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Thomas AS, Moreau Y, Jiang W, Isaac JE, Ewing A, White LF, Kourtis AP, Sagar M. Pre-existing infant antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity associates with reduced HIV-1 acquisition and lower morbidity. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100412. [PMID: 34755132 PMCID: PMC8561235 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, pre-existing anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have not been associated with decreased HIV-1 acquisition. Here, we evaluate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) present in pre-transmission infant and maternal plasma and breast milk (BM) against the contemporaneous maternal HIV-1 variants. HIV-1-exposed uninfected compared with HIV-1-exposed infected infants have higher ADCC and a combination of ADCC and nAb responses against their corresponding mother's strains. ADCC does not correlate with nAbs, suggesting they are independent activities. The infected infants with high ADCC compared with low ADCC, but not those with higher ADCC plus nAbs, have lower morbidity up to 1 year after birth. A higher IgA to IgG ratio, observed in BM supernatants and in a higher proportion of the infected compared with the uninfected infants, associates with lower ADCC. Against the exposure strains, ADCC, more than nAbs, associates with both lower mother-to-child transmission and decreased post-infection infant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E. Isaac
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ewing
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura F. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athena P. Kourtis
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Williams KL, Stumpf M, Naiman NE, Ding S, Garrett M, Gobillot T, Vézina D, Dusenbury K, Ramadoss NS, Basom R, Kim PS, Finzi A, Overbaugh J. Identification of HIV gp41-specific antibodies that mediate killing of infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007572. [PMID: 30779811 PMCID: PMC6396944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that mediate killing of HIV-infected cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been implicated in protection from HIV infection and disease progression. Despite these observations, these types of HIV antibodies are understudied compared to neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) obtained from one individual that target the HIV transmembrane protein, gp41, and mediate ADCC activity. These four mAbs arose from independent B cell lineages suggesting that in this individual, multiple B cell responses were induced by the gp41 antigen. Competition and phage peptide display mapping experiments suggested that two of the mAbs target epitopes in the cysteine loop that are highly conserved and a common target of HIV gp41-specific antibodies. The amino acid sequences that bind these mAbs are overlapping but distinct. The two other mAbs were competed by mAbs that target the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) and the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and appear to both target a similar unique conformational epitope. These gp41-specific mAbs mediated killing of infected cells that express high levels of Env due to either pre-treatment with interferon or deletion of vpu to increase levels of BST-2/Tetherin. They also mediate killing of target cells coated with various forms of the gp41 protein, including full-length gp41, gp41 ectodomain or a mimetic of the gp41 stump. Unlike many ADCC mAbs that target HIV gp120, these gp41-mAbs are not dependent on Env structural changes associated with membrane-bound CD4 interaction. Overall, the characterization of these four new mAbs that target gp41 and mediate ADCC provides evidence for diverse gp41 B cell lineages with overlapping but distinct epitopes within an individual. Such antibodies that can target various forms of envelope protein could represent a common response to a relatively conserved HIV epitope for a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Williams
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Megan Stumpf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Elise Naiman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Shilei Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Garrett
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
| | - Theodore Gobillot
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Dani Vézina
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katharine Dusenbury
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nitya S. Ramadoss
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
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3
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Richard J, Prévost J, Alsahafi N, Ding S, Finzi A. Impact of HIV-1 Envelope Conformation on ADCC Responses. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:253-265. [PMID: 29162391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) represent the only virus-specific antigen exposed at the surface of infected cells. In its unliganded form, Env from primary viruses samples a 'closed' conformation (State 1), which is preferentially recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). CD4 engagement drives Env into an intermediate 'partially open' (State 2) and then into the 'open' CD4-bound conformation (State 3). Emerging evidence suggests a link between Env conformation and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1-infected cells exposing Env in the CD4-bound conformation are susceptible to ADCC mediated by CD4-induced Abs and HIV+sera. Cells exposing State 1 Env are susceptible to ADCC mediated by bNAbs. Here, we discuss how Env conformation affects ADCC responses and in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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4
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Bernard NF, Kiani Z, Tremblay-McLean A, Kant SA, Leeks CE, Dupuy FP. Natural Killer (NK) Cell Education Differentially Influences HIV Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Activation and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1033. [PMID: 28883824 PMCID: PMC5574056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) endowed with Fc-mediated effector functions has been shown to be critical for protecting or controlling viral replication in animal models. In human, the RV144 Thai trial was the first trial to demonstrate a significant protection against HIV infection following vaccination. Analysis of the correlates of immune protection in this trial identified an association between the presence of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (Abs) to HIV envelope (Env) V1/V2 loop structures and protection from infection, provided IgA Abs with competing specificity were not present. Systems serology analyses implicated a broader range of Ab-dependent functions in protection from HIV infection, including but not limited to ADCC and Ab-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) for secretion of IFN-γ and CCL4 and expression of the degranulation marker CD107a. The existence of such correlations in the absence of bNAbs in the RV144 trial suggest that NK cells could be instrumental in protecting against HIV infection by limiting viral spread through Fc-mediated functions such as ADCC and the production of antiviral cytokines/chemokines. Beside the engagement of FcγRIIIa or CD16 by the Fc portion of anti-Env IgG1 and IgG3 Abs, natural killer (NK) cells are also able to directly kill infected cells and produce cytokines/chemokines in an Ab-independent manner. Responsiveness of NK cells depends on the integration of activating and inhibitory signals through NK receptors, which is determined by a process during their development known as education. NK cell education requires the engagement of inhibitory NK receptors by their human leukocyte antigen ligands to establish tolerance to self while allowing NK cells to respond to self cells altered by virus infection, transformation, stress, and to allogeneic cells. Here, we review recent findings regarding the impact of inter-individual differences in NK cell education on Ab-dependent functions such as ADCC and ADNKA, including what is known about the HIV Env epitope specificity of ADCC competent Abs and the conformation of HIV Env on target cells used for ADCC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanket A Kant
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E Leeks
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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5
