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Ge FF, Shen LP, Yang DQ, Yang XC, Li X, Shen HX, Wang J, Huang S. H3N2 canine influenza virus-like particle vaccine with great protection in beagle dogs. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0044524. [PMID: 38874403 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00445-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2016, a distinct branch of H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged, which has mutations related to mammalian adaptation and has replaced previously prevalent strains. This branch poses a risk of zoonotic infection. To prevent and control H3N2 CIV, an H3N2 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine based on the insect cell baculovirus expression system has been developed in the study. The H3N2 VLP vaccine induced high titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in nasal and muscular immunized beagle dogs. Meanwhile, the VLP vaccine provided effective protection against homologous virus challenge comparable to inactivated H3N2 canine influenza virus. In addition, the intranasal H3N2 VLP vaccine induced significantly higher Th1, Th2, and Th17 immune responses, respectively (p,0.05). Importantly, intramuscular injection of VLP and inactivated H3N2 virus has complete protective effects against homologous H3N2 virus attacks. Nasal immunization with H3N2 VLP can partially protect beagles from H3N2 influenza. IMPORTANCE A new antigenically and genetically distinct canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 clade possessing mutations associated with mammalian adaptation emerged in 2016 and substituted previously circulating strains. This clade poses a risk for zoonotic infection. In our study, intramuscular injection of the H3N2 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine and inactivated H3N2 CIV confer completely sterilizing protection against homologous H3N2 canine influenza virus challenge. Our results provide further support for the possibility of developing VLP vaccines that can reliably induce immunity in animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Ge
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Pin Shen
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Cao Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xiao Shen
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixin Huang
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Animal Disease Diagnosis, Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
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2
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He P, Gui M, Chen T, Zeng Y, Chen C, Lu Z, Xia N, Wang G, Chen Y. A Chymotrypsin-Dependent Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Provides Protective Immunity against Homologous and Heterologous Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:512. [PMID: 38793763 PMCID: PMC11126036 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is one of the main pathogens causing respiratory diseases in humans. Vaccines are the most effective ways to prevent viral diseases. However, the limited protective efficacy of current influenza vaccines highlights the importance of novel, safe, and effective universal influenza vaccines. With the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic, live-attenuated vaccines delivered through respiratory mucosa have shown robustly protective efficacy. How to obtain a safe and effective live-attenuated vaccine has become a major challenge. Herein, using the influenza virus as a model, we have established a strategy to quickly obtain a live-attenuated vaccine by mutating the cleavage site of the influenza virus. This mutated influenza virus can be specifically cleaved by chymotrypsin. It has similar biological characteristics to the original strain in vitro, but the safety is improved by at least 100 times in mice. It can effectively protect against lethal doses of both homologous H1N1 and heterologous H5N1 viruses post mucosal administration, confirming that the vaccine generated by this strategy has good safety and broad-spectrum protective activities. Therefore, this study can provide valuable insights for the development of attenuated vaccines for respiratory viruses or other viruses with cleavage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.C.); (Z.L.)
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3
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Dong J, Dong Z, Feng P, Gao Y, Li J, Wang Y, Han L, Li Z, Wang Q, Niu X, Li C, Pan W, Chen L. Influenza Virus Carrying a Codon-Reprogrammed Neuraminidase Gene as a Strategy for Live Attenuated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020391. [PMID: 36851268 PMCID: PMC9959331 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccines offer broader and longer-lasting protection in comparison to inactivated influenza vaccines. The neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoprotein of influenza A virus is essential for the release and spread of progeny viral particles from infected cells. In this study, we de novo synthesized the NA gene, in which 62% of codons were synonymously changed based on mammalian codon bias usage. The codon-reprogrammed NA (repNA) gene failed to be packaged into the viral genome, which was achievable with partial restoration of wild-type NA sequence nucleotides at the 3' and 5' termini. Among a series of rescued recombinant viruses, we selected 20/13repNA, which contained 20 and 13 nucleotides of wild-type NA at the 3' and 5' termini of repNA, respectively, and evaluated its potential as a live attenuated influenza vaccine. The 20/13repNA is highly attenuated in mice, and the calculated LD50 was about 10,000-fold higher than that of the wild-type (WT) virus. Intranasal inoculation of the 20/13repNA virus in mice induced viral-specific humoral, cell-mediated, and mucosal immune responses. Mice vaccinated with the 20/13repNA virus were protected from the lethal challenge of both homologous and heterologous viruses. This strategy may provide a new method for the development of live, attenuated influenza vaccines for a better and more rapid response to influenza threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Zhenyuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Jiashun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Lujie Han
- Guangzhou nBiomed Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510535, China
- Guangzhou nBiomed Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (L.C.)
