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Artiaga BL, Madden D, Kwon T, McDowell C, Keating C, Balaraman V, de Carvahlo Madrid DM, Touchard L, Henningson J, Meade P, Krammer F, Morozov I, Richt JA, Driver JP. Adjuvant Use of the Invariant-Natural-Killer-T-Cell Agonist α-Galactosylceramide Leads to Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Respiratory Disease in Influenza-Vaccinated Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1068. [PMID: 39340098 PMCID: PMC11435877 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are glycolipid-reactive T cells with potent immunoregulatory properties. iNKT cells activated with the marine-sponge-derived glycolipid, α-galactosylceramide (αGC), provide a universal source of T-cell help that has shown considerable promise for a wide array of therapeutic applications. This includes harnessing iNKT-cell-mediated immune responses to adjuvant whole inactivated influenza virus (WIV) vaccines. An important concern with WIV vaccines is that under certain circumstances, they are capable of triggering vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). This immunopathological phenomenon can arise after immunization with an oil-in-water (OIW) adjuvanted WIV vaccine, followed by infection with a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase mismatched challenge virus. This elicits antibodies (Abs) that bind immunodominant epitopes in the HA2 region of the heterologous virus, which purportedly causes enhanced virus fusion activity to the host cell and increased infection. Here, we show that αGC can induce severe VAERD in pigs. However, instead of stimulating high concentrations of HA2 Abs, αGC elicits high concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells both in the lungs and systemically. Additionally, we found that VAERD mediated by iNKT cells results in distinct cytokine profiles and altered adaptation of the challenge virus following infection compared to an OIW adjuvant. Overall, these results provide a cautionary note about considering the formulation of WIV vaccines with iNKT-cell agonists as a potential strategy to modulate antigen-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca L Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chester McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cassidy Keating
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Darling Melany de Carvahlo Madrid
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Laurie Touchard
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Philip Meade
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - John P Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Edgar JE, Bournazos S. Fc-FcγR interactions during infections: From neutralizing antibodies to antibody-dependent enhancement. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39268652 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Advances in antibody technologies have resulted in the development of potent antibody-based therapeutics with proven clinical efficacy against infectious diseases. Several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), mainly against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, Ebola virus, influenza virus, and hepatitis B virus, are currently undergoing clinical testing or are already in use. Although these mAbs exhibit potent neutralizing activity that effectively blocks host cell infection, their antiviral activity results not only from Fab-mediated virus neutralization, but also from the protective effector functions mediated through the interaction of their Fc domains with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on effector leukocytes. Fc-FcγR interactions confer pleiotropic protective activities, including the clearance of opsonized virions and infected cells, as well as the induction of antiviral T-cell responses. However, excessive or inappropriate activation of specific FcγR pathways can lead to disease enhancement and exacerbated pathology, as seen in the context of dengue virus infections. A comprehensive understanding of the diversity of Fc effector functions during infection has guided the development of engineered antiviral antibodies optimized for maximal effector activity, as well as the design of targeted therapeutic approaches to prevent antibody-dependent enhancement of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Edgar
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Respiratory Disease following Influenza Virus Infection in Ferrets Recapitulates the Model in Pigs. J Virol 2022; 96:e0172521. [PMID: 34985999 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01725-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes respiratory disease in swine and humans. Vaccines are used to prevent influenza illness in both populations but must be frequently updated due to rapidly evolving strains. Mismatch between the circulating strains and the strains contained in vaccines may cause loss of efficacy. Whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines with adjuvant, utilized by the swine industry, are effective against antigenically similar viruses; however, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) may happen when the WIV is antigenically mismatched with the infecting virus. VAERD is a repeatable model in pigs, but had yet to be experimentally demonstrated in other mammalian species. We recapitulated VAERD in ferrets, a standard benchmark animal model for studying human influenza infection, in a direct comparison to VAERD in pigs. Both species were vaccinated with WIV with oil-in-water adjuvant containing a δ-1 H1N2 (1B.2.2) derived from the pre-2009 human seasonal lineage, then challenged with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09, 1A.3.3.2) 5 weeks after vaccination. Nonvaccinated and challenged groups showed typical signs of influenza disease, but the mismatched vaccinated and challenged pigs and ferrets showed elevated clinical signs, despite similar viral loads. VAERD-affected pigs exhibited a 2-fold increase in lung lesions, while VAERD-affected ferrets showed a 4-fold increase. Similar to pigs, antibodies from VAERD-affected ferrets preferentially bound to the HA2 domain of the H1N1pdm09 challenge strain. These results indicate that VAERD is not limited to pigs, as demonstrated here in ferrets, and the need to consider VAERD when evaluating new vaccine platforms and strategies. IMPORTANCE We demonstrated the susceptibility of ferrets, a laboratory model species for human influenza A virus research, to vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) using an experimental model previously demonstrated in pigs. Ferrets developed clinical characteristics of VAERD very similar to that in pigs. The hemagglutinin (HA) stalk is a potential vaccine target to develop more efficacious, broadly reactive influenza vaccine platforms and strategies. However, non-neutralizing antibodies directed toward a conserved epitope on the HA stalk induced by an oil-in-water, adjuvanted, whole influenza virus vaccine were previously shown in VAERD-affected pigs and were also identified here in VAERD-affected ferrets. The induction of VAERD in ferrets highlights the potential risk of mismatched influenza vaccines for humans and the need to consider VAERD when designing and evaluating vaccine strategies.
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Ajmeriya S, Kumar A, Karmakar S, Rana S, Singh H. Neutralizing Antibodies and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in COVID-19: A Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:671-687. [PMID: 35136306 PMCID: PMC8814804 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an alternative route of viral entry in the susceptible host cell. In this process, antiviral antibodies enhance the entry access of virus in the cells via interaction with the complement or Fc receptors leading to the worsening of infection. SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a general concern for the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies that may fail to neutralize infection, raising the possibility of a more severe form of COVID-19. Data from various studies on respiratory viruses raise the speculation that antibodies elicited against SARS-CoV-2 and during COVID-19 recovery could potentially exacerbate the infection through ADE at sub-neutralizing concentrations; this may contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to study the effectiveness of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19-infected subjects. Theoretically, ADE remains a general concern for the efficacy of antibodies elicited during infection, most notably in convalescent plasma therapy and in response to vaccines where it could be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ajmeriya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, Room no 3020, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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Bournazos S, Gupta A, Ravetch JV. The role of IgG Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:633-643. [PMID: 32782358 PMCID: PMC7418887 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a mechanism by which the pathogenesis of certain viral infections is enhanced in the presence of sub-neutralizing or cross-reactive non-neutralizing antiviral antibodies. In vitro modelling of ADE has attributed enhanced pathogenesis to Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated viral entry, rather than canonical viral receptor-mediated entry. However, the putative FcγR-dependent mechanisms of ADE overlap with the role of these receptors in mediating antiviral protection in various viral infections, necessitating a detailed understanding of how this diverse family of receptors functions in protection and pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the diversity of immune responses mediated upon FcγR engagement and review the available experimental evidence supporting the role of FcγRs in antiviral protection and pathogenesis through ADE. We explore FcγR engagement in the context of a range of different viral infections, including dengue virus and SARS-CoV, and consider ADE in the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has been described as a mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection. Limited evidence also suggests that it can also occur in other viral infections. Here, the authors explore the history of the ADE phenomenon, discuss the diversity of Fc effector functions and consider its potential relevance in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Smatti MK, Al Thani AA, Yassine HM. Viral-Induced Enhanced Disease Illness. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2991. [PMID: 30568643 PMCID: PMC6290032 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune responses to viral infections is crucial to progress in the quest for effective infection prevention and control. The host immunity involves various mechanisms to combat viral infections. Under certain circumstances, a viral infection or vaccination may result in a subverted immune system, which may lead to an exacerbated illness. Clinical evidence of enhanced illness by preexisting antibodies from vaccination, infection or maternal passive immunity is available for several viruses and is presumptively proposed for other viruses. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. It has been confirmed that certain infection- and/or vaccine-induced immunity could exacerbate viral infectivity in Fc receptor- or complement bearing cells- mediated mechanisms. Considering that antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) is a major obstacle in vaccine development, there are continues efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms through identification of the epitopes and antibodies responsible for disease enhancement or protection. This review discusses the recent findings on virally induced ADE, and highlights the potential mechanisms leading to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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9
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Ramakrishnan B, Viswanathan K, Tharakaraman K, Dančík V, Raman R, Babcock GJ, Shriver Z, Sasisekharan R. A Structural and Mathematical Modeling Analysis of the Likelihood of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in Influenza. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:933-943. [PMID: 27751627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) for viral infections, such as HIV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza, are increasingly entering clinical development. For influenza, most neutralizing antibodies target influenza virus hemagglutinin. These bNAbs represent an emerging, promising modality for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza due to their multiple mechanisms of antiviral action and generally safe profile. Preclinical work in other viral diseases, such as dengue, has demonstrated the potential for antibody-based therapies to enhance viral uptake, leading to enhanced viremia and worsening of disease. This phenomenon is referred to as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). In the context of influenza, ADE has been used to explain several preclinical and clinical phenomena. Using structural and viral kinetics modeling, we assess the role of ADE in the treatment of influenza with a bNAb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kannan Tharakaraman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA
| | - Gregory J Babcock
- Visterra, Inc. One Kendall Square, Suite B3301, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zachary Shriver
- Visterra, Inc. One Kendall Square, Suite B3301, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA.
