1
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Wang Q, Wang X, Ding J, Huang L, Wang Z. Structural insight of cell surface sugars in viral infection and human milk glycans as natural antiviral substance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133867. [PMID: 39009265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections are caused by the adhesion of viruses to host cell receptors, including sialylated glycans, glycosaminoglycans, and human blood group antigens (HBGAs). Atomic-level structural information on the interactions between viral particles or proteins with glycans can be determined to provide precise targets for designing antiviral drugs. Milk glycans, existing as free oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates, have attracted increasing attention; milk glycans protect infants against infectious diseases, particularly poorly manageable viral infections. Furthermore, several glycans containing structurally distinct sialic acid/fucose/sulfate modifications in human milk acting as a "receptor decoy" and serving as the natural antiviral library, could interrupt virus-receptor interaction in the first line of defense for viral infection. This review highlights the basis of virus-glycan interactions, presents specific glycan receptor binding by gastroenterovirus viruses, including norovirus, enteroviruses, and the breakthroughs in the studies on the antiviral properties of human milk glycans, and also elucidates the role of glycans in respiratory viruses infection. In addition, recent advances in methods for performing virus/viral protein-glycan interactions were reported. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of the studies on the clinical application of human milk glycan for viral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jieqiong Ding
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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2
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Grizer CS, Messacar K, Mattapallil JJ. Enterovirus-D68 - A Reemerging Non-Polio Enterovirus that Causes Severe Respiratory and Neurological Disease in Children. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 4:1328457. [PMID: 39246649 PMCID: PMC11378966 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2024.1328457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the global reemergence and rapid spread of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), a respiratory pathogen that causes severe respiratory illness and paralysis in children. EV-D68 was first isolated in 1962 from children with pneumonia. Sporadic cases and small outbreaks have been reported since then with a major respiratory disease outbreak in 2014 associated with an increased number of children diagnosed with polio-like paralysis. From 2014-2018, major outbreaks have been reported every other year in a biennial pattern with > 90% of the cases occurring in children under the age of 16. With the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant decrease in the prevalence EV-D68 cases along with other respiratory diseases. However, since the relaxation of pandemic social distancing protocols and masking mandates the number of EV-D68 cases have begun to rise again - culminating in another outbreak in 2022. Here we review the virology, pathogenesis, and the immune response to EV-D68, and discuss the epidemiology of EV-D68 infections and the divergence of contemporary strains from historical strains. Finally, we highlight some of the key challenges in the field that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra S Grizer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kevin Messacar
- The Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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3
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Li F, Lu RJ, Zhang YH, Shi P, Ao YY, Cao LF, Zhang YL, Tan WJ, Shen J. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus D68 from 2013 to 2020 in Shanghai. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2161. [PMID: 38272942 PMCID: PMC10810781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen that has caused outbreaks of severe respiratory disease worldwide, especially in children. We aim to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of EV-D68 in children from Shanghai. Nasopharyngeal swab or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia were screened for EV-D68. Nine of 3997 samples were EV-D68-positive. Seven of nine positive samples were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. Based on partial polyprotein gene (3D) or complete sequence analysis, we found the seven strains belong to different clades and subclades, including three D1 (detected in 2013 and 2014), one D2 (2013), one D3 (2019), and two B3 (2014 and 2018). Overall, we show different clades and subclades of EV-D68 spread with low positive rates (0.2%) among children in Shanghai between 2013 and 2020. Amino acid mutations were found in the epitopes of the VP1 BC and DE loops and C-terminus; similarity analysis provided evidence for recombination as an important mechanism of genomic diversification. Both single nucleotide mutations and recombination play a role in evolution of EV-D68. Genetic instability within these clinical strains may indicate large outbreaks could occur following cumulative mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rou-Jian Lu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Statistics and Data Management Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yun Ao
- Virology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Feng Cao
- Virology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Shen
- Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Chio CC, Chan HW, Chen SH, Huang HI. Enterovirus D68 vRNA induces type III IFN production via MDA5. Virus Res 2024; 339:199284. [PMID: 38040125 PMCID: PMC10704515 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) primarily spreads through the respiratory tract and causes respiratory symptoms in children and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Type III interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in inhibiting viral growth in respiratory epithelial cells. However, the mechanism by which EV-D68 induces type III IFN production is not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that EV-D68 infection stimulates Calu-3 cells to secrete IFN-λ. The transfection of EV-D68 viral RNA (vRNA) stimulated IFN-λ via MDA5. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence that EV-D68 infection also induces MDA5-IRF3/IRF7-mediated IFN-λ. In addition, we discovered that EV-D68 infection downregulated MDA5 expression. Knockdown of MDA5 increased EV-D68 replication in Calu-3 cells. Finally, we demonstrated that the IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2/3 proteins effectively inhibit EV-D68 infection in respiratory epithelial cells. In summary, our study shows that EV-D68 induces type III IFN production via the activated MDA5-IRF3/IRF7 pathway and that type III IFNs inhibit EV-D68 replication in Calu-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chong Chio
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hio-Wai Chan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-I Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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5
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Yoshida K, Muramatsu M, Shimizu H. Neutralizing activity of intravenous immune globulin products against enterovirus D68 strains isolated in Japan. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:481. [PMID: 37464326 PMCID: PMC10394975 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), belonging to Enterovirus D, is a unique human enterovirus mainly associated with common respiratory diseases. However, EV-D68 can cause severe respiratory diseases, and EV-D68 endemic is epidemiologically linked to current global epidemic of acute flaccid myelitis. METHODS In this study, we measured neutralizing antibody titers against six clinical EV-D68 isolates in nine intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) products commercially available in Japan to assess their potential as therapeutic options for severe EV-D68 infection. RESULTS Seven IVIG products manufactured from Japanese donors contained high neutralizing antibody titers (IC50 = 0.22-85.01 µg/mL) against all six EV-D68 strains. Apparent differences in neutralizing titers among the six EV-D68 strains were observed for all IVIG products derived from Japanese and non-Japanese blood donors. CONCLUSIONS High levels of EV-D68-neutralizing antibodies in IVIG products manufactured from Japanese donors suggest that anti-EV-D68 antibodies are maintained in the Japanese donor population similarly as found in foreign blood donors. Apparent differences in neutralizing antibody titers against the six EV-D68 strains suggest distinct antigenicity among the strains used in this study regardless of the genetic similarity of EV-D68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Devries MK, Bochkov YA, Evans MD, Gern JE, Jackson DJ. Recent Clinical Isolates of Enterovirus D68 Have Increased Replication and Induce Enhanced Epithelial Immune Response Compared to the Prototype Fermon Strain. Viruses 2023; 15:1291. [PMID: 37376591 DOI: 10.3390/v15061291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), previously associated primarily with mild respiratory illness, caused a large outbreak of severe respiratory illness and, in rare instances, paralysis. We compared the viral binding and replication of eight recent EV-D68 clinical isolates collected both before and during the 2014 outbreak and the prototype Fermon strain from 1962 in cultured HeLa cells and differentiated human primary bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) to understand the possible reasons for the change in virus pathogenicity. We selected pairs of closely related isolates from the same phylogenetic clade that were associated with severe vs. asymptomatic infections. We found no significant differences in binding or replication in HeLa cell cultures between the recent clinical isolates. However, in HeLa cells, Fermon had significantly greater binding (2-3 logs) and virus progeny yields (2-4 logs) but a similar level of replication (1.5-2 log increase in viral RNA from 2 h to 24 h post infection) compared to recent isolates. In differentiated BECs, Fermon and the recent EV-D68 isolates had similar levels of binding; however, the recent isolates produced 1.5-2-log higher virus progeny yields than Fermon due to increased replication. Interestingly, no significant differences in replication were identified between the pairs of genetically close recent EV-D68 clinical isolates despite the observed differences in associated disease severity. We then utilized RNA-seq to define the transcriptional responses in BECs infected with four recent EV-D68 isolates, representing major phylogenetic clades, and the Fermon strain. All the tested clinical isolates induced similar responses in BECs; however, numerous upregulated genes in antiviral and pro-inflammatory response pathways were identified when comparing the response to clinical isolates versus Fermon. These results indicate that the recent emergence in severe EV-D68 cases could be explained by an increased replication efficiency and enhanced inflammatory response induced by newly emerged clinical isolates; however, host factors are likely the main determinants of illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Devries
