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Hofstadter WA, Cook KC, Tsopurashvili E, Gebauer R, Pražák V, Machala EA, Park JW, Grünewald K, Quemin ERJ, Cristea IM. Infection-induced peripheral mitochondria fission drives ER encapsulations and inter-mitochondria contacts that rescue bioenergetics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7352. [PMID: 39187492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of mitochondria shape via fission and fusion is critical for cellular responses to stimuli. In homeostatic cells, two modes of mitochondrial fission, midzone and peripheral, provide a decision fork between either proliferation or clearance of mitochondria. However, the relationship between specific mitochondria shapes and functions remains unclear in many biological contexts. While commonly associated with decreased bioenergetics, fragmented mitochondria paradoxically exhibit elevated respiration in several disease states, including infection with the prevalent pathogen human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and metastatic melanoma. Here, incorporating super-resolution microscopy with mass spectrometry and metabolic assays, we use HCMV infection to establish a molecular mechanism for maintaining respiration within a fragmented mitochondria population. We establish that HCMV induces fragmentation through peripheral mitochondrial fission coupled with suppression of mitochondria fusion. Unlike uninfected cells, the progeny of peripheral fission enter mitochondria-ER encapsulations (MENCs) where they are protected from degradation and bioenergetically stabilized during infection. MENCs also stabilize pro-viral inter-mitochondria contacts (IMCs), which electrochemically link mitochondria and promote respiration. Demonstrating a broader relevance, we show that the fragmented mitochondria within metastatic melanoma cells also form MENCs. Our findings establish a mechanism where mitochondria fragmentation can promote increased respiration, a feature relevant in the context of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Robert Gebauer
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vojtěch Pražák
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emily A Machala
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ji Woo Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle R J Quemin
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Virology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR9198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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2
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Pradel B, Cantaloube G, Villares M, Deffieu MS, Robert-Hebmann V, Lucansky V, Faure M, Chazal N, Gaudin R, Espert L. LC3B conjugation machinery promotes autophagy-independent HIV-1 entry in CD4 + T lymphocytes. Autophagy 2024; 20:1825-1836. [PMID: 38566318 PMCID: PMC11262235 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2338573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 entry into CD4+ T lymphocytes relies on the viral and cellular membranes' fusion, leading to viral capsid delivery in the target cell cytoplasm. Atg8/LC3B conjugation to lipids, process named Atg8ylation mainly studied in the context of macroautophagy/autophagy, occurs transiently in the early stages of HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Despite numerous studies investigating the HIV-1-autophagy interplays, the Atg8ylation impact in these early stages of infection remains unknown. Here we found that HIV-1 exposure leads to the rapid LC3B enrichment toward the target cell plasma membrane, in close proximity with the incoming viral particles. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Atg8ylation is a key event facilitating HIV-1 entry in target CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, this effect is independent of canonical autophagy as ATG13 silencing does not prevent HIV-1 entry. Together, our results provide an unconventional role of LC3B conjugation subverted by HIV-1 to achieve a critical step of its replication cycle.Abbreviations: BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BlaM: beta-lactamase; CD4+ TL: CD4+ T lymphocytes; PtdIns3K-BECN1 complex: BECN1-containing class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex; Env: HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins; HIV-1: type 1 human immunodeficiency virus; PM: plasma membrane; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; VLP: virus-like particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Pradel
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
| | - Guilhem Cantaloube
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Villares
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
| | - Maïka S. Deffieu
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Robert-Hebmann
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFMED CU), Department of Pathophysiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, University of Lyon, Inserm U1111, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
| | - Raphaël Gaudin
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
| | - Lucile Espert
- University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
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3
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Jassey A, Jackson WT. Viruses and autophagy: bend, but don't break. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:309-321. [PMID: 38102460 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive cellular process of degradation required to maintain homeostasis and turn over spent organelles and aggregated proteins. For some viruses, the process can be antiviral, degrading viral proteins or virions themselves. For many other viruses, the induction of the autophagic process provides a benefit and promotes viral replication. In this Review, we survey the roles that the autophagic pathway plays in the replication of viruses. Most viruses that benefit from autophagic induction block autophagic degradation, which is a 'bend, but don't break' strategy initiating but limiting a potentially antiviral response. In almost all cases, it is other effects of the redirected autophagic machinery that benefit these viruses. This rapid mechanism to generate small double-membraned vesicles can be usurped to shape membranes for viral genome replication and virion maturation. However, data suggest that autophagic maintenance of cellular homeostasis is crucial for the initiation of infection, as viruses have evolved to replicate in normal, healthy cells. Inhibition of autophagic degradation is important once infection has initiated. Although true degradative autophagy is probably a negative for most viruses, initiating nondegradative autophagic membranes benefits a wide variety of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Dutton A, Patel CD, Taylor SA, Garland CR, Turnbaugh EM, Alers-Velazquez R, Mehrbach J, Nautiyal KM, Leib DA. Asymptomatic neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in mice leads to long-term cognitive impairment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590596. [PMID: 38712140 PMCID: PMC11071430 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) is a devastating infection impacting approximately 14,000 newborns globally each year. Infection is associated with high neurologic morbidity and mortality, making early intervention and treatment critical. Clinical outcomes of symptomatic nHSV infections are well-studied, but little is known about the frequency of, or outcomes following, sub-clinical or asymptomatic nHSV. Given the ubiquitous nature of HSV infection and frequency of asymptomatic shedding in adults, subclinical infections are underreported, yet could contribute to long-term neurological damage. To assess potential neurological morbidity associated with subclinical nHSV infection, we developed a low-dose (100 PFU) HSV infection protocol in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. At this dose, HSV DNA was detected in the brain by PCR but was not associated with acute clinical symptoms. However, months after initial inoculation with 100 PFU of HSV, we observed impaired mouse performance on a range of cognitive and memory performance tasks. Memory impairment was induced by infection with either HSV-1 or HSV-2 wild-type viruses, but not by a viral mutant lacking the autophagy-modulating Beclin-binding domain of the neurovirulence gene γ34.5. Retroviral expression of wild type γ34.5 gene led to behavioral pathology in mice, suggesting that γ34.5 expression may be sufficient to cause cognitive impairment. Maternal immunization and HSV-specific antibody treatment prevented offspring from developing neurological sequelae following nHSV-1 infection. Altogether, these results support the idea that subclinical neonatal infections may lead to cognitive decline in adulthood, with possible profound implications for research on human neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease.
