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El-Maradny YA, Badawy MA, Mohamed KI, Ragab RF, Moharm HM, Abdallah NA, Elgammal EM, Rubio-Casillas A, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Unraveling the role of the nucleocapsid protein in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: From viral life cycle to vaccine development. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135201. [PMID: 39216563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is the most abundant protein in SARS-CoV-2. Viral RNA and this protein are bound by electrostatic forces, forming cytoplasmic helical structures known as nucleocapsids. Subsequently, these nucleocapsids interact with the membrane (M) protein, facilitating virus budding into early secretory compartments. SCOPE OF REVIEW Exploring the role of the N protein in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, post-sequelae consequences, and interaction with host immunity has enhanced our understanding of its function and potential strategies for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAJOR CONCLUSION This review provides an overview of the N protein's involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, highlighting its crucial role in the virus-host protein interaction and immune system modulation, which in turn influences viral spread. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding these aspects identifies the N protein as a promising target for developing effective antiviral treatments and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra A El-Maradny
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt; Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa A Badawy
- Industrial Microbiology and Applied Chemistry program, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Kareem I Mohamed
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Renad F Ragab
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Hamssa M Moharm
- Genetics, Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Nada A Abdallah
- Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Esraa M Elgammal
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan, JAL 48900, Mexico; Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan, JAL 48900, Mexico.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
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Hick TAH, Geertsema C, Nguyen W, Bishop CR, van Oosten L, Abbo SR, Dumenil T, van Kuppeveld FJM, Langereis MA, Rawle DJ, Tang B, Yan K, van Oers MM, Suhrbier A, Pijlman GP. Safety concern of recombination between self-amplifying mRNA vaccines and viruses is mitigated in vivo. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2519-2534. [PMID: 38894543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vaccines can be rapidly deployed in the event of disease outbreaks. A legitimate safety concern is the potential for recombination between alphavirus-based SAM vaccines and circulating viruses. This theoretical risk needs to be assessed in the regulatory process for SAM vaccine approval. Herein, we undertake extensive in vitro and in vivo assessments to explore recombination between SAM vaccine and a wide selection of alphaviruses and a coronavirus. SAM vaccines were found to effectively limit alphavirus co-infection through superinfection exclusion, although some co-replication was still possible. Using sensitive cell-based assays, replication-competent alphavirus chimeras were generated in vitro as a result of rare, but reproducible, RNA recombination events. The chimeras displayed no increased fitness in cell culture. Viable alphavirus chimeras were not detected in vivo in C57BL/6J, Rag1-/- and Ifnar-/- mice, in which high levels of SAM vaccine and alphavirus co-replicated in the same tissue. Furthermore, recombination between a SAM-spike vaccine and a swine coronavirus was not observed. In conclusion we state that although the ability of SAM vaccines to recombine with alphaviruses might be viewed as an environmental safety concern, several key factors substantially mitigate against in vivo emergence of chimeric viruses from SAM vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessy A H Hick
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Corinne Geertsema
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilson Nguyen
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Cameron R Bishop
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Linda van Oosten
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra R Abbo
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Langereis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072 and 4029, Australia.
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Li QJ, Fang XL, Li YQ, Lin JY, Huang CL, He SW, Huang SY, Li JY, Gong S, Liu N, Ma J, Zhao Y, Tang LL. DCAF7 Acts as A Scaffold to Recruit USP10 for G3BP1 Deubiquitylation and Facilitates Chemoresistance and Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403262. [PMID: 38973296 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite docetaxel combined with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) being the established treatment for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), there are patients who do not respond positively to this form of therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying this lack of benefit remain unclear. DCAF7 is identified as a chemoresistance gene attenuating the response to TPF therapy in NPC patients. DCAF7 promotes the cisplatin resistance and metastasis of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DCAF7 serves as a scaffold protein that facilitates the interaction between USP10 and G3BP1, leading to the elimination of K48-linked ubiquitin moieties from Lys76 of G3BP1. This process helps prevent the degradation of G3BP1 via the ubiquitin‒proteasome pathway and promotes the formation of stress granule (SG)-like structures. Moreover, knockdown of G3BP1 successfully reversed the formation of SG-like structures and the oncogenic effects of DCAF7. Significantly, NPC patients with increased levels of DCAF7 showed a high risk of metastasis, and elevated DCAF7 levels are linked to an unfavorable prognosis. The study reveals DCAF7 as a crucial gene for cisplatin resistance and offers further understanding of how chemoresistance develops in NPC. The DCAF7-USP10-G3BP1 axis contains potential targets and biomarkers for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Jie Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xue-Liang Fang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ying-Qin Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jia-Yi Lin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Cheng-Long Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Shi-Wei He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Sheng-Yan Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jun-Yan Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Sha Gong
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Na Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ling-Long Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
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Zhang B, Li S, Chen Z, Fan L, Wang W, Guo R, Fan B, Li J, Li B. Phosphorylation of G3BP1 is involved in the regulation of PDCoV-induced inflammatory response. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110070. [PMID: 38593624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs), the main component is GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1), which are assembled during viral infection and function to sequester host and viral mRNAs and proteins, are part of the antiviral responses. In this study, we found that porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection induced stable formation of robust SGs in cells through a PERK (protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)-dependent mechanism. Overexpression of SGs marker proteins G3BP1 significantly reduced PDCoV replication in vitro, while inhibition of endogenous G3BP1 enhanced PDCoV replication. Moreover, PDCoV infected LLC-PK1 cells raise the phosphorylation level of G3BP1. By overexpression of the G3BP1 phosphorylated protein or the G3BP1 dephosphorylated protein, we found that phosphorylation of G3BP1 is involved in the regulation of PDCoV-induced inflammatory response. Taken together, our study presents a vital aspect of the host innate response to invading pathogens and reveals attractive host targets for antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotai Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhuoqi Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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5
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Yang Z, Johnson BA, Meliopoulos VA, Ju X, Zhang P, Hughes MP, Wu J, Koreski KP, Clary JE, Chang TC, Wu G, Hixon J, Duffner J, Wong K, Lemieux R, Lokugamage KG, Alvarado RE, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Walker DH, Plante KS, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Kim HJ, Meyers R, Schultz-Cherry S, Ding Q, Menachery VD, Taylor JP. Interaction between host G3BP and viral nucleocapsid protein regulates SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenicity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113965. [PMID: 38492217 PMCID: PMC11044841 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
G3BP1/2 are paralogous proteins that promote stress granule formation in response to cellular stresses, including viral infection. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inhibits stress granule assembly and interacts with G3BP1/2 via an ITFG motif, including residue F17, in the N protein. Prior studies examining the impact of the G3PB1-N interaction on SARS-CoV-2 replication have produced inconsistent findings, and the role of this interaction in pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we use structural and biochemical analyses to define the residues required for G3BP1-N interaction and structure-guided mutagenesis to selectively disrupt this interaction. We find that N-F17A mutation causes highly specific loss of interaction with G3BP1/2. SARS-CoV-2 N-F17A fails to inhibit stress granule assembly in cells, has decreased viral replication, and causes decreased pathology in vivo. Further mechanistic studies indicate that the N-F17-mediated G3BP1-N interaction promotes infection by limiting sequestration of viral genomic RNA (gRNA) into stress granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bryan A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ju
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael P Hughes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Koreski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jemma E Clary
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumari G Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - R Elias Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Joo Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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6
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Yıldız A, Răileanu C, Beissert T. Trans-Amplifying RNA: A Journey from Alphavirus Research to Future Vaccines. Viruses 2024; 16:503. [PMID: 38675846 PMCID: PMC11055088 DOI: 10.3390/v16040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Replicating RNA, including self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA), holds great potential for advancing the next generation of RNA-based vaccines. Unlike in vitro transcribed mRNA found in most current RNA vaccines, saRNA or taRNA can be massively replicated within cells in the presence of RNA-amplifying enzymes known as replicases. We recently demonstrated that this property could enhance immune responses with minimal injected RNA amounts. In saRNA-based vaccines, replicase and antigens are encoded on the same mRNA molecule, resulting in very long RNA sequences, which poses significant challenges in production, delivery, and stability. In taRNA-based vaccines, these challenges can be overcome by splitting the replication system into two parts: one that encodes replicase and the other that encodes a short antigen-encoding RNA called transreplicon. Here, we review the identification and use of transreplicon RNA in alphavirus research, with a focus on the development of novel taRNA technology as a state-of-the art vaccine platform. Additionally, we discuss remaining challenges essential to the clinical application and highlight the potential benefits related to the unique properties of this future vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim Beissert
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.Y.); (C.R.)