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Aziz M, Mahmood F, Mata M, Durkin HG, Liu C, Greenblatt RM, Nowicki M, Golub ET, Anastos K, French AL, Baum LL. Development of IgG Mediated Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the Serum and Genital Mucosa of HIV Seroconverters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26798561 PMCID: PMC4718584 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background We measured antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in serum and genital fluids of heterosexually exposed women during HIV seroconversion. Methods Plasma and cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) fluid from 11 seroconverters (SC) were analyzed biannually from one year pre- to 6 year post-seroconversion using a 51Cr-release assay to measure HIV-1 gp120 specific ADCC. Results No SC had significant HIV specific CVL ADCC activity before seroconversion or until 1.5 yr after seroconversion. One individual had a %Specific Release (SR) of 25.4 at 2 years, 26.7 at 3 years and 21.0 at 4 years after seroconversion in CVL. Another sample had 4.7% SR at 2 years, 5.3 at 3 years, 10.9 at 4 years, and 8.4 at 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A third had no activity until 17% SR 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A fourth showed activity of 36.5% SR at 6.5 years after seroconversion. Seven women had no ADCC activity in their CVL. Paired serum samples showed HIV specific ADCC activity prior to the appearance of CVL ADCC activity. Conclusions HIV specific ADCC activity in CVL rose 2 years after seroconversion; ADCC was present in the serum prior to this time. These data suggest that genital tract ADCC activity is not present until well after acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Aziz
- CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Fareeha Mahmood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mariana Mata
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marek Nowicki
- University of Southern California Norris Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | | | | | - Audrey L French
- CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Linda L Baum
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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6
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Dugast AS, Stamatatos L, Tonelli A, Suscovich TJ, Licht AF, Mikell I, Ackerman ME, Streeck H, Klasse P, Moore JP, Alter G. Independent evolution of Fc- and Fab-mediated HIV-1-specific antiviral antibody activity following acute infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2925-37. [PMID: 25043633 PMCID: PMC4311770 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fc-related antibody activities, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), or more broadly, antibody-mediated cellular viral inhibition (ADCVI), play a role in curbing early SIV viral replication, are enriched in human long-term infected nonprogressors, and could potentially contribute to protection from infection. However, little is known about the mechanism by which such humoral immune responses are naturally induced following infection. Here, we focused on the early evolution of the functional antibody response, largely driven by the Fc portion of the antibody, in the context of the evolving binding and neutralizing antibody response, which is driven mainly by the antibody-binding fragment (Fab). We show that ADCVI/ADCC-inducing responses in humans are rapidly generated following acute HIV-1 infection, peak at approximately 6 months postinfection, but decay rapidly in the setting of persistent immune activation, as Fab-related activities persistently increase. Moreover, the loss of Fc activity occurred in synchrony with a loss of HIV-specific IgG3 responses. Our data strongly suggest that Fc- and Fab-related antibody functions are modulated in a distinct manner following acute HIV infection. Vaccination strategies intended to optimally induce both sets of antiviral antibody activities may, therefore, require a fine tuning of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Dugast
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; United States of America
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle; United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; United States of America
| | - Andrew Tonelli
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; United States of America
| | - Todd J. Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; United States of America
| | - Anna F. Licht
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; United States of America
| | - Iliyana Mikell
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle; United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; United States of America
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States of America
| | - P.J. Klasse
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; United States of America
| | - John P. Moore
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; United States of America
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7
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Richard J, Veillette M, Batraville LA, Coutu M, Chapleau JP, Bonsignori M, Bernard N, Tremblay C, Roger M, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Flow cytometry-based assay to study HIV-1 gp120 specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:107-14. [PMID: 25125129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased attention on the role of Fc-mediated effector functions against HIV-1 has led to renewed interest into the role that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) could play in controlling viral transmission and/or the rate of disease progression. While (51)Chromium release assays have traditionally been used to study ADCC responses against HIV-1, a number of alternative flow-cytometry-based assays were recently developed. In this study, an alternative flow-cytometry-based assay was established to allow non-radioactive measurement of ADCC-mediated elimination of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-coated target cells. This assay relies on staining target and effector cells with different dyes, which allows precise gating and permits the calculation of the number of surviving target cells by normalization to flow-cytometry particles. By using small concentrations of recombinant gp120 Env, suitable targets cells that recapitulate the ADCC response mediated against HIV-1-infected cells were generated. Finally, this method was applied successfully to screen human sera for ADCC activity directed against HIV-1 gp120 Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurie-Anne Batraville
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Coutu
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut National de santé publique du Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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8
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Plasma IgG to linear epitopes in the V2 and V3 regions of HIV-1 gp120 correlate with a reduced risk of infection in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75665. [PMID: 24086607 PMCID: PMC3784573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies to linear epitopes on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins have potential to mediate antiviral effector functions that could be beneficial to vaccine-induced protection. Here, plasma IgG responses were assessed in three HIV-1 gp120 vaccine efficacy trials (RV144, Vax003, Vax004) and in HIV-1-infected individuals by using arrays of overlapping peptides spanning the entire consensus gp160 of all major genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) of the virus. In RV144, where 31.2% efficacy against HIV-1 infection was seen, dominant responses targeted the C1, V2, V3 and C5 regions of gp120. An analysis of RV144 case-control samples showed that IgG to V2 CRF01_AE significantly inversely correlated with infection risk (OR= 0.54, p=0.0042), as did the response to other V2 subtypes (OR=0.60-0.63, p=0.016-0.025). The response to V3 CRF01_AE also inversely correlated with infection risk but only in vaccine recipients who had lower levels of other antibodies, especially Env-specific plasma IgA (OR=0.49, p=0.007) and neutralizing antibodies (OR=0.5, p=0.008). Responses to C1 and C5 showed no significant correlation with infection risk. In Vax003 and Vax004, where no significant protection was seen, serum IgG responses targeted the same epitopes as in RV144 with the exception of an additional C1 reactivity in Vax003 and infrequent V2 reactivity in Vax004. In HIV-1 infected subjects, dominant responses targeted the V3 and C5 regions of gp120, as well as the immunodominant domain, heptad repeat 1 (HR-1) and membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41. These results highlight the presence of several dominant linear B cell epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. They also generate the hypothesis that IgG to linear epitopes in the V2 and V3 regions of gp120 are part of a complex interplay of immune responses that contributed to protection in RV144.