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Michael D Evans
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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7
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Tantirimudalige SN, Raghuvamsi PV, Sharma KK, Wei Bao JC, Anand GS, Wohland T. The ganglioside GM1a functions as a coreceptor/attachment factor for dengue virus during infection. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102570. [PMID: 36209827 PMCID: PMC9650044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus causing an estimated 390 million infections per year around the world. Despite the immense global health and economic impact of this virus, its true receptor(s) for internalization into live cells has not yet been identified, and no successful antivirals or treatments have been isolated to this date. This study aims to improve our understanding of virus entry routes by exploring the sialic acid-based cell surface molecule GM1a and its role in DENV infection. We studied the interaction of the virus with GM1a using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence crosscorrelation spectroscopy, imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Additionally, we explored the effect of this interaction on infectivity and movement of the virus during infection was explored using plaque assay and fluorescence-based imaging and single particle tracking. GM1a was deemed to interact with DENV at domain I (DI) and domain II (DII) of the E protein of the protein coat at quaternary contacts of a fully assembled virus, leading to a 10-fold and 7-fold increase in infectivity for DENV1 and DENV2 in mammalian cell systems, respectively. We determined that the interaction of the virus with GM1a triggers a speeding up of virus movement on live cell surfaces, possibly resulting from a reduction in rigidity of cellular rafts during infection. Collectively, our results suggest that GM1a functions as a coreceptor/attachment factor for DENV during infection in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarala Neomi Tantirimudalige
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Palur Venkata Raghuvamsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kamal Kant Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Chua Wei Bao
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ganesh S Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Sridhar A, Depla JA, Mulder LA, Karelehto E, Brouwer L, Kruiswijk L, Vieira de Sá R, Meijer A, Evers MM, van Kuppeveld FJM, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Enterovirus D68 Infection in Human Primary Airway and Brain Organoids: No Additional Role for Heparan Sulfate Binding for Neurotropism. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0169422. [PMID: 36154279 PMCID: PMC9603061 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01694-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an RNA virus that can cause outbreaks of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), a polio-like disease. Before 2010, EV-D68 was a rare pathogen associated with mild respiratory symptoms, but the recent EV-D68 related increase in severe respiratory illness and outbreaks of AFP is not yet understood. An explanation for the rise in severe disease is that it may be due to changes in the viral genome resulting in neurotropism. In this regard, in addition to sialic acid, binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) has been identified as a feature for viral entry of some EV-D68 strains in cell lines. Studies in human primary organotypic cultures that recapitulate human physiology will address the relevance of these HSPG-binding mutations for EV-D68 infection in vivo. Therefore, in this work, we studied the replication and neurotropism of previously determined sialic acid-dependent and HSPG-dependent strains using primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures and induced human pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids. All three strains (B2/2042, B2/947, and A1/1348) used in this study infected HAE cultures and human brain organoids (shown for the first time). Receptor-blocking experiments in both cultures confirm that B2/2042 infection is solely dependent on sialic acid, while B2/947 and A1/1348 (HSPG to a lesser extent) binds to sialic acid and HSPG for cell entry. Our data suggest that HSPG-binding can be used by EV-D68 for entry in human physiological models but offers no advantage for EV-D68 infection of brain cells. IMPORTANCE Recent outbreaks of enterovirus D68, a nonpolio enterovirus, is associated with a serious neurological condition in young children, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). As there is no antiviral treatment or vaccine available for EV-D68 it is important to better understand how EV-D68 causes AFM and why only recent outbreaks are associated with AFM. We investigated if a change in receptor usage of EV-D68 increases the virulence of EV-D68 in the airway or the central nervous system and thus could explain the increase in AFM cases. We studied this using physiologically relevant human airway epithelium and cerebral organoid cultures that are physiologically relevant human models. Our data suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans can be used by EV-D68 as an additional entry receptor in human physiological models but offers no advantage for EV-D68 infection of brain cells, and our data show the potential of these 46 innovative models for virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josse A. Depla
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lance A. Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Kruiswijk
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Laboratory Surveillance, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Li X, Li Y, Fan S, Cao R, Li X, He X, Li W, Xu L, Cheng T, Li H, Zhong W. Discovery and Optimization of Quinoline Analogues as Novel Potent Antivirals against Enterovirus D68. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14792-14808. [PMID: 36254462 PMCID: PMC9661475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68)
is a nonpolio enterovirus that is mainly
transmitted through respiratory routes and poses a potential threat
for large-scale spread. EV-D68 infections mostly cause moderate to
severe respiratory diseases in children and potentially induce neurological
diseases. However, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines
against EV-D68. Herein, through virtual screening and rational design,
a series of novel quinoline analogues as anti-EV-D68 agents targeting
VP1 were identified. Particularly, 19 exhibited potent
antiviral activity with an EC50 value ranging from 0.05
to 0.10 μM against various EV-D68 strains and showed inhibition
of viral replication verified by Western blot, immunofluorescence,
and plaque formation assay. Mechanistic studies indicated that the
anti-EV-D68 agents work mainly by interacting with VP1. The acceptable
bioavailability of 23.9% in rats and significant metabolic stability
in human liver microsome (Clint = 10.8 mL/min/kg, t1/2 = 148 min) indicated that compound 19 with a novel scaffold was worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng He
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P.R. China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P.R. China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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10
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Abstract
Enterovirus 70 (EV70) is a human pathogen belonging to the family Picornaviridae. EV70 is transmitted by eye secretions and causes acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, a serious eye disease. Despite the severity of the disease caused by EV70, its structure is unknown. Here, we present the structures of the EV70 virion, altered particle, and empty capsid determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The capsid of EV70 is composed of the subunits VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The partially collapsed hydrophobic pocket located in VP1 of the EV70 virion is not occupied by a pocket factor, which is commonly present in other enteroviruses. Nevertheless, we show that the pocket can be targeted by the antiviral compounds WIN51711 and pleconaril, which block virus infection. The inhibitors prevent genome release by stabilizing EV70 particles. Knowledge of the structures of complexes of EV70 with inhibitors will enable the development of capsid-binding therapeutics against this virus. IMPORTANCE Globally distributed enterovirus 70 (EV70) causes local outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The discharge from infected eyes enables the high-efficiency transmission of EV70 in overcrowded areas with low hygienic standards. Currently, only symptomatic treatments are available. We determined the structures of EV70 in its native form, the genome release intermediate, and the empty capsid resulting from genome release. Furthermore, we elucidated the structures of EV70 in complex with two inhibitors that block virus infection, and we describe the mechanism of their binding to the virus capsid. These results enable the development of therapeutics against EV70.
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11
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Abstract
Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a globally reemerging respiratory pathogen that is associated with the development of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or treatments for EV-D68 infection, and there is a paucity of data related to the virus and host-specific factors that predict disease severity and progression to the neurologic syndrome. EV-D68 infection of various animal models has served as an important platform for characterization and comparison of disease pathogenesis between historic and contemporary isolates. Still, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of EV-D68 pathogenesis that constrain the development and evaluation of targeted vaccines and antiviral therapies. Continued refinement and characterization of animal models that faithfully reproduce key elements of EV-D68 infection and disease is essential for ensuring public health preparedness for future EV-D68 outbreaks.