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4
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Status and Challenges for Vaccination against Avian H9N2 Influenza Virus in China. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091326. [PMID: 36143363 PMCID: PMC9505450 DOI: 10.3390/life12091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 AIV continuously infects humans, and its six internal genes frequently reassort with other influenza viruses to generate novel influenza viruses that infect humans, threatening public health. Inactivated whole-virus vaccines have been used to control H9N2 AIV in China for more than 20 years, and they can alleviate clinical symptoms after immunization, greatly reducing economic losses. However, H9N2 AIVs can still be isolated from immunized chickens and have recently become the main epidemic subtype. A more effective vaccine prevention strategy might be able to address the current situation. Herein, we analyze the current status and vaccination strategy against H9N2 AIV and summarize the progress in vaccine development to provide insight for better H9N2 prevention and control.
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5
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Influenza A Virus Agnostic Receptor Tropism Revealed Using a Novel Biological System with Terminal Sialic Acid Knockout Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0041622. [PMID: 35862707 PMCID: PMC9364805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian or human influenza A viruses bind preferentially to avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors, respectively, indicating that receptor tropism is an important factor for determining the viral host range. However, there are currently no reliable methods for analyzing receptor tropism biologically under physiological conditions. In this study, we established a novel system using MDCK cells with avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors and with both sialic acid receptors knocked out (KO). When we examined the replication of human and avian influenza viruses in these KO cells, we observed unique viral receptor tropism that could not be detected using a conventional solid-phase sialylglycan binding assay, which directly assesses physical binding between the virus and sialic acids. Furthermore, we serially passaged an engineered avian-derived H4N5 influenza virus, whose PB2 gene was deleted, in avian-type receptor KO cells stably expressing PB2 to select a mutant with enhanced replication in KO cells; however, its binding to human-type sialylglycan was undetectable using the solid-phase binding assay. These data indicate that a panel of sialic acid receptor KO cells could be a useful tool for determining the biological receptor tropism of influenza A viruses. Moreover, the PB2KO virus experimental system could help to safely and efficiently identify the mutations required for avian influenza viruses to adapt to human cells that could trigger a new influenza pandemic. IMPORTANCE The acquisition of mutations that allow avian influenza A virus hemagglutinins to recognize human-type receptors is mandatory for the transmission of avian viruses to humans, which could lead to a pandemic. In this study, we established a novel system using a set of genetically engineered MDCK cells with knocked out sialic acid receptors to biologically evaluate the receptor tropism for influenza A viruses. Using this system, we observed unique receptor tropism in several virus strains that was undetectable using conventional solid-phase binding assays that measure physical binding between the virus and artificially synthesized sialylglycans. This study contributes to elucidation of the relationship between the physical binding of virus and receptor and viral infectivity. Furthermore, the system using sialic acid knockout cells could provide a useful tool to explore the sialic acid-independent entry mechanism. In addition, our system could be safely used to identify mutations that could acquire human-type receptor tropism.