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7
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Garvanska DH, Alvarado RE, Mundt FO, Lindqvist R, Duel JK, Coscia F, Nilsson E, Lokugamage K, Johnson BA, Plante JA, Morris DR, Vu MN, Estes LK, McLeland AM, Walker J, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Mendez BL, Plante KS, Walker DH, Weisser MB, Överby AK, Mann M, Menachery VD, Nilsson J. The NSP3 protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds fragile X mental retardation proteins to disrupt UBAP2L interactions. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:902-926. [PMID: 38177924 PMCID: PMC10897489 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses interact with numerous host factors to facilitate viral replication and to dampen antiviral defense mechanisms. We currently have a limited mechanistic understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 binds host factors and the functional role of these interactions. Here, we uncover a novel interaction between the viral NSP3 protein and the fragile X mental retardation proteins (FMRPs: FMR1, FXR1-2). SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 mutant viruses preventing FMRP binding have attenuated replication in vitro and reduced levels of viral antigen in lungs during the early stages of infection. We show that a unique peptide motif in NSP3 binds directly to the two central KH domains of FMRPs and that this interaction is disrupted by the I304N mutation found in a patient with fragile X syndrome. NSP3 binding to FMRPs disrupts their interaction with the stress granule component UBAP2L through direct competition with a peptide motif in UBAP2L to prevent FMRP incorporation into stress granules. Collectively, our results provide novel insight into how SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host cell proteins and provides molecular insight into the possible underlying molecular defects in fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitriya H Garvanska
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Elias Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Filip Oskar Mundt
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Josephine Kerzel Duel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Coscia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kumari Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Dorothea R Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle N Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Leah K Estes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa M McLeland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jordyn Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Blanca Lopez Mendez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Melanie Bianca Weisser
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Echavarria-Consuegra L, Dinesh Kumar N, van der Laan M, Mauthe M, Van de Pol D, Reggiori F, Smit JM. Mitochondrial protein BNIP3 regulates Chikungunya virus replication in the early stages of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010751. [PMID: 38011286 PMCID: PMC10703415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a human pathogen causing outbreaks of febrile illness for which vaccines and specific treatments remain unavailable. Autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and autophagy receptors are a set of host factors that participate in autophagy, but have also shown to function in other unrelated cellular pathways. Although autophagy is reported to both inhibit and enhance CHIKV replication, the specific role of individual ATG proteins remains largely unknown. Here, a siRNA screen was performed to evaluate the importance of the ATG proteome and autophagy receptors in controlling CHIKV infection. We observed that 7 out of 50 ATG proteins impact the replication of CHIKV. Among those, depletion of the mitochondrial protein and autophagy receptor BCL2 Interacting Protein 3 (BNIP3) increased CHIKV infection. Interestingly, BNIP3 controls CHIKV independently of autophagy and cell death. Detailed analysis of the CHIKV viral cycle revealed that BNIP3 interferes with the early stages of infection. Moreover, the antiviral role of BNIP3 was found conserved across two distinct CHIKV genotypes and the closely related Semliki Forest virus. Altogether, this study describes a novel and previously unknown function of the mitochondrial protein BNIP3 in the control of the early stages of the alphavirus viral cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Echavarria-Consuegra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen van der Laan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Van de Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Mukhopadhyay C, Zhou P. Role(s) of G3BPs in Human Pathogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 387:100-110. [PMID: 37468286 PMCID: PMC10519580 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding proteins (G3BP) are RNA binding proteins that play a critical role in stress granule (SG) formation. SGs protect critical mRNAs from various environmental stress conditions by regulating mRNA stability and translation to maintain regulated gene expression. Recent evidence suggests that G3BPs can also regulate mRNA expression through interactions with RNA outside of SGs. G3BPs have been associated with a number of disease states, including cancer progression, invasion, metastasis, and viral infections, and may be useful as a cancer therapeutic target. This review summarizes the biology of G3BP including their structure, function, localization, role in cancer progression, virus replication, mRNA stability, and SG formation. We will also discuss the potential of G3BPs as a therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review will discuss the molecular mechanism(s) and functional role(s) of Ras-GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding proteins in the context of stress granule formation, interaction with viruses, stability of RNA, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York
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10
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Garvanska DH, Alvarado RE, Mundt FO, Nilsson E, Duel JK, Coscia F, Lindqvist R, Lokugamage K, Johnson BA, Plante JA, Morris DR, Vu MN, Estes LK, McLeland AM, Walker J, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Mendez BL, Plante KS, Walker DH, Weisser MB, Overby AK, Mann M, Menachery VD, Nilsson J. SARS-CoV-2 hijacks fragile X mental retardation proteins for efficient infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555899. [PMID: 37693415 PMCID: PMC10491247 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses interact with numerous host factors to facilitate viral replication and to dampen antiviral defense mechanisms. We currently have a limited mechanistic understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 binds host factors and the functional role of these interactions. Here, we uncover a novel interaction between the viral NSP3 protein and the fragile X mental retardation proteins (FMRPs: FMR1 and FXR1-2). SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 mutant viruses preventing FMRP binding have attenuated replication in vitro and have delayed disease onset in vivo. We show that a unique peptide motif in NSP3 binds directly to the two central KH domains of FMRPs and that this interaction is disrupted by the I304N mutation found in a patient with fragile X syndrome. NSP3 binding to FMRPs disrupts their interaction with the stress granule component UBAP2L through direct competition with a peptide motif in UBAP2L to prevent FMRP incorporation into stress granules. Collectively, our results provide novel insight into how SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host cell proteins for efficient infection and provides molecular insight to the possible underlying molecular defects in fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitriya H Garvanska
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rojelio E Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Filip Oskar Mundt
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Josephine Kerzel Duel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Coscia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kumari Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bryan A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Dorothea R Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michelle N Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Leah K Estes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa M McLeland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jordyn Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | | | - Blanca Lopez Mendez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Melanie Bianca Weisser
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna K Overby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Yin P, Jian X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lv L, Cui H, Zhang L. Elucidating cellular interactome of chikungunya virus identifies host dependency factors. Virol Sin 2023; 38:497-507. [PMID: 37182691 PMCID: PMC10436055 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-transmitted RNA virus causing joint and muscle pain. To better understand how CHIKV rewires the host cell and usurps host cell functions, we generated a systematic CHIKV-human protein-protein interaction map and revealed several novel connections that will inform further mechanistic studies. One of these novel interactions, between the viral protein E1 and STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 (STUB1), was found to mediate ubiquitination of E1 and degrade E1 through the proteasome. Capsid associated with G3BP1, G3BP2 and AAA+ ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP). Furthermore, VCP inhibitors blocked CHIKV infection, suggesting VCP could serve as a therapeutic target. Further work is required to fully understand the functional consequences of these interactions. Given that CHIKV proteins are conserved across alphaviruses, many virus-host protein-protein interactions identified in this study might also exist in other alphaviruses. Construction of interactome of CHIKV provides the basis for further studying the function of alphavirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xia Jian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Haoran Cui
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
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12
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Li T, Li X, Wang X, Chen X, Zhao G, Liu C, Bao M, Song J, Li J, Huang L, Rong J, Tian K, Deng J, Zhu J, Cai X, Bu Z, Zheng J, Weng C. African swine fever virus pS273R antagonizes stress granule formation by cleaving the nucleating protein G3BP1 to facilitate viral replication. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104844. [PMID: 37209818 PMCID: PMC10404608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs are regulated by different stimulators including viral infection, which is involved in the antiviral activity of host cells to limit viral propagation. To survive, several viruses have been reported to execute various strategies, such as modulating SG formation, to create optimal surroundings for viral replication. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most notorious pathogens in the global pig industry. However, the interplay between ASFV infection and SG formation remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that ASFV infection inhibited SG formation. Through SG inhibitory screening, we found that several ASFV-encoded proteins are involved in inhibition of SG formation. Among them, an ASFV S273R protein (pS273R), the only cysteine protease encoded by the ASFV genome, significantly affected SG formation. ASFV pS273R interacted with G3BP1 (Ras-GTPase-activating protein [SH3 domain] binding protein 1), a vital nucleating protein of SG formation. Furthermore, we found that ASFV pS273R cleaved G3BP1 at the G140-F141 to produce two fragments (G3BP1-N1-140 and G3BP1-C141-456). Interestingly, both the pS273R-cleaved fragments of G3BP1 lost the ability to induce SG formation and antiviral activity. Taken together, our finding reveals that the proteolytic cleavage of G3BP1 by ASFV pS273R is a novel mechanism by which ASFV counteracts host stress and innate antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China; College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Gaihong Zhao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanxia Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Miaofei Bao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Song
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Rong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Luoyang, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
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13
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Yang Z, Johnson BA, Meliopoulos VA, Ju X, Zhang P, Hughes MP, Wu J, Koreski KP, Chang TC, Wu G, Hixon J, Duffner J, Wong K, Lemieux R, Lokugamage KG, Alvardo RE, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Walker DH, Plante KS, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Kim HJ, Meyers R, Schultz-Cherry S, Ding Q, Menachery VD, Taylor JP. Interaction between host G3BP and viral nucleocapsid protein regulates SARS-CoV-2 replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.546885. [PMID: 37425880 PMCID: PMC10327126 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.546885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
G3BP1/2 are paralogous proteins that promote stress granule formation in response to cellular stresses, including viral infection. G3BP1/2 are prominent interactors of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the functional consequences of the G3BP1-N interaction in the context of viral infection remain unclear. Here we used structural and biochemical analyses to define the residues required for G3BP1-N interaction, followed by structure-guided mutagenesis of G3BP1 and N to selectively and reciprocally disrupt their interaction. We found that mutation of F17 within the N protein led to selective loss of interaction with G3BP1 and consequent failure of the N protein to disrupt stress granule assembly. Introduction of SARS-CoV-2 bearing an F17A mutation resulted in a significant decrease in viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo, indicating that the G3BP1-N interaction promotes infection by suppressing the ability of G3BP1 to form stress granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bryan A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ju