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12
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Filipe IC, Tee HK, Prados J, Piuz I, Constant S, Huang S, Tapparel C. Comparison of tissue tropism and host response to enteric and respiratory enteroviruses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010632. [PMID: 35789345 PMCID: PMC9286751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are among the most prevalent viruses worldwide. They are characterized by a high genetic and phenotypic diversity, being able to cause a plethora of symptoms. EV-D68, a respiratory EV, and EV-D94, an enteric EV, represent an interesting paradigm of EV tropism heterogeneity. They belong to the same species, but display distinct phenotypic characteristics and in vivo tropism. Here, we used these two viruses as well as relevant 3D respiratory, intestinal and neural tissue culture models, to highlight key distinctive features of enteric and respiratory EVs. We emphasize the critical role of temperature in restricting EV-D68 tissue tropism. Using transcriptomic analysis, we underscore fundamental differences between intestinal and respiratory tissues, both in the steady-state and in response to infection. Intestinal tissues present higher cell proliferation rate and are more immunotolerant than respiratory tissues. Importantly, we highlight the different strategies applied by EV-D94 and EV-D68 towards the host antiviral response of intestinal and respiratory tissues. EV-D68 strongly activates antiviral pathways while EV-D94, on the contrary, barely induces any host defense mechanisms. In summary, our study provides an insightful characterization of the differential pathogenesis of EV-D68 and EV-D94 and the interplay with their main target tissues. Enteroviruses (EVs) are important human pathogens, associated with more than 20 clinical presentations. They replicate predominantly in the intestinal and/or respiratory mucosae. The respiratory EV-D68 can be considered an emerging virus because it caused an unprecedent outbreak in 2014, and contemporary isolates display increased virulence and novel neurotropic potential. The genetically related enteric EV-D94 is less common and its pathogenesis remains poorly defined, however, its infection has also been associated with neurological symptoms such as acute flaccid paralysis. To decipher the pathogenic mechanisms of these two viruses, we investigated their tropism and innate immunity induction in relevant human respiratory, intestinal and neural tissue culture models. Our results highlight the critical role of temperature in restricting EV-D68 tropism. Furthermore, using transcriptomic analysis, we identified key differences between respiratory and intestinal tissues, with the latter exhibiting higher cell proliferation and being more immunotolerant. More importantly, we could demonstrate the different strategies applied by EV-D94 and EV-D68 towards the host antiviral response, with EV-D68 strongly activating antiviral pathways and EV-D94, in contrast, inducing few host antiviral transcripts. This work identifies key differences in the pathogenesis of these representative respiratory and enteric EVs, which may contribute to the development of targeted antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cordeiro Filipe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Han Kang Tee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Prados
- Bioinformatics Support Platform, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Piuz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Song Huang
- Epithelix SAS Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Hodcroft EB, Dyrdak R, Andrés C, Egli A, Reist J, García Martínez de Artola D, Alcoba-Flórez J, Niesters HGM, Antón A, Poelman R, Reynders M, Wollants E, Neher RA, Albert J. Evolution, geographic spreading, and demographic distribution of Enterovirus D68. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010515. [PMID: 35639811 PMCID: PMC9212145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide outbreaks of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in 2014 and 2016 have caused serious respiratory and neurological disease. We collected samples from several European countries during the 2018 outbreak and determined 53 near full-length genome (‘whole genome’) sequences. These sequences were combined with 718 whole genome and 1,987 VP1-gene publicly available sequences. In 2018, circulating strains clustered into multiple subgroups in the B3 and A2 subclades, with different phylogenetic origins. Clusters in subclade B3 emerged from strains circulating primarily in the US and Europe in 2016, though some had deeper roots linking to Asian strains, while clusters in A2 traced back to strains detected in East Asia in 2015-2016. In 2018, all sequences from the USA formed a distinct subgroup, containing only three non-US samples. Alongside the varied origins of seasonal strains, we found that diversification of these variants begins up to 18 months prior to the first diagnostic detection during a EV-D68 season. EV-D68 displays strong signs of continuous antigenic evolution and all 2018 A2 strains had novel patterns in the putative neutralizing epitopes in the BC- and DE-loops. The pattern in the BC-loop of the USA B3 subgroup had not been detected on that continent before. Patients with EV-D68 in subclade A2 were significantly older than patients with a B3 subclade virus. In contrast to other subclades, the age distribution of A2 is distinctly bimodal and was found primarily among children and in the elderly. We hypothesize that EV-D68’s rapid evolution of surface proteins, extensive diversity, and high rate of geographic mixing could be explained by substantial reinfection of adults. Better understanding of evolution and immunity across diverse viral pathogens, including EV-D68 and SARS-CoV-2, is critical to pandemic preparedness in the future. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has caused punctuated, global outbreaks of respiratory illness and neurological disease, including being implicated as the cause of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Serology studies and surveillance data suggests almost everyone is infected during early childhood. The majority of sequences collected are from young children, while adults retain high antibody titers against strains that circulated when they were young. However, little is known about how outbreaks are connected and how the virus evolves and spreads around the globe. Despite EV-D68’s apparent reliance on young, naive hosts, EV-D68 antibody binding sites are reportedly evolving under antigenic pressure, and EV-D68 seems to spread rapidly during outbreaks. In this multi-center European collaboration, we confirm that subclade specific age differences are present in those infected. Further, we were able to quantify between- and within-country migration and the ‘hidden’ diversification that indicates unsampled circulation between outbreaks. We conclude that the evolution of EV-D68 may be driven by substantial re-infection of adults, explaining the rapid geographic mixing and continuous antigenic evolution. The presence of largely unsampled circulation prior to outbreaks suggests there are gaps in current surveillance practices which could be addressed by expanding genetic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma B. Hodcroft
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Dyrdak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Virology Section, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Egli
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josiane Reist
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Alcoba-Flórez
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Hubert G. M. Niesters
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Virology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrés Antón
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Virology Section, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Randy Poelman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Virology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Reynders
- Unit of Molecular Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge AV, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Elke Wollants
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard A. Neher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Rudy MJ, Coughlan C, Hixon AM, Clarke P, Tyler KL. Density Analysis of Enterovirus D68 Shows Viral Particles Can Associate with Exosomes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245221. [PMID: 35170992 PMCID: PMC8849102 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02452-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen which causes respiratory disease and is associated with an acute flaccid myelitis that predominately affects children. EV-D68 can infect motor neurons, causing cell death and a loss of motor control leading to flaccid paralysis. However, it remains unknown how viral particles gain entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that three distinct densities of EV-D68 particle can be isolated from infected muscle and neural cell lines (RD and SH-SY5Y) using high-speed density centrifugation to separate cell supernatant. The lowest-density peak is composed of viral particles, which have adhered to the exterior surface of a small extracellular vesicle called an exosome. Analysis of prototypic (historic) and contemporary EV-D68 strains suggests that binding to exosomes is a ubiquitous characteristic of EV-D68. We further show that interaction with exosomes increases viral infectivity in a neural cell line. Analysis of the two higher-density peaks, which are not associated with exosomes, revealed that a significant amount of viral titer in the modern (2014) EV-D68 strains is found at 1.20 g/cm3, whereas this density has a very low viral titer in the prototypic Fermon strain. IMPORTANCE Despite the strong causal link between enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), it remains unclear how EV-D68 gains entry into the central nervous system and what receptors enable it to infect motor neurons. We show that EV-D68 particles can adhere to exosomes, placing EV-D68 among a handful of other picornaviruses which are known to interact with extracellular vesicles. Uptake and infection of permissive cells by virally contaminated exosomes would have major implications in the search for the EV-D68 receptor, as well as providing a possible route for viral entry into motor neurons. This work identifies a novel cellular entry route for EV-D68 and may facilitate the identification of genetic risk factors for development of AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rudy
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alison M. Hixon
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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15
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Detection of Enterovirus D68 in Wastewater Samples from the UK between July and November 2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010143. [PMID: 35062346 PMCID: PMC8781944 DOI: 10.3390/v14010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been linked with severe neurological disease such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in recent years. However, active surveillance for EV-D68 is lacking, which makes full assessment of this association difficult. Although a high number of EV-D68 infections were expected in 2020 based on the EV-D68's known biannual circulation patterns, no apparent increase in EV-D68 detections or AFM cases was observed during 2020. We describe an upsurge of EV-D68 detections in wastewater samples from the United Kingdom between July and November 2021 mirroring the recently reported rise in EV-D68 detections in clinical samples from various European countries. We provide the first publicly available 2021 EV-D68 sequences showing co-circulation of EV-D68 strains from genetic clade D and sub-clade B3 as in previous years. Our results show the value of environmental surveillance (ES) for the early detection of circulating and clinically relevant human viruses. The use of a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach helped us to estimate the prevalence of EV-D68 viruses among EV strains from other EV serotypes and to detect EV-D68 minor variants. The utility of ES at reducing gaps in virus surveillance for EV-D68 and the possible impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions introduced to control the COVID-19 pandemic on EV-D68 transmission dynamics are discussed.
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16
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Unique Tropism and Entry Mechanism of Mumps Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091746. [PMID: 34578327 PMCID: PMC8471308 DOI: 10.3390/v13091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is an important human pathogen that causes parotitis, orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. Although mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease, sporadic outbreaks have occurred worldwide, even in highly vaccinated populations. MuV not only causes systemic infection but also has a unique tropism to glandular tissues and the central nervous system. In general, tropism can be defined by multiple factors in the viral life cycle, including its entry, interaction with host factors, and host-cell immune responses. Although the underlying mechanisms of MuV tropism remain to be fully understood, recent studies on virus-host interactions have provided insights into viral pathogenesis. This review was aimed at summarizing the entry process of MuV by focusing on the glycan receptors, particularly the recently identified receptors with a trisaccharide core motif, and their interactions with the viral attachment proteins. Here, we describe the receptor structures, their distribution in the human body, and the recently identified host factors for MuV and analyze their relationship with MuV tropism.