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6
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Ullah S, Ross TM. Next generation live-attenuated influenza vaccine platforms. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1097-1110. [PMID: 35502639 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2072301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza virus is a major cause of seasonal epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Despite the current molecular biology and vaccine development, influenza virus infection is a significant burden. Vaccines are considered an essential countermeasure for effective control and prevention of influenza virus infection. Even though current influenza virus vaccines provide efficient protection against seasonal influenza outbreaks, the efficacy of these vaccines is not suitable due to antigenic changes of the viruses. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on different live-attenuated platforms for influenza virus vaccine development and proposes essential considerations for a rational universal influenza virus vaccine design. EXPERT OPINION Despite the recent efforts for universal influenza virus vaccines, there is a lack of broadly reactive antibodies' induction that can confer broad and long-lasting protection. Various strategies using live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIVs) are investigated to induce broadly reactive, durable, and cross-protective immune responses. LAIVs based on NS segment truncation prevent influenza virus infection and have shown to be effective vaccine candidates among other vaccine platforms. Although many approaches have been used for LAIVs generation, there is still a need to focus on the LAIVs development platforms to generate a universal influenza virus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhan Ullah
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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7
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Nogales A, Chiem K, Breen M, DeDiego ML, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L. Generation and Characterization of Single-Cycle Infectious Canine Influenza A Virus (sciCIV) and Its Use as Vaccine Platform. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2465:227-255. [PMID: 35118625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2168-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect a broad range of hosts, including multiple avian and mammalian species. The frequent emergence of novel IAV strains in different hosts, including in humans, results in the need for vigilance and ongoing development of new approaches to fighting or prevent those infections. Canine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by two subtypes of IAV, the equine-origin H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), and the avian-origin H3N2 CIV. A novel approach to influenza vaccination involves single-cycle infectious influenza A viruses (sciIAVs), which are defective for an essential viral gene. They are propagated in complementing cell lines which provide the missing gene in trans. As sciIAV cannot complete their replication cycle in regular cells they are limited to a single round of viral replication. Because of their safety profile and ability to express foreign antigens inside infected cells, sciIAVs have served both as live-attenuated vaccines and as vaccine vectors for the expression of heterologous antigens. Here, we describe experimental procedures for the generation of a single-cycle infectious CIV (sciCIV), where the viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene was exchanged for the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Complementation of the viral HA protein is provided in trans by stable HA-expressing cell lines. Methods for the in vitro characterization of HA deficient but GFP-expressing sciCIV (sciCIV ΔHA/GFP) are described, as well as its use as a potential vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Breen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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8
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Imai M, Takada K, Kawaoka Y. Receptor-Binding Specificity of Influenza Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:79-96. [PMID: 36175629 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection begins with the attachment of virus particles to sialic acid-containing receptors on the surface of host cells. This attachment is mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). Influenza A viruses have a wide host range, meaning they are able to infect many mammal and bird species. Influenza pandemics have been caused by viruses that contain genes from avian influenza viruses. Therefore, the infection of humans with avian influenza viruses, including avian H5Nx and H7Nx viruses, poses a huge threat to public health. These avian influenza viruses can transmit directly to humans from infected poultry, but do not spread easily among people, in part, due to differences in the receptor-binding specificities of human and avian influenza viruses. Therefore, conversion from avian- to human-type receptor-binding specificity is widely believed to be necessary for the efficient transmission of avian influenza viruses among humans. Accordingly, constant monitoring of the receptor-binding specificity of avian influenza viruses is important. In this chapter, we describe the protocol for assessing the receptor-binding specificity of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takada
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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9
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AGL2017-82570-RReverse genetics approaches for the development of new vaccines against influenza A virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:26-34. [PMID: 32599532 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) represent a serious concern globally because they are capable of rapid spread and cause severe disease in humans and other animals. The development and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics approaches have allowed the manipulation and recovery of recombinant IAVs from complementary DNA copies of the viral genome. Furthermore, IAV reverse genetics have provided researchers an efficient and powerful platform to introduce specific changes in the viral genome with the final goal of studying IAV biology, designing more effective vaccine strategies, and to reduce the rates of incidence and mortality associated with viral infections. In this review, we briefly discuss IAV reverse genetics and their applications to prevent IAV infections.
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Landreth S, Lu Y, Pandey K, Zhou Y. A Replication-Defective Influenza Virus Vaccine Confers Complete Protection against H7N9 Viral Infection in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E207. [PMID: 32370136 PMCID: PMC7349114 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza H7N9 viruses continue to pose a great threat to public health, which is evident by their high case-fatality rates. Although H7N9 was first isolated in humans in China in 2013, to date, there is no commercial vaccine available against this particular strain. Our previous studies developed a replication-defective influenza virus through mutation of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site from a trypsin-sensitive to an elastase-sensitive motif. In this study, we report the development of a reassortant mutant influenza virus derived from the human isolate A/British Columbia/01/2015 (H7N9) [BC15 (H7N9)], which is the QVT virus. The HA gene of this virus possesses three mutations at the cleavage site, Lys-Gly-Arg were mutated to Gln-Thr-Val at amino acid (aa) positions 337, 338, and 339, respectively. We report this virus to rely on elastase in vitro, possess unaltered replication abilities when elastase was provided compared to the wild type virus in vitro, and to be non-virulent and replication-defective in mice. In addition, we report this virus to induce significant levels of antibodies and IFN-γ and IL-5 secreting cells, and to protect mice against a lethal challenge of the BC15 (H7N9) virus. This protection is demonstrated through the lack of body weight loss, 100% survival rate, and the prevention of BC15 (H7N9) viral replication as well as the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines induced in the mouse lung associated with the influenza disease. Therefore, these results provide strong evidence for the use of this reassortant mutant H7N9 virus as a replication-defective virus vaccine candidate against H7N9 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Landreth
- Vaccine and Infections Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (K.P.)