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5
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Li H, Fletcher-Etherington A, Hunter LM, Keshri S, Fielding CA, Nightingale K, Ravenhill B, Nobre L, Potts M, Antrobus R, Crump CM, Rubinsztein DC, Stanton RJ, Weekes MP. Human cytomegalovirus degrades DMXL1 to inhibit autophagy, lysosomal acidification, and viral assembly. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:466-478.e11. [PMID: 38479395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen that regulates host immunity and hijacks host compartments, including lysosomes, to assemble virions. We combined a quantitative proteomic analysis of HCMV infection with a database of proteins involved in vacuolar acidification, revealing Dmx-like protein-1 (DMXL1) as the only protein that acidifies vacuoles yet is degraded by HCMV. Systematic comparison of viral deletion mutants reveals the uncharacterized 7 kDa US33A protein as necessary and sufficient for DMXL1 degradation, which occurs via recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Kip1 ubiquitination-promoting complex (KPC). US33A-mediated DMXL1 degradation inhibits lysosome acidification and autophagic cargo degradation. Formation of the virion assembly compartment, which requires lysosomes, occurs significantly later with US33A-expressing virus infection, with reduced viral replication. These data thus identify a viral strategy for cellular remodeling, with the potential to employ US33A in therapies for viral infection or rheumatic conditions, in which inhibition of lysosome acidification can attenuate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher-Etherington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Leah M Hunter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Swati Keshri
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Institute, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ceri A Fielding
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Colin M Crump
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Institute, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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6
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Khalko RK, Pandeya A, Saxena S, Gosipatala SB. HCMV miR-UL70-3p downregulates the rapamycin-induced autophagy by targeting the autophagy-related protein 9A (ATG9A). Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:197-210. [PMID: 38164951 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2296488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a representative β-herpesvirus that establishes persistent infections in humans, and exhibits high seropositivity rates in adults. It has co-evolved with its human host and employs various strategies to evade antiviral mechanisms by utilizing a significant portion of its genome. HCMV-encoded proteins and miRNAs have been implicated in regulating these mechanisms, enabling viral survival within the human body. During viral infections, autophagy, a conserved catabolic process essential for cellular homeostasis, acts as an antiviral defense mechanism. Multiple studies have reported that HCMV can modulate autophagy through its proteins and miRNAs, thereby influencing its survival within the host. In this study, we showed the potential involvement of HCMV miRNAs in cellular autophagy. We employed various bioinformatic tools to predict putative HCMV miRNAs that target autophagy-related genes and their corresponding cellular autophagy genes. Our results show that the 3'UTR of autophagy-related genes, including ATG9A, ATG9B, ATG16L2, SQSTM1, and EIF2AK2, harbors potential binding sites for hcmv-miR-UL70-3p. Experimental manipulation involving ectopic expression of hcmv-miR-UL70-3p demonstrated a significant reduction in rapamycin-induced autophagy, with ATG9A as its functional target. These findings establish that hcmv-miR-UL70-3p acts as an autophagy inhibitor by suppressing the expression of ATG9A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Khalko
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Pandeya
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sangeeta Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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7
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Aguilera MO, Delgui LR, Reggiori F, Romano PS, Colombo MI. Autophagy as an innate immunity response against pathogens: a Tango dance. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:140-166. [PMID: 38101809 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular infections as well as changes in the cell nutritional environment are main events that trigger cellular stress responses. One crucial cell response to stress conditions is autophagy. During the last 30 years, several scenarios involving autophagy induction or inhibition over the course of an intracellular invasion by pathogens have been uncovered. In this review, we will present how this knowledge was gained by studying different microorganisms. We intend to discuss how the cell, via autophagy, tries to repel these attacks with the objective of destroying the intruder, but also how some pathogens have developed strategies to subvert this. These two fates can be compared with a Tango, a dance originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in which the partner dancers are in close connection. One of them is the leader, embracing and involving the partner, but the follower may respond escaping from the leader. This joint dance is indeed highly synchronized and controlled, perfectly reflecting the interaction between autophagy and microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton O Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Patricia S Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora - Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María I Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
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8
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Zeng J, Cao D, Yang S, Jaijyan DK, Liu X, Wu S, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q, Zhu H. Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37632045 PMCID: PMC10458407 DOI: 10.3390/v15081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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9
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Komijani E, Parhizkar F, Abdolmohammadi-Vahid S, Ahmadi H, Nouri N, Yousefi M, Aghebati-Maleki L. Autophagy-mediated immune system regulation in reproductive system and pregnancy-associated complications. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 158:103973. [PMID: 37295066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy lysosomal degradation is the main cell mechanism in cellular, tissue and organismal homeostasis and is controlled by autophagy-related genes (ATG). Autophagy has important effects in cellular physiology, including adaptation to metabolic stress, removal of dangerous cargo (such as protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and intracellular pathogens), regeneration during differentiation and development, and prevention of genomic damage in general. Also, it has been found that autophagy is essential for pre-implantation, development, and maintaining embryo survival in mammals. Under certain conditions, autophagy may be detrimental through pro-survival effects such as cancer progression or through possible cell death-promoting effects. Hormonal changes and environmental stress can initiate autophagy in reproductive physiology. The activity of autophagy can be upregulated under conditions like a lack of nutrients, inflammation, hypoxia, and infections. In this regard the dysregulation of autophagy involved in some pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia (PE) and pregnancy loss, and has a major impact on reproductive outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to discuss the relationship between autophagy and the female reproductive system, with a special focus on the immune system, and its role in fetal and maternal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Komijani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Forough Parhizkar
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Narjes Nouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Ferrara G, Sgadari M, Longobardi C, Iovane G, Pagnini U, Montagnaro S. Autophagy up-regulation upon FeHV-1 infection on permissive cells. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1174681. [PMID: 37397000 PMCID: PMC10312237 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1174681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
FeHV-1 is a member of the Herpesviridae family that is distributed worldwide and causes feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR). Since its relationship with the autophagic process has not yet been elucidated, the aim of this work was to evaluate the autophagy mediated by FeHV-1 and to determine its proviral or antiviral role. Our data showed that autophagy is induced by FeHV-1 in a viral dose and time-dependent manner. Phenotypic changes in LC3/p62 axis (increase of LC3-II and degradation of p62) were detected from 12 h post infection using western blot and immuno-fluorescence assays. In a second step, by using late autophagy inhibitors and inducers, the possible proviral role of autophagy during FeHV-1 infection was investigating by assessing the effects of each chemical in terms of viral yield, cytotoxic effects, and expression of viral glycoproteins. Our findings suggest that late-stage autophagy inhibitors (bafilomycin and chloroquine) have a negative impact on viral replication. Interestingly, we observed an accumulation of gB, a viral protein, when cells were pretreated with bafilomycin, whereas the opposite effect was observed when an autophagy inducer was used. The importance of autophagy during FeHV-1 infection was further supported by the results obtained with ATG5 siRNA. In summary, this study demonstrates FeHV-1-mediated autophagy induction, its proviral role, and the negative impact of late autophagy inhibitors on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Sgadari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Cai J, Wang S, Du H, Fan L, Yuan W, Xu Q, Ren J, Lin Q, Xiang B, Ding C, Ren T, Chen L. NDV-induced autophagy enhances inflammation through NLRP3/Caspase-1 inflammasomes and the p38/MAPK pathway. Vet Res 2023; 54:43. [PMID: 37277829 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a highly virulent infectious disease of poultry. Virulent NDV can cause severe autophagy and inflammation in host cells. While studies have shown a mutual regulatory relationship between autophagy and inflammation, this relationship in NDV infection remains unclear. This study confirmed that NDV infection could trigger autophagy in DF-1 cells to promote cytopathic and viral replication. NDV-induced autophagy was positively correlated with the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, CCL-5, and TNF-α, suggesting that NDV-induced autophagy promotes the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Further investigation demonstrated that NLRP3 protein expression, Caspase-1 activity, and p38 phosphorylation level positively correlated with autophagy, suggesting that NDV-induced autophagy could promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines through NLRP3/Caspase-1 inflammasomes and p38/MAPK pathway. In addition, NDV infection also triggered mitochondrial damage and mitophagy in DF-1 cells, but did not result in a large leakage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), indicating that mitochondrial damage and mitophagy do not contribute to the inflammation response during NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyun Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - WeiFeng Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiufan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Kim HJ, Lee Y, Lee S, Park B. HCMV-encoded viral protein US12 promotes autophagy by inducing autophagy flux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:94-101. [PMID: 36898229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded US12 gene family is a group of ten predicted seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are structurally similar to G-protein-coupled receptors or transmembrane Bax inhibitor-1 motif-containing proteins; however, the roles of US12 family proteins in virus-host interactions remain to be discovered. Here, we suggest a new function of the US12 protein in regulating cellular autophagy. US12 is predominantly located to the lysosome and interacts with the lysosomal membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS-based targeted proteomics analysis shows that US12 is tightly correlated with autophagy. US12 induces autophagy via upregulating ULK1 phosphorylation and subsequent LC3-II conversion, thereby accelerating autophagic flux. Moreover, HeLa cells overexpressing US12 displays intense LC3-specific staining and autolysosome formation even under nutrient-sufficient conditions. Furthermore, the physical interaction of p62/SQSTM1 with US12 is involved in the resistance to the degradation of p62/SQSTM1 by autophagy, despite the induction of both autolysosome formation and autophagic flux. Although the effect of US12 expression in HCMV infection on autophagy remains undetermined, these findings provide new insights into the viral drivers of host autophagy during HCMV evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yoora Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sungwook Lee
