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Jain J, Chaudhary Y, Gaur SK, Tembhurne P, Sekar SC, Dhanavelu M, Sehrawat S, Kaul R. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural V and C proteins interact with the NF-κB p65 subunit and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine gene induction. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37831061 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to induce transient immunosuppression in infected small ruminants by modulating several cellular pathways involved in the antiviral immune response. Our study shows that the PPRV-coded non-structural proteins C and V can interact with the cellular NF-κB p65 subunit. The PPRV-C protein interacts with the transactivation domain (TAD) while PPRV-V interacts with the Rel homology domain (RHD) of the NF-κB p65 subunit. Both viral proteins can suppress the NF-κB transcriptional activity and NF-κB-mediated transcription of cellular genes. PPRV-V protein expression can significantly inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 upon TNF-α stimulation, whereas PPRV-C does not affect it. The NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression is significantly downregulated in cells expressing PPRV-C or PPRV-V protein. Our study provides evidence suggesting a role of PPRV non-structural proteins V and C in the modulation of NF-κB signalling through interaction with the NF-κB p65 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Yash Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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2
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DIK I, HATIPOGLU D, GULERSOY E. Comparison of some cytokines, acute phase proteins and citrulline levels in healthy and canine distemper infected dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:76-82. [PMID: 36418074 PMCID: PMC9887225 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of severe disease in domestic and wild carnivores. Clinical diagnosis of CDV is challenging because of its similarity to other canine respiratory and intestinal diseases. We aimed to determine certain cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]), interferon (IFN)-γ, canine serum amyloid A (SAA), and canine citrulline (CIT) levels for the first time in CDV-positive dogs. For this purpose, 10 CDV-positive dogs with compatible clinical findings (i.e., neurological symptoms such as tremors and myoclonus, ocular and nasal discharge, and wheezing) and 10 healthy dogs based on the clinical examinations and rapid test results were enrolled. It was observed that the CIT, INF-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased in the CDV-positive dogs than that of the healthy ones (P<0.05). As a result, it was observed that CDV causes immunosuppression and accordingly, the inflammatory response might cause decreased cytokine and acute-phase protein synthesis. Therefore, it was concluded that further investigation of inflammatory pathways and CIT interactions may provide crucial clinical information at different stages of CDV, and aforementioned parameters may serve as important biomarkers for CDV in terms of demonstrating the presence of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmak DIK
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Durmus HATIPOGLU
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Türkiye,Correspondence to: Hatıpoglu D: , Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42075, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Erdem GULERSOY
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
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3
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Phenotypic and Transcriptional Changes of Pulmonary Immune Responses in Dogs Following Canine Distemper Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710019. [PMID: 36077417 PMCID: PMC9456005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, is a highly contagious infectious agent causing a multisystemic, devastating disease in a broad range of host species, characterized by severe immunosuppression, encephalitis and pneumonia. The present study aimed at investigating pulmonary immune responses of CDV-infected dogs in situ using immunohistochemistry and whole transcriptome analyses by bulk RNA sequencing. Spatiotemporal analysis of phenotypic changes revealed pulmonary immune responses primarily driven by MHC-II+, Iba-1+ and CD204+ innate immune cells during acute and subacute infection phases, which paralleled pathologic lesion development and coincided with high viral loads in CDV-infected lungs. CD20+ B cell numbers initially declined, followed by lymphoid repopulation in the advanced disease phase. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated an increased expression of transcripts related to innate immunity, antiviral defense mechanisms, type I interferon responses and regulation of cell death in the lung of CDV-infected dogs. Molecular analyses also revealed disturbed cytokine responses with a pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization and impaired mucociliary defense in CDV-infected lungs. The exploratory study provides detailed data on CDV-related pulmonary immune responses, expanding the list of immunologic parameters potentially leading to viral elimination and virus-induced pulmonary immunopathology in canine distemper.
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Multiple Receptors Involved in Invasion and Neuropathogenicity of Canine Distemper Virus: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071520. [PMID: 35891500 PMCID: PMC9317347 DOI: 10.3390/v14071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus that infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, predominantly canines, and is associated with high mortality. Similar to another morbillivirus, measles virus, which infects humans and nonhuman primates, CDV transmission from an infected host to a naïve host depends on two cellular receptors, namely, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150) and the adherens junction protein nectin-4 (also known as PVRL4). CDV can also invade the central nervous system by anterograde spread through olfactory nerves or in infected lymphocytes through the circulation, thus causing chronic progressive or relapsing demyelination of the brain. However, the absence of the two receptors in the white matter, primary cultured astrocytes, and neurons in the brain was recently demonstrated. Furthermore, a SLAM/nectin-4-blind recombinant CDV exhibits full cell-to-cell transmission in primary astrocytes. This strongly suggests the existence of a third CDV receptor expressed in neural cells, possibly glial cells. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of CDV receptors, highlighting the unidentified glial receptor and its contribution to pathogenicity in the host nervous system. The reviewed studies focus on CDV neuropathogenesis, and neural receptors may provide promising directions for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by CDV. We also present an overview of other neurotropic viruses to promote further research and identification of CDV neural receptors.
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Type I and Type II Interferon Antagonism Strategies Used by Paramyxoviridae: Previous and New Discoveries, in Comparison. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051107. [PMID: 35632848 PMCID: PMC9145045 DOI: 10.3390/v14051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a viral family within the order of Mononegavirales; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses–as any other viruses–have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host’s cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses.