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Ayala-Nunez NV, Hoornweg TE, van de Pol DPI, Sjollema KA, Flipse J, van der Schaar HM, Smit JM. How antibodies alter the cell entry pathway of dengue virus particles in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28768. [PMID: 27385443 PMCID: PMC4935958 DOI: 10.1038/srep28768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus (DENV) infection plays an important role in the exacerbation of DENV-induced disease. To understand how antibodies influence the fate of DENV particles, we explored the cell entry pathway of DENV in the absence and presence of antibodies in macrophage-like P388D1 cells. Recent studies unraveled that both mature and immature DENV particles contribute to ADE, hence, both particles were studied. We observed that antibody-opsonized DENV enters P388D1 cells through a different pathway than non-opsonized DENV. Antibody-mediated DENV entry was dependent on FcγRs, pH, Eps15, dynamin, actin, PI3K, Rab5, and Rab7. In the absence of antibodies, DENV cell entry was FcγR, PI3K, and Rab5-independent. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled particles revealed that actin-mediated membrane protrusions facilitate virus uptake. In fact, actin protrusions were found to actively search and capture antibody-bound virus particles distantly located from the cell body, a phenomenon that is not observed in the absence of antibodies. Overall, similar results were seen for antibody-opsonized standard and antibody-bound immature DENV preparations, indicating that the maturation status of the virus does not control the entry pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that antibodies alter the cell entry pathway of DENV and trigger a novel mechanism of initial virus-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda V Ayala-Nunez
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tabitha E Hoornweg
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise P I van de Pol
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas A Sjollema
- Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacky Flipse
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M van der Schaar
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases &Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Dengue tropism for macrophages and dendritic cells: the host cell effect. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1531-1536. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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12
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Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, da Silva Voorham JM, Torres S, van de Pol D, Smit JM. Antibodies against immature virions are not a discriminating factor for dengue disease severity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003564. [PMID: 25760350 PMCID: PMC4356584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity plays an important role in controlling dengue virus (DENV) infection. Antibodies (Abs) developed during primary infection protect against subsequent infection with the same dengue serotype, but can enhance disease following secondary infection with a heterologous serotype. A DENV virion has two surface proteins, envelope protein E and (pre)-membrane protein (pr)M, and inefficient cleavage of the prM protein during maturation of progeny virions leads to the secretion of immature and partially immature particles. Interestingly, we and others found that historically regarded non-infectious prM-containing DENV particles can become highly infectious in the presence of E- and prM-Abs. Accordingly, we hypothesized that these virions contribute to the exacerbation of disease during secondary infection. Here, we tested this hypothesis and investigated the ability of acute sera of 30 DENV2-infected patients with different grades of disease severity, to bind, neutralize and/or enhance immature DENV2. We found that a significant fraction of serum Abs bind to the prM protein and to immature virions, but we observed no significant difference between the disease severity groups. Furthermore, functional analysis of the Abs did not underscore any specific correlation between the neutralizing/enhancing activity towards immature DENV2 and the development of more severe disease. Based on our analysis of acute sera, we conclude that Abs binding to immature virions are not a discriminating factor in dengue pathogenesis. The four serotypes of the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) cause an estimated 390 million human infections per annum. Symptomatic infection can manifest itself as a self-limiting febrile illness, dengue fever (DF), or as more severe and potentially life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Severe disease development is usually associated with the presence of pre-existing Abs that enhance DENV infection rather than neutralize it. Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection is believed to contribute to high viral loads that prelude the development of severe disease. Indeed, Abs binding to the DENV surface glycoproteins E and prM are known to enhance infection. Here, we studied the role of prM Abs and prM-containing immature virions in the pathogenesis of severe disease. We analyzed the ability of acute sera of DF, DHF and DSS patients to bind, neutralize and/or enhance immature DENV infection. We found that a significant fraction of Abs bind to prM protein of DENV2; however, there was no difference between the disease severity groups. Moreover, we did not observed any specific correlation between the neutralizing/enhancing activity towards immature DENV2 and disease presentation. Based on these data we inferred that prM Abs and immature virions are not a discriminating factor in dengue pathogenesis. These findings are important for the understanding of dengue pathogenesis and the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela A. Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Júlia M. da Silva Voorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Torres
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise van de Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Skowronski DM, Hamelin ME, De Serres G, Janjua NZ, Li G, Sabaiduc S, Bouhy X, Couture C, Leung A, Kobasa D, Embury-Hyatt C, de Bruin E, Balshaw R, Lavigne S, Petric M, Koopmans M, Boivin G. Randomized controlled ferret study to assess the direct impact of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine on A(H1N1)pdm09 disease risk. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86555. [PMID: 24475142 PMCID: PMC3903544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During spring-summer 2009, several observational studies from Canada showed increased risk of medically-attended, laboratory-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 illness among prior recipients of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). Explanatory hypotheses included direct and indirect vaccine effects. In a randomized placebo-controlled ferret study, we tested whether prior receipt of 2008-09 TIV may have directly influenced A(H1N1)pdm09 illness. Thirty-two ferrets (16/group) received 0.5 mL intra-muscular injections of the Canadian-manufactured, commercially-available, non-adjuvanted, split 2008-09 Fluviral or PBS placebo on days 0 and 28. On day 49 all animals were challenged (Ch0) with A(H1N1)pdm09. Four ferrets per group were randomly selected for sacrifice at day 5 post-challenge (Ch+5) and the rest followed until Ch+14. Sera were tested for antibody to vaccine antigens and A(H1N1)pdm09 by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN), nucleoprotein-based ELISA and HA1-based microarray assays. Clinical characteristics and nasal virus titers were recorded pre-challenge then post-challenge until sacrifice when lung virus titers, cytokines and inflammatory scores were determined. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups of influenza-naïve animals. Antibody rise to vaccine antigens was evident by ELISA and HA1-based microarray but not by HI or MN assays; virus challenge raised antibody to A(H1N1)pdm09 by all assays in both groups. Beginning at Ch+2, vaccinated animals experienced greater loss of appetite and weight than placebo animals, reaching the greatest between-group difference in weight loss relative to baseline at Ch+5 (7.4% vs. 5.2%; p = 0.01). At Ch+5 vaccinated animals had higher lung virus titers (log-mean 4.96 vs. 4.23pfu/mL, respectively; p = 0.01), lung inflammatory scores (5.8 vs. 2.1, respectively; p = 0.051) and cytokine levels (p>0.05). At Ch+14, both groups had recovered. Findings in influenza-naïve, systematically-infected ferrets may not replicate the human experience. While they cannot be considered conclusive to explain human observations, these ferret findings are consistent with direct, adverse effect of prior 2008-09 TIV receipt on A(H1N1)pdm09 illness. As such, they warrant further in-depth investigation and search for possible mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M. Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Hamelin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec [National Institute of Health of Québec], Québec, Canada
| | - Naveed Z. Janjua
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guiyun Li
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suzana Sabaiduc
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xavier Bouhy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIDC), Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) [National Institute of Public Health and the Environment], Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Balshaw
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Petric
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIDC), Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) [National Institute of Public Health and the Environment], Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
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14