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, South Korea
| | - Boyoun Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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13
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Liu S, Su Y, Lu Z, Zou X, Xu L, Teng Y, Wang Z, Wang T. The SFTSV Nonstructural Proteins Induce Autophagy to Promote Viral Replication via Interaction with Vimentin. J Virol 2023; 97:e0030223. [PMID: 37039677 PMCID: PMC10134822 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly identified phlebovirus associated with severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Studies have shown that SFTSV nucleoprotein (N) induces BECN1-dependent autophagy to promote viral assembly and release. However, the function of other SFTSV proteins in regulating autophagy has not been reported. In this study, we identify SFTSV NSs, a nonstructural protein that forms viroplasm-like structures in the cytoplasm of infected cells as the virus component mediating SFTSV-induced autophagy. We found that SFTSV NSs-induced autophagy was inclusion body independent, and most phenuivirus NSs had autophagy-inducing effects. Unlike N protein-induced autophagy, SFTSV NSs was key in regulating autophagy by interacting with the host's vimentin in an inclusion body-independent manner. NSs interacted with vimentin and induced vimentin degradation through the K48-linked ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This negatively regulating Beclin1-vimentin complex formed and promoted autophagy. Furthermore, we identified the NSs-binding domain of vimentin and found that overexpression of wild-type vimentin antagonized the induced effect of NSs on autophagy and inhibited viral replication, suggesting that vimentin is a potential antiviral target. The present study shows a novel mechanism through which SFTSV nonstructural protein activates autophagy, which provides new insights into the role of NSs in SFTSV infection and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly emerging tick-borne pathogen that causes multifunctional organ failure and even death in humans. As a housekeeping mechanism for cells to maintain steady state, autophagy plays a dual role in viral infection and the host's immune response. However, the relationship between SFTSV infection and autophagy has not been described in detail yet. Here, we demonstrated that SFTSV infection induced complete autophagic flux and facilitated viral proliferation. We also identified a key mechanism underlying NSs-induced autophagy, in which NSs interacted with vimentin to inhibit the formation of the Beclin1-vimentin complex and induced vimentin degradation through K48-linked ubiquitination modification. These findings may help us understand the new functions and mechanisms of NSs and may aid in the identification of new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhi Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Leling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, China
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14
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Wang H, Zhang J, Liu H, Wang M, Dong Y, Zhou Y, Wong SM, Xu K, Xu Q. A plant virus hijacks phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate to escape autophagic degradation in its insect vector. Autophagy 2023; 19:1128-1143. [PMID: 36093594 PMCID: PMC10012956 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2116676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts can initiate macroautophagy/autophagy as an antiviral defense response, while viruses have developed multiple ways to evade the host autophagic degradation. However, little is known as to whether viruses can target lipids to subvert autophagic degradation. Here, we show that a low abundant signaling lipid, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), is required for rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) to evade the autophagic degradation in the insect vector Laodelphax striatellus. RBSDV binds to PtdIns(3,5)P2 and elevates its level through its main capsid protein P10, leading to inhibited autophagy and promoted virus propagation. Furthermore, we show that PtdIns(3,5)P2 inhibits the autophagy pathway by preventing the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes through activation of Trpml (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin), an effector of PtdIns(3,5)P2. These findings uncover a strategy whereby a plant virus hijacks PtdIns(3,5)P2 via its viral capsid protein to evade autophagic degradation and promote its survival in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haoqiu Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Research Institute, Suzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Research Institute, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiufang Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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15
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Feng K, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Zhou M, Min YQ, Deng F, Li P, Wang H, Ning YJ. SFTS bunyavirus NSs protein sequestrates mTOR into inclusion bodies and deregulates mTOR-ULK1 signaling, provoking pro-viral autophagy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28371. [PMID: 36458534 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is emerging as a critical player in host defense against diverse infections, in addition to its conserved function to maintain cellular homeostasis. Strikingly, some pathogens have evolved strategies to evade, subvert or exploit different steps of the autophagy pathway for their lifecycles. Here, we present a new viral mechanism of manipulating autophagy for its own benefit with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV, an emerging high-pathogenic virus) as a model. SFTSV infection triggers autophagy, leading to complete autophagic flux. Mechanistically, we show that the nonstructural protein of SFTSV (NSs) interacts with mTOR, the pivotal regulator of autophagy, by targeting its kinase domain and captures mTOR into viral inclusion bodies (IBs) induced by NSs itself. Furthermore, NSsimpairs mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) at Ser757, disrupting the inhibitory effect of mTOR on ULK1 activity and thus contributing to autophagy induction. Pharmacologic treatment and Beclin-1 knockout experimental results establish that, in turn, autophagy enhances SFTSV infection and propagation. Moreover, the minigenome reporter system reveals that SFTSV ribonucleoprotein (the transcription and replication machinery) activity can be bolstered by autophagy. Additionally, we found that the NSs proteins of SFTSV-related bunyaviruses have a conserved function of targeting mTOR. Taken together, we unravel a viral strategy of inducing pro-viral autophagy by interacting with mTOR, sequestering mTOR into IBs and hence provoking the downstream ULK1 pathway, which presents a new paradigm for viral manipulation of autophagy and may help inform future development of specific antiviral therapies against SFTSV and related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiqing Li
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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16
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Bergamelli M, Martin H, Aubert Y, Mansuy JM, Marcellin M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Hurbain I, Raposo G, Izopet J, Fournier T, Benchoua A, Bénard M, Groussolles M, Cartron G, Tanguy Le Gac Y, Moinard N, D’Angelo G, Malnou CE. Human Cytomegalovirus Modifies Placental Small Extracellular Vesicle Composition to Enhance Infection of Fetal Neural Cells In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092030. [PMID: 36146834 PMCID: PMC9501265 DOI: 10.3390/v14092030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although placental small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are extensively studied in the context of pregnancy, little is known about their role during viral congenital infection, especially at the beginning of pregnancy. In this study, we examined the consequences of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection on sEVs production, composition, and function using an immortalized human cytotrophoblast cell line derived from first trimester placenta. By combining complementary approaches of biochemistry, electron microscopy, and quantitative proteomic analysis, we showed that hCMV infection increases the yield of sEVs produced by cytotrophoblasts and modifies their protein content towards a potential proviral phenotype. We further demonstrate that sEVs secreted by hCMV-infected cytotrophoblasts potentiate infection in naive recipient cells of fetal origin, including human neural stem cells. Importantly, these functional consequences are also observed with sEVs prepared from an ex vivo model of infected histocultures from early placenta. Based on these findings, we propose that placental sEVs could be important actors favoring viral dissemination to the fetal brain during hCMV congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bergamelli
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Aubert
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mansuy
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Infrastructure nationale de protéomique, ProFI, FR 2048, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Infrastructure nationale de protéomique, ProFI, FR 2048, Toulouse, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Plateforme d’imagerie cellulaire et tissulaire (PICT-IBiSA), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Plateforme d’imagerie cellulaire et tissulaire (PICT-IBiSA), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Alexandra Benchoua
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM- Téléthon, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Mélinda Bénard
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital des Enfants, Service de Néonatalogie, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Groussolles
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Service de Diagnostic Prénatal, Toulouse, France
- Equipe SPHERE Epidémiologie et Analyses en Santé Publique: Risques, Maladies chroniques et handicaps, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1027, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Cartron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Tanguy Le Gac
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Moinard
- Développement Embryonnaire, Fertilité, Environnement (DEFE), INSERM UMR 1203, Université de Toulouse et Université de Montpellier, France
- CECOS, Service médecine de la reproduction, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France
| | - Gisela D’Angelo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Cécile E. Malnou
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
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17
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Olson AT, Child SJ, Geballe AP. Antagonism of Protein Kinase R by Large DNA Viruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070790. [PMID: 35890034 PMCID: PMC9319463 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on vaccinia virus (VACV) have provided a wealth of insights and tools that have proven to be invaluable in a broad range of studies of molecular virology and pathogenesis. Among the challenges that viruses face are intrinsic host cellular defenses, such as the protein kinase R pathway, which shuts off protein synthesis in response to the dsRNA that accumulates during replication of many viruses. Activation of PKR results in phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), inhibition of protein synthesis, and limited viral replication. VACV encodes two well-characterized antagonists, E3L and K3L, that can block the PKR pathway and thus enable the virus to replicate efficiently. The use of VACV with a deletion of the dominant factor, E3L, enabled the initial identification of PKR antagonists encoded by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a prevalent and medically important virus. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of E3L and K3L function facilitated the dissection of the domains, species-specificity, and evolutionary potential of PKR antagonists encoded by human and nonhuman CMVs. While remaining cognizant of the substantial differences in the molecular virology and replication strategies of VACV and CMVs, this review illustrates how VACV can provide a valuable guide for the study of other experimentally less tractable viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel T. Olson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.T.O.); (S.J.C.)