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael P Hughes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Koreski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumari G Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rojelio E Alvardo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Joo Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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14
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Yao Z, Ramachandran S, Huang S, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Wohlschlegel JA, Li MMH. Chikungunya virus glycoproteins transform macrophages into productive viral dissemination vessels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542714. [PMID: 37398144 PMCID: PMC10312455 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite their role as innate sentinels, macrophages are cellular reservoirs for chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a highly pathogenic arthropod-borne alphavirus that has caused unprecedented epidemics worldwide. Here, we took interdisciplinary approaches to elucidate the CHIKV determinants that subvert macrophages into virion dissemination vessels. Through comparative infection using chimeric alphaviruses and evolutionary selection analyses, we discovered for the first time that CHIKV glycoproteins E2 and E1 coordinate efficient virion production in macrophages with the domains involved under positive selection. We performed proteomics on CHIKV-infected macrophages to identify cellular proteins interacting with the precursor and/or mature forms of viral glycoproteins. We uncovered two E1-binding proteins, signal peptidase complex subunit 3 (SPCS3) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3k), with novel inhibitory activities against CHIKV production. These results highlight how CHIKV E2 and E1 have been evolutionarily selected for viral dissemination likely through counteracting host restriction factors, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sangeetha Ramachandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Serina Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melody M H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Kurhade C, Kang S, Biering SB, Hwang S, Randall G. CAPRIN1 Is Required for Control of Viral Replication Complexes by Interferon Gamma. mBio 2023:e0017223. [PMID: 37052473 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00172-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication complexes (RCs), formed by positive-strand (+) RNA viruses through rearrangements of host endomembranes, protect their replicating RNA from host innate immune defenses. We have shown that two evolutionarily conserved defense systems, autophagy and interferon (IFN), target viral RCs and inhibit viral replication collaboratively. However, the mechanism by which autophagy proteins target viral RCs and the role of IFN-inducible GTPases in the disruption of RCs remains poorly understood. Here, using murine norovirus (MNV) as a model (+) RNA virus, we show that the guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP1) is the human GTPase responsible for inhibiting RCs. Furthermore, we found that ATG16L1 mediates the LC3 targeting of MNV RC by binding to WIPI2B and CAPRIN1, and that IFN gamma-mediated control of MNV replication was dependent on CAPRIN1. Collectively, this study identifies a novel mechanism for the autophagy machinery-mediated recognition and inhibition of viral RCs, a hallmark of (+) RNA virus replication. IMPORTANCE Replication complexes provide a microenvironment important for (+) RNA virus replication and shield it from host immune response. Previously we have shown that interferon gamma (IFNG) disrupts the RC of MNV via evolutionarily conserved autophagy proteins and IFN-inducible GTPases. Elucidating the mechanism of targeting of viral RC by ATG16L1 and IFN-induced GTPase will pave the way for development of therapeutics targeting the viral replication complexes. Here, we have identified GBP1 as the sole GBP targeting viral RC and uncovered the novel role of CAPRIN1 in recruiting ATG16L1 to the viral RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Soowon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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16
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Cottis S, Blisnick AA, Failloux AB, Vernick KD. Determinants of Chikungunya and O'nyong-Nyong Virus Specificity for Infection of Aedes and Anopheles Mosquito Vectors. Viruses 2023; 15:589. [PMID: 36992298 PMCID: PMC10051923 DOI: 10.3390/v15030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases caused by viruses and parasites are responsible for more than 700 million infections each year. Anopheles and Aedes are the two major vectors for, respectively, malaria and arboviruses. Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vector of just one known arbovirus, the alphavirus o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), which is closely related to the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. However, Anopheles harbor a complex natural virome of RNA viruses, and a number of pathogenic arboviruses have been isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes in nature. CHIKV and ONNV are in the same antigenic group, the Semliki Forest virus complex, are difficult to distinguish via immunodiagnostic assay, and symptomatically cause essentially the same human disease. The major difference between the arboviruses appears to be their differential use of mosquito vectors. The mechanisms governing this vector specificity are poorly understood. Here, we summarize intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could be associated with vector specificity by these viruses. We highlight the complexity and multifactorial aspect of vectorial specificity of the two alphaviruses, and evaluate the level of risk of vector shift by ONNV or CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Cottis
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, F-75015 Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Adrien A. Blisnick
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Kenneth D. Vernick
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, F-75015 Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France
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Pro-Viral and Anti-Viral Roles of the RNA-Binding Protein G3BP1. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020449. [PMID: 36851663 PMCID: PMC9959972 DOI: 10.3390/v15020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses depend on host cellular resources to replicate. Interaction between viral and host proteins is essential for the pathogens to ward off immune responses as well as for virus propagation within the infected cells. While different viruses employ unique strategies to interact with diverse sets of host proteins, the multifunctional RNA-binding protein G3BP1 is one of the common targets for many viruses. G3BP1 controls several key cellular processes, including mRNA stability, translation, and immune responses. G3BP1 also serves as the central hub for the protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions within a class of biomolecular condensates called stress granules (SGs) during stress conditions, including viral infection. Increasing evidence suggests that viruses utilize distinct strategies to modulate G3BP1 function-either by degradation, sequestration, or redistribution-and control the viral life cycle positively and negatively. In this review, we summarize the pro-viral and anti-viral roles of G3BP1 during infection among different viral families.
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Westcott CE, Isom CM, Karki D, Sokoloski KJ. Dancing with the Devil: A Review of the Importance of Host RNA-Binding Proteins to Alphaviral RNAs during Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:164. [PMID: 36680204 PMCID: PMC9865062 DOI: 10.3390/v15010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne, single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses that rely on the engagement of host RNA-binding proteins to efficiently complete the viral lifecycle. Because of this reliance on host proteins, the identification of host/pathogen interactions and the subsequent characterization of their importance to viral infection has been an intensive area of study for several decades. Many of these host protein interaction studies have evaluated the Protein:Protein interactions of viral proteins during infection and a significant number of host proteins identified by these discovery efforts have been RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs). Considering this recognition, the field has shifted towards discovery efforts involving the direct identification of host factors that engage viral RNAs during infection using innovative discovery approaches. Collectively, these efforts have led to significant advancements in the understanding of alphaviral molecular biology; however, the precise extent and means by which many RBPs influence viral infection is unclear as their specific contributions to infection, as per any RNA:Protein interaction, have often been overlooked. The purpose of this review is to summarize the discovery of host/pathogen interactions during alphaviral infection with a specific emphasis on RBPs, to use new ontological analyses to reveal potential functional commonalities across alphaviral RBP interactants, and to identify host RBPs that have, and have yet to be, evaluated in their native context as RNA:Protein interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Cierra M. Isom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Deepa Karki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kevin J. Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease (CPM), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Brownsword MJ, Locker N. A little less aggregation a little more replication: Viral manipulation of stress granules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1741. [PMID: 35709333 PMCID: PMC10078398 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent exciting studies have uncovered how membrane-less organelles, also known as biocondensates, are providing cells with rapid response pathways, allowing them to re-organize their cellular contents and adapt to stressful conditions. Their assembly is driven by the phase separation of their RNAs and intrinsically disordered protein components into condensed foci. Among these, stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic biocondensates that form in response to many stresses, including activation of the integrated stress response or viral infections. SGs sit at the crossroads between antiviral signaling and translation because they concentrate signaling proteins and components of the innate immune response, in addition to translation machinery and stalled mRNAs. Consequently, they have been proposed to contribute to antiviral activities, and therefore are targeted by viral countermeasures. Equally, SGs components can be commandeered by viruses for their own efficient replication. Phase separation processes are an important component of the viral life cycle, for example, driving the assembly of replication factories or inclusion bodies. Therefore, in this review, we will outline the recent understanding of this complex interplay and tug of war between viruses, SGs, and their components. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Regulation RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Brownsword
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Nicolas Locker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
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20
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Kim T, Abraham R, Pieterse L, Yeh JX, Griffin DE. Cell-Type-Dependent Role for nsP3 Macrodomain ADP-Ribose Binding and Hydrolase Activity during Chikungunya Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122744. [PMID: 36560748 PMCID: PMC9787352 DOI: 10.3390/v14122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes outbreaks of rash, arthritis, and fever associated with neurologic complications, where astrocytes are preferentially infected. A determinant of virulence is the macrodomain (MD) of nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3), which binds and removes ADP-ribose (ADPr) from ADP-ribosylated substrates and regulates stress-granule disruption. We compared the replication of CHIKV 181/25 (WT) and MD mutants with decreased ADPr binding and hydrolase (G32S) or increased ADPr binding and decreased hydrolase (Y114A) activities in C8-D1A astrocytic cells and NSC-34 neuronal cells. WT CHIKV replication was initiated more rapidly with earlier nsP synthesis in C8-D1A than in NSC-34 cells. G32S established infection, amplified replication complexes, and induced host-protein synthesis shut-off less efficiently than WT and produced less infectious virus, while Y114A replication was close to WT. However, G32S mutation effects on structural protein synthesis were cell-type-dependent. In NSC-34 cells, E2 synthesis was decreased compared to WT, while in C8-D1A cells synthesis was increased. Excess E2 produced by G32S-infected C8-D1A cells was assembled into virus particles that were less infectious than those from WT or Y114A-infected cells. Because nsP3 recruits ADP-ribosylated RNA-binding proteins in stress granules away from translation-initiation factors into nsP3 granules where the MD hydrolase can remove ADPr, we postulate that suboptimal translation-factor release decreased structural protein synthesis in NSC-34 cells while failure to de-ADP-ribosylate regulatory RNA-binding proteins increased synthesis in C8-D1A cells.