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Wyss M, Gradauskaite V, Ebert N, Thiel V, Zurbriggen A, Plattet P. Efficient Recovery of Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus from cDNA. Virus Res 2022; 316:198796. [PMID: 35568090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To provide insights into the biology of the attenuated canine distemper virus (CDV) Onderstepoort (OP) strain (large plaque forming variant), design next-generation multivalent vaccines, or further investigate its promising potential as an oncolytic vector, we employed contemporary modifications to establish an efficient OP-CDV-based reverse genetics platform. Successful viral rescue was obtained however only upon recovery of a completely conserved charged residue (V13E) residing at the N-terminal region of the large protein (L). Although L-V13 and L-V13E did not display drastic differences in cellular localization and physical interaction with P, efficient polymerase complex (P+L) activity was recorded only with L-V13E. Interestingly, grafting mNeonGreen to the viral N protein via a P2A ribosomal skipping sequence (OPneon) and its derivative V-protein-knockout variant (OPneon-Vko) exhibited delayed replication kinetics in cultured cells. Collectively, we established an efficient OP-CDV-based reverse genetics system that enables the design of various strategies potentially contributing to veterinary medicine and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Wyss
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vaiva Gradauskaite
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zurbriggen
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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7
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Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen and is known to enter the host via the respiratory tract and disseminate to various organs. Current hypotheses speculate that CDV uses the homologous cellular receptors of measles virus (MeV), SLAM and nectin-4, to initiate the infection process. For validation, here, we established the well-differentiated air-liquid interface (ALI) culture model from primary canine tracheal airway epithelial cells. By applying the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing CDV vaccine strain and recombinant wild-type viruses, we show that cell-free virus infects the airway epithelium mainly via the paracellular route and only after prior disruption of tight junctions by pretreatment with EGTA; this infection was related to nectin-4 but not to SLAM. Remarkably, when CDV-preinfected DH82 cells were cocultured on the basolateral side of canine ALI cultures grown on filter supports with a 1.0-μm pore size, cell-associated CDV could be transmitted via cell-to-cell contact from immunocytes to airway epithelial cultures. Finally, we observed that canine ALI cultures formed syncytia and started to release cell-free infectious viral particles from the apical surface following treatment with an inhibitor of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway (ruxolitinib). Our findings show that CDV can overcome the epithelial barrier through different strategies, including infection via immunocyte-mediated transmission and direct infection via the paracellular route when tight junctions are disrupted. Our established model can be adapted to other animals for studying the transmission routes and the pathogenicity of other morbilliviruses. IMPORTANCE Canine distemper virus (CDV) is not only an important pathogen of carnivores, but it also serves as a model virus for analyzing measles virus pathogenesis. To get a better picture of the different stages of infection, we used air-liquid interface cultures to analyze the infection of well-differentiated airway epithelial cells by CDV. Applying a coculture approach with DH82 cells, we demonstrated that cell-mediated infection from the basolateral side of well-differentiated epithelial cells is more efficient than infection via cell-free virus. In fact, free virus was unable to infect intact polarized cells. When tight junctions were interrupted by treatment with EGTA, cells became susceptible to infection, with nectin-4 serving as a receptor. Another interesting feature of CDV infection is that infection of well-differentiated airway epithelial cells does not result in virus egress. Cell-free virions are released from the cells only in the presence of an inhibitor of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Our results provide new insights into how CDV can overcome the barrier of the airway epithelium and reveal similarities and some dissimilarities compared to measles virus.
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8
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Wang C, Wang T, Duan L, Chen H, Hu R, Wang X, Jia Y, Chu Z, Liu H, Wang X, Zhang S, Xiao S, Wang J, Dang R, Yang Z. Evasion of Host Antiviral Innate Immunity by Paramyxovirus Accessory Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790191. [PMID: 35173691 PMCID: PMC8841848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For efficient replication, viruses have developed multiple strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity. Paramyxoviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses that comprises diverse human and animal pathogens which jeopardize global public health and the economy. The accessory proteins expressed from the P gene by RNA editing or overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) are major viral immune evasion factors antagonizing type I interferon (IFN-I) production and other antiviral innate immune responses. However, the antagonistic mechanisms against antiviral innate immunity by accessory proteins differ among viruses. Here, we summarize the current understandings of immune evasion mechanisms by paramyxovirus accessory proteins, specifically how accessory proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathway to facilitate virus replication. Additionally, some cellular responses, which are also involved in viral replication, will be briefly summarized.