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Child
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.T.O.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.T.O.); (S.J.C.)
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Sarkesh A, Saeedi H, Marofi F, Ghaebi M, Silvestris N, Baradaran B, Brunetti O. The Basis and Advances in Clinical Application of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818447. [PMID: 35515137 PMCID: PMC9062077 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of malignant gliomas are infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and the endogenous expression of HCMV genes and their products are found in these tumors. HCMV antigen expression and its implications in gliomagenesis have emerged as a promising target for adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) strategies in glioblastoma multiforme (GB) patients. Since antigen-specific T cells in the tumor microenvironments lack efficient anti-tumor immune response due to the immunosuppressive nature of glioblastoma, CMV-specific ACT relies on in vitro expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells employing immunodominant HCMV antigens. Given the fact that several hurdles remain to be conquered, recent clinical trials have outlined the feasibility of CMV-specific ACT prior to tumor recurrence with minimal adverse effects and a substantial improvement in median overall survival and progression-free survival. This review discusses the role of HCMV in gliomagenesis, disease prognosis, and recent breakthroughs in harnessing HCMV-induced immunogenicity in the GB tumor microenvironment to develop effective CMV-specific ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
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19
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Silva RCMC, Ribeiro JS, da Silva GPD, da Costa LJ, Travassos LH. Autophagy Modulators in Coronavirus Diseases: A Double Strike in Viral Burden and Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845368. [PMID: 35433503 PMCID: PMC9010404 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the etiologic agents of several diseases. Coronaviruses of critical medical importance are characterized by highly inflammatory pathophysiology, involving severe pulmonary impairment and infection of multiple cell types within the body. Here, we discuss the interplay between coronaviruses and autophagy regarding virus life cycle, cell resistance, and inflammation, highlighting distinct mechanisms by which autophagy restrains inflammatory responses, especially those involved in coronavirus pathogenesis. We also address different autophagy modulators available and the rationale for drug repurposing as an attractive adjunctive therapy. We focused on pharmaceuticals being tested in clinical trials with distinct mechanisms but with autophagy as a common target. These autophagy modulators act in cell resistance to virus infection and immunomodulation, providing a double-strike to prevent or treat severe disease development and death from coronaviruses diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jhones Sousa Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Peixoto Duarte da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Chawla K, Subramanian G, Rahman T, Fan S, Chakravarty S, Gujja S, Demchak H, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. Autophagy in Virus Infection: A Race between Host Immune Response and Viral Antagonism. IMMUNO 2022; 2:153-169. [PMID: 35252965 PMCID: PMC8893043 DOI: 10.3390/immuno2010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-infected cells trigger a robust innate immune response and facilitate virus replication. Here, we review the role of autophagy in virus infection, focusing on both pro-viral and anti-viral host responses using a select group of viruses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway operated at the basal level to maintain homeostasis and is induced by external stimuli for specific functions. The degradative function of autophagy is considered a cellular anti-viral immune response. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword in viral infection; viruses often benefit from it, and the infected cells can also use it to inhibit viral replication. In addition to viral regulation, autophagy pathway proteins also function in autophagy-independent manners to regulate immune responses. Since viruses have co-evolved with hosts, they have developed ways to evade the anti-viral autophagic responses of the cells. Some of these mechanisms are also covered in our review. Lastly, we conclude with the thought that autophagy can be targeted for therapeutic interventions against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Chawla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Tia Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shumin Fan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shreyas Gujja
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hayley Demchak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Wu W, Luo X, Ren M. Clearance or Hijack: Universal Interplay Mechanisms Between Viruses and Host Autophagy From Plants to Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:786348. [PMID: 35047417 PMCID: PMC8761674 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.786348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses typically hijack the cellular machinery of their hosts for successful infection and replication, while the hosts protect themselves against viral invasion through a variety of defense responses, including autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient catabolic pathway conserved from plants to animals. Double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes transport trapped viral cargo to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. However, during an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired a strong ability to disrupt or even exploit the autophagy machinery of their hosts for successful invasion. In this review, we analyze the universal role of autophagy in antiviral defenses in animals and plants and summarize how viruses evade host immune responses by disrupting and manipulating host autophagy. The review provides novel insights into the role of autophagy in virus–host interactions and offers potential targets for the prevention and control of viral infection in both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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22
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Liu J, Liu Y, Li H, Wei C, Mao A, Liu W, Pan G. Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis and protective autophagy in breast cancer cells through JNK1-Bcl-2 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114591. [PMID: 34481873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polyphyllin D (PD), an active component from rhizome of Paris polyphylla Sm, root and rhizome, shows a strong anti-cancer activity in several cancers. However, whether autophagy is involved in PD-induced cell death in breast cancer cells and its molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the anti-tumor effects of PD in breast cancer and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS PD was isolated from P. polyphylla Sm and confirmed by HPLC and NMR. The role of PD in cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy in breast cancer cells were determined. RESULTS PD shows significant anti-tumor activity by inhibit cell proliferation and induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Moreover, PD treatment could induce autophagy by activation of JNK1/Bcl-2 pathway. Importantly, blocking of autophagy by using autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) dramatically increase PD-induced apoptosis as evidence by the increased percentage of apoptotic cell death. The anti-tumor effects of PD also investigated in vivo. The results showed that the combinatory treatment of PD with autophagy inhibitor significantly promote PD-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION PD could induce caspase-dependent apoptosis and cyto-protectvie autophagy by activation of JNK1/Bcl-2 pathway in breast cancer cells. Combination with an autophagy inhibitor significantly enhance cytotoxic effect of PD and this combination may be a promising candidate for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhe Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongchang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangchao Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anwei Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gaofeng Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Manska S, Rossetto CC. Identification of cellular proteins associated with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA replication suggests novel cellular and viral interactions. Virology 2022; 566:26-41. [PMID: 34861458 PMCID: PMC8720285 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon entry of Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) into the host cell, the viral genome is transported to the nucleus where it serves as a template for transcription and genome replication. Production of new viral genomes is a coordinated effort between viral and cellular proteins. While the core replication proteins are encoded by the virus, additional cellular proteins support the process of genome synthesis. We used accelerated native isolation of proteins on nascent DNA (aniPOND) to study protein dynamics on nascent viral DNA during HCMV infection. Using this method, we identified specific viral and cellular proteins that are associated with nascent viral DNA. These included transcription factors, transcriptional regulators, DNA damage and repair factors, and chromatin remodeling complexes. The association of these identified proteins with viral DNA was confirmed by immunofluorescent imaging, chromatin-immunoprecipitation analyses, and shRNA knockdown experiments. These data provide evidence for the requirement of cellular factors involved in HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Manska
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Cyprian C. Rossetto
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557 USA,Correspondence to: Cyprian C. Rossetto, Ph.D.