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Henke A, Jarasch N, Wutzler P. Coxsackievirus B3 vaccines: use as an expression vector for prevention of myocarditis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1557-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.10.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Ayala-Nuñez NV, Jarupathirun P, Kaptein SJF, Neyts J, Smit JM. Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection is inhibited by SA-17, a doxorubicin derivative. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:238-45. [PMID: 23994499 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is thought to play a critical role in the exacerbation of dengue virus (DENV)-induced disease during a heterologous re-infection. Despite ADE's clinical impact, only a few antiviral compounds have been assessed for their anti-ADE activity. We reported earlier that SA-17, a doxorubicin derivative, efficiently inhibits the in vitro infection of DENV and yellow fever virus. Here we explored SA-17's mechanism of inhibition and investigated if the compound is active against ADE of DENV infection. Since enhanced infectivity stimulated by antibodies has been observed with standard and immature DENV, both types of virions were included in the study. We observed that SA-17 (i) inhibits DENV infection by preventing binding/entry to the cell and (ii) interferes with antibody-mediated infection of both standard and immature DENV2. SA-17 markedly reduced the infectivity of DENV2 in ADE conditions, with IC50s ranging from 0.26 to 2.89μM. The compound exerted its activity when added before, during, and after antibody-opsonization of standard and immature virus. Thus, molecules with the characteristics of SA-17 may be attractive antiviral agents since they can be used both to block DENV2 entry during primary and secondary infection and to inhibit ADE of standard and immature virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda V Ayala-Nuñez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Chen IC, Wang SM, Yu CK, Liu CC. Subneutralizing antibodies to enterovirus 71 induce antibody-dependent enhancement of infection in newborn mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 202:259-65. [PMID: 23408291 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of virus infections can be induced by subneutralizing concentrations of specific antibodies. We recently demonstrated ADE in human monocytes infected with enterovirus 71 (EV71). The current study was designed to extend these observations by determining the effect of ADE on the pathogenesis of EV71 infection in newborn mice. We compared the clinical manifestations, mortality, virus titer, histopathology, and serum levels of cytokines and chemokines in newborn mice pretreated with subneutralizing antibodies to EV71 or normal mouse IgG with and without virus. Seven-day-old ICR mice were pretreated with a wide range of mouse anti-EV71 IgG 24 h prior to intraperitoneal injection of EV71. Mice were protected from infection by neutralizing doses of anti-EV71 IgG ranging from 6.43 × 10⁻¹ to 329.6 μg/ml. Subneutralizing doses ranging from 2.01 × 10⁻² to 3.21 × 10⁻¹ μg/ml were found to significantly increase 14-day mortality compared to virus alone. The ADE effect was not evident at lower doses. Histopathological examination of mice given a subneutralizing dose of 8.04 × 10⁻² μg/ml revealed extensive neuronal and muscular damage compared to untreated infected controls. Higher serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were noted in mice pretreated with subneutralizing doses than untreated infected controls. These findings support the concept that subneutralizing antibodies directed enhance EV71 induce ADE in newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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17
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da Silva Voorham JM, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Ayala Nuñez NV, Colpitts TM, van der Ende-Metselaar H, Fikrig E, Diamond MS, Wilschut J, Smit JM. Antibodies against the envelope glycoprotein promote infectivity of immature dengue virus serotype 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29957. [PMID: 22431958 PMCID: PMC3303773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive dengue virus (DENV) antibodies directed against the envelope (E) and precursor membrane (prM) proteins are believed to contribute to the development of severe dengue disease by facilitating antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. We and others recently demonstrated that anti-prM antibodies render essentially non-infectious immature DENV infectious in Fcγ-receptor-expressing cells. Immature DENV particles are abundantly present in standard (st) virus preparations due to inefficient processing of prM to M during virus maturation. Structural analysis has revealed that the E protein is exposed in immature particles and this prompted us to investigate whether antibodies to E render immature particles infectious. To this end, we analyzed the enhancing properties of 27 anti-E antibodies directed against distinct structural domains. Of these, 23 bound to immature particles, and 15 enhanced infectivity of immature DENV in a furin-dependent manner. The significance of these findings was subsequently tested in vivo using the well-established West Nile virus (WNV) mouse model. Remarkably, mice injected with immature WNV opsonized with anti-E mAbs or immune serum produced a lethal infection in a dose-dependent manner, whereas in the absence of antibody immature WNV virions caused no morbidity or mortality. Furthermore, enhancement infection studies with standard (st) DENV preparations opsonized with anti-E mAbs in the presence or absence of furin inhibitor revealed that prM-containing particles present within st virus preparations contribute to antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. Taken together, our results support the notion that antibodies against the structural proteins prM and E both can promote pathogenesis by enhancing infectivity of prM-containing immature and partially mature flavivirus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia M. da Silva Voorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Izabela A. Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nilda Vanesa Ayala Nuñez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tonya M. Colpitts
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Heidi van der Ende-Metselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jan Wilschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Londrigan SL, Tate MD, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Cell-surface receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells for attachment and entry of influenza virus. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 92:97-106. [PMID: 22124137 PMCID: PMC7166464 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Review of interactions between influenza A virus and C‐type lectin receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells that may result in virus entry and infection. Airway MΦ and DCs are important components of innate host defense and can play a critical role in limiting the severity of influenza virus infection. Although it has been well established that cell‐surface SA acts as a primary attachment receptor for IAV, the particular receptor(s) or coreceptor(s) that mediate IAV entry into any cell, including MΦ and DC, have not been clearly defined. Identifying which receptors are involved in attachment and entry of IAV into immune cells may have important implications in regard to understanding IAV tropism and pathogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that specialized receptors on MΦ and DCs, namely CLRs, can act as capture and/or entry receptors for many viral pathogens, including IAV. Herein, we review the early stages of infection of MΦ and DC by IAV. Specifically, we examine the potential role of CLRs expressed on MΦ and DC to act as attachment and/or entry receptors for IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Londrigan
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Tate MD, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Correlation between sialic acid expression and infection of murine macrophages by different strains of influenza virus. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:202-7. [PMID: 20974275 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mouse-adapted A/PR/8/34 (PR8; H1N1) virus infects airway macrophages poorly and is virulent in mice. Herein, we have investigated factors contributing to the ability of PR8 to evade murine macrophages. We demonstrate that the hemagglutinin of PR8 binds preferentially to α(2,3)-linked sialic acid (SA) and that murine macrophages express α(2,6)-linked SA. Moreover, resialylation of macrophages to express α(2,3)-linked SA restored susceptibility to PR8. Thus, during adaptation of human influenza viruses to growth in mice, a switch in receptor specificity from α(2,6)-linked SA to α(2,3)-linked SA is likely to favour evasion of attachment, entry and destruction by airway macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Tate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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20
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Enterovirus 71 infection of monocytes with antibody-dependent enhancement. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1517-23. [PMID: 20685937 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00108-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) is an RNA virus that has circulated with different serotypes and genotypes worldwide. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major neurotropic virus that causes severe brain stem encephalitis (BE) in infants and young children. The most vulnerable age for fatal infection is 6 to 11 months. This is associated with the coincident decline in maternal antibodies. The current report describes our finding that EV71 can infect human peripheral blood monocytes. We were able to show that EV71 infection is enhanced in the monocytic cell line THP-1 by the presence of subneutralizing concentrations of anti-EV71 antibodies. We also found that antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is mediated in part by Fcγ receptors. These observations support the concept that ADE augments the infectivity of EV71 for human monocytes and contributes to the age-dependent pathogenesis of EV71-induced disease. The ADE phenomenon must be considered during the development of an EV71 vaccine.