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9
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Li P, Zhu Z, Cao W, Yang F, Ma X, Tian H, Zhang K, Liu X, Zheng H. Dysregulation of the RIG-I-like Receptor Pathway Signaling by Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Phosphoprotein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:566-579. [PMID: 33380495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a Morbillivirus that causes highly contagious and severe disease in various ruminants. PPRV infection leads to a severe inhibition of host antiviral immune response. Our previous study demonstrated that PPRV V protein blocks IFN response by targeting STAT proteins. In the current study, we identified the phosphoprotein (P) as a novel antagonistic factor of PPRV to counteract host antiviral innate immune response. PPRV P protein significantly suppressed RIG-I-like receptor pathway signaling and impaired IFN-β and ISGs expression by targeting IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 in both human embryonic kidney 293T cells and primary goat fibroblasts. The 1-102 region of P protein was critical for the antagonistic function of P protein. P protein interacted with IRF association domain (IAD) of IRF3 to block the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3. The interaction between TBK1 and the IAD of IRF3 is responsible for triggering the phosphorylation of IRF3. P protein competed with TBK1 to bind to the IAD of IRF3 that contributed to the decreased phosphorylation of IRF3, which, in turn, interfered with the dimerization of IRF3 and blocked IRF3 nuclear transportation. Besides, we also found that P protein interacted with IRF5 and IRF8. However, the involved mechanism remains unknown. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which PPRV P protein antagonizes host antiviral innate immune response by interacting with the transcription factor IRF3, thereby inhibiting the type I IFN production and promoting viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
| | - Xusheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and.,National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; and
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10
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Oliveira RN, Freire CC, Iamarino A, Zanotto PM, Pessoa R, Sanabani SS, Souza SPD, Castilho JG, Batista HBCR, Carnieli P, Macedo CI, Watanabe JT, Brandão PE. Rabies virus diversification in aerial and terrestrial mammals. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190370. [PMID: 32745160 PMCID: PMC7416755 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic infection of the central nervous system of mammals and has been known to humans for millennia. The etiological agent, is a neurotropic RNA virus in the order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. There are currently accepted to be two cycles for rabies transmission: the urban cycle and the sylvatic cycle. The fact that both cycles originated from a common RABV or lyssavirus ancestor and the adaptive divergence that occurred since then as this ancestor virus adapted to a wide range of fitness landscapes represented by reservoir species in the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera led to the emergence of the diverse RABV lineages currently found in the sylvatic and urban cycles. Here we study full genome phylogenies and the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the RABVs in the sylvatic and urban cycles. Results show that there were differences between the nucleotide substitution rates per site per year for the same RABV genes maintained independently in the urban and sylvatic cycles. The results identify the most suitable gene for phylogenetic analysis, heterotachy among RABV genes and the TMRCA for the two cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael N Oliveira
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio C Freire
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Atila Iamarino
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo M Zanotto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pessoa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Departamento de Virologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabri S Sanabani
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Departamento de Virologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana G Castilho
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Carnieli
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla I Macedo
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline T Watanabe
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Departamento de Virologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Brandão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnica, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Weckworth JK, Davis BW, Dubovi E, Fountain-Jones N, Packer C, Cleaveland S, Craft ME, Eblate E, Schwartz M, Mills LS, Roelke-Parker M. Cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in African lions of Serengeti National Park. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4308-4321. [PMID: 32306443 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of pathogen spillover from a reservoir to a novel host population can range from a "dead-end" when there is no onward transmission in the recipient population, to epidemic spread and even establishment in new hosts. Understanding the evolutionary epidemiology of spillover events leading to discrete outcomes in novel hosts is key to predicting risk and can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of emergence. Here we use a Bayesian phylodynamic approach to examine cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics during a canine distemper virus (CDV) spillover event causing clinical disease and population decline in an African lion population (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti Ecological Region between 1993 and 1994. Using 21 near-complete viral genomes from four species we found that this large-scale outbreak was likely ignited by a single cross-species spillover event from a canid reservoir to noncanid hosts <1 year before disease detection and explosive spread of CDV in lions. Cross-species transmission from other noncanid species probably fuelled the high prevalence of CDV across spatially structured lion prides. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) could have acted as the proximate source of CDV exposure in lions. We report 13 nucleotide substitutions segregating CDV strains found in canids and noncanids. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that virus evolution played a role in CDV emergence in noncanid hosts following spillover during the outbreak, suggest that host barriers to clinical infection can limit outcomes of CDV spillover in novel host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Weckworth
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, TX, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Heal and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ernest Eblate
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Michael Schwartz
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - L Scott Mills
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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12
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Takeda M, Seki F, Yamamoto Y, Nao N, Tokiwa H. Animal morbilliviruses and their cross-species transmission potential. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:38-45. [PMID: 32344228 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Like measles virus (MV), whose primary hosts are humans, non-human animal morbilliviruses use SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule) and PVRL4 (nectin-4) expressed on immune and epithelial cells, respectively, as receptors. PVRL4's amino acid sequence is highly conserved across species, while that of SLAM varies significantly. However, non-host animal SLAMs often function as receptors for different morbilliviruses. Uniquely, human SLAM is somewhat specific for MV, but canine distemper virus, which shows the widest host range among morbilliviruses, readily gains the ability to use human SLAM. The host range for morbilliviruses is also modulated by their ability to counteract the host's innate immunity, but the risk of cross-species transmission of non-human animal morbilliviruses to humans could occur if MV is successfully eradicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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13
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Plemper RK. Measles Resurgence and Drug Development. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:8-17. [PMID: 32247280 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the measles vaccine was introduced, but reduction of measles case-fatalities has stalled at around 100,000 annually for the last decade and a 2019 resurgence in several geographical regions threatens some of these past accomplishments. Whereas measles eradication through vaccination is feasible, a potentially open-ended endgame of elimination may loom. Other than doubling-down on existing approaches, is it worthwhile to augment vaccination efforts with antiviral therapeutics to solve the conundrum? This question is hypothetical at present, since no drugs have yet been approved specifically for the treatment of measles, or infection by any other pathogen of the paramyxovirus family. This article will consider obstacles that have hampered anti-measles and anti-paramyxovirus drug development, discuss MeV-specific challenges of clinical testing, and define drug properties suitable to address some of these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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14
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Viral Pathogenesis, Recombinant Vaccines, and Oncolytic Virotherapy: Applications of the Canine Distemper Virus Reverse Genetics System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030339. [PMID: 32244946 PMCID: PMC7150803 DOI: 10.3390/v12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen transmissible to a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic carnivores. Despite the availability of attenuated vaccines against CDV, the virus remains responsible for outbreaks of canine distemper (CD) with significant morbidity and mortality in domesticated and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV uses the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, or CD150) and nectin-4 (PVRL4) as entry receptors, well-known tumor-associated markers for several lymphadenomas and adenocarcinomas, which are also responsible for the lysis of tumor cells and apparent tumor regression. Thus, CDV vaccine strains have emerged as a promising platform of oncolytic viruses for use in animal cancer therapy. Recent advances have revealed that use of the CDV reverse genetic system (RGS) has helped increase the understanding of viral pathogenesis and explore the development of recombinant CDV vaccines. In addition, genetic engineering of CDV based on RGS approaches also has the potential of enhancing oncolytic activity and selectively targeting tumors. Here, we reviewed the host tropism and pathogenesis of CDV, and current development of recombinant CDV-based vaccines as well as their use as oncolytic viruses against cancers.