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17
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Filipe IC, Guedes MS, Zdobnov EM, Tapparel C. Enterovirus D: A Small but Versatile Species. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1758. [PMID: 34442837 PMCID: PMC8400195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them. This review highlights the peculiarities of this viral species, focusing on genome organization, functional elements, receptor usage, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cordeiro Filipe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Mariana Soares Guedes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
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18
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van Belkum A, Almeida C, Bardiaux B, Barrass SV, Butcher SJ, Çaykara T, Chowdhury S, Datar R, Eastwood I, Goldman A, Goyal M, Happonen L, Izadi-Pruneyre N, Jacobsen T, Johnson PH, Kempf VAJ, Kiessling A, Bueno JL, Malik A, Malmström J, Meuskens I, Milner PA, Nilges M, Pamme N, Peyman SA, Rodrigues LR, Rodriguez-Mateos P, Sande MG, Silva CJ, Stasiak AC, Stehle T, Thibau A, Vaca DJ, Linke D. Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071259. [PMID: 34359341 PMCID: PMC8305138 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail. There is thus an increasing need for new approaches to develop sensitive and specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Basic science and translational research are needed to identify key microbial molecules as diagnostic targets, to identify relevant host counterparts, and to use this knowledge in developing or improving IVD. In this regard, an overlooked feature is the capacity of pathogens to adhere specifically to host cells and tissues. The molecular entities relevant for pathogen–surface interaction are the so-called adhesins. Adhesins vary from protein compounds to (poly-)saccharides or lipid structures that interact with eukaryotic host cell matrix molecules and receptors. Such interactions co-define the specificity and sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Currently, adhesin-receptor binding is typically used in the pre-analytical phase of IVD tests, focusing on pathogen enrichment. Further exploration of adhesin–ligand interaction, supported by present high-throughput “omics” technologies, might stimulate a new generation of broadly applicable pathogen detection and characterization tools. This review describes recent results of novel structure-defining technologies allowing for detailed molecular analysis of adhesins, their receptors and complexes. Since the host ligands evolve slowly, the corresponding adhesin interaction is under selective pressure to maintain a constant receptor binding domain. IVD should exploit such conserved binding sites and, in particular, use the human ligand to enrich the pathogen. We provide an inventory of methods based on adhesion factors and pathogen attachment mechanisms, which can also be of relevance to currently emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex van Belkum
- BioMérieux, Open Innovation & Partnerships, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
- Correspondence: (A.v.B.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Sarah V. Barrass
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Tuğçe Çaykara
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (T.Ç.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Sounak Chowdhury
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Rucha Datar
- BioMérieux, Microbiology R&D, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
| | | | - Adrian Goldman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Manisha Goyal
- BioMérieux, Open Innovation & Partnerships, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Theis Jacobsen
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Pirjo H. Johnson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Andreas Kiessling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Juan Leva Bueno
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Anchal Malik
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Ina Meuskens
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Paul A. Milner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Michael Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Nicole Pamme
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (N.P.); (P.R.-M.)
| | - Sally A. Peyman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Ligia R. Rodrigues
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (L.R.R.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Pablo Rodriguez-Mateos
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (N.P.); (P.R.-M.)
| | - Maria G. Sande
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (L.R.R.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Carla Joana Silva
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (T.Ç.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Cecylia Stasiak
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.C.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.C.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Diana J. Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (A.v.B.); (D.L.)
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19
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The role of conformational epitopes in the evolutionary divergence of enterovirus D68 clades: A bioinformatics-based study. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104992. [PMID: 34242773 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), as one of the major pathogens of paediatric respiratory disease, has been widely spread in the population in recent years. As the basis of virus antigenicity, antigenic epitopes are essential to monitoring the transformation of virus antigenicity. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the antigenic epitopes of EV-D68. In this study, a bioinformatics-based prediction algorithm for human enteroviruses was used to predict the conformational epitopes of EV-D68. The prediction results showed that the conformational epitopes of EV-D68 were clustered into three sites: site 1, site 2, and site 3. Site 1 was located in the "north rim" region of the canyon near the fivefold axis; site 2 was located in the "puff" region near the twofold axis; and site 3 consisted of two parts, one in the "knob" region on the south rim of the canyon and the other in the threefold axis region. The predicted epitopes overlapped highly with the binding regions of four reported monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), indicating that the predictions were highly reliable. Phylogenetic analysis showed that amino acid mutations in the epitopes of the VP1 BC loop, DE loop, C-terminus, and VP2 EF loop played a crucial role in the evolutionary divergence of EV-D68 clades/subclades and epidemics. This finding indicated that the VP1 BC loop, DE loop, C-terminus, and VP2 EF loop were the most important epitopes of EV-D68. Research on the epitopes of EV-D68 will contribute to outbreak surveillance and to the development of diagnostic reagents and recombinant vaccines.
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20
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Freeman MC, Wells AI, Ciomperlik-Patton J, Myerburg MM, Yang L, Konopka-Anstadt J, Coyne CB. Respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells exhibit differential susceptibility and innate immune responses to contemporary EV-D68 isolates. eLife 2021; 10:e66687. [PMID: 34196272 PMCID: PMC8285104 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been implicated in outbreaks of severe respiratory illness and is associated with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). EV-D68 is often detected in patient respiratory samples but has also been detected in stool and wastewater, suggesting the potential for both respiratory and enteric routes of transmission. Here, we used a panel of EV-D68 isolates, including a historical pre-2014 isolate and multiple contemporary isolates from AFM outbreak years, to define the dynamics of viral replication and the host response to infection in primary human airway cells and stem cell-derived enteroids. We show that some recent EV-D68 isolates have decreased sensitivity to acid and temperature compared with earlier isolates and that the respiratory, but not intestinal, epithelium induces a robust type III interferon response that restricts infection. Our findings define the differential responses of the respiratory and intestinal epithelium to contemporary EV-D68 isolates and suggest that a subset of isolates have the potential to target both the human airway and gastrointestinal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Culler Freeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Alexandra I Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | | | - Michael M Myerburg
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghUnited States
| | - Liheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | | | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
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21
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Mathez G, Cagno V. Viruses Like Sugars: How to Assess Glycan Involvement in Viral Attachment. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1238. [PMID: 34200288 PMCID: PMC8230229 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step of viral infection requires interaction with the host cell. Before finding the specific receptor that triggers entry, the majority of viruses interact with the glycocalyx. Identifying the carbohydrates that are specifically recognized by different viruses is important both for assessing the cellular tropism and for identifying new antiviral targets. Advances in the tools available for studying glycan-protein interactions have made it possible to identify them more rapidly; however, it is important to recognize the limitations of these methods in order to draw relevant conclusions. Here, we review different techniques: genetic screening, glycan arrays, enzymatic and pharmacological approaches, and surface plasmon resonance. We then detail the glycan interactions of enterovirus D68 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlighting the aspects that need further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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22
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Neutralising Antibodies against Enterovirus and Parechovirus in IVIG Reflect General Circulation: A Tool for Sero-Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061028. [PMID: 34072486 PMCID: PMC8228535 DOI: 10.3390/v13061028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) and parechoviruses (PeV) are widespread pathogens that cause significant morbidity. Surveillance is based on culturing or genotyping of virus strains found in clinical samples. Sero-surveillance, by measuring neutralising antibodies (nAb) through virus neutralisation assays (VNA), could provide additional information as it offers a more comprehensive overview of exposure to circulating types in the general population. In our study we evaluated Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) to generate sero-surveillance data. We performed VNA of nineteen NPEV and PeV with Dutch IVIG batches from two different time points (2010 and 2017) and an IVIG batch from Vietnam (2011). We compared our findings with geno- and sero-surveillance data and evaluated changes over time and between the two countries. Our findings show a good correlation with what is known from geno-surveillance data. The highest nAb titres were found against strains from Enterovirus B, while we did not observe nAb titres against strains belonging to Enterovirus C. In conclusion, we demonstrated that sero-surveillance by means of IVIG can be used to obtain insight into circulation of EV and PeV genotypes. This is of particular interest for public health, to evaluate changes over time and population susceptibility to emerging genotypes.