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9
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Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Robert-Guroff M. Fc receptor-mediated immune responses: new tools but increased complexity in HIV prevention. Curr HIV Res 2013; 11:407-20. [PMID: 24191937 PMCID: PMC6288814 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x113116660063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The modest success of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in Thailand and the ensuing suggestion that a Fc-receptormediated antibody activity might have played a role in the protection observed have intensified investigations on Fcrelated immune responses. HIV neutralizing antibodies have been and continue to be the focal point of research into humoral immune protection. However, recent knowledge that their protective efficacy can be augmented by Fc-FcR interactions has increased the complexity of identifying immune correlates of protection. If anything, continued studies of both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms point to the lack of a single protective anti-HIV immune response. Here we focus on humoral immunity, analyzing the role played by Fc receptor-related responses and discussing how new knowledge of their interactions requires further investigation, but may also spur novel vaccination approaches. We initially address classical Fc-receptor mediated anti-viral mechanisms including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), as well as the effector cells that mediate these functions. Next, we summarize key aspects of FcR-Fc interactions that are important for potential control of HIV/SIV such as FcR polymorphisms and post-transcriptional modifications. Finally we discuss less commonly studied non-mechanistic anti-HIV immune functions: antibody avidity and envelopespecific B cell memory. Overall, a spectrum of immune responses, reflecting the immune system's redundancy, will likely be needed to prevent HIV infection and/or disease progression. Aside from elicitation of critical immune mechanisms, a successful vaccine will need to induce mature B cell responses and long-lasting immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Building 41, Room D804, Bethesda, MD 20192-5065, USA.
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10
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW New findings continue to support the notion that broadly crossreactive neutralizing antibody induction is a worthwhile and achievable goal for HIV-1 vaccines. Immunogens are needed that can overcome the genetic variability and complex immune evasion tactics of the virus. Other antibodies might bridge innate and acquired immunity for possible beneficial vaccine effects. This review summarizes progress made over the past year that has enhanced our understanding of humoral immunity as it relates to HIV-1 vaccine development. RECENT FINDINGS Although a clear path to designing an effective neutralizing antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive, there is new information on how antibodies neutralize HIV-1, the epitopes involved, and clues to the possible nature of protective immunogens that keep this goal alive. Moreover, there is a greater understanding of HIV-1 diversity and its possible limits under immune pressure. Other antibodies might possess antiviral activity by mechanisms involving Fc receptor engagement or complement activation that would be of value for HIV-1 vaccines. SUMMARY Recent developments strengthen the rationale for antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine immunogens and provide a stronger foundation for vaccine discovery.
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12
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A novel assay for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV-1- or SIV-infected cells reveals incomplete overlap with antibodies measured by neutralization and binding assays. J Virol 2012; 86:12039-52. [PMID: 22933282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01650-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to antibody-mediated immunity often prevents the detection of antibodies that neutralize primary isolates of HIV-1. However, conventional assays for antibody functions other than neutralization are suboptimal. Current methods for measuring the killing of virus-infected cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited by the number of natural killer (NK) cells obtainable from individual donors, donor-to-donor variation, and the use of nonphysiological targets. We therefore developed an ADCC assay based on NK cell lines that express human or macaque CD16 and a CD4(+) T-cell line that expresses luciferase from a Tat-inducible promoter upon HIV-1 or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. NK cells and virus-infected targets are mixed in the presence of serial plasma dilutions, and ADCC is measured as the dose-dependent loss of luciferase activity. Using this approach, ADCC titers were measured in plasma samples from HIV-infected human donors and SIV-infected macaques. For the same plasma samples paired with the same test viruses, this assay was approximately 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than optimized assays for neutralizing antibodies-frequently allowing the measurement of ADCC in the absence of detectable neutralization. Although ADCC correlated with other measures of Env-specific antibodies, neutralizing and gp120 binding titers did not consistently predict ADCC activity. Hence, this assay affords a sensitive method for measuring antibodies capable of directing ADCC against HIV- or SIV-infected cells expressing native conformations of the viral envelope glycoprotein and reveals incomplete overlap of the antibodies that direct ADCC and those measured in neutralization and binding assays.
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Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against primary HIV-infected CD4+ T cells is directly associated with the magnitude of surface IgG binding. J Virol 2012; 86:8672-80. [PMID: 22674985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00287-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody (Ab)-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is thought to potentially play a role in vaccine-induced protection from HIV-1. The characteristics of such antibodies remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, correlates between ADCC and HIV-1 immune status are not clearly defined. We screened the sera of 20 HIV-1-positive (HIV-1(+)) patients for ADCC. Normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to derive HIV-infected CD4(+) T cell targets and autologous, freshly isolated, natural killer (NK) cells in a novel assay that measures granzyme B (GrB) and HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cell elimination (ICE) by flow cytometry. We observed that complex sera mediated greater levels of ADCC than anti-HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-specific monoclonal antibodies and serum-mediated ADCC correlated with the amount of IgG and IgG1 bound to HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells. No correlation between ADCC and viral load, CD4(+) T cell count, or neutralization of HIV-1(SF162) or other primary viral isolates was detected. Sera pooled from clade B HIV-1(+) individuals exhibited breadth in killing targets infected with HIV-1 from clades A/E, B, and C. Taken together, these data suggest that the total amount of IgG bound to an HIV-1-infected cell is an important determinant of ADCC and that polyvalent antigen-specific Abs are required for a robust ADCC response. In addition, Abs elicited by a vaccine formulated with immunogens from a single clade may generate a protective ADCC response in vivo against a variety of HIV-1 species. Increased understanding of the parameters that dictate ADCC against HIV-1-infected cells will inform efforts to stimulate ADCC activity and improve its potency in vaccinees.