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15
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Aggarwal M, Plemper RK. Structural Insight into Paramyxovirus and Pneumovirus Entry Inhibition. Viruses 2020; 12:E342. [PMID: 32245118 PMCID: PMC7150754 DOI: 10.3390/v12030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses infect cells through fusion (F) protein-mediated merger of the viral envelope with target membranes. Members of these families include a range of major human and animal pathogens, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MeV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), and highly pathogenic Nipah virus (NiV). High-resolution F protein structures in both the metastable pre- and the postfusion conformation have been solved for several members of the families and a number of F-targeting entry inhibitors have progressed to advanced development or clinical testing. However, small-molecule RSV entry inhibitors have overall disappointed in clinical trials and viral resistance developed rapidly in experimental settings and patients, raising the question of whether the available structural information may provide a path to counteract viral escape through proactive inhibitor engineering. This article will summarize current mechanistic insight into F-mediated membrane fusion and examine the contribution of structural information to the development of small-molecule F inhibitors. Implications are outlined for future drug target selection and rational drug engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
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16
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Navaratnarajah CK, Generous AR, Yousaf I, Cattaneo R. Receptor-mediated cell entry of paramyxoviruses: Mechanisms, and consequences for tropism and pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2771-2786. [PMID: 31949044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.009961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has uncovered many new paramyxoviruses, airborne agents that cause epidemic diseases in animals including humans. Most paramyxoviruses enter epithelial cells of the airway using sialic acid as a receptor and cause only mild disease. However, others cross the epithelial barrier and cause more severe disease. For some of these viruses, the host receptors have been identified, and the mechanisms of cell entry have been elucidated. The tetrameric attachment proteins of paramyxoviruses have vastly different binding affinities for their cognate receptors, which they contact through different binding surfaces. Nevertheless, all input signals are converted to the same output: conformational changes that trigger refolding of trimeric fusion proteins and membrane fusion. Experiments with selectively receptor-blinded viruses inoculated into their natural hosts have provided insights into tropism, identifying the cells and tissues that support growth and revealing the mechanisms of pathogenesis. These analyses also shed light on diabolically elegant mechanisms used by morbilliviruses, including the measles virus, to promote massive amplification within the host, followed by efficient aerosolization and rapid spread through host populations. In another paradigm of receptor-facilitated severe disease, henipaviruses, including Nipah and Hendra viruses, use different members of one protein family to cause zoonoses. Specific properties of different paramyxoviruses, like neurotoxicity and immunosuppression, are now understood in the light of receptor specificity. We propose that research on the specific receptors for several newly identified members of the Paramyxoviridae family that may not bind sialic acid is needed to anticipate their zoonotic potential and to generate effective vaccines and antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex R Generous
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Iris Yousaf
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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17
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Phylogenomic Analysis of Two Co-Circulating Canine Distemper Virus Lineages in Colombia. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010026. [PMID: 31892101 PMCID: PMC7168600 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a reemerging disease-causing agent in domestic dogs because it presents high divergence among circulating strains worldwide. In Colombia, the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages co-circulate in domestic dogs, both in the Medellin metropolitan area. In this paper, two full CDV genomes from each viral lineage circulating in Medellin were sequenced; we explored the phylogenetic relationship with the available genome sequences; we described the presence of CDV mutations in the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages associated with adaptation to human cells and a crossing of the species barrier and pathogenicity; and we established the evolutionary rates and time of the closest common ancestor for each gene and characterized the presentation of multiple genomic sites by positive selection.
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18
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Jiang Y, Jia S, Zheng D, Li F, Wang S, Wang L, Qiao X, Cui W, Tang L, Xu Y, Xia X, Li Y. Protective Immunity against Canine Distemper Virus in Dogs Induced by Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant Probiotic Expressing the Viral H Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040213. [PMID: 31835572 PMCID: PMC6963260 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) elicits a severe contagious disease in a broad range of hosts. CDV mortality rates are 50% in domestic dogs and 100% in ferrets. Its primary infection sites are respiratory and intestinal mucosa. This study aimed to develop an effective mucosal CDV vaccine using a non-antibiotic marked probiotic pPGΔCm-T7g10-EGFP-H/L. casei 393 strain expressing the CDV H protein. Its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice was evaluated using intranasal and oral vaccinations, whereas in dogs the intranasal route was used for vaccination. Our results indicate that this probiotic vaccine can stimulate a high level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)-based mucosal and IgG-based humoral immune responses in mice. SIgA levels in the nasal lavage and lungs were significantly higher in intranasally vaccinated mice than those in orally vaccinated mice. Both antigen-specific IgG and sIgA antibodies were effectively elicited in dogs through the intranasal route and demonstrated superior immunogenicity. The immune protection efficacy of the probiotic vaccine was evaluated by challenging the immunized dogs with virulent CDV 42 days after primary immunization. Dogs of the pPGΔCm-T7g10-EGFP-H/L. casei 393 group were completely protected against CDV. The proposed probiotic vaccine could be promising for protection against CDV infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Dianzhong Zheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Fengsai Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shengwen Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-5519-0363 (Y.L.)
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-5519-0363 (Y.L.)