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21
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Kobinger GP, Meunier I, Patel A, Pillet S, Gren J, Stebner S, Leung A, Neufeld JL, Kobasa D, von Messling V. Assessment of the efficacy of commercially available and candidate vaccines against a pandemic H1N1 2009 virus. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:1000-6. [PMID: 20170374 PMCID: PMC7109664 DOI: 10.1086/651171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The emergence and global spread of the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus have raised questions regarding the protective effect of available seasonal vaccines and the efficacy of a newly produced matched vaccine. Methods. Ferrets were immunized with the 2008–2009 formulations of commercially available live attenuated (FluMist; MedImmune) or split-inactivated (Fluviral; GlaxoSmithKline) vaccines, a commercial swine vaccine (FluSure; Pfizer), or a laboratory-produced matched inactivated whole-virus vaccine (A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009). Adaptive immune responses were monitored, and the animals were challenged with A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009 after 5 weeks. Results. Only animals that received the swine or matched vaccines developed detectable hemagglutination- inhibiting antibodies against the challenge virus, whereas a T cell response was exclusively detected in animals vaccinated with FluMist. After challenge, all animals had high levels of virus replication in the upper respiratory tract. However, preexisting anti—pandemic H1N1 2009 antibodies resulted in reduced clinical signs and improved survival. Surprisingly, FluMist was associated with a slight increase in mortality and greater lung damage, which correlated with early up-regulation of interleukin-10. Conclusions. The present study demonstrates that a single dose of matched inactivated vaccine confers partial protection against a pandemic H1N1 2009 virus, and it suggests that a higher dose or prime-boost regimen may be required. The consequences of mismatched immunity to influenza merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.
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22
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Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Crowcroft NS, Janjua NZ, Boulianne N, Hottes TS, Rosella LC, Dickinson JA, Gilca R, Sethi P, Ouhoummane N, Willison DJ, Rouleau I, Petric M, Fonseca K, Drews SJ, Rebbapragada A, Charest H, Hamelin ME, Boivin G, Gardy JL, Li Y, Kwindt TL, Patrick DM, Brunham RC. Association between the 2008-09 seasonal influenza vaccine and pandemic H1N1 illness during Spring-Summer 2009: four observational studies from Canada. PLoS Med 2010; 7:e1000258. [PMID: 20386731 PMCID: PMC2850386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In late spring 2009, concern was raised in Canada that prior vaccination with the 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) was associated with increased risk of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) illness. Several epidemiologic investigations were conducted through the summer to assess this putative association. METHODS AND FINDINGS STUDIES INCLUDED (1) test-negative case-control design based on Canada's sentinel vaccine effectiveness monitoring system in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec; (2) conventional case-control design using population controls in Quebec; (3) test-negative case-control design in Ontario; and (4) prospective household transmission (cohort) study in Quebec. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for TIV effect on community- or hospital-based laboratory-confirmed seasonal or pH1N1 influenza cases compared to controls with restriction, stratification, and adjustment for covariates including combinations of age, sex, comorbidity, timeliness of medical visit, prior physician visits, and/or health care worker (HCW) status. For the prospective study risk ratios were computed. Based on the sentinel study of 672 cases and 857 controls, 2008-09 TIV was associated with statistically significant protection against seasonal influenza (odds ratio 0.44, 95% CI 0.33-0.59). In contrast, estimates from the sentinel and three other observational studies, involving a total of 1,226 laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 cases and 1,505 controls, indicated that prior receipt of 2008-09 TIV was associated with increased risk of medically attended pH1N1 illness during the spring-summer 2009, with estimated risk or odds ratios ranging from 1.4 to 2.5. Risk of pH1N1 hospitalization was not further increased among vaccinated people when comparing hospitalized to community cases. CONCLUSIONS Prior receipt of 2008-09 TIV was associated with increased risk of medically attended pH1N1 illness during the spring-summer 2009 in Canada. The occurrence of bias (selection, information) or confounding cannot be ruled out. Further experimental and epidemiological assessment is warranted. Possible biological mechanisms and immunoepidemiologic implications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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23
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Kurokawa M, Watanabe W, Shimizu T, Sawamura R, Shiraki K. Modulation of cytokine production by 7-hydroxycoumarin in vitro and its efficacy against influenza infection in mice. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:373-80. [PMID: 19913056 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC) was effective in reducing proinflammatory cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-exposed macrophage-like P388D1 cells and fever production by suppressing the increase in interleukin (IL)-1alpha production in an influenza virus-intranasal infection model in mice. In this study, we assessed the effects of modulation of cytokine production by 7HC on influenza virus infection in relation to its efficacy in influenza virus-infected mice. 7HC was confirmed to suppress proinflammatory cytokine levels in P388D1 cells due to influenza virus infection. In the murine infection model, oral administration of 7HC (30 mg/kg) was significantly effective in reducing the weight loss of infected mice and virus titers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of lungs and in prolonging survival times without toxicity. The rise of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokine (IL-12 and interferon-gamma) production in the BALF from infected mice was significantly suppressed by 7HC at two and four days post-infection, respectively. This suppression correlated with the reduction of virus titers and diminution of lung consolidation. Because 7HC did not exhibit direct anti-influenza virus activity in vitro, 7HC was suggested to suppress pneumonia in influenza virus-infected mice through suppression of the cytokine production induced by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kurokawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan.