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Yao Lu
- Vaccine and Infections Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (K.P.)
| | - Kannupriya Pandey
- Vaccine and Infections Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (K.P.)
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infections Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (K.P.)
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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11
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Comparative Study of the Temperature Sensitive, Cold Adapted and Attenuated Mutations Present in the Master Donor Viruses of the Two Commercial Human Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100928. [PMID: 31658679 PMCID: PMC6832241 DOI: 10.3390/v11100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual, seasonal infection across the globe. Vaccination represents the most effective strategy to prevent such infections and/or to reduce viral disease. Two major types of influenza vaccines are approved for human use: inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). Two Master Donor Virus (MDV) backbones have been used to create LAIVs against influenza A virus (IAV): the United States (US) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (AA) and the Russian A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (Len) H2N2 viruses. The mutations responsible for the temperature sensitive (ts), cold-adapted (ca) and attenuated (att) phenotypes of the two MDVs have been previously identified and genetically mapped. However, a direct comparison of the contribution of these residues to viral attenuation, immunogenicity and protection efficacy has not been conducted. Here, we compared the In vitro and in vivo phenotype of recombinant influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) viruses containing the ts, ca and att mutations of the US (PR8/AA) and the Russian (PR8/Len) MDVs. Our results show that PR8/Len is more attenuated in vivo than PR8/AA, although both viruses induced similar levels of humoral and cellular responses, and protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenges. Our findings support the feasibility of using a different virus backbone as MDV for the development of improved LAIVs for the prevention of IAV infections.
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12
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Jang YH, Seong BL. The Quest for a Truly Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31649895 PMCID: PMC6795694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly protective antibodies and cross-reactive T cells directed to influenza viral targets present a promising prospect for the development of a UIV. Multiple targets for cross-protection have been identified in the stalk and head of hemagglutinin (HA) to develop a UIV. Recently, neuraminidase (NA) has received significant attention as a critical component for increasing the breadth of protection. The HA stalk-based approaches have shown promising results of broader protection in animal studies, and their feasibility in humans are being evaluated in clinical trials. Mucosal immune responses and cross-reactive T cell immunity across influenza A and B viruses intrinsic to live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have emerged as essential features to be incorporated into a UIV. Complementing the weakness of the stand-alone approaches, prime-boost vaccination combining HA stalk, and LAIV is under clinical evaluation, with the aim to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of protection. Preexisting immunity in humans established by prior exposure to influenza viruses may affect the hierarchy and magnitude of immune responses elicited by an influenza vaccine, limiting the interpretation of preclinical data based on naive animals, necessitating human challenge studies. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the spectrum of protection, efficacy, target population, and duration of protection to define a “universal” vaccine. This review discusses the recent advancements in the development of UIVs, rationales behind cross-protection and vaccine designs, and challenges faced in obtaining balanced protection potency, a wide spectrum of protection, and safety relevant to UIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:E190. [PMID: 30813325 PMCID: PMC6409754 DOI: 10.3390/v11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine. Virology 2018; 516:76-85. [PMID: 29331866 PMCID: PMC5840510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) is an important and significant respiratory pathogen of horses. EIV is enzootic in Europe and North America, mainly due to the suboptimal efficacy of current vaccines. We describe, for the first time, the generation of a temperature sensitive (ts) H3N8 EIV live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) using reverse-genetics approaches. Our EIV LAIV was attenuated (att) in vivo and able to induce, upon a single intranasal administration, protection against H3N8 EIV wild-type (WT) challenge in both a mouse model and the natural host, the horse. Notably, since our EIV LAIV was generated using reverse genetics, the vaccine can be easily updated against drifting or emerging strains of EIV using the safety backbone of our EIV LAIV as master donor virus (MDV). These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a novel EIV LAIV approach for the prevention and control of currently circulating H3N8 EIVs in horse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Stephanie Reedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
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15
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Vermillion MS, Klein SL. Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29423318 PMCID: PMC5794984 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the mainstay of preventative medicine for many infectious diseases. Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three at-risk populations that can be simultaneously protected by strategic vaccination protocols. Because the pathogenesis of different infectious microbes varies based on tissue tropism, timing of infection, and host susceptibility, the goals of immunization are not uniform across all vaccines. Mechanistic understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis and immune responses is therefore essential to inform vaccine design and the implementation of appropriate immunization protocols that optimize protection of pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S. Vermillion