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24
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Sadri Nahand J, Salmaninejad A, Mollazadeh S, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Rezaee M, Sheida AH, Sadoughi F, Dana PM, Rafiyan M, Zamani M, Taghavi SP, Dashti F, Mirazimi SMA, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Moghoofei M, Karimzadeh M, Vosough M, Mirzaei H. Virus, Exosome, and MicroRNA: New Insights into Autophagy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1401:97-162. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is the end stage of a broad range of heterogeneous interstitial lung diseases and more than 200 factors contribute to it. In recent years, the relationship between virus infection and pulmonary fibrosis is getting more and more attention, especially after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, however, the mechanisms underlying the virus-induced pulmonary fibrosis are not fully understood. Here, we review the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and several viruses such as Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), Influenza virus, Avian influenza virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 as well as the mechanisms underlying the virus infection induced pulmonary fibrosis. This may shed new light on the potential targets for anti-fibrotic therapy to treat pulmonary fibrosis induced by viruses including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Leonardi L, Sibéril S, Alifano M, Cremer I, Joubert PE. Autophagy Modulation by Viral Infections Influences Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743780. [PMID: 34745965 PMCID: PMC8569469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process important for balancing cellular homeostasis at critical times in development and/or in response to nutrient stress. This is particularly relevant in tumor model in which autophagy has been demonstrated to have an important impact on tumor behavior. In one hand, autophagy limits tumor transformation of precancerous cells in early stage, and in the other hand, it favors the survival, proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to antitumor therapies in more advanced tumors. This catabolic machinery can be induced by an important variety of extra- and intracellular stimuli. For instance, viral infection has often been associated to autophagic modulation, and the role of autophagy in virus replication differs according to the virus studied. In the context of tumor development, virus-modulated autophagy can have an important impact on tumor cells' fate. Extensive analyses have shed light on the molecular and/or functional complex mechanisms by which virus-modulated autophagy influences precancerous or tumor cell development. This review includes an overview of discoveries describing the repercussions of an autophagy perturbation during viral infections on tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leonardi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sibéril
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Joubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
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27
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Brimson JM, Prasanth MI, Malar DS, Brimson S, Thitilertdecha P, Tencomnao T. Drugs that offer the potential to reduce hospitalization and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection: The possible role of the sigma-1 receptor and autophagy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:435-449. [PMID: 34236922 PMCID: PMC8290373 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1952987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the availability of new vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, there has been slow uptake and problems with supply in some parts of the world. Hence, there is still a necessity for drugs that can prevent hospitalization of patients and reduce the strain on health care systems. Drugs with sigma affinity potentially provide protection against the most severe symptoms of SARS-COV-2 and could prevent mortality via interactions with the sigma-1 receptor.Areas covered: This review examines the role of the sigma-1 receptor and autophagy in SARS-CoV-2 infections and how they may be linked. The authors reveal how sigma ligands may reduce the symptoms, complications, and deaths resulting from SARS-CoV-2 and offer insights on those patient cohorts that may benefit most from these drugs.Expert opinion: Drugs with sigma affinity potentially offer protection against the most severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 via interactions with the sigma-1 receptor. Agonists of the sigma-1 receptor may provide protection of the mitochondria, activate mitophagy to remove damaged and leaking mitochondria, prevent ER stress, manage calcium ion transport, and induce autophagy to prevent cell death in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Michael Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirikalaya Brimson
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Zhang X, Xi T, Zhang L, Bi Y, Huang Y, Lu Y, Liu X, Fang F. The role of autophagy in human cytomegalovirus IE2 expression. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3795-3803. [PMID: 32710640 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether autophagy regulates the expression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediately early two viral protein (IE2). Rapamycin and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were used to stimulate or suppress autophagy during HCMV infection. UL122 recombinant plasmid was transfected to overexpress IE2 and small interference RNA against autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3) was used to knockdown ATG3. Western blot was performed to measure the expression of viral proteins and autophagy levels. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the immediately early 1 viral protein (IE1) expression. In human embryonic lung fibroblasts, infection of HCMV promotes the lipidation of light chain 3 (LC3) at 6 and 24 hours post infection (hpi), which was accompanied by the increased expression of viral protein IE2. When only IE2 was overexpressed via UL122 recombinant plasmid transfection without HCMV infection, the autophagy hallmarks LC3II and ATG3 were upregulated. Furthermore, viral protein IE2 expression was reduced at 24 and 48 hpi either by the treatment of autophagy inducer rapamycin or by the inhibitor 3-MA before HCMV infection. At the same time, small interference ATG3 transient transfection, used to suppress autophagy, significantly inhibited IE2 expression. However, when 3-MA was used to regulate autophagy levels after HCMV infection, expression of IE2 and IE1 were both decreased, while autophagy inducer rapamycin treatment after HCMV infection increased IE2 expression slightly. IE2 was involved in autophagy induced by HCMV infection and blocking autophagy could inhibit the expression of HCMV viral protein IE2, which might be one way for autophagy to restrict HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yidan Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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29
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Herpesvirus Regulation of Selective Autophagy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050820. [PMID: 34062931 PMCID: PMC8147283 DOI: 10.3390/v13050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism of quality and quantity control responsible for the autophagic degradation of specific subcellular organelles and materials. In addition, a specific type of selective autophagy (xenophagy) is also activated as a line of defense against invading intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. However, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the host’s antiviral defense and even to activate some proviral types of selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, for their successful infection and replication. This review discusses the current knowledge on the regulation of selective autophagy by human herpesviruses.
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30
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Estévez-Herrera J, Márquez-Arce D, Cabrera C, Espert L, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Interplay of HIV and Autophagy in Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661446. [PMID: 33995324 PMCID: PMC8113651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still a global threat despite the notable efforts made by the scientific and health communities to understand viral infection, to design new drugs or to improve existing ones, as well as to develop advanced therapies and vaccine designs for functional cure and viral eradication. The identification and analysis of HIV-1 positive individuals that naturally control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment has provided clues about cellular processes that could interact with viral proteins and RNA and define subsequent viral replication and clinical progression. This is the case of autophagy, a degradative process that not only maintains cell homeostasis by recycling misfolded/old cellular elements to obtain nutrients, but is also relevant in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, such as HIV-1. Several studies suggest that early steps of HIV-1 infection, such as virus binding to CD4 or membrane fusion, allow the virus to modulate autophagy pathways preparing cells to be permissive for viral infection. Confirming this interplay, strategies based on autophagy modulation are able to inhibit early steps of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, autophagy dysregulation in late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle may promote autophagic cell-death of CD4+ T cells or control of HIV-1 latency, likely contributing to disease progression and HIV persistence in infected individuals. In this scenario, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV/autophagy interplay may contribute to the development of new strategies to control HIV-1 replication. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and the early events of HIV-1 infection, and how autophagy modulation could impair or benefit HIV-1 infection and persistence, impacting viral pathogenesis, immune control of viral replication, and clinical progression of HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Márquez-Arce
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:603224. [PMID: 33763351 PMCID: PMC7982729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Suares
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Coso
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224
expr 816899697 + 824303767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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33
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Tognarelli EI, Reyes A, Corrales N, Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Modulation of Endosome Function, Vesicle Trafficking and Autophagy by Human Herpesviruses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030542. [PMID: 33806291 PMCID: PMC7999576 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are a ubiquitous family of viruses that infect individuals of all ages and are present at a high prevalence worldwide. Herpesviruses are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from skin and mucosal lesions to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis, and some of them, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), are known to be oncogenic. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that some herpesviruses may be associated with developing neurodegenerative diseases. These viruses can establish lifelong infections in the host and remain in a latent state with periodic reactivations. To achieve infection and yield new infectious viral particles, these viruses require and interact with molecular host determinants for supporting their replication and spread. Important sets of cellular factors involved in the lifecycle of herpesviruses are those participating in intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, as well as autophagic-based organelle recycling processes. These cellular processes are required by these viruses for cell entry and exit steps. Here, we review and discuss recent findings related to how herpesviruses exploit vesicular trafficking and autophagy components by using both host and viral gene products to promote the import and export of infectious viral particles from and to the extracellular environment. Understanding how herpesviruses modulate autophagy, endolysosomal and secretory pathways, as well as other prominent trafficking vesicles within the cell, could enable the engineering of novel antiviral therapies to treat these viruses and counteract their negative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I. Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Antonia Reyes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence:
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The Autophagy-Initiating Protein Kinase ULK1 Phosphorylates Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp28 and Regulates Efficient Virus Release. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02346-20. [PMID: 33328309 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02346-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process contributing to intrinsic cellular defense by degrading viral particles or proteins; however, several viruses hijack this pathway for their own benefit. The role of autophagy during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication has not been definitely clarified yet. Utilizing small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screening, we observed that depletion of many autophagy-related proteins resulted in reduced virus release, suggesting a requirement of autophagy-related factors for efficient HCMV replication. Additionally, we could show that the autophagy-initiating serine/threonine protein kinase ULK1 as well as other constituents of the ULK1 complex were upregulated at early times of infection and stayed upregulated throughout the replication cycle. We demonstrate that indirect interference with ULK1 through inhibition of the upstream regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) impaired virus release. Furthermore, this result was verified by direct abrogation of ULK1 kinase activity utilizing the ULK1-specific kinase inhibitors SBI-0206965 and ULK-101. Analysis of viral protein expression in the presence of ULK-101 revealed a connection between the cellular kinase ULK1 and the viral tegument protein pp28 (pUL99), and we identified pp28 as a novel viral substrate of ULK1 by in vitro kinase assays. In the absence of ULK1 kinase activity, large pp28- and pp65-positive structures could be detected in the cytoplasm at late time points of infection. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that these structures represent large perinuclear protein accumulations presumably representing aggresomes. Our results indicate that HCMV manipulates ULK1 and further components of the autophagic machinery to ensure the efficient release of viral particles.IMPORTANCE The catabolic program of autophagy represents a powerful immune defense against viruses that is, however, counteracted by antagonizing viral factors. Understanding the exact interplay between autophagy and HCMV infection is of major importance since autophagy-related proteins emerged as promising targets for pharmacologic intervention. Our study provides evidence for a proviral role of several autophagy-related proteins suggesting that HCMV has developed strategies to usurp components of the autophagic machinery for its own benefit. In particular, we observed strong upregulation of the autophagy-initiating protein kinase ULK1 and further components of the ULK1 complex during HCMV replication. In addition, both siRNA-mediated depletion of ULK1 and interference with ULK1 protein kinase activity by two chemically different inhibitors resulted in impaired viral particle release. Thus, we propose that ULK1 kinase activity is required for efficient HCMV replication and thus represents a promising novel target for future antiviral drug development.