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Gao Y, Xia T, Bai J, Zhang L, Jiang X, Yang X, Zhang K, Jiang P. African Swine Fever Virus Exhibits Distinct Replication Defects in Different Cell Types. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122642. [PMID: 36560646 PMCID: PMC9781062 DOI: 10.3390/v14122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes one of the most devastating diseases affecting pigs and wild suids, a worldwide epizootic situation exacerbated in recent years due to the lack of vaccine or effective treatment. ASFV has a restricted cell tropism, and is prone to replicate in porcine monocytes and alveolar macrophages with high efficiency. Here, the replication capabilities of ASFV were examined in swine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and compared with 3D4/21, PK-15, MA-104 and Marc-145 cell lines using PCR, qPCR and Western blot with monoclonal antibodies against the viral p30 and p72 proteins. The results showed that ASFV has a variety of infection characteristics in PAMs and showed four cell lines with distinct defects during virus early transcription-translation, genome replication and late protein synthesis. Furthermore, an antiviral role of the stress granule pathway was revealed against ASFV, and ASFV infection inhibited stress granule formation in PAMs but not 3D4/21. These results will help to deepen our knowledge on ASFV infection and to develop ASFV susceptible cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8439-5540
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22
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Kumar R, Mehta D, Chaudhary S, Nayak D, Sunil S. Impact of CHIKV Replication on the Global Proteome of Aedes albopictus Cells. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040038. [PMID: 36412637 PMCID: PMC9680348 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are some of the important causative agents of mosquito-mediated viral diseases. These viruses are transmitted between vector and host during the blood meal. Upon viral entry, host replication machinery is hijacked, supporting new virus particle production and thereby allowing viral survival in the host. In this process, host proteins interact with viral proteins to either facilitate viral replication, or they may provide antiviral defense mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the impact of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on the global proteome of Dicer active Aedes albopictus cells during the early and late time points of infection. We utilized a bottom-up approach of global proteomics analysis, and we used label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to identify the global protein signatures of Ae. albopictus at two different time points upon CHIKV infection. The mass spectrometry data analysis of the early time point revealed that proteins belonging to pathways such as translation, RNA processing, and cellular metabolic processes were less in abundance, whereas those belonging to pathways such as cellular catabolic process and organic substance transport were significantly abundant. At later time points, proteins belonging to pathways such as cellular metabolic processes, primary metabolic process, organonitrogen compound metabolic process, and organic substance metabolic process were found to be decreased in their presence, whereas those belonging to pathways such as RNA processing, gene expression, macromolecule metabolic processing, and nitrogen compound metabolic processing were found to be abundant during CHIKV infection, indicating that modulation in gene expression favoring cell survival occurs at a later time point, suggesting a survival strategy of Aedes cells to counter prolonged CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Divya Mehta
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sakshi Chaudhary
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Correspondence:
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Wang S, Merits A. G3BP/Rin-Binding Motifs Inserted into Flexible Regions of nsP2 Support RNA Replication of Chikungunya Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0127822. [PMID: 36226983 PMCID: PMC9645214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01278-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus. In infected cells, its positive-sense RNA genome is translated into polyproteins that are subsequently processed into four nonstructural proteins (nsP1 to 4), the virus-encoded subunits of the RNA replicase. However, for RNA replication, interactions between nsPs and host proteins are also needed. These interactions are mostly mediated through the intrinsically disordered C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD) in nsP3. Duplicate FGDF motifs in the HVD are required for interaction with mammalian RasGAP SH3-binding proteins (G3BPs) and their mosquito homolog Rin; these interactions are crucial for CHIKV RNA replication. In this study, we inactivated G3BP/Rin-binding motifs in the HVD and inserted peptides containing either native or inactivated G3BP/Rin-binding motifs into flexible regions of nsP1, nsP2, or nsP4. Insertion of native motifs into nsP1 or nsP2 but not into the C terminus of nsP4 activated CHIKV RNA replication in human cells in a G3BP-dependent manner. In mosquito cells, activation also resulted from the insertion of inactive motifs after residue 8 or 466 in nsP2; however, the effect was significantly larger when the inserted sequence contained native motifs. Nonetheless, CHIKV mutants harboring mutations in the HVD and containing insertions of native motifs in nsP2 were not viable in mosquito cells. In contrast, mutant genomes containing native motifs after residue 466 or 618 in nsP2 replicated in BHK-21 cells, with the latter mutant forming infectious progeny. Thus, the binding of G3BPs to nsP2 can support CHIKV RNA replication and restore the infectivity of viruses lacking G3BP-binding motifs in the HVD of nsP3. IMPORTANCE CHIKV is a reemerging alphavirus that has spread throughout more than 60 countries and is the causative agent of chikungunya fever. No approved drugs or vaccines are available for the treatment or prevention of CHIKV infection. CHIKV replication depends on the ability of its replicase proteins to interact with host cell factors, and a better understanding of host cell factor roles in viral infection will increase our understanding of CHIKV RNA replication and provide new strategies for viral infection attenuation. Here, we demonstrate that the motifs required for the binding of host G3BP/Rin proteins remain functional when transferred from their natural location in nsP3 to different replicase proteins and may enable mutant viruses to complete a full replication cycle. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of interaction motifs for crucial host factors being successfully transferred from one replicase protein to another subunit of alphavirus replicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Yuan H, Pang D, Ouyang H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112434. [PMID: 36366532 PMCID: PMC9695474 DOI: 10.3390/v14112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI strains that were prevalent before 2010, while there is no effective control against the GII variant strains that are currently a global pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biology of PEDV, including its transmission and origin, structure and function, evolution, and virus-host interaction, in an attempt to find the potential virulence factors influencing PEDV pathogenesis. We conclude with the mechanism by which PEDV components antagonize the immune responses of the virus, and the role of host factors in virus infection. Essentially, this review serves as a valuable reference for the development of attenuated virus vaccines and the potential of host factors as antiviral targets for the prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
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Peinado RDS, Eberle RJ, Arni RK, Coronado MA. A Review of Omics Studies on Arboviruses: Alphavirus, Orthobunyavirus and Phlebovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:2194. [PMID: 36298749 PMCID: PMC9607206 DOI: 10.3390/v14102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the intricate and complex steps in pathogenesis and host-viral interactions of arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses are not completely understood, the multi-omics approaches, which encompass proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics and metabolomics network analysis, are of great importance. We have reviewed the omics studies on mosquito-borne viruses of the Togaviridae, Peribuyaviridae and Phenuiviridae families, specifically for Chikungunya, Mayaro, Oropouche and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Omics studies can potentially provide a new perspective on the pathophysiology of arboviruses, contributing to a better comprehension of these diseases and their effects and, hence, provide novel insights for the development of new antiviral drugs or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela dos S. Peinado
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael J. Eberle
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônika A. Coronado
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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26
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Yang E, Huang S, Jami-Alahmadi Y, McInerney GM, Wohlschlegel JA, Li MMH. Elucidation of TRIM25 ubiquitination targets involved in diverse cellular and antiviral processes. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010743. [PMID: 36067236 PMCID: PMC9481182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases is well known for its roles in antiviral restriction and innate immunity regulation, in addition to many other cellular pathways. In particular, TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination affects both carcinogenesis and antiviral response. While individual substrates have been identified for TRIM25, it remains unclear how it regulates diverse processes. Here we characterized a mutation, R54P, critical for TRIM25 catalytic activity, which we successfully utilized to "trap" substrates. We demonstrated that TRIM25 targets proteins implicated in stress granule formation (G3BP1/2), nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (UPF1), nucleoside synthesis (NME1), and mRNA translation and stability (PABPC4). The R54P mutation abolishes TRIM25 inhibition of alphaviruses independently of the host interferon response, suggesting that this antiviral effect is a direct consequence of ubiquitination. Consistent with that, we observed diminished antiviral activity upon knockdown of several TRIM25-R54P specific interactors including NME1 and PABPC4. Our findings highlight that multiple substrates mediate the cellular and antiviral activities of TRIM25, illustrating the multi-faceted role of this ubiquitination network in modulating diverse biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Yang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Serina Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James A. Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Melody M. H. Li