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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16
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Development of an Alternative Modified Live Influenza B Virus Vaccine. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00056-17. [PMID: 28381580 PMCID: PMC5446642 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00056-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is considered a major human pathogen, responsible for seasonal epidemics of acute respiratory illness. Two antigenically distinct IBV hemagglutinin (HA) lineages cocirculate worldwide with little cross-reactivity. Live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines have been shown to provide better cross-protective immune responses than inactivated vaccines by eliciting local mucosal immunity and systemic B cell- and T cell-mediated memory responses. We have shown previously that incorporation of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations into the PB1 and PB2 subunits along with a modified HA epitope tag in the C terminus of PB1 resulted in influenza A viruses (IAV) that are safe and effective as modified live attenuated (att) virus vaccines (IAV att). We explored whether analogous mutations in the IBV polymerase subunits would result in a stable virus with an att phenotype. The PB1 subunit of the influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 strain was used to incorporate ts mutations and a C-terminal HA tag. Such modifications resulted in a B/Bris att strain with ts characteristics in vitro and an att phenotype in vivo Vaccination studies in mice showed that a single dose of the B/Bris att candidate stimulated sterilizing immunity against lethal homologous challenge and complete protection against heterologous challenge. These studies show the potential of an alternative LAIV platform for the development of IBV vaccines.IMPORTANCE A number of issues with regard to the effectiveness of the LAIV vaccine licensed in the United States (FluMist) have arisen over the past three seasons (2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016). While the reasons for the limited robustness of the vaccine-elicited immune response remain controversial, this problem highlights the critical importance of continued investment in LAIV development and creates an opportunity to improve current strategies so as to develop more efficacious vaccines. Our laboratory has developed an alternative strategy, the incorporation of 2 amino acid mutations and a modified HA tag at the C terminus of PB1, which is sufficient to attenuate the IBV. As a LAIV, this novel vaccine provides complete protection against IBV strains. The availability of attenuated IAV and IBV backbones based on contemporary strains offers alternative platforms for the development of LAIVs that may overcome current limitations.
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Ui H, Yamayoshi S, Uraki R, Kiso M, Oishi K, Murakami S, Mimori S, Kawaoka Y. Evaluation of seasonal influenza vaccines for H1N1pdm09 and type B viruses based on a replication-incompetent PB2-KO virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:1892-1897. [PMID: 28285982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the first line of protection against influenza virus infection in humans. Although inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines are available, each vaccine has drawbacks in terms of immunogenicity and safety. To overcome these issues, our group has developed a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus that replicates only in PB2-expressing cells. Here we generated PB2-KO viruses possessing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments from H1N1pdm09 or type B viruses and tested their vaccine potential. The two PB2-KO viruses propagated efficiently in PB2-expressing cells, and expressed chimeric HA as expected. Virus-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in mice immunized with the viruses, and the immunized mice showed milder clinical signs and/or lower virus replication levels in the respiratory tract upon virus challenge. Our results indicate that these PB2-KO viruses have potential as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ui
- Vaccine Research Department, Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Oishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Mimori
- Vaccine Research Department, Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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18
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Rodriguez L, Nogales A, Reilly EC, Topham DJ, Murcia PR, Parrish CR, Martinez Sobrido L. A live-attenuated influenza vaccine for H3N2 canine influenza virus. Virology 2017; 504:96-106. [PMID: 28167384 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by two subtypes (H3N2 and H3N8) of canine influenza virus (CIV). Currently, only inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are available for the prevention of CIVs. Historically, live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have been shown to produce better immunogenicity and protection efficacy than IIVs. Here, we have engineered a CIV H3N2 LAIV by using the internal genes of a previously described CIV H3N8 LAIV as a master donor virus (MDV) and the surface HA and NA genes of a circulating CIV H3N2 strain. Our findings show that CIV H3N2 LAIV replicates efficiently at low temperature but its replication is impaired at higher temperatures. The CIV H3N2 LAIV was attenuated in vivo but induced better protection efficacy in mice against challenge with wild-type CIV H3N2 than a commercial CIV H3N2 IIV. This is the first description of a LAIV for the prevention of CIV H3N2 in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US
| | - Emma C Reilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US; David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US; David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Luis Martinez Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US.