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24
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Burleson GR, Burleson FG. Influenza virus host resistance model. Methods 2007; 41:31-7. [PMID: 17161300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance (HR) models are used to evaluate the effect of a test article on clearance of an infectious microorganism in order to assess total immunocompetence. HR models serve as biomarkers of net immunological health or immunological well-being. Immunotoxicity can result either in an impaired clearance of an infectious agent, increased susceptibility to an opportunistic microorganism, prevention of immunization, or exacerbation of latent viral infections. The purpose of immunotoxicity testing is to obtain data that is meaningful for safety assessment, and for immunosuppression the major objective is to determine the significance with respect to increased susceptibility to infectious disease. Host resistance models provide the only sure method of examining the influence of test articles on the functional integrity of the immune system and its ability to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and tumor cells. They provide the means to directly assess the functional reserve of the immune system. Clearance of influenza virus requires an intact and functional immune system that incorporates a cascade of immune responses. Mechanistic studies can be included in the influenza virus host resistance model by measuring the effect of a test article on innate immunity (cytokine and interferon production, macrophage function, and natural killer (NK) cell function) and acquired or adaptive immunity (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity as well as influenza-specific IgM and/or IgG antibody).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Burleson
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., 120 First Flight Lane, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
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25
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Munakata Y, Kato I, Saito T, Kodera T, Ishii KK, Sasaki T. Human parvovirus B19 infection of monocytic cell line U937 and antibody-dependent enhancement. Virology 2006; 345:251-7. [PMID: 16246390 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 (B19) infects human erythroid lineage cells. Accumulating evidence also shows that B19 is detectable in nonerythroid lineage cells in vivo, but the mechanism of infection is still not clear. In this study, we explored the mode of B19 infection of human monocytic cell line U937. An in vitro infection study demonstrated B19 binding of U937 and slow replication of B19-DNA with B19-NS1 mRNA transcription. B19-DNA replication in U937 was accompanied by undetectable level of B19-VP1 mRNA transcription, indicating that B19 infection of U937 cells may be abortive. Levels of B19-DNA and B19-NS1 mRNA transcription increased in the presence of anti-B19 IgG antibodies, but this effect decreased in the presence of anti-Fc receptor antibodies, showing antibody-dependent enhancement by B19 infection. Antibody-dependent enhancement also caused the increased production of TNFalpha in U937. This study is the first to suggest B19 infection of nonerythroid lineage cells with antibody-dependent enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Munakata
- Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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26
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Mjaaland S, Markussen T, Sindre H, Kjøglum S, Dannevig BH, Larsen S, Grimholt U. Susceptibility and immune responses following experimental infection of MHC compatible Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with different infectious salmon anaemia virus isolates. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2195-216. [PMID: 16012784 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is an aquatic orthomyxovirus causing a multisystemic disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) where disease development, clinical signs, and histopathology vary to a large extent. Here, an experimental trial was designed to determine the effect of variation in viral genes on virus-host interactions, as measured by disease susceptibility and immune responses. The fish were infected using cohabitant transmission, representing a natural route of infection. Variation caused by host factors was minimized using MHC compatible A. salmon half-siblings as experimental fish. Virus isolates were selected according to HE genotype, as European ISAV isolates can be genotyped according to deletion patterns in their hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) surface glycoprotein, and the course of disease they typically induce, classified as acute versus protracted. The different ISAV isolates induced large variations in death prevalence, ranging from 0-47% in the test-group and 3-75% in the cohabitant fish. The use of MHC compatible experimental fish made it possible to determine the relative contribution of humoral versus cellular response in protection against ISA. Ability to induce a strong proliferative response correlated with survival and virus clearance, while induction of a humoral response was less protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mjaaland
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Takada A, Kawaoka Y. Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection: molecular mechanisms and in vivo implications. Rev Med Virol 2004; 13:387-98. [PMID: 14625886 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Besides the common receptor/coreceptor-dependent mechanism of cellular attachment, some viruses rely on antiviral antibodies for their efficient entry into target cells. This mechanism, known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral infection, depends on the cross-linking of complexes of virus-antibody or virus-activated complement components through interaction with cellular molecules such as Fc receptors or complement receptors, leading to enhanced infection of susceptible cells. Recent studies have suggested that additional mechanisms underlie ADE: involvement of complement component C1q and its receptor (Ebola virus), antibody-mediated modulation of the interaction between viral protein and its coreceptor (human immunodeficiency virus) and suppression of cellular antiviral genes by the replication of viruses entering cells via ADE (Ross River virus). Since ADE is exploited by a variety of viruses and has been associated with disease exacerbation, it may have broad relevance to the pathogenesis of viral infection and antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Takada
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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28
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Joseph T, Kibenge MT, Kibenge FSB. Antibody-mediated growth of infectious salmon anaemia virus in macrophage-like fish cell lines. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1701-1710. [PMID: 12810863 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), a pathogen in marine aquaculture, belongs to the genus Isavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. There is limited information on how ISAV interacts with host defences. To study ISAV-antibody interactions, virus neutralization (VN) assays were performed in the cell lines CHSE-214, SHK-1 and TO using three strains of ISAV and rabbit or fish anti-ISAV sera. Homologous VN titres of >1 : 1280 in CHSE-214 cells corresponded to titres of only 1 : 80 in the macrophage-like fish cell lines SHK-1 and TO, despite using 1000 and 2000 times less virus, respectively. However, rabbit antiserum to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) had a VN titre of 1 : 10,260 against IPNV in both CHSE-214 and TO cells. Poor ISAV neutralization in TO cells was attributed to Fc receptors mediating virus infectivity, because (1) neutralization by rabbit antiserum to ISAV was increased 48-fold in the presence of staphylococcal Protein A and (2) when using FITC-labelled virus and spectrofluorometry, a significant increase (P=0.018) in the intensity of fluorescence of intracellular virus was observed in assays of virus-antiserum mixtures in the absence of Protein A as compared to those in the presence of Protein A. Neutralization of ISAV with fish antisera was observed only in CHSE-214 cells, as Protein A could not restore neutralization in TO cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time antibody-mediated infection of macrophage-like fish cell lines by a fish virus, ISAV, and, as ISAV in Atlantic salmon targets leukocytic and endothelial cells, this may have implications for ISA pathogenesis and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomy Joseph
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Molly T Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Frederick S B Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
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29
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Abstract
In general, virus-specific antibodies are considered antiviral and play an important role in the control of virus infections in a number of ways. However, in some instances, the presence of specific antibodies can be beneficial to the virus. This activity is known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of virus infection. The ADE of virus infection is a phenomenon in which virus-specific antibodies enhance the entry of virus, and in some cases the replication of virus, into monocytes/macrophages and granulocytic cells through interaction with Fc and/or complement receptors. This phenomenon has been reported in vitro and in vivo for viruses representing numerous families and genera of public health and veterinary importance. These viruses share some common features such as preferential replication in macrophages, ability to establish persistence, and antigenic diversity. For some viruses, ADE of infection has become a great concern to disease control by vaccination. Consequently, numerous approaches have been made to the development of vaccines with minimum or no risk for ADE. Identification of viral epitopes associated with ADE or neutralization is important for this purpose. In addition, clear understanding of the cellular events after virus entry through ADE has become crucial for developing efficient intervention. However, the mechanisms of ADE still remain to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol M Cancel Tirado
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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30
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Imanishi N, Tuji Y, Katada Y, Maruhashi M, Konosu S, Mantani N, Terasawa K, Ochiai H. Additional inhibitory effect of tea extract on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 46:491-4. [PMID: 12222936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that green-tea extract (GTE) inhibits the growth of influenza virus by preventing its adsorption. In this study, we further investigated whether GTE exerts an additional inhibitory effect on the acidification of intracellular compartments such as endosomes and lysosomes (referred to as ELS) and thereby inhibits the growth of influenza A and B viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The vital fluorescence microscopic study showed that GTE inhibited acidification of ELS in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the growth of influenza A and B viruses was equally inhibited when the cells were treated with GTE within as early as 5 to 15 min after infection, depending on the virus strains. The fact that (-)epigallocatechin (EGC), one of major catechin molecules in GTE, exerts the inhibitory effects on the acidification of ELS and virus growth in a manner similar to that of GTE strongly suggests that EGC is one of the active components in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Imanishi
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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31
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Kishimoto C, Kurokawa M, Ochiai H. Antibody-mediated immune enhancement in coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:1227-38. [PMID: 12392896 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2002.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the contribution of antibody-mediated immune enhancement in coxsackievirus B3(CB3) infection. Murine macrophage-like P388D1 cells were exposed to various concentrations of anti-CB3 immunoglobulin G (anti-CB3 IgG) or the Fab fragment of anti-CB3 IgG, and were infected with CB3 in Experiment I. High concentrations of anti-CB3 IgG showed a virus-neutralizing activity; however, a subneutralizing antibody concentration of IgG significantly enhanced virus replication. This infectious enhancement was blocked not only by the pretreatment of heat-aggregated gamma-globulin but by a specific Fc receptor (Fc gamma III/II receptor) antibody treatment. In contrast, the Fab fragment of anti-CB3 IgG did not enhance CB3 infection, but showed a rational neutralizing activity to CB3. These findings suggest the presence of Fc receptor mediated enhancement of CB3 infection in vitro. In Experiment II, C(3)H/He mice were inoculated with various amounts of an amyocarditic variant of CB3 followed 15 days later by myocarditic CB3. By this rechallenge, myocarditis was not induced in the mice with high neutralizing antibody titers. There was an inverse relationship between preexisting neutralizing antibody titers and the severity of myocarditis. The severity of myocarditis and myocardial CB3 titers, however, were markedly enhanced in the mice with a subneutralizing level of immunity compared to those with no immunity. The distribution of myocardial Fc receptor-bearing cells and serum macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels paralleled the severity of myocarditis. By another virus rechallenge in Experiment III, enhanced infection of CB3 was not observed in vivo. These findings suggest that antibody-mediated immune enhancement might be involved in the pathogenesis of CB3 myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Kishimoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-01, Japan.