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Neyret A, Bernard E, Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet O, Bakhache W, Eldin P, Chaloin L, Briant L. Identification of a non-canonical G3BP-binding sequence in a Mayaro virus nsP3 hypervariable domain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:958176. [PMID: 36034716 PMCID: PMC9403187 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.958176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating SH3 domain-binding-proteins 1 (G3BP1) and 2 (G3BP2) are multifunctional RNA-binding proteins involved in stress granule nucleation, previously identified as essential cofactors of Old World alphaviruses. They are recruited to viral replication complexes formed by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and Sindbis virus (SINV) via an interaction with a duplicated FGxF motif conserved in the hypervariable domain (HVD) of virus-encoded nsP3. According to mutagenesis studies, this FGxF duplication is strictly required for G3BP binding and optimal viral growth. Contrasting with this scenario, nsP3 encoded by Mayaro virus (MAYV), an arthritogenic virus grouped with Old World alphaviruses, contains a single canonical FGxF sequence. In light of this unusual feature, we questioned MAYV nsP3/G3BPs relationships. We report that G3BP1 and G3BP2 are both required for MAYV growth in human cells and bind nsP3 protein. In infected cells, they are recruited to nsP3-containing cytosolic foci and active replication complexes. Unexpectedly, deletion of the single FGxF sequence in MAYV nsP3 did not abolish these phenotypes. Using mutagenesis and in silico modeling, we identify an upstream FGAP amino acid sequence as an additional MAYV nsP3/G3BP interaction motif required for optimal viral infectivity. These results, therefore, highlight a non-conventional G3BP binding sequence in MAYV nsP3.
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Sun M, Wu S, Kang S, Liao J, Zhang L, Xu Z, Chen H, Xu L, Zhang X, Qin Q, Wei J. Critical Roles of G3BP1 in Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus-Induced Stress Granule Formation and Viral Replication in Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Front Immunol 2022; 13:931534. [PMID: 35935992 PMCID: PMC9354888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection causes changes in the internal environment of host cells, and a series of stress responses are generated to respond to these changes and help the cell survive. Stress granule (SG) formation is a type of cellular stress response that inhibits viral replication. However, the relationship between red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection and SGs, and the roles of the SG marker protein RAS GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) in viral infection remain unclear. In this study, RGNNV infection induced grouper spleen (GS) cells to produce SGs. The SGs particles co-located with the classic SG marker protein eIF3η, and some SGs depolymerized under treatment with the translation inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX). In addition, when the four kinases of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-dependent pathway were inhibited, knockdown of HRI and GCN2 with small interfering RNAs and inhibition of PKR with 2-aminopurine had little effect on the formation of SGs, but the PERK inhibitor significantly inhibited the formation of SGs and decreased the phosphorylation of eIF2α. G3BP1 of Epinephelus coioides (named as EcG3BP1) encodes 495 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 54.12 kDa and 65.9% homology with humans. Overexpression of EcG3BP1 inhibited the replication of RGNNV in vitro by up-regulating the interferon and inflammatory response, whereas knockdown of EcG3BP1 promoted the replication of RGNNV. These results provide a better understanding of the relationship between SGs and viral infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Sun
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siting Wu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaozhu Kang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Liao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luhao Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuqing Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linting Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jingguang Wei, ; Qiwei Qin,
| | - Jingguang Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingguang Wei, ; Qiwei Qin,
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Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR) is a critical host restriction factor against invading viral pathogens. However, this molecule is inactivated in the cells infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an economically devastating pathogen to the world swine industry. Here, we report that this event is to suppress cellular inflammation and is mediated by the viral replicase protein nsp1β. We show that nsp1β is a stress-responsive protein, enters virus-induced stress granules (SGs) during infection, and repurposes SGs into a proviral platform, where it co-opts the SG core component G3BP1 to interact with PKR in a regulated manner. RNA interference silencing of G3BP1 or mutation of specific nsp1β residues (VS19GG) can abolish the antagonization of PKR activation. The viral mutant carrying the corresponding mutations induces elevated level of PKR phosphorylation and pronounced production of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-8), whereas small-interfering RNA knockdown of PKR or treatment with C16, a PKR inhibitor, blocks this effect. Thus, PRRSV has evolved a unique strategy to evade PKR restriction to suppress host inflammatory responses.
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30
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Lasswitz L, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Moeller R, Hülskötter K, Laurent T, Carlson LA, Goffinet C, Simmons G, Baumgärtner W, Gerold G. The Tetraspanin CD81 Is a Host Factor for Chikungunya Virus Replication. mBio 2022; 13:e0073122. [PMID: 35612284 PMCID: PMC9239085 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00731-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic reemerging virus replicating in plasma membrane-derived compartments termed "spherules." Here, we identify the human transmembrane protein CD81 as host factor required for CHIKV replication. Ablation of CD81 results in decreased CHIKV permissiveness, while overexpression enhances infection. CD81 is dispensable for virus uptake but critically required for viral genome replication. Likewise, murine CD81 is crucial for CHIKV permissiveness and is expressed in target cells such as dermal fibroblasts, muscle and liver cells. Whereas related alphaviruses, including Ross River virus (RRV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus (SINV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), also depend on CD81 for infection, RNA viruses from other families, such as coronaviruses, replicate independently of CD81. Strikingly, the replication-enhancing function of CD81 is linked to cholesterol binding. These results define a mechanism exploited by alphaviruses to hijack the membrane microdomain-modeling protein CD81 for virus replication through interaction with cholesterol. IMPORTANCE In this study, we discover the tetraspanin CD81 as a host factor for the globally emerging chikungunya virus and related alphaviruses. We show that CD81 promotes replication of viral genomes in human and mouse cells, while virus entry into cells is independent of CD81. This provides novel insights into how alphaviruses hijack host proteins to complete their life cycle. Alphaviruses replicate at distinct sites of the plasma membrane, which are enriched in cholesterol. We found that the cholesterol-binding ability of CD81 is important for its function as an alphavirus host factor. This discovery thus broadens our understanding of the alphavirus replication process and the use of host factors to reprogram cells into virus replication factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lasswitz
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Zapatero-Belinchón
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Timothée Laurent
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Role of Stress Granules in Suppressing Viral Replication by the Infectious Bronchitis Virus Endoribonuclease. J Virol 2022; 96:e0068622. [PMID: 35638780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00686-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a γ-coronavirus, causes the economically important poultry disease infectious bronchitis. Cellular stress response is an effective antiviral strategy that leads to stress granule (SG) formation. Previous studies suggested that SGs were involved in the antiviral activity of host cells to limit viral propagation. Here, we aimed to delineate the molecular mechanisms regulating the SG response to pathogenic IBV strain infection. We found that most chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells formed no SGs during IBV infection and IBV replication inhibited arsenite-induced SG formation. This inhibition was not caused by changes in the integrity or abundance of SG proteins during infection. IBV nonstructural protein 15 (Nsp15) endoribonuclease activity suppressed SG formation. Regardless of whether Nsp15 was expressed alone, with recombinant viral infection with Newcastle disease virus as a vector, or with EndoU-deficient IBV, the Nsp15 endoribonuclease activity was the main factor inhibiting SG formation. Importantly, uridine-specific endoribonuclease (EndoU)-deficient IBV infection induced colocalization of IBV N protein/dsRNA and SG-associated protein TIA1 in infected cells. Additionally, overexpressing TIA1 in CEK cells suppressed IBV replication and may be a potential antiviral factor for impairing viral replication. These data provide a novel foundation for future investigations of the mechanisms by which coronavirus endoribonuclease activity affects viral replication. IMPORTANCE Endoribonuclease is conserved in coronaviruses and affects viral replication and pathogenicity. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a γ-coronavirus, infects respiratory, renal, and reproductive systems, causing millions of dollars in lost revenue to the poultry industry worldwide annually. Mutating the viral endoribonuclease poly(U) resulted in SG formation, and TIA1 protein colocalized with the viral N protein and dsRNA, thus damaging IBV replication. These results suggest a new antiviral target design strategy for coronaviruses.