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19
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Temperature-Sensitive Live-Attenuated Canine Influenza Virus H3N8 Vaccine. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02211-16. [PMID: 27928017 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02211-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine influenza is a respiratory disease of dogs caused by canine influenza virus (CIV). CIV subtypes responsible for influenza in dogs include H3N8, which originated from the transfer of H3N8 equine influenza virus to dogs; and the H3N2 CIV, which is an avian-origin virus that adapted to infect dogs. Influenza infections are most effectively prevented through vaccination to reduce transmission and future infection. Currently, only inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are available for the prevention of CIV in dogs. However, the efficacy of IIVs is suboptimal, and novel approaches are necessary for the prevention of disease caused by this canine respiratory pathogen. Using reverse genetics techniques, we have developed a live-attenuated CIV vaccine (LACIV) for the prevention of H3N8 CIV. The H3N8 LACIV replicates efficiently in canine cells at 33°C but is impaired at temperatures of 37 to 39°C and was attenuated compared to wild-type H3N8 CIV in vivo and ex vivo The LACIV was able to induce protection against H3N8 CIV challenge with a single intranasal inoculation in mice. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy were better than that observed with a commercial CIV H3N8 IIV but provided limited cross-reactive immunity and heterologous protection against H3N2 CIV. These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a LAIV approach for the prevention and control of H3N8 CIV in dogs and suggest the need for a new LAIV for the control of H3N2 CIV. IMPORTANCE Two influenza A virus subtypes has been reported in dogs in the last 16 years: the canine influenza viruses (CIV) H3N8 and H3N2 of equine and avian origins, respectively. To date, only inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are available to prevent CIV infections. Here, we report the generation of a recombinant, temperature-sensitive H3N8 CIV as a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), which was attenuated in mice and dog tracheal, explants compared to CIV H3N8 wild type. A single dose of H3N8 LACIV showed immunogenicity and protection against a homologous challenge that was better than that conferred with an H3N8 IIV, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing a LAIV approach for the improved control of H3N8 CIV infections in dogs.
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Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E20. [PMID: 28025504 PMCID: PMC5297655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of human respiratory disease. Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health and economic problem, which are most effectively prevented through vaccination. However, influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic variation, which requires either the annual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines or the rapid generation of vaccines against potential pandemic virus strains. The segmented nature of influenza virus allows for the reassortment between two or more viruses within a co-infected cell, and this characteristic has also been harnessed in the laboratory to generate reassortant viruses for their use as either inactivated or live-attenuated influenza vaccines. With the implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics techniques, it is now possible to engineer recombinant influenza viruses entirely from full-length complementary DNA copies of the viral genome by transfection of susceptible cells. These reverse genetics systems have provided investigators with novel and powerful approaches to answer important questions about the biology of influenza viruses, including the function of viral proteins, their interaction with cellular host factors and the mechanisms of influenza virus transmission and pathogenesis. In addition, reverse genetics techniques have allowed the generation of recombinant influenza viruses, providing a powerful technology to develop both inactivated and live-attenuated influenza vaccines. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of state-of-the-art, plasmid-based, influenza reverse genetics approaches and their implementation to provide rapid, convenient, safe and more effective influenza inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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21
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Nogales A, Baker SF, Domm W, Martínez-Sobrido L. Development and applications of single-cycle infectious influenza A virus (sciIAV). Virus Res 2016; 216:26-40. [PMID: 26220478 PMCID: PMC4728073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diverse host range, high transmissibility, and rapid evolution of influenza A viruses justify the importance of containing pathogenic viruses studied in the laboratory. Other than physically or mechanically changing influenza A virus containment procedures, modifying the virus to only replicate for a single round of infection similarly ensures safety and consequently decreases the level of biosafety containment required to study highly pathogenic members in the virus family. This biological containment is more ideal because it is less apt to computer, machine, or human error. With many necessary proteins that can be deleted, generation of single-cycle infectious influenza A viruses (sciIAV) can be achieved using a variety of approaches. Here, we review the recent burst in sciIAV generation and summarize the applications and findings on this important human pathogen using biocontained viral mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steven F Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - William Domm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States.