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Abstract
The quest for an effective and safe HIV-1 vaccine has been and still is the aspiration of many scientists and clinicians worldwide. Until recently, the hopes for an effective vaccine were thwarted by the disappointing results and early termination in September 2007 of the STEP study, which saw a subgroup of male vaccine recipients at an increased risk of HIV-1 infection, and the failure of earlier trials of vaccines based on recombinant envelope proteins to provide any level of protection. The results of the STEP study raised important questions in the field of HIV vaccines, including the use of recombinant adenovirus vectors as immunogens, the rationale for the development of T-cell-based vaccines and the development pathway for these vaccines, in terms of assessment of immunogenicity and the challenge models used. The study of neutralizing antibodies has demonstrated that the induction of high-titre, broadly neutralizing antibodies in the majority of recipients is likely to be highly problematic. However, the results of the RV144 Thai trial released in September 2009 have brought new optimism to the field. This study employed envelope-based immunogens delivered as a priming vaccination with a recombinant poxvirus vector and boosting with recombinant proteins. This regimen provided modest protection to HIV-1 infection in a low-risk population. Although the correlates of protection are currently unknown, extensive studies are underway to try to determine these. Neutralizing antibodies were not induced in the RV144 study; however, considerable titres of binding antibodies to HIV-1 viral envelope (Env) were. It is speculated that these antibodies may have provided a means of protection by a mechanism such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, no CD8+ T-cell responses were induced, but robust CD4+ T-cell responses were, and correlates of protection are being sought by analysing the quality of this aspect of the vaccine-induced immune response. The current paradigm for an optimal HIV-1 vaccine is to design immunogens and vaccination protocols that allow the induction of both broadly neutralizing humoral and broadly reactive and effective cell-mediated immunity, to act at sites of possible infection and post-infection, respectively. However, this is challenged by the results of the RV144 trial as neither of these responses were induced but modest protection was observed. Understanding the biology and immunopathology of HIV-1 early following infection, its modes of transmission and the human immune system's response to the virus should aid in the rational design of vaccines of increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mee Ling Munier
- HIV Immunovirology Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2011; 85:6906-12. [PMID: 21593181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00326-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent demonstration in the RV144 Thai trial that a vaccine regimen that does not elicit neutralizing antibodies or cytotoxic T lymphocytes may confer protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, attention has turned to nonneutralizing antibodies as a possible mechanism of vaccine protection. In the current study, we evaluated the kinetics of the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) response during acute and chronic SIVmac251 infection of rhesus monkeys. We first adapted a flow cytometry-based ADCC assay, evaluating the use of different target cells as well as different strategies for quantitation of activated natural killer (NK) cells. We found that the use of SIVmac251 Env gp130-coated target cells facilitates analyses of ADCC activity with a higher degree of sensitivity than the use of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected target cells; however, the kinetics of the measured responses were the same using these different target cells. By comparing NK cell expression of CD107a with NK cell expression of other cytokines or chemokine molecules, we found that measuring CD107a expression is sufficient for evaluating the anti-SIV function of NK cells. We also showed that ADCC responses can be detected as early as 3 weeks after SIVmac251 infection and that the magnitude of this antibody response is inversely associated with plasma viral RNA levels in animals with moderate to high levels of viral replication. However, we also demonstrated an association between NK cell-mediated ADCC responses and the amount of SIVmac251 gp140 binding antibody that developed after viral infection. This final observation raises the possibility that the antibodies that mediate ADCC are a subset of the antibodies detected in a binding assay and arise within weeks of infection.
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Abstract
Licensed vaccines against viral diseases generate antibodies that neutralize the infecting virus and protect against infection or disease. Similarly, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 will likely need to induce antibodies that prevent initial infection of host cells or that limit early events of viral dissemination. Such antibodies must target the surface envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1, which are highly variable in sequence and structure. The first subunit vaccines to enter clinical trails were safe and immunogenic but unable to elicit antibodies that neutralized most circulating strains of HIV-1. However, potent virus neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can develop during the course of HIV-1 infection, and this is the type of antibody response that researchers seek to generate with a vaccine. Thus, current vaccine design efforts have focused on a more detailed understanding of these broadly neutralizing antibodies and their epitopes to inform the design of improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Ching N, Nielsen-Saines KA, Deville JG, Wei LS, Garratty E, Bryson YJ. Autologous neutralizing antibody to human immunodeficiency virus-1 and replication-competent virus recovered from CD4+ T-cell reservoirs in pediatric HIV-1-infected patients on HAART. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:585-91. [PMID: 20455762 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient's ability to produce autologous neutralizing antibody (ANAB) to current and past HIV isolates correlates with reduced disease progression and protects against maternal-fetal transmission. Little is known about the effects of prolonged viral suppression on the ANAB response in pediatric HIV-infected patients receiving HAART because the virus is hard to isolate, except by special methods. We therefore assessed ANAB to pre-HAART PBMC virus isolates and post-HAART replication-competent virus (RCV) isolates recovered from latent CD4(+) T-cell reservoirs in perinatally HIV-infected children by using a PBMC-based assay and 90% neutralization titers. We studied two infants and three children before and after HAART. At the time of RCV isolation (n = 4), plasma HIV RNA was <50 copies/ml. At baseline, four of five children had detectable ANAB titers to concurrent pre-HAART virus isolates. Although ANAB was detected in all subjects at several time points despite prolonged HAART and undetectable viremia, the response was variable. ANAB titers to concurrent post-HAART RCV and earlier pre-HAART plasma were present in 3 children suggesting prior exposure to this virus. Post-HAART RCV isolates had reduced replication kinetics in vitro compared to pre-HAART viruses. The presence of ANAB over time suggests that low levels of viral replication may still be ongoing despite HAART. The observation of baseline ANAB activity with earlier plasma against a later RCV suggests that the "latent" reservoir may be established early in life before HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Ching
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karin A. Nielsen-Saines
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaime G. Deville
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lian S. Wei
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eileen Garratty