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Ge Y, Jin J, Li J, Ye M, Jin X. The roles of G3BP1 in human diseases (review). Gene X 2022; 821:146294. [PMID: 35176431 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating protein binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a multifunctional binding protein involved in a variety of biological functions, including cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, differentiation and RNA metabolism. It has been revealed that G3BP1, as an antiviral factor, can interact with viral proteins and regulate the assembly of stress granules (SGs), which can inhibit viral replication. Furthermore, several viruses have the ability to hijack G3BP1 as a cofactor, recruiting translation initiation factors to promote viral proliferation. However, many functions of G3BP1 are associated with other diseases. In various cancers, G3BP1 is a cancer-promoting factor, which can promote the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Moreover, compared with normal tissues, G3BP1 expression is higher in tumor tissues, indicating that it can be used as an indicator for cancer diagnosis. In this review, the structure of G3BP1 and the regulation of G3BP1 in multiple dimensions are described. In addition, the effects and potential mechanisms of G3BP1 on various carcinomas, viral infections, nervous system diseases and cardiovascular diseases are elucidated, which may provide a direction for clinical applications of G3BP1 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Ge
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiabei Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinyun Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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33
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An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Scaffolding Protein Is Proviral during Chikungunya Virus Infection in Aedes aegypti. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0059522. [PMID: 35435754 PMCID: PMC9241663 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00595-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging alphavirus causing chikungunya disease (CHIKD) and is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. The virus establishes an intricate balance of cellular interactions that ultimately helps in its replication and dodges cellular immune response. In an attempt to identify cellular host factors required during CHIKV replication in Aag2 cells, we performed global transcriptomics of CHIKV-infected Aag2 cells, and further, we compared this library with the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center (DRSC) database and identified transcripts that were regulated in Aedes aegypti during CHIKV infection. These analyses revealed specific pathways, such as ubiquitin-related pathways, proteolysis pathways, protein catabolic processes, protein modification, and cellular protein metabolic processes, involved during replication of the virus. Loss-of-function assays of selected candidates revealed their proviral or antiviral characteristics upon CHIKV infection in A. aegypti-derived Aag2 cells. Further validations identified that the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway is required for CHIKV infection in A. aegypti and that an important member of this family of proteins, namely, AeCullin-3 (Aedes ortholog of human cullin-3), is a proviral host factor of CHIKV replication in Aag2 cells. IMPORTANCE Arboviruses cause several diseases in humans and livestock. Vector control is the main strategy for controlling diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. In this context, it becomes paramount to understand how the viruses replicate in the vector for designing better transmission blocking strategies. We obtained the global transcriptome signature of A. aegypti cells during CHIKV infection, and in order to obtain the maximum information from these data sets, we further utilized the well-characterized Drosophila system and arrived upon a set of transcripts and their pathways that affect A. aegypti cells during CHIKV infection. These analyses and further validations reveal that important pathways related to protein degradation are actively involved during CHIKV infection in A. aegypti and are mainly proviral. Targeting these molecules may provide novel approaches for blocking CHIKV replication in A. aegypti.
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Hu T, Lu C, Xia Y, Wu L, Song J, Chen C, Wang Q. Small nucleolar RNA SNORA71A promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition by maintaining ROCK2 mRNA stability in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1947-1965. [PMID: 35100495 PMCID: PMC9067147 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary reason of death in patients with cancer. Small nucleolar noncoding RNAs (snoRNAs) are conserved 60–300 nucleotide noncoding RNAs, involved in post‐transcriptional regulation of mRNAs and noncoding RNAs. Despite their essential roles in cancer, the roles of snoRNAs in epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐induced metastasis have not been studied extensively. Here, we used small RNA sequencing to screen for snoRNAs related to EMT and breast cancer metastasis. We found a higher expression of SNORA71A in metastatic breast cancer tissues compared to nonmetastatic samples. Additionally, SNORA71A promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Mechanistically, SNORA71A elevated mRNA and protein levels of ROCK2, a negative regulator of TGF‐β signaling. Rescue assays showed ROCK2 abrogated the SNORA71A‐mediated increase in proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT. Binding of SNORA71A to mRNA stability regulatory protein G3BP1, increased ROCK2 mRNA half‐life. Furthermore, G3BP1 depletion abolished the SNORA71A‐mediated upregulation of ROCK2. In vivo, SNORA71A overexpression promoted breast tumor growth, and SNORA71A knockdown inhibited breast cancer growth and metastasis. We suggest SNORA71A enhances metastasis of breast cancer by binding to G3BP1 and stabilizing ROCK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of thyroid and breast surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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35
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses, typically transmitted by mosquitoes between vertebrate hosts. They encode four essential replication proteins, the non-structural proteins nsP1-4, which possess the enzymatic activities of RNA capping, RNA helicase, site-specific protease, ADP-ribosyl removal and RNA polymerase. Alphaviruses have been key models in the study of membrane-associated RNA replication, which is a conserved feature among the positive-strand RNA viruses of animals and plants. We review new structural and functional information on the nsPs and their interaction with host proteins and membranes, as well as with viral RNA sequences. The dodecameric ring structure of nsP1 is likely to be one of the evolutionary innovations that facilitated the success of the progenitors of current positive-strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Ahola
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Kang W, Wang Y, Yang W, Zhang J, Zheng H, Li D. Research Progress on the Structure and Function of G3BP. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718548. [PMID: 34526993 PMCID: PMC8435845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein (G3BP) is an RNA binding protein. G3BP is a key component of stress granules (SGs) and can interact with many host proteins to regulate the expression of SGs. As an antiviral factor, G3BP can interact with viral proteins to regulate the assembly of SGs and thus exert antiviral effects. However, many viruses can also use G3BP as a proximal factor and recruit translation initiation factors to promote viral proliferation. G3BP regulates mRNA translation and attenuation to regulate gene expression; therefore, it is closely related to diseases, such as cancer, embryonic death, arteriosclerosis, and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review discusses the important discoveries and developments related G3BP in the biological field over the past 20 years, which includes the formation of SGs, interaction with viruses, stability of RNA, and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Elmasri Z, Nasal BL, Jose J. Alphavirus-Induced Membrane Rearrangements during Replication, Assembly, and Budding. Pathogens 2021; 10:984. [PMID: 34451448 PMCID: PMC8399458 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses mainly transmitted by hematophagous insects that cause moderate to fatal disease in humans and other animals. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antivirals to mitigate alphavirus infections. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of alphavirus-induced structures and their functions in infected cells. Throughout their lifecycle, alphaviruses induce several structural modifications, including replication spherules, type I and type II cytopathic vacuoles, and filopodial extensions. Type I cytopathic vacuoles are replication-induced structures containing replication spherules that are sites of RNA replication on the endosomal and lysosomal limiting membrane. Type II cytopathic vacuoles are assembly induced structures that originate from the Golgi apparatus. Filopodial extensions are induced at the plasma membrane and are involved in budding and cell-to-cell transport of virions. This review provides an overview of the viral and host factors involved in the biogenesis and function of these virus-induced structures. Understanding virus-host interactions in infected cells will lead to the identification of new targets for antiviral discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Elmasri
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Benjamin L. Nasal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Joyce Jose
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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38
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Scoca V, Di Nunzio F. Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:259-268. [PMID: 33760045 PMCID: PMC8083626 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses hijack host functions to invade their target cells and spread to new cells. Specifically, viruses learned to usurp liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS), a newly exploited mechanism, used by the cell to concentrate enzymes to accelerate and confine a wide variety of cellular processes. LLPS gives rise to actual membraneless organelles (MLOs), which do not only increase reaction rates but also act as a filter to select molecules to be retained or to be excluded from the liquid droplet. This is exactly what seems to happen with the condensation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to favor the packaging of intact viral genomes, excluding viral subgenomic or host cellular RNAs. Another older pandemic virus, HIV-1, also takes advantage of LLPS in the host cell during the viral cycle. Recent discoveries highlighted that HIV-1 RNA genome condensates in nuclear MLOs accompanied by specific host and viral proteins, breaking the dogma of retroviruses that limited viral synthesis exclusively to the cytoplasmic compartment. Intriguing fundamental properties of viral/host LLPS remain still unclear. Future studies will contribute to deeply understanding the role of pathogen-induced MLOs in the epidemic invasion of pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Scoca
- Advanced Molecular Virology and Retroviral Dynamics Group, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- BioSPC Doctoral School, Universitè de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Di Nunzio
- Advanced Molecular Virology and Retroviral Dynamics Group, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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NAP1L1 and NAP1L4 Binding to Hypervariable Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP3 Protein Is Bivalent and Requires Phosphorylation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0083621. [PMID: 34076483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00836-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is one of the most pathogenic members of the Alphavirus genus in the Togaviridae family. Within the last 2 decades, CHIKV has expanded its presence to both hemispheres and is currently circulating in both Old and New Worlds. Despite the severity and persistence of the arthritis it causes in humans, no approved vaccines or therapeutic means have been developed for CHIKV infection. Replication of alphaviruses, including CHIKV, is determined not only by their nonstructural proteins but also by a wide range of host factors, which are indispensable components of viral replication complexes (vRCs). Alphavirus nsP3s contain hypervariable domains (HVDs), which encode multiple motifs that drive recruitment of cell- and virus-specific host proteins into vRCs. Our previous data suggested that NAP1 family members are a group of host factors that may interact with CHIKV nsP3 HVD. In this study, we performed a detailed investigation of the NAP1 function in CHIKV replication in vertebrate cells. Our data demonstrate that (i) the NAP1-HVD interactions have strong stimulatory effects on CHIKV replication, (ii) both NAP1L1 and NAP1L4 interact with the CHIKV HVD, (iii) NAP1 family members interact with two motifs, which are located upstream and downstream of the G3BP-binding motifs of CHIKV HVD, (iv) NAP1 proteins interact only with a phosphorylated form of CHIKV HVD, and HVD phosphorylation is mediated by CK2 kinase, and (v) NAP1 and other families of host factors redundantly promote CHIKV replication and their bindings have additive stimulatory effects on viral replication. IMPORTANCE Cellular proteins play critical roles in the assembly of alphavirus replication complexes (vRCs). Their recruitment is determined by the viral nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3). This protein contains a long, disordered hypervariable domain (HVD), which encodes virus-specific combinations of short linear motifs interacting with host factors during vRC assembly. Our study defined the binding mechanism of NAP1 family members to CHIKV HVD and demonstrated a stimulatory effect of this interaction on viral replication. We show that interaction with NAP1L1 is mediated by two HVD motifs and requires phosphorylation of HVD by CK2 kinase. Based on the accumulated data, we present a map of the binding motifs of the critical host factors currently known to interact with CHIKV HVD. It can be used to manipulate cell specificity of viral replication and pathogenesis, and to develop a new generation of vaccine candidates.