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23
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Zhang C, Xu C, Dai W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang H, Gong S, Cong Y, Huang Z. Functional and structural characterization of a two-MAb cocktail for delayed treatment of enterovirus D68 infections. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2904. [PMID: 34006855 PMCID: PMC8131599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen associated with respiratory diseases and/or acute flaccid myelitis. Here, two MAbs, 2H12 and 8F12, raised against EV-D68 virus-like particle (VLP), show distinct preference in binding VLP and virion and in neutralizing different EV-D68 strains. A combination of 2H12 and 8F12 exhibits balanced and potent neutralization effects and confers broader protection in mice than single MAbs when given at onset of symptoms. Cryo-EM structures of EV-D68 virion complexed with 2H12 or 8F12 show that both antibodies bind to the canyon region of the virion, creating steric hindrance for sialic acid receptor binding. Additionally, 2H12 binding can impair virion integrity and trigger premature viral uncoating. We also capture an uncoating intermediate induced by 2H12 binding, not previously described for picornaviruses. Our study elucidates the structural basis and neutralizing mechanisms of the 2H12 and 8F12 MAbs and supports further development of the 2H12/8F12 cocktail as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent against EV-D68 infections in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Enterovirus D, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/physiology
- Enterovirus Infections/drug therapy
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Time-to-Treatment
- Treatment Outcome
- Virion/drug effects
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virion/ultrastructure
- Virus Uncoating/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlong Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Tee HK, Zainol MI, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent advances in the understanding of enterovirus A71 infection: a focus on neuropathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:733-747. [PMID: 33183118 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1851194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is more frequently associated with neurological complications and deaths compared to other enteroviruses.Areas covered: The authors discuss current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 based on various clinical, human, and animal model studies. The authors discuss the important advancements in virus entry, virus dissemination, and neuroinvasion. The authors highlight the role of host immune system, host genetic factors, viral quasispecies, and heparan sulfate in EV-A71 neuropathogenesis.Expert opinion: Comparison of EV-A71 with EV-D68 and PV shows similarity in primary target sites and dissemination to the central nervous system. More research is needed to understand cellular tropisms, persistence of EV-A71, and other possible invasion routes. EV-A71 infection has varied clinical manifestations which may be attributed to multiple receptors usage. Future development of antivirals and vaccines should target neurotropic enteroviruses. Repurposing drug and immunomodulators used in combination could reduce the severity of EV-A71 infection. Only a few drugs have been tested in clinical trials, and in the absence of antiviral and vaccines (except China), active virus surveillance, good hand hygiene, and physical distancing should be advocated. A better understanding of EV-A71 neuropathogenesis is critical for antiviral and multivalent vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izwan Zainol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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25
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Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020262. [PMID: 33567791 PMCID: PMC7915228 DOI: 10.3390/v13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases are a major threat to global health, and nearly two-thirds of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic. Most of the human epidemics and pandemics were caused by the spillover of viruses from wild mammals. Viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animals have historically caused devastating epidemics and pandemics. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of viral emergence and zoonotic spillover is still lacking. Receptors are major determinants of host susceptibility to viruses. Animal species sharing host cell receptors that support the binding of multiple viruses can play a key role in virus spillover and the emergence of novel viruses and their variants. Sialic acids (SAs), which are linked to glycoproteins and ganglioside serve as receptors for several human and animal viruses. In particular, influenza and coronaviruses, which represent two of the most important zoonotic threats, use SAs as cellular entry receptors. This is a comprehensive review of our current knowledge of SA receptor distribution among animal species and the range of viruses that use SAs as receptors. SA receptor tropism and the predicted natural susceptibility to viruses can inform targeted surveillance of domestic and wild animals to prevent the future emergence of zoonotic viruses.
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26
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ムンプスウイルス糖鎖受容体とその認識機構. Uirusu 2021; 71:185-190. [PMID: 37245981 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.71.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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27
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Elrick MJ, Pekosz A, Duggal P. Enterovirus D68 molecular and cellular biology and pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100317. [PMID: 33484714 PMCID: PMC7949111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has advanced from a rarely detected respiratory virus to a widespread pathogen responsible for increasing rates of severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children worldwide. In this review, we discuss the accumulating data on the molecular features of EV-D68 and place these into the context of enterovirus biology in general. We highlight similarities and differences with other enteroviruses and genetic divergence from own historical prototype strains of EV-D68. These include changes in capsid antigens, host cell receptor usage, and viral RNA metabolism collectively leading to increased virulence. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of EV-D68 infection on the biology of its host cells, and how these changes are hypothesized to contribute to motor neuron toxicity in AFM. We highlight areas in need of further research, including the identification of its primary receptor and an understanding of the pathogenic cascade leading to motor neuron injury in AFM. Finally, we discuss the epidemiology of the EV-D68 and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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28
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Heida R, Bhide YC, Gasbarri M, Kocabiyik Ö, Stellacci F, Huckriede ALW, Hinrichs WLJ, Frijlink HW. Advances in the development of entry inhibitors for sialic-acid-targeting viruses. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:122-137. [PMID: 33099021 PMCID: PMC7577316 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, several antiviral drugs have been developed to treat a range of infections. Yet the number of treatable viral infections is still limited, and resistance to current drug regimens is an ever-growing problem. Therefore, additional strategies are needed to provide a rapid cure for infected individuals. An interesting target for antiviral drugs is the process of viral attachment and entry into the cell. Although most viruses use distinct host receptors for attachment to the target cell, some viruses share receptors, of which sialic acids are a common example. This review aims to give an update on entry inhibitors for a range of sialic-acid-targeting viruses and provides insight into the prospects for those with broad-spectrum potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Heida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshita C Bhide
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Gasbarri
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Özgün Kocabiyik
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anke L W Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Arita M, Fuchino H, Kawakami H, Ezaki M, Kawahara N. Characterization of a New Antienterovirus D68 Compound Purified from Avocado. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2291-2300. [PMID: 32567833 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in development of antienterovirus (EV) drugs is in the safety of the drug. Here, we attempted to identify anti-EV compounds from an edible plant extract library and found potent antienterovirus D68 (EV-D68) activity in avocado (Persea americana). The purified identity is determined as 2R,4R-(12Z,15Z)-heneicosa-12,15-diene-1,2,4-triol, named avoenin. Avoenin shows an EC50 of 2.0 μM for EV-D68 (Fermon) infection with CC50 of >150 μM in RD cells by targeting the uncoating step of EV-D68 infection. Resistant mutations of EV-D68 (VP3-V24I, S173P, and S180G) to avoenin confer cross-resistance to pleconaril, an uncoating inhibitor of EV-D68. The inhibitory effect of avoenin is substantially specific to EV-D68 among the EVs. This work reveals avoenin as the identity of anti-EV-D68 activity in avocado and offers insights into development of a novel and effective strategy to overcome EV-D68 infection and its related respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kawakami
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Masami Ezaki
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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Karelehto E, Koen G, Benschop K, van der Klis F, Pajkrt D, Wolthers K. Enterovirus D68 serosurvey: evidence for endemic circulation in the Netherlands, 2006 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31481149 PMCID: PMC6724466 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.35.1800671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundEnterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has caused major outbreaks of severe respiratory illness worldwide since 2010.AimOur aim was to evaluate EV-D68 circulation in the Netherlands by conducting a serosurvey of EV-D68 neutralising antibodies (nAb) among the Dutch general population.MethodsWe screened 280 sera from children and adults in the Netherlands and used two independent sets of samples collected in the years 2006 and 2007 and in the years 2015 and 2016, time points before and after the first EV-D68 upsurge in 2010. Neutralisation capacity of the sera was tested against the prototype Fermon EV-D68 strain isolated in 1962 and against a recent EV-D68 strain (genotype B3) isolated in France in 2016.ResultsRegardless of the time of serum collection, we found remarkably high overall seropositivity (94.3-98.3%) for nAb against both EV-D68 strains. Geometric mean titres increased in an age-dependent manner.ConclusionsOur data suggest that EV-D68 has been circulating in the Netherlands for decades and that the enterovirus surveillance does not accurately capture the prevalence of this clinically relevant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Karelehto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberley Benschop
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona van der Klis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katja Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Receptor-Binding Assays of Enterovirus D68. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32306362 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a causative agent for acute respiratory infections and potentially central nervous system illnesses with increasing epidemiological significance. Recent studies have highlighted the role of sialic acids as a functional receptor for EV-D68 in vitro. However, further investigations are required to reveal its significance in actual infections in human.