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22
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Lee YN, Hwang HS, Kim MC, Lee YT, Kim YJ, Lee FEH, Kang SM. Protection against respiratory syncytial virus by inactivated influenza virus carrying a fusion protein neutralizing epitope in a chimeric hemagglutinin. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:759-770. [PMID: 26656630 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A desirable vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) should induce neutralizing antibodies without eliciting abnormal T cell responses to avoid vaccine-enhanced pathology. In an approach to deliver RSV neutralizing epitopes without RSV-specific T cell antigens, we genetically engineered chimeric influenza virus expressing RSV F262-276 neutralizing epitopes in the globular head domain as a chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Immunization of mice with formalin-inactivated recombinant chimeric influenza/RSV F262-276 was able to induce RSV protective neutralizing antibodies and lower lung viral loads after challenge. Formalin-inactivated RSV immune mice showed high levels of pulmonary inflammatory cytokines, macrophages, IL-4-producing T cells, and extensive histopathology. However, RSV-specific T cell responses and enhancement of pulmonary histopathology were not observed after RSV infection of inactivated chimeric influenza/RSV F262-276. This study provides evidence that an inactivated vaccine platform of chimeric influenza/RSV virus can be developed into a safe RSV vaccine candidate without priming RSV-specific T cells and immunopathology. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract illness and morbidity in children. Hence, there is a need to develop an effective vaccine against this virus. In this article, the authors engineered chimeric influenza virus to express RSV neutralizing epitopes. The positive findings in in-vivo experiments provide a beginning for future clinical trials and perhaps eventual product realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Uraki R, Piao Z, Akeda Y, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kiso M, Ozawa M, Oishi K, Kawaoka Y. A Bivalent Vaccine Based on a PB2-Knockout Influenza Virus Protects Mice From Secondary Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1939-48. [PMID: 26123562 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial infections after influenza can be a serious problem, especially in young children and the elderly, yet the efficacy of current vaccines is limited. Earlier work demonstrated that a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus possessing a foreign gene in the coding region of its PB2 segment can serve as a platform for a bivalent vaccine. METHODS In the current study, we generated the PB2-KO virus expressing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), PB2-KO-PspA virus, the replication of which is restricted to PB2-expressing cells. We then examined the protective efficacy of intranasal immunization with this virus as a bivalent vaccine in a mouse model. RESULTS High levels of influenza virus-specific and PspA-specific antibodies were induced in the serum and airways of immunized mice. The intranasally immunized mice were protected from lethal doses of influenza virus or Streptococcus pneumoniae. These mice were also completely protected from secondary pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza virus infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that our recombinant influenza virus serves as a novel and powerful bivalent vaccine against primary and secondary pneumococcal pneumonia as well as influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Zhenyu Piao
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | | | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project (JST), Saitama, Japan Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Finch C, Li W, Perez DR. Design of alternative live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 386:205-35. [PMID: 25005928 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Each year due to the ever-evolving nature of influenza, new influenza vaccines must be produced to provide protection against the influenza viruses in circulation. Currently, there are two mainstream strategies to generate seasonal influenza vaccines: inactivated and live-attenuated. Inactivated vaccines are non-replicating forms of whole influenza virus, while live-attenuated vaccines are viruses modified to be replication impaired. Although it is widely believed that by inducing both mucosal and humoral immune responses the live-attenuated vaccine provides better protection than that of the inactivated vaccine, there are large populations of individuals who cannot safely receive the LAIV vaccine. Thus, safer LAIV vaccines are needed to provide adequate protection to these populations. Improvement is also needed in the area of vaccine production. Current strategies relying on traditional tissue culture-based and egg-based methods are slow and delay production time. This chapter describes experimental vaccine generation and production strategies that address the deficiencies in current methods for potential human and agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Finch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College Park and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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25
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Fonseca W, Ozawa M, Hatta M, Orozco E, Martínez MB, Kawaoka Y. A recombinant influenza virus vaccine expressing the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1067-77. [PMID: 24292020 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) rank high among the most common human respiratory diseases worldwide. Previously, we developed a replication-incompetent influenza virus by replacing the coding sequence of the PB2 gene, which encodes one of the viral RNA polymerase subunits, with that of a reporter gene. Here, we generated a PB2-knockout recombinant influenza virus expressing the F protein of RSV (PB2-RSVF virus) and tested its potential as a bivalent vaccine. In mice intranasally immunized with the PB2-RSVF virus, we detected high levels of antibodies against influenza virus, but not RSV. PB2-RSVF virus-immunized mice were protected from a lethal challenge with influenza virus but experienced severe body weight loss when challenged with RSV, indicating that PB2-RSVF vaccination enhanced RSV-associated disease. These results highlight one of the difficulties of developing an effective bivalent vaccine against influenza virus and RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico