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Kril V, Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet O, Briant L, Amara A. New Insights into Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:327-347. [PMID: 34255544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for major outbreaks of disease since 2004 in the Indian Ocean islands, South east Asia, and the Americas. CHIKV causes debilitating musculoskeletal disorders in humans that are characterized by fever, rash, polyarthralgia, and myalgia. The disease is often self-limiting and nonlethal; however, some patients experience atypical or severe clinical manifestations, as well as a chronic rheumatic syndrome. Unfortunately, no efficient antivirals against CHIKV infection are available so far, highlighting the importance of deepening our knowledge of CHIKV host cell interactions and viral replication strategies. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs in the molecular mechanisms that regulate CHIKV infection and lay down the foundations to understand viral pathogenesis. We describe the role of the recently identified host factors co-opted by the virus for infection and pathogenesis, and emphasize the importance of CHIKV nonstructural proteins in both replication complex assembly and host immune response evasion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliya Kril
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Olivier Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Laurence Briant
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Ali Amara
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
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Kamel W, Noerenberg M, Cerikan B, Chen H, Järvelin AI, Kammoun M, Lee JY, Shuai N, Garcia-Moreno M, Andrejeva A, Deery MJ, Johnson N, Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Knight ML, Lilley KS, Martinez J, Davis I, Bartenschlager R, Mohammed S, Castello A. Global analysis of protein-RNA interactions in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells reveals key regulators of infection. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2851-2867.e7. [PMID: 34118193 PMCID: PMC8142890 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 relies on cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to replicate and spread, although which RBPs control its life cycle remains largely unknown. Here, we employ a multi-omic approach to identify systematically and comprehensively the cellular and viral RBPs that are involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We reveal that SARS-CoV-2 infection profoundly remodels the cellular RNA-bound proteome, which includes wide-ranging effects on RNA metabolic pathways, non-canonical RBPs, and antiviral factors. Moreover, we apply a new method to identify the proteins that directly interact with viral RNA, uncovering dozens of cellular RBPs and six viral proteins. Among them are several components of the tRNA ligase complex, which we show regulate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we discover that available drugs targeting host RBPs that interact with SARS-CoV-2 RNA inhibit infection. Collectively, our results uncover a new universe of host-virus interactions with potential for new antiviral therapies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Kamel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Marko Noerenberg
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Mohamed Kammoun
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Y Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Ni Shuai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Andrejeva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Deery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Natasha Johnson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael L Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Javier Martinez
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, Germany Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, OX11 0FA Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Alfredo Castello
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK.
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42
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Kamel W, Noerenberg M, Cerikan B, Chen H, Järvelin AI, Kammoun M, Lee JY, Shuai N, Garcia-Moreno M, Andrejeva A, Deery MJ, Johnson N, Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Knight ML, Lilley KS, Martinez J, Davis I, Bartenschlager R, Mohammed S, Castello A. Global analysis of protein-RNA interactions in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells reveals key regulators of infection. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2851-2867.e7. [PMID: 34118193 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.25.398008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 relies on cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to replicate and spread, although which RBPs control its life cycle remains largely unknown. Here, we employ a multi-omic approach to identify systematically and comprehensively the cellular and viral RBPs that are involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We reveal that SARS-CoV-2 infection profoundly remodels the cellular RNA-bound proteome, which includes wide-ranging effects on RNA metabolic pathways, non-canonical RBPs, and antiviral factors. Moreover, we apply a new method to identify the proteins that directly interact with viral RNA, uncovering dozens of cellular RBPs and six viral proteins. Among them are several components of the tRNA ligase complex, which we show regulate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we discover that available drugs targeting host RBPs that interact with SARS-CoV-2 RNA inhibit infection. Collectively, our results uncover a new universe of host-virus interactions with potential for new antiviral therapies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Kamel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Marko Noerenberg
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Mohamed Kammoun
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Y Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Ni Shuai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Andrejeva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Deery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Natasha Johnson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael L Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Javier Martinez
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, Germany Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, OX11 0FA Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Alfredo Castello
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK.
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Stress granule formation, disassembly, and composition are regulated by alphavirus ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021719118. [PMID: 33547245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021719118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While biomolecular condensates have emerged as an important biological phenomenon, mechanisms regulating their composition and the ways that viruses hijack these mechanisms remain unclear. The mosquito-borne alphaviruses cause a range of diseases from rashes and arthritis to encephalitis, and no licensed drugs are available for treatment or vaccines for prevention. The alphavirus virulence factor nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) suppresses the formation of stress granules (SGs)-a class of cytoplasmic condensates enriched with translation initiation factors and formed during the early stage of infection. nsP3 has a conserved N-terminal macrodomain that hydrolyzes ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins and a C-terminal hypervariable domain that binds the essential SG component G3BP1. Here, we show that macrodomain hydrolase activity reduces the ADP-ribosylation of G3BP1, disassembles virus-induced SGs, and suppresses SG formation. Expression of nsP3 results in the formation of a distinct class of condensates that lack translation initiation factors but contain G3BP1 and other SG-associated RNA-binding proteins. Expression of ADP-ribosylhydrolase-deficient nsP3 results in condensates that retain translation initiation factors as well as RNA-binding proteins, similar to SGs. Therefore, our data reveal that ADP-ribosylation controls the composition of biomolecular condensates, specifically the localization of translation initiation factors, during alphavirus infection.