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Zhang LL, Zhang XY, Lu YY, Bi YD, Liu XL, Fang F. The Role of Autophagy in Murine Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:241-255. [PMID: 33566740 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple pathogen infection. Previous studies have reported that human cytomegalovirus (CMV) activates autophagy in the early stage of infection and then inhibits autophagy. Little is known about the role of autophagy in murine CMV (MCMV) infection, especially in MCMV-induced hepatitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of autophagy in MCMV hepatitis. BALB/c mice were infected with MCMV and a series of experiments involving western blot, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, H&E (Hematoxylin and Eosin) staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed in this study. The expression of SQSTM1/p62, PI3K, the ratio of phosphorylated Akt to total Akt, and the ratio of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to total mTOR were increased, and the expression of light-chain 3 (LC3)-II were decreased in the livers of infected mice on days 3 and 7 postinfection (p.i.). Compared with the untreated infected group, increased transcription level of MCMV glycoprotein B (gB), increased expression levels of interleukin1-β (IL-1β), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), decreased expression level of type I interferon α (IFN-α), as well as aggravated liver pathological injury were detected in starvation-treated infected group on days 3 and 7 p.i.; whereas decreased transcription level of MCMV gB, decreased expression levels of IL-1β, AST and ALT, increased expression level of type I IFN-α, as well as alleviated liver pathological injury were detected in chloroquine (CQ)-treated infected group on day 3 p.i. In conclusion, autophagy is inhibited through activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the liver of BALB/c mice during MCMV infection, and autophagy may promote MCMV replication and aggravate liver pathological damage and inflammation. Further understanding of the interactions between autophagy and MCMV infection and its potential mechanism may bring new important cues to the control of MCMV infection and antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Dan Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Lou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Bi Y, Xi T, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Lu YY, Liu X, Shu S, Fang F. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine restricts murine cytomegalovirus replication. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5001-5016. [PMID: 33421149 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) induced autophagy affects virus replication and survival of the infected cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) replication and whether it is associated with caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. The eyecup isolated from adult C57BL/6J mice (6-8 weeks old) and mouse embryo fibroblast cells (MEFs) were infected with MCMV K181 strain, followed by the treatment of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine, or rapamycin to block or stimulate autophagy. In cultured MEFs, the ratio of LC3I/II was reduced at 24 hours post infection (hpi), but was increased at 48 hpi In the eyecup culture, LC3I/II ratio was also decreased at 4 and 7 days post infection (dpi). In addition, caspase-3 cleavage was increased at 48 hpi in MEFs and also elevated in MCMV infected eyecups at 4, 7, 10, and 14 dpi. 3-MA treatment significantly inhibited the virus replication in MEFs and eyecups. The expression of early antigen (EA) of MCMV was also decreased in MEFs and eyecups. Meanwhile, cleaved caspase-3 dependent cell death was promoted with the presence of 3-MA in MCMV infected MEFs and eyecups, while RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway was inhibited by 3-MA in eyecups. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA restricts virus replication and promotes caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in the eyecup and MEFs with MCMV infection. It can be explained that during the early period of MCMV infection, the suppressed autophagy process directly reduced virus release, but later caspase-3 dependent apoptosis dominated and resulted in decreased virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yidan Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sainan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Dai X, Hakizimana O, Zhang X, Kaushik AC, Zhang J. Orchestrated efforts on host network hijacking: Processes governing virus replication. Virulence 2021; 11:183-198. [PMID: 32050846 PMCID: PMC7051146 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1726594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the high pervasiveness of viral diseases, the battle against viruses has never ceased. Here we discuss five cellular processes, namely "autophagy", "programmed cell death", "immune response", "cell cycle alteration", and "lipid metabolic reprogramming", that considerably guide viral replication after host infection in an orchestrated manner. On viral infection, "autophagy" and "programmed cell death" are two dynamically synchronized cell survival programs; "immune response" is a cell defense program typically suppressed by viruses; "cell cycle alteration" and "lipid metabolic reprogramming" are two altered cell housekeeping programs tunable in both directions. We emphasize on their functionalities in modulating viral replication, strategies viruses have evolved to tune these processes for their benefit, and how these processes orchestrate and govern cell fate upon viral infection. Understanding how viruses hijack host networks has both academic and industrial values in providing insights toward therapeutic strategy design for viral disease control, offering useful information in applications that aim to use viral vectors to improve human health such as gene therapy, and providing guidelines to maximize viral particle yield for improved vaccine production at a reduced cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Xuanhao Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Aman Chandra Kaushik
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, EI Paso, TX, USA
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Randhawa PK, Scanlon K, Rappaport J, Gupta MK. Modulation of Autophagy by SARS-CoV-2: A Potential Threat for Cardiovascular System. Front Physiol 2020; 11:611275. [PMID: 33329064 PMCID: PMC7734100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have witnessed an unprecedented increase in the number of patients suffering from respiratory tract illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a genome size of ~29.9 kb. It is believed that the viral spike (S) protein attaches to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 cell surface receptors and, eventually, the virus gains access into the host cell with the help of intracellular/extracellular proteases or by the endosomal pathway. Once, the virus enters the host cell, it can either be degraded via autophagy or evade autophagic degradation and replicate using the virus encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The virus is highly contagious and can impair the respiratory system of the host causing dyspnea, cough, fever, and tightness in the chest. This disease is also characterized by an abrupt upsurge in the levels of proinflammatory/inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors in a process known as cytokine storm. Certain reports have suggested that COVID-19 infection can aggravate cardiovascular complications, in fact, the individuals with underlying co-morbidities are more prone to the disease. In this review, we shall discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, potential drug candidates, the interaction between virus and autophagy, and the role of coronavirus in exaggerating cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kaur Randhawa
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Kaylyn Scanlon
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Manish K. Gupta
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of Endolysosomes in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pathogenesis: Implications for Potential Treatments. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:595888. [PMID: 33324224 PMCID: PMC7723437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. Humans infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with symptoms and consequences including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cardiovascular disorders, and death. SARS-CoV-2 appears to infect cells by first binding viral spike proteins with host protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors; the virus is endocytosed following priming by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). The process of virus entry into endosomes and its release from endolysosomes are key features of enveloped viruses. Thus, it is important to focus attention on the role of endolysosomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indeed, coronaviruses are now known to hijack endocytic machinery to enter cells such that they can deliver their genome at replication sites without initiating host detection and immunological responses. Hence, endolysosomes might be good targets for developing therapeutic strategies against coronaviruses. Here, we focus attention on the involvement of endolysosomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Further, we explore endolysosome-based therapeutic strategies to restrict SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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40