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19
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Satterfield BA, Borisevich V, Foster SL, Rodriguez SE, Cross RW, Fenton KA, Agans KN, Basler CF, Geisbert TW, Mire CE. Antagonism of STAT1 by Nipah virus P gene products modulates disease course but not lethal outcome in the ferret model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16710. [PMID: 31723221 PMCID: PMC6853903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a pathogenic paramyxovirus and zoononis with very high human fatality rates. Previous protein over-expression studies have shown that various mutations to the common N-terminal STAT1-binding motif of the NiV P, V, and W proteins affected the STAT1-binding ability of these proteins thus interfering with he JAK/STAT pathway and reducing their ability to inhibit type-I IFN signaling, but due to differing techniques it was unclear which amino acids were most important in this interaction or what impact this had on pathogenesis in vivo. We compared all previously described mutations in parallel and found the amino acid mutation Y116E demonstrated the greatest reduction in binding to STAT1 and the greatest reduction in interferon antagonism. A similar reduction in binding and activity was seen for a deletion of twenty amino acids constituting the described STAT1-binding domain. To investigate the contribution of this STAT1-binding motif in NiV-mediated disease, we produced rNiVs with complete deletion of the STAT1-binding motif or the Y116E mutation for ferret challenge studies (rNiVM-STAT1blind). Despite the reduced IFN inhibitory function, ferrets challenged with these rNiVM-STAT1blind mutants had a lethal, albeit altered, NiV-mediated disease course. These data, together with our previously published data, suggest that the major role of NiV P, V, and W in NiV-mediated disease in the ferret model are likely to be in the inhibition of viral recognition/innate immune signaling induction with a minor role for inhibition of IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Satterfield
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sergio E Rodriguez
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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20
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Cai C, Wang X, Zhao Y, Yi C, Jin Z, Zhang A, Han L. Construction of a mavs-inactivated MDCK cell line for facilitating the propagation of canine distemper virus (CDV). Mol Immunol 2019; 114:133-138. [PMID: 31352229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic carnivores. Obtaining of a suitable cell line for canine distemper virus (CDV) propagation is very important for field CDV isolation and vaccine antigen preparation. However, the cell line currently developed cell lines for CDV propagation are a marmoset lymphoid cell line (B95a), which could cause the virus to potentially infect human cells, and canine SLAM-expressing Vero cells, which may cause the virus to lose virulence. Therefore, a canine cell line constructed for efficient CDV propagation would be attractive. In the present study, a Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial (MDCK) cell line with mavs (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) inactivation was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The interferon-I response induced by poly(I:C), an analogue of viral RNA, was significantly blocked in the constructed cell line, designated MDCK-KOmavs. Moreover, the propagation of a filed CDV strain was approximately 100 times higher in MDCK-KOmavs cells than in wild-type MDCK cells. Therefore, in the present study, a canine cell line facilitating CDV propagation was successfully constructed, and the results suggested that the constructed canine cell line was more efficient than the wild-type cell line for the isolation of field CDVs. In addition, the rapid propagation of CDVs to high titers in the constructed MDCK-KOmavs cell line indicated that this cell line could also be an alternative cell line for the preparation of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chenyang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zehua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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21
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Duque-Valencia J, Sarute N, Olarte-Castillo XA, Ruíz-Sáenz J. Evolution and Interspecies Transmission of Canine Distemper Virus-An Outlook of the Diverse Evolutionary Landscapes of a Multi-Host Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070582. [PMID: 31247987 PMCID: PMC6669529 DOI: 10.3390/v11070582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a worldwide distributed virus which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family. CDV spreads through the lymphatic, epithelial, and nervous systems of domestic dogs and wildlife, in at least six orders and over 20 families of mammals. Due to the high morbidity and mortality rates and broad host range, understanding the epidemiology of CDV is not only important for its control in domestic animals, but also for the development of reliable wildlife conservation strategies. The present review aims to give an outlook of the multiple evolutionary landscapes and factors involved in the transmission of CDV by including epidemiological data from multiple species in urban, wild and peri-urban settings, not only in domestic animal populations but at the wildlife interface. It is clear that different epidemiological scenarios can lead to the presence of CDV in wildlife even in the absence of infection in domestic populations, highlighting the role of CDV in different domestic or wild species without clinical signs of disease mainly acting as reservoirs (peridomestic and mesocarnivores) that are often found in peridomestic habits triggering CDV epidemics. Another scenario is driven by mutations, which generate genetic variation on which random drift and natural selection can act, shaping the genetic structure of CDV populations leading to some fitness compensations between hosts and driving the evolution of specialist and generalist traits in CDV populations. In this scenario, the highly variable protein hemagglutinin (H) determines the cellular and host tropism by binding to signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 receptors of the host; however, the multiple evolutionary events that may have facilitated CDV adaptation to different hosts must be evaluated by complete genome sequencing. This review is focused on the study of CDV interspecies transmission by examining molecular and epidemiological reports based on sequences of the hemagglutinin gene and the growing body of studies of the complete genome; emphasizing the importance of long-term multidisciplinary research that tracks CDV in the presence or absence of clinical signs in wild species, and helping to implement strategies to mitigate the infection. Integrated research incorporating the experience of wildlife managers, behavioral and conservation biologists, veterinarians, virologists, and immunologists (among other scientific areas) and the inclusion of several wild and domestic species is essential for understanding the intricate epidemiological dynamics of CDV in its multiple host infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- July Duque-Valencia
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Medellín 050012, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Sarute
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ximena A Olarte-Castillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias. Universidad de Santander (UDES), sede Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Julián Ruíz-Sáenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Medellín 050012, Colombia.