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32
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Pan HH, Tsai CR, Ting PJ, Huang FL, Wang LC, Lin CF, Ko JL, Lue KH, Chen PY. Respiratory presentation of patients infected with enterovirus D68 in Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:168-173. [PMID: 31575458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) has been endemic in Taiwan for some years with a small number of positive cases. Detailed information about respiratory presentation is lacking. This study characterized the clinical course in children admitted to the medical center and regional hospital in Taichung during 2015. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients with confirmed EV-D68 infection admitted to the medical center and regional hospital in Taichung with respiratory symptoms in the second half of 2015. Past medical history, clinical presentation, management, and course in hospital were collected and analyzed. Simple demographic data and clinical symptoms were also collected from patients confirmed with EV-D68 infection who visited clinics in Taichung. RESULTS Six children were included. Two patients had a prior history of asthma or recurrent dyspnea, and one had other preexisting medical comorbidities. One child was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. All the patients were cured. Cough, rhinorrhea, tachypnea and fever were the most common clinical symptoms among inpatients, while influenza-like illness (ILI) was prevalent in outpatients. CONCLUSION EV-D68 infection resulted in respiratory presentations of asthma-like illness in the hospitalized pediatric population. Patients with a prior history of asthma or recurrent dyspnea appear to be more severely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsien Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ren Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Ting
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Liang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chung Wang
- Microbiology Section of the Medical Laboratory Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Lin
- Microbiology Section of the Medical Laboratory Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Huang Lue
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
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33
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Wang H, Diaz A, Moyer K, Mele-Casas M, Ara-Montojo MF, Torrus I, McCoy K, Mejias A, Leber AL. Molecular and Clinical Comparison of Enterovirus D68 Outbreaks among Hospitalized Children, Ohio, USA, 2014 and 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:2055-2063. [PMID: 31454311 PMCID: PMC6810223 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.190973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes respiratory tract infections and neurologic manifestations. We compared the clinical manifestations from 2 EV-D68 outbreaks in 2014 and 2018 and a low-activity period in 2016 among hospitalized children in central Ohio, USA, and used PCR and sequencing to enable phylogenetic comparisons. During both outbreak periods, infected children had respiratory manifestations that led to an increase in hospital admissions for asthma. The 2018 EV-D68 outbreak appeared to be milder in terms of respiratory illness, as shown by lower rates of pediatric intensive care unit admission. However, the frequency of severe neurologic manifestations was higher in 2018 than in 2014. During the same period in 2016, we noted neither an increase in EV-D68 nor a significant increase in asthma-related admissions. Phylogenetic analyses showed that EV-D68 isolates from 2018 clustered differently within clade B than did isolates from 2014 and are perhaps associated with a different EV-D68 subclade.
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34
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Neurotropism of Enterovirus D68 Isolates Is Independent of Sialic Acid and Is Not a Recently Acquired Phenotype. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02370-19. [PMID: 31641090 PMCID: PMC6805996 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02370-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, numerous outbreaks of childhood infections with enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) have occurred worldwide. Most infections are associated with flu-like symptoms, but paralysis may develop in young children. It has been suggested that infection only with recent viral isolates can cause paralysis. To address the hypothesis that EV-D68 has recently acquired neurotropism, murine organotypic brain slice cultures, induced human motor neurons and astrocytes, and mice lacking the alpha/beta interferon receptor were infected with multiple virus isolates. All EV-D68 isolates, from 1962 to the present, can infect neural cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Furthermore, our results show that sialic acid binding does not play a role in EV-D68 neuropathogenesis. The study of EV-D68 infection in organotypic brain slice cultures, induced motor neurons, and astrocytes will allow for the elucidation of the mechanism by which the virus infection causes disease. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare but serious illness of the nervous system, specifically affecting the gray matter of the spinal cord, motor-controlling regions of the brain, and cranial nerves. Most cases of AFM are pathogen associated, typically with poliovirus and enterovirus infections, and occur in children under the age of 6 years. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was first isolated from children with pneumonia in 1962, but an association with AFM was not observed until the 2014 outbreak. Organotypic mouse brain slice cultures generated from postnatal day 1 to 10 mice and adult ifnar knockout mice were used to determine if neurotropism of EV-D68 is shared among virus isolates. All isolates replicated in organotypic mouse brain slice cultures, and three isolates replicated in primary murine astrocyte cultures. All four EV-D68 isolates examined caused paralysis and death in adult ifnar knockout mice. In contrast, no viral disease was observed after intracranial inoculation of wild-type mice. Six of the seven EV-D68 isolates, including two from 1962 and four from the 2014 outbreak, replicated in induced human neurons, and all of the isolates replicated in induced human astrocytes. Furthermore, a putative viral receptor, sialic acid, is not required for neurotropism of EV-D68, as viruses replicated within neurons and astrocytes independent of binding to sialic acid. These observations demonstrate that EV-D68 is neurotropic independent of its genetic lineage and can infect both neurons and astrocytes and that neurotropism is not a recently acquired characteristic as has been suggested. Furthermore, the results show that in mice the innate immune response is critical for restricting EV-D68 disease.
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Kadji FMN, Nishimura H, Okamoto M, Sato K, Ohmiya S, Ito H, Suzuki A, Nagai Y, Oshitani H. Fluctuations in Antibody Titers against Enterovirus D68 in Pediatric Sera Collected in a Community before, during, and after a Possible Outbreak. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 73:55-57. [PMID: 31474700 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a hospital-based epidemiological study on enterovirus (EV)-D68 infection among children during the autumn of 2015, which indirectly inferred an outbreak in Sendai, Japan. In this study, stocked sera of children (aged 0-6 years; without symptoms of infectious diseases) in the Sendai community collected during 4 periods (1 year before, 6 months before, immediately after, and 1 year after the possible outbreak period) were analyzed using the neutralization antibody titer assay to determine community children's immunity levels against EV-D68 infection. The immunity levels were confirmed to have increased during the possible outbreak period and to have gradually waned over 1 year without another outbreak. These results provide background information supporting the results of our previous hospital-based surveillance study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Marie Ngako Kadji
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center.,Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center
| | - Suguru Ohmiya
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center
| | - Hiroko Ito
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center.,Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.,Miyagi Prefecture Ishinomaki Public Health Center
| | | | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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Mishra N, Ng TFF, Marine RL, Jain K, Ng J, Thakkar R, Caciula A, Price A, Garcia JA, Burns JC, Thakur KT, Hetzler KL, Routh JA, Konopka-Anstadt JL, Nix WA, Tokarz R, Briese T, Oberste MS, Lipkin WI. Antibodies to Enteroviruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Flaccid Myelitis. mBio 2019; 10:e01903-19. [PMID: 31409689 PMCID: PMC6692520 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01903-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) has caused motor paralysis in >560 children in the United States since 2014. The temporal association of enterovirus (EV) outbreaks with increases in AFM cases and reports of fever, respiratory, or gastrointestinal illness prior to AFM in >90% of cases suggest a role for infectious agents. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 14 AFM and 5 non-AFM patients with central nervous system (CNS) diseases in 2018 were investigated by viral-capture high-throughput sequencing (VirCapSeq-VERT system). These CSF and serum samples, as well as multiple controls, were tested for antibodies to human EVs using peptide microarrays. EV RNA was confirmed in CSF from only 1 adult AFM case and 1 non-AFM case. In contrast, antibodies to EV peptides were present in CSF of 11 of 14 AFM patients (79%), significantly higher than controls, including non-AFM patients (1/5 [20%]), children with Kawasaki disease (0/10), and adults with non-AFM CNS diseases (2/11 [18%]) (P = 0.023, 0.0001, and 0.0028, respectively). Six of 14 CSF samples (43%) and 8 of 11 sera (73%) from AFM patients were immunoreactive to an EV-D68-specific peptide, whereas the three control groups were not immunoreactive in either CSF (0/5, 0/10, and 0/11; P = 0.008, 0.0003, and 0.035, respectively) or sera (0/2, 0/8, and 0/5; P = 0.139, 0.002, and 0.009, respectively).IMPORTANCE The presence in cerebrospinal fluid of antibodies to EV peptides at higher levels than non-AFM controls supports the plausibility of a link between EV infection and AFM that warrants further investigation and has the potential to lead to strategies for diagnosis and prevention of disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/blood
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid
- Child
- Enterovirus D, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus Infections/blood
- Enterovirus Infections/cerebrospinal fluid
- Female
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelitis/blood
- Myelitis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Neuromuscular Diseases/blood
- Neuromuscular Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid
- Protein Array Analysis
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachel L Marine
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Ng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Riddhi Thakkar
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adrian Caciula
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam Price
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel A Garcia
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jane C Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kimbell L Hetzler
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janell A Routh
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - W Allan Nix
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafal Tokarz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Furuse Y, Chaimongkol N, Okamoto M, Oshitani H. Evolutionary and Functional Diversity of the 5' Untranslated Region of Enterovirus D68: Increased Activity of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Viral Strains during the 2010s. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070626. [PMID: 31288421 PMCID: PMC6669567 DOI: 10.3390/v11070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the RNA genomes of enteroviruses possesses an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that directs translation of the mRNA by binding to ribosomes. Infection with enterovirus D68 causes respiratory symptoms and is sometimes associated with neurological disorders. The number of reports of the viral infection and neurological disorders has increased in 2010s, although the reason behind this phenomenon remains unelucidated. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary and functional diversity of the 5′ UTR of recently circulating strains of the virus. Genomic sequences of 374 viral strains were acquired and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The IRES activity of the viruses was measured using a luciferase reporter assay. We found a highly conserved sequence in the 5′ UTR and also identified the location of variable sites in the predicted RNA secondary structure. IRES activities differed among the strains in some cell lines, including neuronal and respiratory cells, and were especially high in strains of a major lineage from the recent surge. The effect of mutations in the 5′ UTR should be studied further in the future for better understanding of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Furuse