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yvonne J. Bryson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize current information on Fc receptor-mediated antiviral activities of antibodies. These activities include Fcgamma receptor-mediated inhibition and neutralization of HIV on antigen-presenting cells, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI). RECENT FINDINGS An Fcgamma receptor-mediated mechanism that results in augmented neutralization and may render nonneutralizing antibodies inhibitory has been demonstrated in antigen-presenting cell. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibody activity correlates inversely with HIV disease progression in humans, and higher vaccine-induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibody responses are associated with lower acute simian immunodeficiency virus viremia levels in macaques. Following vaccination with rgp120, ADCVI antibody levels are higher among those with a lower rate of sexually acquired HIV infection. Nonneutralizing simian immunodeficiency virus immune serum that prevents infection of newborn macaques after oral challenge has potent ADCVI antibody activity. Abrogating the ability of the Fc segment of the broadly neutralizing mAb b12 to bind to Fcgamma receptors and to mediate ADCVI substantially reduces b12's protective effect in a simian/human immunodeficiency virus vaginal challenge model. SUMMARY Fc-FcgammaR interactions play a critical role in the biological function of antibody and are likely to be instrumental in preventing or modulating lentiviral infection. Exploiting antibody responses that depend on Fc-FcgammaR interactions may help widen the breadth and increase the potency of vaccine-induced antibody. Although the importance of generating optimal Fab-antigen interactions cannot be overestimated, improving Fc-FcgammaR interactions through adjuvants or other strategies provides another option for improving HIV vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Koibuchi T, Allen TM, Lichterfeld M, Mui SK, O'Sullivan KM, Trocha A, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Walker BD. Limited sequence evolution within persistently targeted CD8 epitopes in chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2005; 79:8171-81. [PMID: 15956562 PMCID: PMC1143727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8171-8181.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection indicate viral evolution under CD8 T-cell immune selection pressure, but the effects of ongoing immune pressure on epitope evolution during chronic infection are not well described. In this study, we performed a detailed longitudinal analysis of viral sequence variation within persistently targeted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in two HIV-1-infected persons during 6 years of persistent viremia. Responses were quantitated using freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes in direct lytic assays as well as by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) Elispot assays on cryopreserved cells. Seven targeted epitopes were identified in each person. In the majority of cases, the dominant epitope sequence did not change over time, even in the presence of responses of sufficient magnitude that they were detectable using fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells in direct lytic assays. Only 4 of the 14 autologous epitopes tested represented potential CTL escape variants; however, in most cases strong responses to these epitopes persisted for the 6 years of study. Although persistent IFN-gamma responses were detected to all epitopes, direct lytic assays demonstrated declining responses to some epitopes despite the persistence of the targeted sequence in vivo. These data indicate limited viral evolution within persistently targeted CD8 T-cell epitopes during the chronic phase of infection and suggest that these regions of the virus are either refractory to sequence change or that persistently activated CD8 T-cell responses in chronic infection exert little functional selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Koibuchi
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Yamada T, Watanabe N, Nakamura T, Iwamoto A. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity via Humoral Immune Epitope of Nef Protein Expressed on Cell Surface. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2401-6. [PMID: 14764710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against various proteins of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) can be detected in HIV-1-infected individuals. We previously reported that the level of Ab response against one Nef epitope is correlated with HIV-1 disease progression. To elucidate the mechanism for this correlation, we examined Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against target cells expressing Nef. We observed efficient cytotoxicity against Nef-expressing target cells in the presence of patient plasma and PBMCs. This ADCC activity was correlated with the dilution of plasma from HIV-1-infected patients. Addition of a specific synthetic peptide (peptide 31:FLKEKGGLE) corresponding to the Nef epitope reduced cell lysis to approximately 50%. These results suggest that PBMCs of HIV-1-infected patients may exert ADCC via anti-Nef Abs in the patients' own plasma and serve as a mechanism used by the immune system to regulate HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Infectious Disease and Applied Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Farquhar C, John-Stewart G. The role of infant immune responses and genetic factors in preventing HIV-1 acquisition and disease progression. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 134:367-77. [PMID: 14632739 PMCID: PMC1808883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Farquhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98104-2499, USA.
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22
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Abdel-Motal UM, Friedline R, Poligone B, Pogue-Caley RR, Frelinger JA, Tisch R. Dendritic cell vaccination induces cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for wild-type and natural variant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epitopes in HLA-A*0201/Kb transgenic mice. Clin Immunol 2001; 101:51-8. [PMID: 11580226 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are highly efficient at inducing primary T cell responses. Consequently, DC are being investigated for their potential to prevent and/or treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In the current study, we examined the capacity of DC to elicit CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) reactivity against an HLA-A*0201-restricted HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (pol) epitope (residues 476-484) and two naturally occurring variants. Previous work demonstrated that the wild-type pol epitope is recognized by CTLs from HIV-1-infected individuals, whereas the variant pol epitopes are not, despite binding to HLA-A*0201. In agreement with these observations, parenteral administration of wild-type pol peptide induced HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL activity in A2Kb transgenic mice. In contrast, similar treatment with the two variant pol peptides failed to stimulate CTL reactivity, and this lack of immunogenicity correlated with reduced peptide:HLA-A*0201 complex stability. However, CTL responses were induced in A2Kb transgenic mice upon adoptive transfer of syngeneic bone marrow DC pulsed with the variant pol peptides. Furthermore, DC pulsed with the wild-type pol peptide elicited CTLs that cross-reacted with the variant pol epitopes. These results demonstrate that DC effectively expand the T cell repertoire of a given epitope to include cross-reactive T cell clonotypes. Accordingly, DC vaccination may aid in immune recognition of HIV-1 escape variants by broadening the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Abdel-Motal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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23
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Ahmad R, Sindhu ST, Toma E, Morisset R, Vincelette J, Menezes J, Ahmad A. Evidence for a correlation between antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating anti-HIV-1 antibodies and prognostic predictors of HIV infection. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:227-33. [PMID: 11403230 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011087132180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using our gp120/41-expressing, NK cell activity-resistant CEM.NKR cell clones as targets in HIV-1-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays, we demonstrate here that the serum titers of anti-HIV-1 ADCC antibodies bear a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation with the peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts and a negative one with the number of copies of HIV-1 RNA in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals. These findings underscore the importance of these antibodies as a protective immune parameter in these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Pediatric Research Center, Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Ziegner U, Campbell D, Weinhold K, Frank I, Rutstein R, Starr SE. Deficient antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-expressing target cells in perinatal HIV infection. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 6:718-24. [PMID: 10473524 PMCID: PMC95761 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.6.5.718-724.