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22
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Perley CC, Brocato RL, Kwilas SA, Daye S, Moreau A, Nichols DK, Wetzel KS, Shamblin J, Hooper JW. Three asymptomatic animal infection models of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by hantaviruses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216700. [PMID: 31075144 PMCID: PMC6510444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Puumala virus (PUUV) are rodent-borne hantaviruses that are the primary causes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe and Asia. The development of well characterized animal models of HTNV and PUUV infection is critical for the evaluation and the potential licensure of HFRS vaccines and therapeutics. In this study we present three animal models of HTNV infection (hamster, ferret and marmoset), and two animal models of PUUV infection (hamster, ferret). Infection of hamsters with a ~3 times the infectious dose 99% (ID99) of HTNV by the intramuscular and ~1 ID99 of HTNV by the intranasal route leads to a persistent asymptomatic infection, characterized by sporadic viremia and high levels of viral genome in the lung, brain and kidney. In contrast, infection of hamsters with ~2 ID99 of PUUV by the intramuscular or ~1 ID99 of PUUV by the intranasal route leads to seroconversion with no detectable viremia, and a transient detection of viral genome. Infection of ferrets with a high dose of either HTNV or PUUV by the intramuscular route leads to seroconversion and gradual weight loss, though kidney function remained unimpaired and serum viremia and viral dissemination to organs was not detected. In marmosets a 1,000 PFU HTNV intramuscular challenge led to robust seroconversion and neutralizing antibody production. Similarly to the ferret model of HTNV infection, no renal impairment, serum viremia or viral dissemination to organs was detected in marmosets. This is the first report of hantavirus infection in ferrets and marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C. Perley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Brocato
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Kwilas
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon Daye
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia Moreau
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald K. Nichols
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Wetzel
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Interferon-Stimulated Genes-Mediators of the Innate Immune Response during Canine Distemper Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071620. [PMID: 30939763 PMCID: PMC6480560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The demyelinating canine distemper virus (CDV)-leukoencephalitis represents a translational animal model for multiple sclerosis. The present study investigated the expression of type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway members in CDV-induced cerebellar lesions to gain an insight into their role in lesion development. Gene expression of 110 manually selected genes in acute, subacute and chronic lesions was analyzed using pre-existing microarray data. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, IRF7, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, STAT2, MX protein, protein kinase R (PKR), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) 1 and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 expression were also evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Cellular origin of STAT1, STAT2, MX and PKR were determined using immunofluorescence. CDV infection caused an increased expression of the antiviral effector proteins MX, PKR, OAS1 and ISG15, which probably contributed to a restricted viral replication, particularly in neurons and oligodendrocytes. This increase might be partly mediated by IRF-dependent pathways due to the lack of changes in IFN-I levels and absence of STAT2 in astrocytes. Nevertheless, activated microglia/macrophages showed a strong expression of STAT1, STAT2 and MX proteins in later stages of the disease, indicating a strong activation of the IFN-I signaling cascade, which might be involved in the aggravation of bystander demyelination.
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Rendon-Marin S, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW, Ruiz-Saenz J. Tropism and molecular pathogenesis of canine distemper virus. Virol J 2019; 16:30. [PMID: 30845967 PMCID: PMC6407191 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper virus (CDV), currently termed Canine morbillivirus, is an extremely contagious disease that affects dogs. It is identified as a multiple cell tropism pathogen, and its host range includes a vast array of species. As a member of Mononegavirales, CDV has a negative, single-stranded RNA genome, which encodes eight proteins. Main body Regarding the molecular pathogenesis, the hemagglutinin protein (H) plays a crucial role both in the antigenic recognition and the viral interaction with SLAM and nectin-4, the host cells’ receptors. These cellular receptors have been studied widely as CDV receptors in vitro in different cellular models. The SLAM receptor is located in lymphoid cells; therefore, the infection of these cells by CDV leads to immunosuppression, the severity of which can lead to variability in the clinical disease with the potential of secondary bacterial infection, up to and including the development of neurological signs in its later stage. Conclusion Improving the understanding of the CDV molecules implicated in the determination of infection, especially the H protein, can help to enhance the biochemical comprehension of the difference between a wide range of CDV variants, their tropism, and different steps in viral infection. The regions of interaction between the viral proteins and the identified host cell receptors have been elucidated to facilitate this understanding. Hence, this review describes the significant molecular and cellular characteristics of CDV that contribute to viral pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1136-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rendon-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Renata da Fontoura Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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Akdesir E, Origgi FC, Wimmershoff J, Frey J, Frey CF, Ryser-Degiorgis MP. Causes of mortality and morbidity in free-ranging mustelids in Switzerland: necropsy data from over 50 years of general health surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:195. [PMID: 29921290 PMCID: PMC6009050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mustelids occur worldwide and include a wide range of species, little is known about the diseases affecting them. Mustelids have regularly been submitted for post mortem investigation in the framework of the program for general wildlife health surveillance in Switzerland, which has been in place for nearly 60 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of the necropsy reports on mustelids submitted to the diagnostic service of the University of Bern. The aims of this study were to present an overview of the causes of mortality and morbidity observed in these carnivores, to assess differences among species, to assess changes in disease detection over the study period, and to describe the pathology of selected diseases. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-six reports from 1958 to 2015 were analyzed. Most animals were stone martens (Martes foina, 46%) and badgers (Meles meles, 44%); the remaining species were polecats (Mustela putorius, 4.7%), pine martens (Martes martes, 2%), stoats (Mustela erminea, 1.4%), weasels (Mustela nivalis, 0.8%) and otters (Lutra lutra, 0.3%). Infectious diseases (n = 262) were frequent and were mostly bacterial or viral; non-infectious conditions (n = 169) were less common and were mostly traumatic or due to metabolic disorders. The most frequent diagnoses included distemper (75% were badgers), amyloidosis (96% were martens), bacterial respiratory infections (all mustelids), biting lice (badgers only) and pulmonary and gastro-intestinal helminths (all species). Less frequent diseases included histoplasmosis (badgers only), aspergillosis, toxoplasmosis, hepatozoonosis, and sarcoptic mange. Lesions due to infection with distemper virus were primarily appreciated in the respiratory tract and central nervous system; they presented species-specific characteristics such as necrosis in the ependyma in badgers and absence of syncytia in stone martens. Amyloidosis in martens was multisystemic in most cases and included both AA and AL amyloidosis; the main macroscopic change was severe splenomegaly. CONCLUSION Infectious diseases were the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality of mustelids, with marked species-specific differences. Lung and skin were the most commonly affected organs. Contagious diseases such as canine distemper, sarcoptic mange and rabies in mustelids showed a similar temporal pattern as in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), suggesting pathogen spillovers from foxes to mustelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Akdesir
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F C Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Wimmershoff
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M-P Ryser-Degiorgis
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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Pfeffermann K, Dörr M, Zirkel F, von Messling V. Morbillivirus Pathogenesis and Virus-Host Interactions. Adv Virus Res 2018; 100:75-98. [PMID: 29551144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines against measles and several animal morbilliviruses, they continue to cause regular outbreaks and epidemics in susceptible populations. Morbilliviruses are highly contagious and share a similar pathogenesis in their respective hosts. This review provides an overview of morbillivirus history and the general replication cycle and recapitulates Morbillivirus pathogenesis focusing on common and unique aspects seen in different hosts. It also summarizes the state of knowledge regarding virus-host interactions on the cellular level with an emphasis on viral interference with innate immune response activation, and highlights remaining knowledge gaps.
