Berrong
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Denis Chopera
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine & Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tomas Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute—HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute—HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Tongo M, Burgers WA. Challenges in the design of a T cell vaccine in the context of HIV-1 diversity. Viruses 2014; 6:3968-90. [PMID: 25341662 PMCID: PMC4213573 DOI: 10.3390/v6103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary variability of HIV-1 poses a major obstacle to vaccine development. The effectiveness of a vaccine is likely to vary dramatically in different populations infected with different HIV-1 subtypes, unless innovative vaccine immunogens are developed to protect against the range of HIV-1 diversity. Immunogen design for stimulating neutralizing antibody responses focuses on “breadth” – the targeting of a handful of highly conserved neutralizing determinants on the HIV-1 Envelope protein that can recognize the majority of viruses across all HIV-1 subtypes. An effective vaccine will likely require the generation of both broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies and non-neutralizing antibodies, as well as broadly cross-reactive T cells. Several approaches have been taken to design such broadly-reactive and cross-protective T cell immunogens. Artificial sequences have been designed that reduce the genetic distance between a vaccine strain and contemporary circulating viruses; “mosaic” immunogens extend this concept to contain multiple potential T cell epitope (PTE) variants; and further efforts attempt to focus T cell immunity on highly conserved regions of the HIV-1 genome. Thus far, a number of pre-clinical and early clinical studies have been performed assessing these new immunogens. In this review, the potential use of these new immunogens is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tongo
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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26
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Garrod TJ, Gargett T, Yu W, Major L, Burrell CJ, Wesselingh S, Suhrbier A, Grubor-Bauk B, Gowans EJ. Loss of long term protection with the inclusion of HIV pol to a DNA vaccine encoding gag. Virus Res 2014; 192:25-33. [PMID: 25152448 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccine strategies that induce antibody responses have failed to protect against HIV infection in clinical trials, and thus cell-mediated immunity is now an additional criterion. Recent clinical trials that aimed to induce strong T cell responses failed to do so. Therefore, to enhance induction of protective T cell responses, it is crucial that the optimum antigen combination is chosen. Limited research has been performed into the number of antigens selected for an HIV vaccine. This study aimed to compare DNA vaccines encoding either a single HIV antigen or a combination of two antigens, using intradermal vaccination of C57BL/6 mice. Immune assays were performed on splenocytes, and in vivo protection was examined by challenge with a chimeric virus, EcoHIV, able to infect mouse but not human leukocytes, at 10 days (short term) and 60 days (long term) post final vaccination. At 60 days there was significantly lower frequency of induced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the spleens of pCMVgag-pol-vaccinated mice compared with mice which received pCMVgag only. Most importantly, short term viral control of EcoHIV was similar for pCMVgag and pCMVgag-pol-vaccinated mice at day 10, but only the pCMVgag-vaccinated significantly controlled EcoHIV at day 60 compared with pCMV-vaccinated mice, showing that control was reduced with the inclusion of the HIV pol gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin J Garrod
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lee Major
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Steven Wesselingh
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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27
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Early skewed distribution of total and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell memory phenotypes during primary HIV infection is related to reduced antiviral activity and faster disease progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104235. [PMID: 25093660 PMCID: PMC4122399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of the CD8+ T-cells on HIV control is well established. However, correlates of immune protection remain elusive. Although the importance of CD8+ T-cell specificity and functionality in virus control has been underscored, further unraveling the link between CD8+ T-cell differentiation and viral control is needed. Here, an immunophenotypic analysis (in terms of memory markers and Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression) of the CD8+ T-cell subset found in primary HIV infection (PHI) was performed. The aim was to seek for associations with functional properties of the CD8+ T-cell subsets, viral control and subsequent disease progression. Also, results were compared with samples from Chronics and Elite Controllers. It was found that normal maturation of total and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells into memory subsets is skewed in PHI, but not at the dramatic level observed in Chronics. Within the HIV-specific compartment, this alteration was evidenced by an accumulation of effector memory CD8+ T (TEM) cells over fully differentiated terminal effector CD8+ T (TTE) cells. Furthermore, higher proportions of total and HIV-specific CD8+ TEM cells and higher HIV-specific TEM/(TEM+TTE) ratio correlated with markers of faster progression. Analysis of PD-1 expression on total and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells from PHI subjects revealed not only an association with disease progression but also with skewed memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation. Most notably, significant direct correlations were obtained between the functional capacity of CD8+ T-cells to inhibit viral replication in vitro with higher proportions of fully-differentiated HIV-specific CD8+ TTE cells, both at baseline and at 12 months post-infection. Thus, a relationship between preservation of CD8+ T-cell differentiation pathway and cell functionality was established. This report presents evidence concerning the link among CD8+ T-cell function, phenotype and virus control, hence supporting the instauration of early interventions to prevent irreversible immune damage.