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/1999] [Accepted: 07/09/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, age-matched HIV-seronegative controls, and HIV-infected asymptomatic and symptomatic adults were compared for their ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells expressing HIV or herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens. Target cells consisted of CD4 lymphocytes purified from PBMC of HIV-seronegative adults and incubated with the IIIB strain of HIV, HUT78 cells chronically infected with IIIB, and HSV-infected human fibroblasts. PBMC of asymptomatic HIV-infected adults were generally able to lyse CD4 cells expressing HIV antigens. Direct correlation was found between the magnitude of lysis and absolute CD4 cell counts in these individuals. In contrast to these results, PBMC from HIV-infected children were generally unable to lyse IIIB-expressing CD4 cells, regardless of the children's clinical status, age, or absolute CD4 cell counts. Cells from HIV-seronegative adults and children did not directly lyse these target cells either but, in contrast to cells of HIV-seropositive children, were able to mediate cell lysis when serum from an HIV-seropositive adult was added. However, effector cells from these HIV-infected children were able to mediate both ADCC against HSV-infected fibroblasts and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against IIIB-infected HUT78 cells. Reduced ability of PBMC from vertically HIV-infected children to mediate ADCC against HIV antigen-expressing CD4 cells may contribute to rapid progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ziegner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Cox JH, Garner RP, Redfield RR, Aronson NE, Davis C, Ruiz N, Birx DL. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in HIV type 1-infected patients receiving VaxSyn, a recombinant gp160 envelope vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:847-54. [PMID: 10381173 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was measured in 60 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected patients receiving a recombinant gp160 (rgp160) envelope protein of HIV-1(NL4-3) in alum and 64 receiving placebo over a 5-year study period. There was no difference in the percentage of ADCC responders when comparing rgp160-immunized patients (mean, 78.4%) with those receiving placebo alone (mean, 81.5%) at any time point examined. Patients were further divided into progression groups regardless of their vaccine status. ADCC activity was somewhat higher in rapid than in slow-progressing groups, although the number that had detectable ADCC activity was equivalent in each group. ADCC activity of sera from rapid- and slow-progressing groups against primary or laboratory isolate envelopes was similar. This study showed that transcription with rgp160 did not appear to enhance HIV-specific ADCC activity. ADCC activity did not appear to correlate with protection against AIDS in this cohort of HIV-1-infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Cox
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Harrer T, Harrer E, Barbosa P, Kaufmann F, Wagner R, Brüggemann S, Kalden JR, Feinberg M, Johnson RP, Buchbinder S, Walker BD. Recognition of Two Overlapping CTL Epitopes in HIV-1 p17 by CTL from a Long-Term Nonprogressing HIV-1-Infected Individual. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
HIV-1 infection has been shown to elicit strong CTL responses in some infected persons, but few data are available regarding the relationship between targeted epitopes and in vivo viral quasispecies. In this study, we examined the CTL response in a person infected for 15 yr with a CD4 count persistently >500 cells/μl. The dominant in vivo activated CTL response was directed against two overlapping Gag CTL epitopes in an area of p17 known to be essential for viral replication. The 9-mer SLYNTVATL (amino acids 77–85) was recognized in conjunction with HLA-A2, whereas the overlapping 8-mer TLYCVHQR (amino acids 83–91) was recognized by HLA-A11-restricted CTL. Analysis of in vivo virus sequences both in PBMC and plasma revealed the existence of sequence variation in this region, which did not affect viral replication in vitro, but decreased recognition by the A11-restricted CTL response, with maintenance of the A2-restricted response. These results indicate that an essential region of the p17 protein can be simultaneously targeted by CTL through two different HLA molecules, and that immune escape from CTL recognition can occur without impairing viral replication. In addition, they demonstrate that Ag processing can allow for presentation of overlapping epitopes in the same infected cell, which can be affected quite differently by sequence variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harrer
- *Department of Medicine III with Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- †Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Ellen Harrer
- *Department of Medicine III with Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- †Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | | | - Friedemann Kaufmann
- ¶Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Ralf Wagner
- ¶Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Susanne Brüggemann
- *Department of Medicine III with Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim R. Kalden
- *Department of Medicine III with Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark Feinberg
- ‡Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA 94141
- §Center of AIDS Research, San Francisco, CA 94141
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- †Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- ∥AIDS Office, Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94140
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- †Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
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Tyler DS, Stanley SD, Bartlett JA, Bolognesi DP, Weinhold KJ. Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell anti-HIV-1 ADCC reactivity: a potential strategy for reduction of virus-infected cellular reservoirs. J Surg Res 1998; 79:115-20. [PMID: 9758725 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes from HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative individuals were examined to determine whether HIV-1 infection interfered with the ability to generate a lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell response. Following a 3-day ex vivo incubation in the presence of 1000 U/ml of recombinant interleukin-2, lymphocytes from seropositive individuals exhibited a LAK cell response which was equivalent to or greater than that of seronegative controls as measured against Daudi cell targets. LAK cells from seropositive and seronegative donors showed no specific cytolytic activity against gp120-coated or HIV-1-infected targets. However, in the presence of patient sera, significant levels of virus-specific LAK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were observed. The level of this specific LAK cell-mediated ADCC was greater than that mediated under similar conditions by freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The greatest improvement in ADCC over baseline activity was seen with lymphocytes from AIDS patients after the 3-day ex vivo activation, suggesting that this patient population might benefit the most from adaptive LAK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tyler
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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28
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Mata M, Travers PJ, Liu Q, Frankel FR, Paterson Y. The MHC Class I-Restricted Immune Response to HIV-gag in BALB/c Mice Selects a Single Epitope That Does Not Have a Predictable MHC-Binding Motif and Binds to Kd Through Interactions Between a Glutamine at P3 and Pocket D. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Using a strain of Listeria monocytogenes that stably expresses and secretes HIV gag to deliver this Ag to the MHC class I pathway of Ag processing, we have identified the immunodominant CTL epitope to gag in the BALB/c mouse and shown that it is Kd restricted. The specific motif for the peptides that bind the MHC class I molecule H-2 Kd is believed to be a nonamer with residues tyrosine or phenylalanine in the second amino acid position and leucine or isoleucine in the carboxyl-terminal or ninth amino acid position as dominant anchoring positions. Surprisingly, the identified gag peptide, AMQMLKETI, does not contain an anchoring aromatic residue in position two although competition assays with other Kd-restricted epitopes indicated that it binds to Kd with comparable affinity. Using a theoretical molecular dynamics approach to probe the stability of peptide binding to MHC class I molecules, we show that the absence of an appropriate anchor residue at P2 in AMQMLKETI is compensated by favorable interactions of the glutamine at P3 with pocket D of Kd. These findings were verified experimentally, demonstrating the predictive power of this theoretical approach in analyzing MHC class I/peptide interactions. These studies also indicate that CTL epitope prediction that relies on dominant peptide motifs may not always identify the correct epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielena Mata
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Paul J. Travers
- †Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Liu
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Fred R. Frankel
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Yvonne Paterson
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA; and
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29