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27
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Klotz D, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Type I interferons in the pathogenesis and treatment of canine diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:80-93. [PMID: 28895871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) such as IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, and IFN-ω represent cytokines, which are deeply involved in the regulation and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. They possess strong antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities allowing their use in the therapy of different viral diseases, neoplasms, and immune-mediated disorders, respectively. Initially, treatment strategies were based on nonspecific inducers of type I IFNs, which were soon replaced by different recombinant proteins. Drugs with type I IFNs as active agents are currently used in the treatment of hepatitis B and C virus infection, lymphoma, myeloid leukemia, renal carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and multiple sclerosis in humans. In addition, recombinant feline IFN-ω has been approved for the treatment of canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus infections. However, the role of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis of canine diseases remains largely undetermined so far, even though some share pathogenic mechanisms and clinical features with their human counterparts. This review summarizes the present knowledge of type I IFNs and down-stream targets such as Mx and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase proteins in the pathogenesis of infectious and immune-mediated canine diseases. Moreover, studies investigating the potential use of type I IFNs in the treatment of canine lymphomas, melanomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas, canine distemper virus, parvovirus, and papillomavirus infections as well as immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca and atopic dermatitis are presented. A separate chapter is dedicated to the therapeutic potential of IFN-λ, a type III IFN, in canine diseases. However, further future studies are still needed to unravel the exact functions of the different subtypes of type I IFNs and their target genes in healthy and diseased dogs and the full potential action of type I IFNs as treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Klotz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Morbillivirus Experimental Animal Models: Measles Virus Pathogenesis Insights from Canine Distemper Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100274. [PMID: 27727184 PMCID: PMC5086610 DOI: 10.3390/v8100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. Thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. Since the Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. This review compares the cellular tropism, pathogenesis, mechanisms of persistence and immunosuppression of the Measles virus (MeV) and CDV. It then summarizes the contributions made by studies on the CDV in dogs and ferrets to our understanding of MeV pathogenesis and to vaccine and drugs development.
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29
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Nipah Virus C and W Proteins Contribute to Respiratory Disease in Ferrets. J Virol 2016; 90:6326-6343. [PMID: 27147733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00215-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal paramyxovirus that recently emerged as a causative agent of febrile encephalitis and severe respiratory disease in humans. The ferret model has emerged as the preferred small-animal model with which to study NiV disease, but much is still unknown about the viral determinants of NiV pathogenesis, including the contribution of the C protein in ferrets. Additionally, studies have yet to examine the synergistic effects of the various P gene products on pathogenesis in animal models. Using recombinant NiVs (rNiVs), we examine the sole contribution of the NiV C protein and the combined contributions of the C and W proteins in the ferret model of NiV pathogenesis. We show that an rNiV void of C expression resulted in 100% mortality, though with limited respiratory disease, like our previously reported rNiV void of W expression; this finding is in stark contrast to the attenuated phenotype observed in previous hamster studies utilizing rNiVs void of C expression. We also observed that an rNiV void of both C and W expression resulted in limited respiratory disease; however, there was severe neurological disease leading to 60% mortality, and the surviving ferrets demonstrated sequelae similar to those for human survivors of NiV encephalitis. IMPORTANCE Nipah virus (NiV) is a human pathogen capable of causing lethal respiratory and neurological disease. Many human survivors have long-lasting neurological impairment. Using a ferret model, this study demonstrated the roles of the NiV C and W proteins in pathogenesis, where lack of either the C or the W protein independently decreased the severity of clinical respiratory disease but did not decrease lethality. Abolishing both C and W expression, however, dramatically decreased the severity of respiratory disease and the level of destruction of splenic germinal centers. These ferrets still suffered severe neurological disease: 60% succumbed to disease, and the survivors experienced long-term neurological impairment, such as that seen in human survivors. This new ferret NiV C and W knockout model may allow, for the first time, the examination of interventions to prevent or mitigate the neurological damage and sequelae experienced by human survivors.