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32
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Flores EF, Risatti GR, Donis RO. Expression of the mouse Fc receptor B2 in bovine cells rescues the infectivity of conditionally neutralized bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2002; 85:99-109. [PMID: 11844617 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the infectivity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) particles opsonized with monoclonal antibodies on bovine cells expressing the murine Fcgamma receptor B2 (FcgammaRB2). Incubation of BVDV with each of five monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to the envelope glycoprotein E2 led to efficient virus-neutralization, as evidenced by the failure to infect standard bovine testicle cells. In contrast, inoculation of four of these Mab-virus complexes onto transfectant bovine testicle cells expressing FcgammaRB2 resulted in a significant rescue of virus infectivity. Mab-virus complexes were 13.1, 7.37, 5.56 and 4.49 times more infectious for FcgammaR-expressing cells than for cells lacking FcgammaR. Because Mab-opsonized BVDV virion complexes uninfectious for standard cells may initiate productive infection in cells expressing the FcgammaR, the virion-Mab interaction should be described as a conditional neutralization. Interestingly, the infectivity of BVDV complexed with a specific virus neutralizing Mab (10f9) could not be rescued in FcgammaRB2-expressing cells. We postulate that attachment of antibody-virus complexes to FcR may only result in productive infection if the binding of antibody to virions does not interfere with post-attachment entry functions. Conditionally neutralized virions may play a role in the pathogenesis of any of the multiple diseases resulting from BVDV infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Flores
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA.
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33
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Reading PC, Miller JL, Anders EM. Involvement of the mannose receptor in infection of macrophages by influenza virus. J Virol 2000; 74:5190-7. [PMID: 10799594 PMCID: PMC110872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5190-5197.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses A/PR/8/34 (PR8; H1N1), A/Aichi/68 X-31 (HKx31; H3N2), and A/Beijing/89 X-109 (BJx109; H3N2) show marked differences in their ability to infect murine macrophages, including resident alveolar and peritoneal macrophages as well as the macrophage-derived cell line J774. The hierarchy in infectivity of the viruses (PR8 < HKx31 < BJx109) resembles that of their reactivity with mannose-binding lectins of the collectin family. Since the macrophage mannose receptor recognizes the same spectrum of monosaccharides as the collectins do, we investigated the possible involvement of this receptor in infection of macrophages by influenza virus. In competitive binding studies, the binding of (125)I-labeled mannosylated bovine serum albumin to macrophages was inhibited by the purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HANA) glycoproteins of influenza virus but not by HANA that had been treated with periodate to oxidize its oligosaccharide side chains. The inhibitory activity of HANA from the three strains of virus differed markedly and correlated with the infectivity of each virus for macrophages. Infection of macrophages, but not MDCK cells, by influenza virus was inhibited by yeast mannan. A variant line of J774 cells, J774E, which expresses elevated levels of the mannose receptor, was more readily infected than J774, and the sensitivity of J774E cells to infection was greatly reduced by culture in the presence of D-mannose, which down-modulated mannose receptor expression. Together, the data implicate the mannose receptor as a major endocytic receptor in the infectious entry of influenza virus, and perhaps other enveloped viruses, into murine macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Dogs
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/metabolism
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Mannans/metabolism
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism
- Neuraminidase/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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34
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Sakai S, Kawamata H, Mantani N, Kogure T, Shimada Y, Terasawa K, Sakai T, Imanishi N, Ochiai H. Therapeutic effect of anti-macrophage inflammatory protein 2 antibody on influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mice. J Virol 2000; 74:2472-6. [PMID: 10666283 PMCID: PMC111734 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2472-2476.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of anti-macrophage inflammatory protein 2 immunoglobulin G (aMIP-2 IgG) on the progression of influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mice. When mice were infected with a mouse lung-adapted strain of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus by intranasal inoculation, neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased in parallel with the kinetics of MIP-2 production, which peaked 2 days after infection. After intracutaneous injection of a dose of 10 or 100 microg of aMIP-2 IgG once a day on days 0 and 1, neutrophil counts in BALF on day 2 were reduced to 49 or 37%, respectively, of the value in the control infected mice administered anti-protein A IgG. The antibody administration also improved lung pathology without affecting virus replication. Furthermore, by prolonged administration with a higher or lower dose for up to 5 days, body weight loss became slower and finally 40% of mice in both treatment groups survived potentially lethal pneumonia. These findings suggest that MIP-2-mediated neutrophil infiltration during the early phase of infection might play an important role in lung pathology. Thus, MIP-2 was considered to be a novel target for intervention therapy in potentially lethal influenza virus pneumonia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakai
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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35
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Anderson R, Wang S, Osiowy C, Issekutz AC. Activation of endothelial cells via antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes. J Virol 1997; 71:4226-32. [PMID: 9151809 PMCID: PMC191637 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.6.4226-4232.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although endothelial cells have been speculated to be a target in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), there has been little evidence linking dengue virus infection to any alteration in endothelial cell function. In this study, we show that human umbilical vein endothelial cells become activated when exposed to culture fluids from dengue virus-infected peripheral blood monocytes. Maximum activation was achieved with culture fluids from monocytes in which virus infection was enhanced by the addition of dengue virus-immune serum, thus correlating with epidemiological evidence that prior immunity to dengue virus is a major risk factor for DHF. Activation was strongest for endothelial cell expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. In contrast, activation of endothelial cell E-selectin expression appeared to be more transient, as indicated by its detection at 3 h, but not at 16 h, of treatment. Treatment of monocyte culture fluids with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) antibody largely abolished the activation effect (as measured by endothelial cell expression of ICAM-1), whereas treatment with IL-1beta receptor antagonist had a much smaller inhibitory effect on activation. Endothelial cells inoculated directly with dengue virus or with virus-antibody combinations were poorly infectable (compared to Vero cells or peripheral blood monocytes), and virus-inoculated endothelial cells showed no increased expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, or E-selectin. Taken together, the results strongly indicate that dengue virus can modulate endothelial cell function by an indirect route, in which a key intermediary is TNF-alpha released from virus-infected monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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36
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Ochiai H, Sakai S, Hirabayashi T, Shimizu Y, Terasawa K. Inhibitory effect of bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type proton pump, on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells. Antiviral Res 1995; 27:425-30. [PMID: 8540761 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00040-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1), a novel and highly specific inhibitor for vacuolar-type proton (V-H+) pump, on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Vital fluorescence microscopic study showed that Baf-A1 induced the complete disappearance of acidified compartments such as endosomes and lysosomes both in infected and uninfected cells by the treatment with 0.1 microM inhibitor for 1 h at 37 degrees C. In addition, virus growth was inhibited when Baf-A1 was present from 1 h before infection to the end of incubation, or added within as early as 5-10 min after infection. Conversely, the virus growth was recovered in correlation with the reappearance of acidified compartments after removal of Baf-A1. These data suggest that Baf-A1-sensitive V-H+ pumps are solely responsible for the acidification of endosomes and lysosomes, and thus Baf-A1 inhibits the growth of influenza A and B viruses by affecting the acidified compartments in which low pH is essential for the uncoating process of influenza virus growth at an early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ochiai
- Department of Human Science and Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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37