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Natthawan Chaimongkol
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Wang H, Tao K, Leung CY, Hon KL, Yeung CMA, Chen Z, Chan KSP, Leung TF, Chan WYR. Molecular epidemiological study of enterovirus D68 in hospitalised children in Hong Kong in 2014-2015 and their complete coding sequences. BMJ Open Respir Res 2019; 6:e000437. [PMID: 31354952 PMCID: PMC6615781 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was first isolated in 1962 and has aroused public concern recently because of a nationwide outbreak among children in 2014–2015 in the USA. The symptoms include fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough and muscle pains. It might be associated with severe respiratory illness in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions and its potential association with acute flaccid myelitis is under investigation. In Asia, EV-D68 cases have been reported in several countries. The study We aimed to understand the EV-D68 prevalence and their genetic diversity in Hong Kong children. Methods A total of 10 695 nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples from hospitalised patients aged <18 years were collected from September 2014 to December 2015 in two regional hospitals. NPAs tested positive for enterovirus/rhinovirus (EV/RV) were selected for genotyping. For those identified as EV-D68, their complete coding sequences (CDSs) were obtained by Sanger sequencing. A maximum-likelihood phylogeny was constructed using all EV-D68 complete coding sequences available in GenBank (n=482). Results 2662/10 695 (24.9%) were tested positive with EV/RV and 882/2662 (33.1%) were selected randomly and subjected to molecular classification. EV-D68 was detected in 15 (1.70%) samples from patients with clinical presentations ranging from wheezing to pneumonia and belonged to subclade B3. Eight CDSs were successfully obtained. A total of 10 amino acid residue polymorphisms were detected in the viral capsid proteins, proteases, ATPase and RNA polymerase. Conclusion B3 subclade was the only subclade found locally. Surveillance of EV-D68 raises public awareness and provides the information to determine the most relevant genotypes for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wang
- Paediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kinpong Tao
- Paediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-University Medical Centre Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk Yin Leung
- Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Paediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong.,PICU, The Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - C M Apple Yeung
- Microbiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Zigui Chen
- Microbiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - K S Paul Chan
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-University Medical Centre Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Microbiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ting-Fan Leung
- Paediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-University Medical Centre Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - W Y Renee Chan
- Paediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-University Medical Centre Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, New Territories, Hong Kong
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39
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Sun J, Hu XY, Yu XF. Current Understanding of Human Enterovirus D68. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060490. [PMID: 31146373 PMCID: PMC6631698 DOI: 10.3390/v11060490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), a member of the species Enterovirus D of the Picornaviridae family, was first isolated in 1962 in the United States. EV-D68 infection was only infrequently reported until an outbreak occurred in 2014 in the US; since then, it has continued to increase worldwide. EV-D68 infection leads to severe respiratory illness and has recently been reported to be linked to the development of the neurogenic disease known as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), mostly in children, seriously endangering public health. Hitherto, treatment options for EV-D68 infections were limited to supportive care, and as yet there are no approved, specific antiviral drugs or vaccines. Research on EV-D68 has mainly focused on its epidemiology, and its virologic characteristics and pathogenesis still need to be further explored. Here, we provide an overview of current research on EV-D68, including the genotypes and genetic characteristics of recent epidemics, the mechanism of infection and virus-host interactions, and its relationship to acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), in order to broaden our understanding of the biological features of EV-D68 and provide a basis for the development of effective antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Yi Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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40
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Carballo CM, Erro MG, Sordelli N, Vazquez G, Mistchenko AS, Cejas C, Rodriguez M, Cisterna DM, Freire MC, Contrini MM, Lopez EL. Acute Flaccid Myelitis Associated with Enterovirus D68 in Children, Argentina, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:573-576. [PMID: 30602120 PMCID: PMC6390768 DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.170897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
After a 2014 outbreak of severe respiratory illness caused by enterovirus D68 in the United States, sporadic cases of acute flaccid myelitis have been reported worldwide. We describe a cluster of acute flaccid myelitis cases in Argentina in 2016, adding data to the evidence of association between enterovirus D68 and this polio-like illness.
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41
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Mizuta K, Tanaka W, Komabayashi K, Tanaka S, Seto J, Aoki Y, Ikeda T. Longitudinal Epidemiology of Viral Infectious Diseases Combining Virus Isolation, Antigenic Analysis, and Phylogenetic Analysis as Well as Seroepidemiology in Yamagata, Japan, between 1999 and 2018. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 72:211-223. [PMID: 30814463 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We introduced a microplate method for virus isolation in the Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health (YPIPH) in 1999 in Yamagata, Japan. We have since carried out longitudinal epidemiological studies on viral infectious diseases, particularly respiratory viruses, combining traditional technologies such as virus isolation and serological techniques and newly developed molecular methods. Here, we provide an overview of our activities at YPIPH between 1999 and 2018. During the study period, we observed emerging and re-merging diseases such as those caused by echovirus type 13, enterovirus D68, parechovirus-A3 (PeV-A3), and Saffold virus. With regard to PeV-A3, we proposed a new disease concept, "PeV-A3-associated myalgia/myositis." We also revealed the longitudinal epidemiologies of several viruses such as enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16. To perform longitudinal epidemiological studies at any time in Yamagata, we established a system for stocking clinical specimens, viral isolates, complementary DNAs, and serum specimens. We have also pursued collaboration works with virology laboratories across Japan. We hope our experiences, findings, and research materials will further contribute to the development of countermeasures against viral infectious diseases and improvement in public health strategies in Yamagata, Japan, Asia, and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Waka Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Shizuka Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Junji Seto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health
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42
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Thompson AJ, de Vries RP, Paulson JC. Virus recognition of glycan receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:117-129. [PMID: 30849709 PMCID: PMC6476673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of viruses to cell-surface receptors is the initial step in infection. Many mammalian viruses have evolved to recognize receptors that are glycans on cell-surface glycoproteins or glycolipids. Although glycans are a ubiquitous component of mammalian cells, the types of terminal structures expressed vary among different cell-types and tissues, and even between comparable cells and tissues from different species, frequently leading to specific tissue and species tropisms as a direct consequence of glycan receptor recognition. Covering the majority of known virus families, this review provides an overview of mammalian viruses that use glycans as receptors, and their roles in determining in host recognition and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a pathogen that causes outbreaks of respiratory illness across the world, mostly in children, and can be especially severe in those with asthma. Clusters of acute flaccid myelitis, a poliomyelitis-like neuromuscular weakness syndrome, often occur concurrent with EV-D68 respiratory outbreaks. Seroepidemiologic studies have found that the serum of nearly everyone older than 2 to 5 years contains anti-EV-D68 neutralizing antibodies, which suggests that EV-D68 is a ubiquitous pathogen of childhood. However, knowledge of the viral epitopes against which the humoral immune response is directed is only inferred from previous studies of related viruses. Although neutralizing antibodies protect newborn mice from lethal EV-D68 inoculation via nonphysiologic routes, cotton rats have a mixed phenotype of both benefit and possible exacerbation when inoculated intranasally. The human antibody response to EV-D68 needs to be studied further to clarify the role of antibodies in protection versus pathogenesis, which might differ among respiratory and neurologic disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Vogt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E Crowe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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44
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Molecular basis for the acid-initiated uncoating of human enterovirus D68. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12209-E12217. [PMID: 30530701 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803347115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) belongs to a group of enteroviruses that contain a single positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. Like common cold viruses, EV-D68 mainly causes respiratory infections and is acid-labile. The molecular mechanism by which the acid-sensitive EV-D68 virions uncoat and deliver their genome into a host cell is unknown. Using cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), we have determined the structures of the full native virion and an uncoating intermediate [the A (altered) particle] of EV-D68 at 2.2- and 2.7-Å resolution, respectively. These structures showed that acid treatment of EV-D68 leads to particle expansion, externalization of the viral protein VP1 N termini from the capsid interior, and formation of pores around the icosahedral twofold axes through which the viral RNA can exit. Moreover, because of the low stability of EV-D68, cryo-EM analyses of a mixed population of particles at neutral pH and following acid treatment demonstrated the involvement of multiple structural intermediates during virus uncoating. Among these, a previously undescribed state, the expanded 1 ("E1") particle, shows a majority of internal regions (e.g., the VP1 N termini) to be ordered as in the full native virion. Thus, the E1 particle acts as an intermediate in the transition from full native virions to A particles. Together, the present work delineates the pathway of EV-D68 uncoating and provides the molecular basis for the acid lability of EV-D68 and of the related common cold viruses.