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44
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Abulfaraj AA, Hirt H, Rayapuram N. G3BPs in Plant Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:680710. [PMID: 34177995 PMCID: PMC8222905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.680710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sessile nature of plants enforces highly adaptable strategies to adapt to different environmental stresses. Plants respond to these stresses by a massive reprogramming of mRNA metabolism. Balancing of mRNA fates, including translation, sequestration, and decay is essential for plants to not only coordinate growth and development but also to combat biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. RNA stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P bodies) synchronize mRNA metabolism for optimum functioning of an organism. SGs are evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic localized RNA-protein storage sites that are formed in response to adverse conditions, harboring mostly but not always translationally inactive mRNAs. SGs disassemble and release mRNAs into a translationally active form upon stress relief. RasGAP SH3 domain binding proteins (G3BPs or Rasputins) are "scaffolds" for the assembly and stability of SGs, which coordinate receptor mediated signal transduction with RNA metabolism. The role of G3BPs in the formation of SGs is well established in mammals, but G3BPs in plants are poorly characterized. In this review, we discuss recent findings of the dynamics and functions of plant G3BPs in response to environmental stresses and speculate on possible mechanisms such as transcription and post-translational modifications that might regulate the function of this important family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala A. Abulfaraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Arts College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Abdullah N, Ahemad N, Aliazis K, Khairat JE, Lee TC, Abdul Ahmad SA, Adnan NAA, Macha NO, Hassan SS. The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061021. [PMID: 34071712 PMCID: PMC8228767 DOI: 10.3390/v13061021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during the early stages of replication. However, the molecular pathways and proteins networks underlying these mechanisms remain poorly described. This is due to the low genetic sequence homology of the nsP3 protein among the alphavirus species, especially at its 3′ C-terminal domain, the hypervariable domain (HVD). Moreover, the nsP3 HVD is almost or completely intrinsically disordered and has a poor ability to form secondary structures. Evolution in the nsP3 HVD region allows the alphavirus to adapt to vertebrate and insect hosts. This review focuses on the putative roles and functions of indel, repetition, and duplication events that have occurred in the alphavirus nsP3 HVD, including characterization of the differences and their implications for specificity in the context of virus–host interactions in fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, which have thus directly facilitated the evolution, adaptation, viability, and re-emergence of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshariza Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Konstantinos Aliazis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Jasmine Elanie Khairat
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Thong Chuan Lee
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Aisyah Abdul Ahmad
- Immunogenetic Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Amelia Azreen Adnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Nur Omar Macha
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5514-6340
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Wichit S, Gumpangseth N, Hamel R, Yainoy S, Arikit S, Punsawad C, Missé D. Chikungunya and Zika Viruses: Co-Circulation and the Interplay between Viral Proteins and Host Factors. Pathogens 2021; 10:448. [PMID: 33918691 PMCID: PMC8068860 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya and Zika viruses, both transmitted by mosquito vectors, have globally re-emerged over for the last 60 years and resulted in crucial social and economic concerns. Presently, there is no specific antiviral agent or vaccine against these debilitating viruses. Understanding viral-host interactions is needed to develop targeted therapeutics. However, there is presently limited information in this area. In this review, we start with the updated virology and replication cycle of each virus. Transmission by similar mosquito vectors, frequent co-circulation, and occurrence of co-infection are summarized. Finally, the targeted host proteins/factors used by the viruses are discussed. There is an urgent need to better understand the virus-host interactions that will facilitate antiviral drug development and thus reduce the global burden of infections caused by arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineewanlaya Wichit
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (N.G.); (S.Y.)
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Nuttamonpat Gumpangseth
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (N.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Rodolphe Hamel
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (R.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Sakda Yainoy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (N.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (R.H.); (D.M.)
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47
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The Paradoxes of Viral mRNA Translation during Mammalian Orthoreovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020275. [PMID: 33670092 PMCID: PMC7916891 DOI: 10.3390/v13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo viral protein synthesis following entry into host cells is essential for viral replication. As a consequence, viruses have evolved mechanisms to engage the host translational machinery while at the same time avoiding or counteracting host defenses that act to repress translation. Mammalian orthoreoviruses are dsRNA-containing viruses whose mRNAs were used as models for early investigations into the mechanisms that underpin the recognition and engagement of eukaryotic mRNAs by host cell ribosomes. However, there remain many unanswered questions and paradoxes regarding translation of reoviral mRNAs in the context of infection. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about reovirus translation, identifies key unanswered questions, and proposes possible pathways toward a better understanding of reovirus translation.
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48
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Nowee G, Bakker JW, Geertsema C, Ros VID, Göertz GP, Fros JJ, Pijlman GP. A Tale of 20 Alphaviruses; Inter-species Diversity and Conserved Interactions Between Viral Non-structural Protein 3 and Stress Granule Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625711. [PMID: 33644063 PMCID: PMC7905232 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses infect a diverse range of host organisms including mosquitoes, mammals, and birds. The enigmatic alphavirus non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) has an intrinsically disordered, C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD) that can interact with a variety of host proteins associated with stress granules (SGs). The HVD displays the highest variability across the more than 30 known alphaviruses, yet it also contains several motifs that are conserved amongst different subgroups of alphaviruses. For some alphaviruses, specific nsP3–SG protein interactions are essential for virus replication. However, it remains difficult to attribute general roles to these virus-host interactions, as multiple amino acid motifs in the HDV display a degree of redundancy and previous studies were performed with a limited number of alphaviruses. To better understand nsP3-host protein interactions we conducted comprehensive co-localization experiments with the nsP3s of 20 diverse alphaviruses: chikungunya, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, Bebaru, Barmah Forest, Getah, Mayaro, Middelburg, O'nyong-nyong, Ross River QML and T48, Una, Whataroa, Southern Elephant Seal, Eilat, Tai Forest (TAFV), Venezuelan/Eastern/Western equine encephalitis (V/E/WEEV) and the aquatic Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), with three different SG proteins (G3BP and its insect homolog Rasputin, FMRP) and BIN1 in mammalian and mosquito cell lines. Despite that all terrestrial alphavirus nsP3s contained at least one BIN1-binding motif (PxPxPR), not all nsP3s co-localized with BIN1. Further, all alphaviruses except SAV, TAFV and VEEV displayed co-localization with G3BP. Although viruses lacking FGxF-like motifs contained Agenet-like domain binding motifs to facilitate interaction with FMRP, cytoplasmic nsP3 granules of all tested alphaviruses co-localized with FMRP. Crispr-Cas9 knockout of G3BP in mammalian cells abolished nsP3-FMRP co-localization for all alphaviruses except V/E/WEEV nsP3s that bind FMRP directly. G3BP knockout also changed nsP3 subcellular localization of Bebaru, Barmah Forest, Getah, and Sindbis viruses. Taken together this study paints a more detailed picture of the diverse interactions between alphavirus nsP3 and SG-associated host proteins. The interaction between nsP3 and G3BP clearly plays a central role and results in recruitment of additional host proteins such as FMRP. However, direct binding of FMRP can make the interaction with G3BP redundant which exemplifies the alternate evolutionary paths of alphavirus subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Nowee
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Julian W Bakker
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Corinne Geertsema
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giel P Göertz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelke J Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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49
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Zhang Y, Yue C, Krichevsky AM, Garkavtsev I. Repression of the stress granule protein G3BP2 inhibits immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. Mol Oncol 2021. [PMID: 33525064 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that cancer stemness and immunosuppression are related, but the underlying mechanisms behind these are not clear. We previously reported that the stress granule-associated protein G3BP2 is involved in the regulation of tumor-initiating (stem) cells. In this study, we show that this protein also upregulates the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1 under conditions of stress in breast and glioblastoma cancer cells, revealing a previously unknown connection between stemness programs, stress responses, and immune checkpoint control. We also identified a significant correlation between G3BP2 and PD-L1 co-expression in tumor tissues from cancer patients. To assess the targetability of G3BP2, we employed a small molecule (C108) that binds G3BP2 and interferes with the stress response. Tumors treated with C108 had increased CD8 T-cell proliferation and infiltration. Moreover, treatment of breast tumor-bearing mice with C108 resulted in a significant survival benefit and long-term cures. Cancer cells treated with C108 or cancer cells with genetically repressed G3BP2 had decreased PD-L1 expression due to enhanced mRNA degradation. Our study provides a compelling mechanism linking stress granule formation and immune checkpoint program of cancer, suggesting this link may provide new opportunities for improving anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Changli Yue
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Igor Garkavtsev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Lu S, Ye Q, Singh D, Cao Y, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Villa E, Cleveland DW, Corbett KD. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein forms mutually exclusive condensates with RNA and the membrane-associated M protein. Nat Commun 2021; 12:502. [PMID: 33479198 PMCID: PMC7820290 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional nucleocapsid (N) protein in SARS-CoV-2 binds the ~30 kb viral RNA genome to aid its packaging into the 80-90 nm membrane-enveloped virion. The N protein is composed of N-terminal RNA-binding and C-terminal dimerization domains that are flanked by three intrinsically disordered regions. Here we demonstrate that the N protein's central disordered domain drives phase separation with RNA, and that phosphorylation of an adjacent serine/arginine rich region modulates the physical properties of the resulting condensates. In cells, N forms condensates that recruit the stress granule protein G3BP1, highlighting a potential role for N in G3BP1 sequestration and stress granule inhibition. The SARS-CoV-2 membrane (M) protein independently induces N protein phase separation, and three-component mixtures of N + M + RNA form condensates with mutually exclusive compartments containing N + M or N + RNA, including annular structures in which the M protein coats the outside of an N + RNA condensate. These findings support a model in which phase separation of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein contributes both to suppression of the G3BP1-dependent host immune response and to packaging genomic RNA during virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Qiaozhen Ye
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Digvijay Singh
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yong Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | | | - John R Yates
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Villa
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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