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Human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Autophagy Prevents Necroptosis of Infected Monocytes. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01022-20. [PMID: 32878887 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01022-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key to the viral dissemination strategy of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the induction of monocyte survival, where monocytes are normally short-lived cells. Autophagy is a cellular process that preserves cellular homeostasis and promotes cellular survival during times of stress. We found that HCMV rapidly induced autophagy within infected monocytes. The early induction of autophagy during HCMV infection was distinctly required for the survival of HCMV-infected monocytes, as repression of autophagosome formation led to cellular death of infected cells but had no effect on the viability of uninfected monocytes. The inhibition of caspases was insufficient to rescue cell viability of autophagy-repressed infected monocytes, suggesting that autophagy was not protecting cells from apoptosis. Accordingly, we found that HCMV blocked the activation of caspase 8, which was maintained in the presence of autophagy inhibitors. Necroptosis is an alternative form of cell death triggered when apoptosis is impeded and is dependent on RIPK3 phosphorylation of MLKL. Although we found that HCMV activated RIP3K upon infection, MLKL was not activated. However, inhibition of autophagy removed the block in RIPK3 phosphorylation of MLKL, suggesting that autophagy was protecting infected monocytes from undergoing necroptosis. Indeed, survival of autophagy-inhibited HCMV-infected monocytes was rescued when MLKL and RIPK3 were suppressed. Taken together, these data indicate that HCMV induces autophagy to prevent necroptotic cell death in order to ensure the survival of infected monocytes and thus facilitate viral dissemination within the host.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is endemic throughout the world, with a seroprevalence of 40 to 100% depending on geographic location. HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic, but can cause severe inflammatory organ diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The broad array of organ diseases caused by HCMV is directly linked to the systematic spread of the virus mediated by monocytes. Monocytes are naturally programmed to undergo apoptosis, which is rapidly blocked by HCMV to ensure the survival and dissemination of infected monocytes to different organ sites. In this work, we demonstrate infected monocytes also initiate necroptosis as a "trap door" death pathway in response to HCMV subversion of apoptosis. HCMV then activates cellular autophagy as a countermeasure to prevent the execution of necroptosis, thereby promoting the continued survival of infected monocytes. Elucidating the mechanisms by which HCMV stimulates monocyte survival is an important step to the development of novel anti-HCMV drugs that prevent the spread of infected monocytes.
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41
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López Giuliani AC, Hernández E, Tohmé MJ, Taisne C, Roldán JS, García Samartino C, Lussignol M, Codogno P, Colombo MI, Esclatine A, Delgui LR. Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibits Autophagy of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells and Promotes Cellular Enlargement. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:474. [PMID: 33042861 PMCID: PMC7522221 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a frequent opportunistic pathogen in immunosuppressed patients, which can be involved in kidney allograft dysfunction and rejection. In order to study the pathophysiology of HCMV renal diseases, we concentrated on the impact of HCMV infection on human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells. Our aim was to develop a model of infection of HK-2 cells by using the viral strain TB40/E, that contains the extended cell tropism of clinical isolates and the efficient viral multiplication in cell culture of laboratory-adapted strains. We observed that HK-2 cells can be infected by HCMV and expressed viral antigens, but they do not produce extracellular viral particles. We then studied the interplay of HCMV with ciliogenesis and autophagy. Primary cilium (PC) is a stress sensor important to maintain renal tissue homeostasis that projects from the apical side into the lumen of tubule cells. PC formation and length were not modified by HCMV infection. Autophagy, another stress response process critically required for normal kidney functions, was inhibited by HCMV in HK-2 cells with a reduction in the autophagic flux. HCMV classically induces an enlargement of infected cells in vivo and in vitro, and we observed that HCMV infection led to an enlargement of the HK-2 cell volume. Our results constitute therefore an excellent starting point to further explore the role of these mechanisms in renal cells dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C López Giuliani
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Eva Hernández
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - María J Tohmé
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Clémence Taisne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julieta S Roldán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), Universidad de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marion Lussignol
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,The Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - María I Colombo
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laura R Delgui
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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42
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The Clinically Approved Antifungal Drug Posaconazole Inhibits Human Cytomegalovirus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00056-20. [PMID: 32690644 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00056-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Posaconazole (PCZ) is a clinically approved drug used predominantly for prophylaxis and salvage therapy of fungal infections. Here, we report its previously undescribed anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) activity. By using antiviral assays, we demonstrated that PCZ, along with other azolic antifungals, has a broad anti-HCMV activity, being active against different strains, including low-passage-number clinical isolates and strains resistant to viral DNA polymerase inhibitors. Using a pharmacological approach, we identified the inhibition of human cytochrome P450 51 (hCYP51), or lanosterol 14α demethylase, a cellular target of posaconazole in infected cells, as a mechanism of anti-HCMV activity of the drug. Indeed, hCYP51 expression was stimulated upon HCMV infection, and the inhibition of its enzymatic activity by either the lanosterol analog VFV {(R)-N-(1-(3,4'-difluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzamide} or PCZ decreased HCMV yield and infectivity of released virus particles. Importantly, we observed that the activity of the first-line anti-HCMV drug ganciclovir was boosted tenfold by PCZ and that ganciclovir (GCV) and PCZ act synergistically in inhibiting HCMV replication. Taken together, these findings suggest that this clinically approved drug deserves further investigation in the development of host-directed antiviral strategies as a candidate anti-HCMV drug with a dual antimicrobial effect.
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Beclin1 Binds to Enterovirus 71 3D Protein to Promote the Virus Replication. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070756. [PMID: 32674313 PMCID: PMC7411969 DOI: 10.3390/v12070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen causing hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and children, which can also lead to severe neurological diseases and even death. Therefore, understanding the replication mechanism of EV71 is of great significance for the prevention and control of EV71-induced diseases. Beclin1 (BECN1, a mammalian homologue of ATG6 in yeast) is an important core protein for the initiation and the normal process of autophagy in cells. In addition to its involvement in autophagy, Beclin1 has also been reported to play an important role in cancer and innate immune signaling pathways. However, the role of Beclin1 in EV71 replication remains elusive. Here, we primarily found that Beclin1 facilitates EV71 replication in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and the autophagy was actually induced, but Beclin1 was not significantly affected at either mRNA level or protein level during early EV71 infection. Further studies discovered that Beclin1 could interacts with EV71 non-structural protein 3D mainly through its evolutionary conserved domain (ECD) and coiled-coiled domain (CCD), thus promoting the replication of EV71 in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and human astroglioma (U251) cells. Collectively, we reveal a novel regulatory mechanism associated with Beclin1 to promote EV71 replication, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and control of EV71-associated diseases.
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Antiviral Activities of Quercetin and Isoquercitrin Against Human Herpesviruses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102379. [PMID: 32443914 PMCID: PMC7287991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of a 70% ethanol extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris (ESE) inhibits varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication in vitro. PGG (1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose) is a major chemical constituent of the EtOAc fraction of ESE that inhibits VZV but not HCMV replication. In this study, we comprehensively screened the chemical compounds identified in the EtOAc fraction of ESE for potential antiviral properties. Among the examined compounds, quercetin and isoquercitrin displayed potent antiviral activities against both VZV and HCMV with no significant cytotoxic effects. Both compounds strongly suppressed the expression of VZV and HCMV immediate–early (IE) genes. Our collective results indicated that, in addition to PGG, quercetin and isoquercitrin are bioactive compounds in the EtOAc fraction of ESE that effectively inhibit human herpesvirus replication.