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Nagasaka K, Kurokawa M, Imakita M, Terasawa K, Shiraki K. Efficacy of kakkon-to, a traditional herb medicine, in herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in mice. J Med Virol 1995; 46:28-34. [PMID: 7623003 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890460107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Kakkon-to is one of the representative traditional herb medicines (Kampo formulae) and has been used historically for the treatment of infectious diseases in China and Japan. The efficacy of this preparation was characterised using a cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in mice as a model for human viral infection. Kakkon-to at a dose corresponding to human use reduced significantly the mortality of HSV-1-infected mice and localised skin lesions. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to HSV-1 antigen was significantly stronger in treated mice than in untreated mice. However, no histopathological difference was noted in the skin lesions between treated and untreated mice except for the size of the lesions. Kakkon-to did not inhibit the growth of HSV-1 in vitro. Natural killer cell activity, natural cytotoxic killer cell activity, and the population of T-cell subsets in spleen cells of infected mice were not affected by the drug. Kakkon-to did not augment interferon induction and anti-HSV-1 antibody production, nor increased cytokine levels such as interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in sera of infected mice. Thus, Kakkon-to induced strong DTH to HSV-1 in infected mice, which may have caused localisation of skin lesions and reduction in the mortality of treated mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Skin/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagasaka
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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38
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Hohdatsu T, Tokunaga J, Koyama H. The role of IgG subclass of mouse monoclonal antibodies in antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection of feline macrophages. Arch Virol 1994; 139:273-85. [PMID: 7832635 PMCID: PMC7087006 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infection was studied in feline alveolar macrophages and human monocyte cell line U937 using mouse neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to the spike protein of FIPV. Even among the MAbs that have been shown to recognize the same antigenic site, IgG 2a MAbs enhanced FIPV infection strongly, whereas IgG 1 MAbs did not. These IgG 2a MAbs enhanced the infection even when macrophages pretreated with the MAb were washed and then inoculated with the virus. Immunofluorescence flow cytometric analysis of the macrophages treated with each of the MAbs showed that the IgG 2a MAbs but not the IgG 1 MAbs bound to feline alveolar macrophages. Treatment of the IgG 2a MAb with protein A decreased the binding to the macrophages and, in parallel, diminished the ADE activity. Although no infection was observed by inoculation of FIPV to human monocyte cell line U937 cells, FIPV complexed with either the IgG 2a MAb or the IgG 1 MAb caused infection in U937 cells which are shown to express Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R) I and II that can bind mouse IgG 2a and IgG 1, respectively. These results suggest that the enhancing activity of MAb is closely correlated with IgG subclass and that the correlation is involved in binding of MAb to Fc gamma R on feline macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hohdatsu
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Anomori, Japan
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39
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Tamura M, Webster RG, Ennis FA. Subtype cross-reactive, infection-enhancing antibody responses to influenza A viruses. J Virol 1994; 68:3499-504. [PMID: 8189489 PMCID: PMC236853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.6.3499-3504.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement of the uptake of influenza A virus by Fc receptor-bearing cells was analyzed by using virus strains of the three human influenza A virus subtypes, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2), and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2). Immune sera obtained from mice following primary infection with an H1N1, H2N2, or H3N2 subtype virus neutralized only virus of the same subtype; however, immune sera augmented the uptake of virus across subtypes. Immune sera from H1N1-infected mice augmented uptake of the homologous (H1N1) and H2N2 viruses. Antisera to the H2N2 virus augmented the uptake of virus of all subtypes (H1N1, H2N2, or H3N2). Antisera to the H3N2 virus augmented the uptake of the homologous (H3N2) and H2N2 viruses. These results show that subtype cross-reactive, nonneutralizing antibodies augment the uptake of influenza A virus strains of different subtypes. Antibodies to neuraminidase may contribute to the enhanced uptake of viruses of a different subtype, because N2-specific monoclonal antibodies augmented the uptake of both A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2) and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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40
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Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus. Virus Res 1994; 32:111-38. [PMID: 8067050 PMCID: PMC7134051 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1993] [Accepted: 11/12/1993] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Sellon
- NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27606
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41
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Mason PW, Rieder E, Baxt B. RGD sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus is essential for infecting cells via the natural receptor but can be bypassed by an antibody-dependent enhancement pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1932-6. [PMID: 8127909 PMCID: PMC43278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus appears to initiate infection by binding to cells at an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence found in the flexible beta G-beta H loop of the viral capsid protein VP1. The role of the RGD sequence in attachment of virus to cells was tested by using synthetic full-length viral RNAs mutated within or near the RGD sequence. Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells transfected with three different RNAs carrying mutations bordering the RGD sequence produced infectious viruses with wild-type plaque morphology; however, one of these mutant viruses bound to cells less efficiently than wild type. BHK cells transfected with RNAs containing changes within the RGD sequence produced noninfectious particles indistinguishable from wild-type virus in terms of sedimentation coefficient, binding to monoclonal antibodies, and protein composition. These virus-like particles are defined as ads- viruses, since they were unable to adsorb to and infect BHK cells. These mutants were defective only in cell binding, since antibody-complexed ads- viruses were able to infect Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing an immunoglobulin Fc receptor. These results confirm the essential role of the RGD sequence in binding of foot-and-mouth disease virus to susceptible cells and demonstrate that the natural cellular receptor for the virus serves only to bind virus to the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Mason
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944
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42
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Kanno H, Wolfinbarger JB, Bloom ME. Aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection of mink macrophages and human macrophage cell line U937: demonstration of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. J Virol 1993; 67:7017-24. [PMID: 8230426 PMCID: PMC238162 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.12.7017-7024.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) infects macrophages in adult mink. The virulent ADV-Utah I strain, but not the cell culture-adapted ADV-G strain, infects mink peritoneal macrophage cultures and the human macrophage cell line U937 in vitro. However, preincubation of ADV-G with ADV-infected mink serum enhanced its infectivity for U937 cells. the enhancing activity was present in the protein A-binding immunoglobulin G fraction in the serum, but F(ab')2 fragments failed to enhance the infection. On the other hand, the same sera inhibited ADV-G infection of Crandell feline kidney (CRFK) cells. Although U937 cells were not fully permissive for antibody-enhanced ADV-G infection, ADV mRNA expression, genome amplification, and protein expression were identical to those found previously for ADV-Utah I infection of U937 cells. Preincubation of ADV-Utah I with soluble protein A partly inhibited the infection of U937 cells but did not affect infection of CRFK cells. In mink peritoneal macrophages, preincubation with the infected mink serum did not make ADV-G infectious. However, the infectivity for mink macrophages of antibody-free ADV-Utah I prepared from the lungs of infected newborn mink kits was enhanced by ADV-infected mink serum. Moreover, protein A partly blocked ADV-Utah I infection of mink macrophage cultures. These results suggested that ADV-Utah I enters mink macrophages and U937 cells via an Fc receptor-mediated mechanism. This mechanism, antibody-dependent enhancement, may also contribute to ADV infection in vivo. Furthermore, since ADV infection in mink is characterized by overproduction of anti-ADV immunoglobulins, antibody-dependent enhancement may play a critical role in the establishment of persistent infection with ADV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanno
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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43