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Cao H, Kanki P, Sankalé JL, Dieng-Sarr A, Mazzara GP, Kalams SA, Korber B, Mboup S, Walker BD. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cross-reactivity among different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades: implications for vaccine development. J Virol 1997; 71:8615-23. [PMID: 9343219 PMCID: PMC192325 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.11.8615-8623.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, successful global intervention will require an effective vaccine. Expanding evidence suggests that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses will be an important component of such a vaccine. The varying geographic distribution of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) clades, with the relative absence of clade B HIV-1 outside the developed world, is considered a major obstacle to the development of a single efficacious vaccine. An understanding of cross-reactive CTL responses between different HIV-1 clades is crucial in the design of a vaccine which will be broadly immunogenic. In this study, we examined the ability of HIV-1 Gag-, reverse transcriptase-, and Env-specific CTL clones isolated from individuals infected in the United States to recognize non-B clade viral sequences and found that all were cross-reactive with the majority of non-B clade viral sequences tested. We next studied HIV-1-specific CTL responses in African individuals infected with clade A, C, or G virus and evaluated cross-recognition of clade B virus. Of 14 persons evaluated, all demonstrated cross-reactivity with the U.S. clade B viral constructs. We conclude that significant CTL cross-reactivity exists between clade B and non-B epitopes, suggesting that CTL cross-recognition among HIV-1 clades is more widespread than anticipated and that a vaccine based on a single clade may be broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cao
- AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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30
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Tschetter JR, Byrne KM, Perryman LE, McGuire TC. Control of equine infectious anemia virus is not dependent on ADCC mediating antibodies. Virology 1997; 230:275-80. [PMID: 9143283 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have recurrent episodes of viremia which are eventually controlled, but the immune mechanisms have not been identified. Antibodies were detected to the surface of EIAV-infected cells within 1 month postinfection and remained for at least 3.5 years postinfection. These antibodies recognized cell surface-exposed envelope (Env) glycoproteins, but could not mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using EIAV-WSU5-infected equine kidney (EK) cells as targets and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as effector cells. Furthermore, purified IgG antibodies from horses infected with either EIAV-WSU5 or EIAV-Wyo did not mediate ADCC of infected target cells. Armed effector cells could not be detected in infected horse blood nor could effector cells be prearmed by incubation with serum antibodies to cell surface antigens. The use of EIAV-WSU5-infected equine macrophages as target cells did not result in ADCC. In contrast, serum antibody from EHV-1 vaccinated horses and PBMC or PMN as effector cells caused ADCC of EHV-1-infected EK cells. These results indicate that ADCC is not involved in the control of EIAV in carrier horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Tschetter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-7040, USA
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31
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Heinkelein M, Sopper S, Jassoy C. Contact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes is highly cytolytic for both cells. J Virol 1995; 69:6925-31. [PMID: 7474110 PMCID: PMC189610 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.6925-6931.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience a marked loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes, leading to fatal immunodeficiency. The mechanisms causing the depletion of these cells are not yet understood. In this study, we observed that CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected and uninfected individuals rapidly lysed B lymphoblasts expressing the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein on the cell surface and Jurkat cells expressing the complete virus. Contact of uninfected CD4+ T cells with envelope glycoprotein-expressing cells also resulted in the lysis of the uninfected CD4+ T cells. Cytolysis did not require priming or in vitro stimulation of the CD4+ T cells and was not restricted by major histocompatibility complex molecules. Cytotoxicity was inhibited by soluble CD4 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies that block binding of CD4 to gp120. In addition, neutralizing anti-CD4 and anti-gp120 monoclonal antibodies which block postbinding membrane fusion events and syncytium formation also inhibited cell lysis, suggesting that identical mechanisms in HIV-infected cultures underlie cell-cell fusion and the cytolysis observed. However, cytotoxicity was not always accompanied by the formation of visible syncytia. Rapid cell lysis after contact of uninfected and HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells may explain CD4+ T-cell depletion in the absence of detectable syncytia in infected individuals. Moreover, because of its vigor, lysis of envelope-expressing targets by contact with unprimed CD4+ T lymphocytes may at first glance resemble antigen-specific immune responses and should be excluded when cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in infected individuals and vaccinees are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heinkelein
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg University, Germany
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32
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Furtado MR, Kingsley LA, Wolinsky SM. Changes in the viral mRNA expression pattern correlate with a rapid rate of CD4+ T-cell number decline in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. J Virol 1995; 69:2092-2100. [PMID: 7884855 PMCID: PMC188875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.4.2092-2100.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of disease progression varies considerably among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. Several cross-sectional studies have shown an association between the stage of HIV-1 disease and the viral burden or the relative levels of viral gene expression. To study the extent of HIV-1 transcription and replication and its correlations with disease progression, we quantified serial, longitudinal samples of blood cells from 10 HIV-1-infected individuals with markedly different rates of CD4+ T-cell number decline following seroconversion. After normalization for the input nucleic acid content, multiply spliced viral mRNA and unspliced viral RNA were quantified by competitive reverse transcription-PCR using oligonucleotide primers which flank the major tat/rev/nef splice junction and span an internal region of the gag open reading frame, respectively. Coamplification of internal cRNA template controls was used to normalize for variation in the efficiency of reverse transcription and in vitro enzymatic amplification. Similarly, proviral DNA was also quantified by competitive PCR performed within the linear range of amplification. Viral RNA was detected in the blood cells of each individual from all time points regardless of the rate of CD4+ T-cell decline. Unspliced genomic viral RNA rapidly increased in the blood cells from HIV-1-infected individuals who had a precipitously declining CD4+ T-cell number. In contrast, both unspliced and multiply spliced viral mRNAs remained relatively stable in the blood cells from HIV-1-infected individuals who have had a relatively benign clinical course. These data demonstrate that the extent of viral transcription and replication correlates with the rate of CD4+ T-cell number decline and that quantifying intracellular viral RNA is of potential prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Furtado
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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33
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Koup RA, Safrit JT, Cao Y, Andrews CA, McLeod G, Borkowsky W, Farthing C, Ho DD. Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J Virol 1994; 68:4650-5. [PMID: 8207839 PMCID: PMC236393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.7.4650-4655.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1891] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virologic and immunologic studies were performed on five patients presenting with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors specific for cells expressing antigens of HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Env were detected at or within 3 weeks of presentation in four of the five patients and were detected in all five patients by 3 to 6 months after presentation. The one patient with an absent initial CTL response had prolonged symptoms, persistent viremia, and low CD4+ T-cell count. Neutralizing antibody activity was absent at the time of presentation in all five patients. These findings suggest that cellular immunity is involved in the initial control of virus replication in primary HIV-1 infection and indicate a role for CTL in protective immunity to HIV-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Koup
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