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A replication-incompetent influenza virus bearing the HN glycoprotein of human parainfluenza virus as a bivalent vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:6239-46. [PMID: 24144478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus and human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) are major etiologic agents of acute respiratory illness in young children. Inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines are approved in several countries, yet no vaccine is licensed for HPIV. We previously showed that a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) virus that possesses a reporter gene in the coding region of the PB2 segment can serve as a platform for a bivalent vaccine. To develop a bivalent vaccine against influenza and parainfluenza virus, here, we generated a PB2-KO virus possessing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of HPIV type 3 (HPIV3), a major surface antigen of HPIV, in its PB2 segment. We confirmed that this virus replicated only in PB2-expressing cells and expressed HN. We then examined the efficacy of this virus as a bivalent vaccine in a hamster model. High levels of virus-specific IgG antibodies in sera and IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids against both influenza virus and HPIV3 were detected from hamsters immunized with this virus. The neutralizing capability of these serum antibodies was also confirmed. Moreover, the immunized hamsters were completely protected from virus challenge with influenza virus or HPIV3. These results indicate that PB2-KO virus expressing the HN of HPIV3 has the potential to be a novel bivalent vaccine against influenza and human parainfluenza viruses.
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A novel bivalent vaccine based on a PB2-knockout influenza virus protects mice from pandemic H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 virus challenges. J Virol 2013; 87:7874-81. [PMID: 23658445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00076-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective means to protect against influenza virus. Although inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines are currently available, each vaccine has disadvantages (e.g., immunogenicity and safety issues). To overcome these problems, we previously developed a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus that replicates only in PB2 protein-expressing cells. Here, we generated two PB2-KO viruses whose PB2-coding regions were replaced with the HA genes of either A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm09) or A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1). The resultant viruses comparably, or in some cases more efficiently, induced virus-specific antibodies in the serum, nasal wash, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice relative to a conventional formalin-inactivated vaccine. Furthermore, mice immunized with these PB2-KO viruses were protected from lethal challenges with not only the backbone virus strain but also strains from which their foreign HAs originated, indicating that PB2-KO viruses with antigenically different HAs could serve as bivalent influenza vaccines.
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Tang DCC. Perspectives on replication-incompetent nasal influenza virus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:907-9. [PMID: 23002971 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an emerging as well as resurging contagious disease with a worldwide impact on public health. Although broad administration of the licensed influenza virus (IFV) vaccines has mitigated the disease in many countries over the years, there are intrinsic problems associated with them. The study under evaluation reports that a novel PB2-knockout nonreplicating nasal IFV vaccine has been generated with the capacity to confer protection of mice against live IFV challenges. Moreover, an exogenous gene expressed from the bioengineered PB2-knockout IFV could elicit an immune response against the exogenous protein, showing its potential to deliver transgenes as a vector. The risk-benefit ratio of this new influenza vaccine vector is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-chu C Tang
- Vaxin Inc., 1163 Riverchase Parkway West, Birmingham, AL 35244, USA.
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Zheng D, Yi Y, Chen Z. Development of live-attenuated influenza vaccines against outbreaks of H5N1 influenza. Viruses 2012; 4:3589-605. [PMID: 23223214 PMCID: PMC3528281 DOI: 10.3390/v4123589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several global outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus have increased the urgency of developing effective and safe vaccines against H5N1. Compared with H5N1 inactivated vaccines used widely, H5N1 live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have advantages in vaccine efficacy, dose-saving formula, long-lasting effect, ease of administration and some cross-protective immunity. Furthermore, H5N1 LAIVs induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, especially including improved IgA production at the mucosa. The current trend of H5N1 LAIVs development is toward cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive or replication-defective vaccines, and moreover, H5N1 LAIVs plus mucosal adjuvants are promising candidates. This review provides an update on the advantages and development of H5N1 live-attenuated influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, 1262 YanAn Road(w), 200052, Shanghai, China; E-Mails: (D.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yinglei Yi
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, 1262 YanAn Road(w), 200052, Shanghai, China; E-Mails: (D.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, 1262 YanAn Road(w), 200052, Shanghai, China; E-Mails: (D.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha Yuelushan 410081, Hunan, China
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