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Ochiai H, Ikesue A, Kurokawa M, Nakajima K, Nakagawa H. Enhanced production of rat interleukin-8 by in vitro and in vivo infections with influenza A NWS virus. J Virol 1993; 67:6811-4. [PMID: 8411383 PMCID: PMC238123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.11.6811-6814.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interleukin-8 (IL-8)-producing activity of influenza A NWS virus in cultured rat kidney NRK-52E cells and a rat influenza model. The production of rat IL-8 increased significantly in the virus-infected cells but not in UV-inactivated virus- or split-product-treated cells. The increase in IL-8 production could be detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage of infected rats. These data suggest that infectious virus has the potential to accelerate the production of IL-8 in cultured cells and in vivo in airway-lining cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ochiai
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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44
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Olsen CW. A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus: molecular biology, immunopathogenesis, clinical aspects, and vaccination. Vet Microbiol 1993; 36:1-37. [PMID: 8236772 PMCID: PMC7117146 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90126-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) has been an elusive and frustrating problem for veterinary practitioners and cat breeders for many years. Over the last several years, reports have begun to elucidate aspects of the molecular biology of the causal virus (FIPV). These papers complement a rapidly growing base of knowledge concerning the molecular organization and replication of coronaviruses in general. The fascinating immunopathogenesis of FIPV infection and the virus' interaction with macrophages has also been the subject of several recent papers. It is now clear that FIPV may be of interest to scientists other than veterinary virologists since its pathogenesis may provide a useful model system for other viruses whose infectivity is enhanced in the presence of virus-specific antibody. With these advances and the recent release of the first commercially-available FIPV vaccine, it is appropriate to review what is known about the organization and replication of coronaviruses and the pathogenesis of FIPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Olsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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45
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Ochiai H, Kurokawa M, Matsui S, Yamamoto T, Kuroki Y, Kishimoto C, Shiraki K. Infection enhancement of influenza A NWS virus in primary murine macrophages by anti-hemagglutinin monoclonal antibody. J Med Virol 1992; 36:217-21. [PMID: 1564451 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890360312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of influenza A NWS virus infection was investigated in primary murine macrophages (M phi) using anti-hemagglutinin(HA) monoclonal antibody (mAB). Contrary to previous reports of abortive influenza virus infection in primary M phi, this study demonstrated that the NWS virus replicated productively in both resident peritoneal M phi and thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal M phi providing cleavage of the HA was achieved by trypsin; 5 micrograms/ml of trypsin was the optimum concentration for the induction of infectivity. Under multiple-cycle growth conditions in the presence of mAB at various concentrations in trypsin-containing media, ADE was demonstrated in both M phi in the presence of subneutralizing concentrations of mAB. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the mechanism of virus entry into M phi could be through HA to specific virus receptors, or HA plus antibody to Fc receptors. These results indicate that ADE of the NWS virus infection actually occurs on Fc receptor-bearing primary murine M phi depending on the concentration of antibody in the presence of the appropriate protease for cleavage of viral HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ochiai
- Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Olsen CW, Corapi WV, Ngichabe CK, Baines JD, Scott FW. Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages. J Virol 1992; 66:956-65. [PMID: 1309922 PMCID: PMC240797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.956-965.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection is a process whereby virus-antibody complexes initiate infection of cells via Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis. We sought to investigate antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection of primary feline peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Enhancement of infection was assessed, after indirect immunofluorescent-antibody labelling of infected cells, by determining the ratio between the number of cells infected in the presence and absence of virus-specific antibody. Infection enhancement was initially demonstrated by using heat-inactivated, virus-specific feline antiserum. Functional compatibility between murine immunoglobulin molecules and feline Fc receptors was demonstrated by using murine anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and an antibody-coated sheep erythrocyte phagocytosis assay. Thirty-seven murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid, membrane, or spike proteins of feline infectious peritonitis virus or transmissible gastroenteritis virus were assayed for their ability to enhance the infectivity of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Infection enhancement was mediated by a subset of spike protein-specific monoclonal antibodies. A distinct correlation was seen between the ability of a monoclonal antibody to cause virus neutralization in a routine cell culture neutralization assay and its ability to mediate infection enhancement of macrophages. Infection enhancement was shown to be Fc receptor mediated by blockade of antibody-Fc receptor interaction using staphylococcal protein A. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infectivity is mediated by antibody directed against specific sites on the spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Olsen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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48
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Tamura M, Webster RG, Ennis FA. Antibodies to HA and NA augment uptake of influenza A viruses into cells via Fc receptor entry. Virology 1991; 182:211-9. [PMID: 2024464 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A viruses induce antibodies which augment the uptake of influenza A virus by antigen presenting cells via Fc receptor entry. Antibody-dependent enhancement of uptake of virus by cells was mediated by Fc receptors because F(ab')2 preparations of lgG mixed with virus did not enhance virus uptake. The enhanced infection was measured using a fluorescent focus assay and was confirmed by dot-blot hybridization analysis. A 25-fold increase in the number of cells containing influenza antigens was detected when virus was mixed with subneutralizing concentrations of immune serum to the homologous virus before adding to neuraminidase-treated cells. Infection was also augmented using reassortant viruses which shared only the HA or the NA of the virus used to induce antibodies. Specific antisera to purified HA or NA also enhanced virus uptake. These results indicate that both the HA and the NA induce antibodies that enhance uptake of virus by Fc receptor bearing cells. In addition we determined that the drift of neutralizing antigens occurred more quickly than the drift of infection-enhancing antigens during the evolution of virus strains of the H3 subtype. The increase in the number of antigen presenting cells as a result of uptake of virus complexed with cross-reactive enhancing antibodies may affect the T cell responses to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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Abstract
Titration experiments in swine macrophages have shown that African swine fever virus infectivity was not enhanced in the presence of antiviral antibodies. The early viral protein synthesis and the viral DNA replication in swine macrophages infected with virus-antibody complexes were inhibited in the presence of high doses of uv-inactivated virus, which saturated specific virus receptors, but not when Fc receptors were saturated with antibodies. These results indicate that African swine fever virus does not infect swine macrophages through Fc receptors and that the normal entry pathway through virus receptors is not bypassed by the virus-antibody complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Ochiai H, Kurokawa M, Niwayama S. Influence of trifluoperazine on the late stage of influenza virus infection in MDCK cells. Antiviral Res 1991; 15:149-60. [PMID: 1859203 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(91)90032-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of the anticalmodulin drug, trifluoperazine (TFP) on influenza virus growth in MDCK cells. The inhibitory effect of TFP on virus growth was observed even when TFP was added at a late stage of infection. This inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent in the concentration range of 20-35 microM. At 35 microM, TFP caused a complete alteration in the distribution pattern of hemagglutinin (HA), concomitant with a decrease in the appearance of HA on the cell surface. After removal of the drug, the HA gradually began to show a normal distribution pattern and reappeared on the cell surface. The time course of rearrangement of HA was in accord with that of the recovery of cell supernatant infectivity. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that the drug did not cause accumulation of the progeny viruses on the cell surface. The drug effect on the virus growth was reversed by the simultaneous presence of purified calmodulin (CaM). These data suggest that TFP acts as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis, but not budding, by disturbing cellular CaM and/or CaM-dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ochiai
- Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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