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30
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Satterfield BA, Geisbert TW, Mire CE. Inhibition of the host antiviral response by Nipah virus: current understanding and future perspectives. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a lethal paramyxovirus that has recently emerged as a human pathogen capable of causing acute respiratory disease and encephalitis. Like many viral pathogens, NiV has developed multiple means of antagonizing the host antiviral response. The viral proteins responsible for this antiviral inhibition are encoded in the NiV P gene and include the P, V, W and C proteins, which contain various unique and overlapping roles. This review examines the current data on inhibition of the host antiviral response for each of these proteins gathered from viral protein expression systems, in vitro data using recombinant NiV mutants and from in vivo studies using recombinant NiV mutants, as well as a future perspective regarding the direction of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Satterfield
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Zhao J, Shi N, Sun Y, Martella V, Nikolin V, Zhu C, Zhang H, Hu B, Bai X, Yan X. Pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected raccoon dogs, foxes, and minks. Antiviral Res 2015. [PMID: 26210812 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a broad range of carnivores and causes a highly contagious disease with severe immunosuppression. The disease severity markedly varies in different species. To investigate the pathogenesis of CDV in raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), fox (Vulpes vulpes) and mink (Neovison vison) species, three groups of CDV sero-negative animals were infected with CDV strain LN(10)1. This CDV strain belongs to the Asia-1 genotype, which is epidemiologically predominant in carnivores in China. CDV infection provoked marked differences in virulence in the three species that were studied. Raccoon dogs developed fever, severe conjunctivitis, and pathological lesions, with 100% (5/5) mortality and with high viral RNA loads in organs within 15 days post infection (dpi). In infected foxes, the onset of the disease was delayed, with 40% (2/5) mortality by 21 dpi. Infected minks developed only mild clinical signs and pathological lesions, and mortality was not observed. Raccoon dogs and foxes showed more severe immune suppression (lymphopenia, decreased lymphocyte proliferation, viremia and low-level virus neutralizing antibodies) than minks. We also observed a distinct pattern of cytokine mRNA transcripts at different times after infection. Decreased IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA responses were evident in the animals with fatal disease, while up-regulation of these cytokines was observed in the animals surviving the infection. Increased TNF-α response was detected in animals with mild or severe clinical signs. Based on the results, we could distinguish three different patterns of disease after experimental CDV infection, e.g. a mild form in minks, a moderate form in foxes and a severe disease in raccoon dogs. The observed differences in susceptibility to CDV could be related to distinct host cytokine profiles. Comparative evaluation of CDV pathogenesis in various animal species is pivotal to generate models suitable for the evaluation of CDV-host interactions and of vaccine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Ning Shi
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yangang Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Veljko Nikolin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chunsheng Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xue Bai
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China.
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Enkirch T, von Messling V. Ferret models of viral pathogenesis. Virology 2015; 479-480:259-70. [PMID: 25816764 PMCID: PMC7111696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and well-known viral diseases remain one the most important global public health threats. A better understanding of their pathogenesis and mechanisms of transmission requires animal models that accurately reproduce these aspects of the disease. Here we review the role of ferrets as an animal model for the pathogenesis of different respiratory viruses with an emphasis on influenza and paramyxoviruses. We will describe the anatomic and physiologic characteristics that contribute to the natural susceptibility of ferrets to these viruses, and provide an overview of the approaches available to analyze their immune responses. Recent insights gained using this model will be highlighted, including the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. To provide decision criteria for the use of this animal model, its strengths and limitations will be discussed. Ferrets as models for respiratory virus pathogenesis. Ferrets as models for vaccine and drug efficacy assessment. Immunological tools for ferrets. Housing and handling of ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Enkirch
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - V von Messling
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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Pfaller CK, Cattaneo R, Schnell MJ. Reverse genetics of Mononegavirales: How they work, new vaccines, and new cancer therapeutics. Virology 2015; 479-480:331-44. [PMID: 25702088 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The order Mononegavirales includes five families: Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Nyamaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. The genome of these viruses is one molecule of negative-sense single strand RNA coding for five to ten genes in a conserved order. The RNA is not infectious until packaged by the nucleocapsid protein and transcribed by the polymerase and co-factors. Reverse genetics approaches have answered fundamental questions about the biology of Mononegavirales. The lack of icosahedral symmetry and modular organization in the genome of these viruses has facilitated engineering of viruses expressing fluorescent proteins, and these fluorescent proteins have provided important insights about the molecular and cellular basis of tissue tropism and pathogenesis. Studies have assessed the relevance for virulence of different receptors and the interactions with cellular proteins governing the innate immune responses. Research has also analyzed the mechanisms of attenuation. Based on these findings, ongoing clinical trials are exploring new live attenuated vaccines and the use of viruses re-engineered as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Jefferson Vaccine Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Krumm SA, Yan D, Hovingh ES, Evers TJ, Enkirch T, Reddy GP, Sun A, Saindane MT, Arrendale RF, Painter G, Liotta DC, Natchus MG, von Messling V, Plemper RK. An orally available, small-molecule polymerase inhibitor shows efficacy against a lethal morbillivirus infection in a large animal model. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:232ra52. [PMID: 24739760 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus is a highly infectious morbillivirus responsible for major morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated humans. The related, zoonotic canine distemper virus (CDV) induces morbillivirus disease in ferrets with 100% lethality. We report an orally available, shelf-stable pan-morbillivirus inhibitor that targets the viral RNA polymerase. Prophylactic oral treatment of ferrets infected intranasally with a lethal CDV dose reduced viremia and prolonged survival. Ferrets infected with the same dose of virus that received post-infection treatment at the onset of viremia showed low-grade viral loads, remained asymptomatic, and recovered from infection, whereas control animals succumbed to the disease. Animals that recovered also mounted a robust immune response and were protected against rechallenge with a lethal CDV dose. Drug-resistant viral recombinants were generated and found to be attenuated and transmission-impaired compared to the genetic parent virus. These findings may pioneer a path toward an effective morbillivirus therapy that could aid measles eradication by synergizing with vaccination to close gaps in herd immunity due to vaccine refusal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Krumm
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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