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45
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Cassidy H, Poelman R, Knoester M, Van Leer-Buter CC, Niesters HGM. Enterovirus D68 - The New Polio? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2677. [PMID: 30483226 PMCID: PMC6243117 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has emerged over the recent years, with large outbreaks worldwide. Increased occurrence has coincided with improved clinical awareness and surveillance of non-polio enteroviruses. Studies showing its neurotropic nature and the change in pathogenicity have established EV-D68 as a probable cause of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM). The EV-D68 storyline shows many similarities with poliovirus a century ago, stimulating discussion whether EV-D68 could be ascertaining itself as the "new polio." Increasing awareness amongst clinicians, incorporating proper diagnostics and integrating EV-D68 into accessible surveillance systems in a way that promotes data sharing, will be essential to reveal the burden of disease. This will be a necessary step in preventing EV-D68 from becoming a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hubert G. M. Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Division of Clinical Virology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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46
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Abstract
Sialic acid-based glycoconjugates cover the surfaces of many different cell types, defining key properties of the cell surface such as overall charge or likely interaction partners. Because of this prominence, sialic acids play prominent roles in mediating attachment and entry to viruses belonging to many different families. In this review, we first describe how interactions between viruses and sialic acid-based glycan structures can be identified and characterized using a range of techniques. We then highlight interactions between sialic acids and virus capsid proteins in four different viruses, and discuss what these interactions have taught us about sialic acid engagement and opportunities to interfere with binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel S Blaum
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Zheng H, Wang J, Li B, Guo L, Li H, Song J, Yang Z, Li H, Fan H, Huang X, Long H, Cheng C, Chu M, He Z, Yu W, Li J, Gao Y, Ning R, Li N, Yang J, Wu Q, Shi H, Sun M, Liu L. A Novel Neutralizing Antibody Specific to the DE Loop of VP1 Can Inhibit EV-D68 Infection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2557-2569. [PMID: 30282753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) belongs to the picornavirus family and was first isolated in CA, USA, in 1962. EV-D68 can cause severe cranial nerve system damage such as flaccid paralysis and acute respiratory diseases such as pneumonia. There are currently no efficient therapeutic methods or effective prophylactics. In this study, we isolated the mAb A6-1 from an EV-D68-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and found that the Ab provided effective protection in EV-D68 intranasally infected suckling mice. We observed that A6-1 bound to the DE loop of EV-D68 VP1 and interfered with the interaction between the EV-D68 virus and α2,6-linked sialic acids of the host cell. The production of A6-1 and its Ab properties present a bridging study for EV-D68 vaccine design and provide a tool for analyzing the process by which Abs can inhibit EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zening Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Haitao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Haiting Long
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Manman Chu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - You Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ruotong Ning
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jinxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Qiongwen Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Haijing Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; and Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
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Messacar K, Asturias EJ, Hixon AM, Van Leer-Buter C, Niesters HGM, Tyler KL, Abzug MJ, Dominguez SR. Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis-evaluating the evidence for causality. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e239-e247. [PMID: 29482893 PMCID: PMC6778404 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased circulation of enterovirus D68 in 2014 and 2016 temporally and geographically coincided with increases in cases of acute flaccid myelitis, an uncommon condition of paralysis due to lesions in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The identification of enterovirus D68 in respiratory specimens from cases of acute flaccid myelitis worldwide further supports an association, yet the absence of direct virus isolation from affected tissues, infrequent detection in cerebrospinal fluid, and the absence, until recently, of an animal model has left the causal nature of the relationship unproven. In this Personal View we evaluate epidemiological and biological evidence linking enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis. We applied the Bradford Hill criteria to investigate the evidence for a causal relationship and highlight the importance of comprehensive surveillance and research to further characterise the role of enterovirus D68 in acute flaccid myelitis and pursue effective therapies and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Messacar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Edwin J Asturias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alison M Hixon
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Coretta Van Leer-Buter
- Division of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hubert G M Niesters
- Division of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kenneth L Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark J Abzug
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Samuel R Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Concurrent Community Transmission of Enterovirus D68 With Human Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Children in Sendai, Japan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:394-400. [PMID: 29189674 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the autumn of 2015, we experienced a surge in the number of pediatric cases of wheeze in our hospital, which was suspected to be caused by enterovirus (EV)-D68 transmission in the community. Thus, we implemented an ad hoc retrospective surveillance for EV-D68. METHODS Patients <15 years of age with acute respiratory infection were eligible for inclusion in this study. All enrolled patients underwent virus detection test. Additionally, neutralization tests (NTs) were performed using the stored serum samples of the enrolled patients to compare the antigenicity of the virus isolated in this study with that isolated in 2010 and evaluate the anti-EV-D68 antibody prevalence. RESULTS Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most commonly detected virus (35%), followed by EV-D68 (19%) and non-EV-D68 enteroviruses/human rhinoviruses (14%). Patients with EV-D68 infection had higher median age than those with RSV infection (P < 0.05). Moreover, patients with EV-D68 infection showed a higher expiratory wheeze prevalence than those with non-EV-D68 enterovirus/rhinovirus and RSV infections. The antigenicity of the isolate from the current study was similar to the virus that circulated in 2010. At the early study phase, children in our community did not have high NT titers, but the median log NT titer increased from 1.5 to 5 over time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed the concurrent circulation of EV-D68 with non-EV-D68 enteroviruses/rhinoviruses and RSV in infants and children in our community and captured the early stage of EV-D68 transmission.
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"Spike" in acute asthma exacerbations during enterovirus D68 epidemic in Japan: A nation-wide survey. Allergol Int 2018; 67:55-60. [PMID: 28455155 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September 2015, Japan experienced an unusual increase in acute asthma hospitalizations of children that coincided with an enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) epidemic. The objective of this study is to investigate whether EV-D68 had a causal relationship with the spike in asthma hospitalizations. METHODS A nation-wide retrospective survey of asthma hospitalizations of children was performed for the period from January 2010 through October 2015. The Japanese Society of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology asked its affiliated hospitals to report monthly numbers of hospitalizations, ICU admissions and mechanical ventilations due to acute asthma exacerbation. The data were retrieved from medical databases using predefined search criteria: diagnosis of asthma or asthmatic bronchitis, admission, and age <20 years. Monthly numbers of EV-D68 detection were also obtained from the Infectious Disease Surveillance Center of Japan. A Granger causality test was used to analyze the association of EV-D68 detections for asthma exacerbation. RESULTS A total of 157 hospitals reported 87,189 asthma hospitalizations, including 477 ICU admissions and 1193 mechanical ventilations, during the survey period of 5 years and 10 months. The numbers of these events increased drastically in September 2015. The Granger causality test verified the association between EV-D68 and asthma hospitalizations/mechanical ventilations. The most-affected age group was 3-6 years old. CONCLUSIONS The spike in pediatric asthma hospitalizations in Japan in September 2015 was found to be associated with the EV-D68 epidemic. Respiratory pathogens can cause "epidemics" of asthma exacerbation. Coordinated surveillance of infectious diseases and asthma may be beneficial for prevention and better control of both illnesses.
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