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Saresella M, Piancone F, Marventano I, La Rosa F, Tortorella P, Caputo D, Rovaris M, Clerici M. A role for the TIM-3/GAL-9/BAT3 pathway in determining the clinical phenotype of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:5000-9. [PMID: 25091272 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) ligates galectin-9 (Gal-9); this process, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 responses and in the apoptosis of antigen-specific cells, is hampered by binding of the molecular adaptor human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B)-associated transcript 3 (Bat3) to the intracellular tail of Tim-3. Apoptosis of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T lymphocytes correlates with reduced rates of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We extensively analyzed the Tim-3/Gal-9/Bat3 pathway in 87 patients with a diagnosis of stable relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), or benign MS (BEMS), as well as in 40 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results showed that MBP-specific CD4(+)Tim-3(+), CD4(+)/Gal-9(+), and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) (apoptotic) T lymphocytes were augmented in the BEMS group, whereas CD4(+)/Bat3(+) and CD8(+)/Bat3(+) T lymphocytes were increased and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) T cells were reduced in the PPMS group (>2 fold and P<0.05 in all cases). Blocking the Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction with specific mAb reduced T-lymphocyte apoptosis and augmented production of IFNγ and IL-17 in the BEMS, RRMS, and HC groups, but not in the PPMS group. The Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction favors apoptosis of MBP-specific T lymphocytes in BEMS; this process is reduced in PPMS by the up-regulation of Bat3. Therapeutic interventions aimed at silencing Bat3 could be beneficial in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Federica Piancone
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paola Tortorella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Marco Rovaris
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Mlisana K, Werner L, Garrett NJ, McKinnon LR, van Loggerenberg F, Passmore JAS, Gray CM, Morris L, Williamson C, Abdool Karim SS. Rapid disease progression in HIV-1 subtype C-infected South African women. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1322-31. [PMID: 25038116 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype B-infected individuals generally progress to AIDS within 8-10 years, limited data exist for other clades, especially from Africa. We investigated rates of HIV disease progression of clade C-infected South African women. METHODS Prospective seroincidence cohorts in KwaZulu-Natal were assessed for acute HIV infection monthly (n = 245) or every 3 months (n = 594) for up to 4 years. Rapid disease progression was defined as CD4 decline to <350 cells/µL by 2 years postinfection. Serial clinical and laboratory assessments were compared using survival analysis and logistic regression models. RESULTS Sixty-two women were identified at a median of 42 days postinfection (interquartile range, 34-59), contributing 282 person-years of follow-up. Mean CD4 count dropped by 39.6% at 3 months and 46.7% at 6 months postinfection in women with preinfection measurements. CD4 decline to <350 cells/µL occurred in 31%, 44%, and 55% of women at 1, 2, and 3 years postinfection, respectively, and to <500 cells/µL in 69%, 79%, and 81% at equivalent timepoints. Predictors of rapid progression were CD4 count at 3 months postinfection (hazard ratio [HR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-3.28; P = .002), setpoint viral load (HR, 3.82; 95% CI, 1.51-9.67; P = .005), and hepatitis B coinfection (HR, 4.54; 95% CI, 1.31-15.69; P = .017). Conversely, presence of any of HLAB*1302, B*27, B*57, B*5801, or B*8101 alleles predicted non-rapid progression (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, .05-.74; P = .016). CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of subtype C-infected women progressed to a CD4 count <350 cells/µL within 2 years of infection. Implementing 2013 World Health Organization treatment guidelines (CD4 count <500 cells/µL) would require most individuals to start antiretroviral therapy within 1 year of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koleka Mlisana
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lise Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa
| | | | | | - Francois van Loggerenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa The Global Health Network, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa Divisions of Immunology and Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
| | - Clive M Gray
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa Divisions of Immunology and Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
| | - Lynn Morris
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa Divisions of Immunology and Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa Columbia University, New York, New York