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Zimmermann C, Krämer N, Krauter S, Strand D, Sehn E, Wolfrum U, Freiwald A, Butter F, Plachter B. Autophagy interferes with human cytomegalovirus genome replication, morphogenesis, and progeny release. Autophagy 2020; 17:779-795. [PMID: 32079454 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1732686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are often accompanied by the induction of autophagy as an intrinsic cellular defense mechanism. Herpesviruses have developed strategies to evade autophagic degradation and to manipulate autophagy of the host cells to their benefit. Here we addressed the role of macroautophagy/autophagy in human cytomegalovirus replication and for particle morphogenesis. We found that proteins of the autophagy machinery localize to cytoplasmic viral assembly compartments and enveloped virions in the cytoplasm. Surprisingly, the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 was also found to colocalize with HCMV capsids in the nucleus of infected cells. This finding indicates that the autophagy machinery interacts with HCMV already at the early nuclear stages of particle morphogenesis. The membrane-bound form of LC3 and several autophagy receptors were packaged into extracellular HCMV virions. This suggested that autophagic membranes were included during secondary envelopment of HCMV virions. To further address the importance of autophagy in HCMV infection, we generated an HCMV mutant that expressed a dominant-negative version of the protease ATG4B (BAD-ATG4BC74A). The proteolytic activity of ATG4B is required for LC3 cleavage, priming it for membrane conjugation. Surprisingly, both genome replication and virus release were enhanced in cells infected with BAD-ATG4BC74A, compared to control strains. These results show that autophagy operates as an antiviral process during HCMV infection but is dispensable for secondary HCMV particle envelopment.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; BAC: bacterial artificial chromosome; BECN1: beclin 1; CPE: cytopathic effect; cVACs: cytoplasmic viral assembly compartments; d.p.i.: days post-infection; DB: dense body; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; galK: galactokinase; HCMV: human cytomegalovirus; HFF: human foreskin fibroblasts; IE: immediate-early; IRS: internal repeat short; LC3: MAP1LC3A/B; m.o.i.; multiplicity of infection; MCP: major capsid protein; Pp: phosphoprotein; sCP/UL48a: smallest capsid protein; TRS: terminal repeat short; UL: unique long; US: unique short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Zimmermann
- Institute for Virology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Krämer
- Institute for Virology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffi Krauter
- Institute for Virology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Strand
- I. Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sehn
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bodo Plachter
- Institute for Virology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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46
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Strategies employed by viruses to manipulate autophagy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:203-237. [PMID: 32620243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, originally described as a conserved bulk degradation pathway important to maintain cellular homeostasis during starvation, has also been implicated in playing a central role in multiple physiological processes. For example, autophagy is part of our innate immunity by targeting intracellular pathogens to lysosomes for degradation in a process called xenophagy. Coevolution and adaptation between viruses and autophagy have armed viruses with a multitude of strategies to counteract the antiviral functions of the autophagy pathway. In addition, some viruses have acquired mechanisms to exploit specific functions of either autophagy or the key components of this process, the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. In this chapter, we describe several examples where the strategy employed by a virus to subvert autophagy has been described with molecular detail. Their stratagems positively or negatively target practically all the steps of autophagy, including the signaling pathways regulating this process. This highlights the intricate relationship between autophagy and viruses and how by commandeering autophagy, viruses have devised ways to fine-tune their replication.
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47
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Datan E, Salman S. Autophagic cell death in viral infection: Do TAM receptors play a role? TAM RECEPTORS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2020; 357:123-168. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Abstract
The human betaherpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; species Human betaherpesvirus 5) and human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, -6B, and -7; species Human betaherpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7) are highly prevalent and can cause severe disease in immune-compromised and immune-naive populations in well- and under-developed communities. Herpesvirus virion assembly is an intricate process that requires viral orchestration of host systems. In this review, we describe recent advances in some of the many cellular events relevant to assembly and egress of betaherpesvirus virions. These include modifications of host metabolic, immune, and autophagic/recycling systems. In addition, we discuss unique aspects of betaherpesvirus virion structure, virion assembly, and the cellular pathways employed during virion egress.
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49
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Zhang Y, Hu B, Li Y, Deng T, Xu Y, Lei J, Zhou J. Binding of Avibirnavirus VP3 to the PIK3C3-PDPK1 complex inhibits autophagy by activating the AKT-MTOR pathway. Autophagy 2019; 16:1697-1710. [PMID: 31885313 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1704118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a host natural defense response. Viruses have developed various strategies to subvert autophagy during their life cycle. Recently, we revealed that autophagy was activated by binding of Avibirnavirus to cells. In the present study, we report the inhibition of autophagy initiated by PIK3C3/VPS34 via the PDPK1-dependent AKT-MTOR pathway. Autophagy detection revealed that viral protein VP3 triggered inhibition of autophagy at the early stage of Avibirnavirus replication. Subsequent interaction analysis showed that the CC1 domain of VP3 disassociated PIK3C3-BECN1 complex by direct interaction with BECN1 and blocked autophagosome formation, while the CC3 domain of VP3 disrupted PIK3C3-PDPK1 complex via directly binding to PIK3C3 and inhibited both formation and maturation of autophagosome. Furthermore, we found that PDPK1 activated AKT-MTOR pathway for suppressing autophagy via binding to AKT. Finally, we proved that CC3 domain was critical for role of VP3 in regulating replication of Avibirnavirus through autophagy. Taken together, our study identified that Avibirnavirus VP3 links PIK3C3-PDPK1 complex to AKT-MTOR pathway and inhibits autophagy, a critical step for controlling virus replication. ABBREVIATIONS ATG14/Barkor: autophagy related 14; BECN1: beclin 1; CC: coiled-coil; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; hpi: hours post-infection; IBDV: infectious bursal disease virus; IP: co-immunoprecipitation; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PDPK1: 3-phosphoinositid-dependent protein kinase-1; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; vBCL2: viral BCL2 apoptosis regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Boli Hu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Li
- MOE International Joint collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China
| | - Tingjuan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lei
- MOE International Joint collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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50
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Zhang H, Read C, Nguyen CC, Siddiquey MNA, Shang C, Hall CM, von Einem J, Kamil JP. The Human Cytomegalovirus Nonstructural Glycoprotein UL148 Reorganizes the Endoplasmic Reticulum. mBio 2019; 10:e02110-19. [PMID: 31822584 PMCID: PMC6904874 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02110-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoprotein, UL148, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) but is fully dispensable for viral replication in cultured cells. Hence, its previously ascribed roles in immune evasion and modulation of viral cell tropism are hypothesized to cause ER stress. Here, we show that UL148 is necessary and sufficient to drive the formation of prominent ER-derived structures that on average occupy 5% of the infected cell cytoplasm. The structures are sites where UL148 coalesces with cellular proteins involved in ER quality control, such as HRD1 and EDEM1. Electron microscopy revealed that cells infected with wild-type but not UL148-null HCMV show prominent accumulations of densely packed ruffled ER membranes which connect to distended cisternae of smooth and partially rough ER. During ectopic expression of UL148-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein, punctate signals traffic to accumulate at conspicuous structures. The structures exhibit poor recovery of fluorescence after photobleaching, which suggests that their contents are poorly mobile and do not efficiently exchange with the rest of the ER. Small-molecule blockade of the integrated stress response (ISR) prevents the formation of puncta, leading to a uniform reticular fluorescent signal. Accordingly, ISR inhibition during HCMV infection abolishes the coalescence of UL148 and HRD1 into discrete structures, which argues that UL148 requires the ISR to cause ER reorganization. Given that UL148 stabilizes immature forms of a receptor binding subunit for a viral envelope glycoprotein complex important for HCMV infectivity, our results imply that stress-dependent ER remodeling contributes to viral cell tropism.IMPORTANCE Perturbations to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology occur during infection with various intracellular pathogens and in certain genetic disorders. We identify that a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene product, UL148, profoundly reorganizes the ER during infection and is sufficient to do so when expressed on its own. Our results reveal that UL148-dependent reorganization of the ER is a prominent feature of HCMV-infected cells. Moreover, we find that this example of virally induced organelle remodeling requires the integrated stress response (ISR), a stress adaptation pathway that contributes to a number of disease states. Since ER reorganization accompanies roles of UL148 in modulation of HCMV cell tropism and in evasion of antiviral immune responses, our results may have implications for understanding the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, our findings provide a basis to utilize UL148 as a tool to investigate organelle responses to stress and to identify novel drugs targeting the ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Clarissa Read
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher C Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mohammed N A Siddiquey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chaowei Shang
- Research Core Facility, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cameron M Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jens von Einem
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
- Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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