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Host and viral factors influence the HIV-1 infection course. Reduced Nef function has been observed in HIV-1 controllers during the chronic phase, but the kinetics and mechanisms of Nef attenuation in such individuals remain unclear. We examined plasma RNA-derived Nef clones from 10 recently infected individuals who subsequently suppressed viremia to less than 2,000 RNA copies/ml within 1 year postinfection (acute controllers) and 50 recently infected individuals who did not control viremia (acute progressors). Nef clones from acute controllers displayed a lesser ability to downregulate CD4 and HLA class I from the cell surface and a reduced ability to enhance virion infectivity compared to those from acute progressors (all P<0.01). HLA class I downregulation activity correlated inversely with days postinfection (Spearman's R=-0.85, P=0.004) and positively with baseline plasma viral load (Spearman's R=0.81, P=0.007) in acute controllers but not in acute progressors. Nef polymorphisms associated with functional changes over time were identified in follow-up samples from six controllers. For one such individual, mutational analyses indicated that four polymorphisms selected by HLA-A*31 and B*37 acted in combination to reduce Nef steady-state protein levels and HLA class I downregulation activity. Our results demonstrate that relative control of initial HIV-1 viremia is associated with Nef clones that display reduced function, which in turn may influence the course of HIV-1 infection. Transmission of impaired Nef sequences likely contributed in part to this observation; however, accumulation of HLA-associated polymorphisms in Nef that impair function also suggests that CD8+ T-cell pressures play a role in this phenomenon. IMPORTANCE Rare individuals can spontaneously control HIV-1 viremia in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Understanding the host and viral factors that contribute to the controller phenotype may identify new strategies to design effective vaccines or therapeutics. The HIV-1 Nef protein enhances viral pathogenesis through multiple mechanisms. We examined the function of plasma HIV-1 RNA-derived Nef clones isolated from 10 recently infected individuals who subsequently controlled HIV viremia compared to the function of those from 50 individuals who failed to control viremia. Our results demonstrate that early Nef clones from HIV controllers displayed lower HLA class I and CD4 downregulation activity, as well as a reduced ability to enhance virion infectivity. The accumulation of HLA-associated polymorphisms in Nef during the first year postinfection was associated with impaired protein function in some controllers. This report highlights the potential for host immune responses to modulate HIV pathogenicity and disease outcome by targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in Nef.
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Ineffectual targeting of HIV-1 Nef by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in acute infection results in no functional impairment or viremia reduction. J Virol 2014; 88:7881-92. [PMID: 24789790 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00482-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Nef is heavily targeted by CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTLs) during acute infection and therefore is included in many candidate vaccines. We investigated whether CTL targeting of Nef during acute infection contributes to immune control by disrupting the function of Nef. The sequence and function of Nef in parallel with CTL responses were assessed longitudinally from peak viremia until the viremia set point in a cohort of six subjects with acute infection. All but one individual had a single founder strain. Nef-specific CTL responses were detected in all subjects and declined in magnitude over time. These responses were associated with mutations, but none of the mutations were detected in important functional motifs. Nef-mediated downregulation of CD4 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules was better preserved in acute infection than in chronic infection. Finally, Nef-specific CTL responses were not associated with a reduction in viremia from its acute-phase peak. Our results indicate that CTLs targeting Nef epitopes outside critical functional domains have little effect on the pathogenic functions of Nef, rendering these responses ineffective in acute infection. Importance: These data indicate that using the whole Nef protein as a vaccine immunogen likely allows immunodominance that leads to targeting of CTL responses that are rapidly escaped with little effect on Nef-mediated pathogenic functions. Pursuing vaccination approaches that can more precisely direct responses to vulnerable areas would maximize efficacy. Until vaccine-induced targeting can be optimized, other approaches, such as the use of Nef function inhibitors or the pursuit of immunotherapies such as T cell receptor gene therapy or adoptive transfer, may be more likely to result in successful control of viremia.
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