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34
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Merzouki A, Patel P, Cassol S, O'Shaughnessy M, Gill J, Arella M. HIV-1 gp120/160 expressing transfected cell clones to evaluate the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) during the course of HIV-1 infection. J Virol Methods 1994; 48:9-21. [PMID: 7962264 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transfection by electroporation of the CEM.NKR cell line with a plasmid containing the HIVNL43 gp160 gene resulted in the establishment of HIV-1 gp120/160 expressing CEM.NKR cell clones. The cell-surface expression of the recombinant viral envelope is stable and does not lead to syncytium formation among a substantial number of cells expressing envelope glycoprotein, suggesting that these cells are suitable as targets to monitor HIV-specific ADCC activities with the stage or the progression of HIV-1 disease. By using these cells, the ability of sera from HIV-1 seropositive individuals to mediate ADCC against HIV-1 gp120/160 transfected cells in an antigen-specific manner was established. Approximately 63% of the HIV-infected individuals representing all stages of infection have virus-specific ADCC antibodies. Moreover, sera from healthy seropositive (CDC class II) subjects mediated substantially higher levels of ADCC activity (25.7 +/- 11.5%) than did sera from individuals in CDC class III (10.3 +/- 8.9%) or IVC1 (6.4 +/- 8.1%). The mean ADCC activity for the sera from the seronegative volunteers was 2 +/- 1.3%. The correlation between the ADCC level and CD4 cell depletion remains uncertain. Therefore, the established transfected cell line may be used to probe the role of gp120/160-specific ADCC activity in the development of AIDS and may also prove useful in screening human and murine monoclonal antibodies with potential ADCC activity. Such monoclonals may be useful for future immunotherapeutic agents in conjunction with antiviral chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merzouki
- Virology Research Center, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Greenough TC, Somasundaran M, Brettler DB, Hesselton RM, Alimenti A, Kirchhoff F, Panicali D, Sullivan JL. Normal immune function and inability to isolate virus in culture in an individual with long-term human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:395-403. [PMID: 8068417 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed, longitudinal study was undertaken to investigate the immunological and virological features of an individual with hemophilia infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) for 10 years without disease. Methods applied to serial samples of peripheral blood included Western blot analysis, neutralizing antibody assays, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) titration, HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays, viral cultures, and PCR with sequence analysis of viral regulatory genes. Strong antibody responses against HIV-1 antigens as measured by Western blot and ADCC assays have persisted throughout infection. Repeated attempts to isolate HIV-1 using sensitive culture techniques and to demonstrate viremia with standard PCR methods have failed. Using the "booster" PCR technique, a period of viremia in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was demonstrated. Concurrent with detection of circulating virus, titers of neutralizing antibodies and circulating HIV-1-specific CTLs became measurable. Sequencing studies of a portion of the viral genome showed no significant abnormalities of the regulatory genes. In this individual, the combination of low viral load in the peripheral blood and a strong, responsive immune system is associated with long-term, disease-free coexistence with HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Greenough
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605
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36
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McGuire TC, Tumas DB, Byrne KM, Hines MT, Leib SR, Brassfield AL, O'Rourke KI, Perryman LE. Major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from horses with equine infectious anemia virus recognize Env and Gag/PR proteins. J Virol 1994; 68:1459-67. [PMID: 8107209 PMCID: PMC236601 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.3.1459-1467.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can control some viral infections and may be important in the control of lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Since there is limited evidence for an in vivo role of CTL in control of lentiviruses, dissection of immune mechanisms in animal lentiviral infections may provide needed information. Horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) a lentivirus, have acute plasma viremia which is terminated in immunocompetent horses. Viremic episodes may recur, but most horses ultimately control infection and become asymptomatic carriers. To begin dissection of the immune mechanisms involved in EIAV control, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from infected horses were evaluated for CTL to EIAV-infected cells. By using noninfected and EIAV-infected autologous equine kidney (EK) cells in 51Cr-release assays, EIAV-specific cytotoxic activity was detected in unstimulated PBMC from three infected horses. The EIAV-specific cytotoxic activity was major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted, as determined by assaying EIAV-infected heterologous EK targets, and was mediated by CD8+ T lymphocytes, as determined by depleting these cells by a panning procedure with an anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody. MHC-restricted CD8+ CTL in unstimulated PBMC from infected horses caused significant specific lysis of autologous EK cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing EIAV genes, either env or gag plus 5' pol. The EIAV-specific MHC-restricted CD8+ CTL were detected in two EIAV-infected horses within a few days after plasma viremia occurred and were present after viremia was terminated. The detection of these immune effector cells in EIAV-infected horses permits further studies to determine their in vivo role.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C McGuire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-7040
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37
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Safrit JT, Andrews CA, Zhu T, Ho DD, Koup RA. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones isolated during acute seroconversion: recognition of autologous virus sequences within a conserved immunodominant epitope. J Exp Med 1994; 179:463-72. [PMID: 8294860 PMCID: PMC2191356 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.2.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are involved in protective immunity to many virus infections. It has recently been shown that CTL are detectable early during primary infection with the primate lentiviruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus. To better characterize the CTL response during acute HIV-1 infection, HIV-1-specific CTL clones were generated from two patients during symptomatic HIV-1 seroconversion. These CTL clones demonstrated specificity for env of HIV-1 and recognized sequences within gp41. Two human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) A31-restricted clones from the same individual were found to have differing virus strain specificities. Both clones recognized the 11-amino acid peptide RLRDLLLIVTR from position 770-780 of gp41. A change from T to V at position 779 in this epitope abrogated lysis by one clone but not the other. A CTL clone from the other patient, restricted by a different class I HLA allele, recognized the nine-amino acid peptide HRLRDLLLI from position 769-777 of gp41. Of note, the peptide RLRDLLLIVTR has been shown by others to be presented to CTL by HLA-A3.1. Autologous virus sequences from seroconversion and up to 15 wk after presentation in these two patients were recognized by the CTL clones isolated during acute infection. None of the CTL clones recognized the MN strain of HIV-1, indicating the problems inherent in relying on a single virus strain in the development of a vaccine. These studies have identified an immunodominant and promiscuous area for the generation of CTL responses within gp41. This recognition of autologous virus sequences by the initial CTL response is consistent with the hypothesis that a single virus strain is transmitted to the seroconverter and that the CTL response is involved in the initial control of that virus. These studies indicate the importance of the CTL response to HIV-1 infection and have implications in the design of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Safrit
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
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38
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Kovacs JA, Vasudevachari MB, Easter M, Davey RT, Falloon J, Polis MA, Metcalf JA, Salzman N, Baseler M, Smith GE. Induction of humoral and cell-mediated anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) responses in HIV sero-negative volunteers by immunization with recombinant gp160. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:919-28. [PMID: 7688766 PMCID: PMC294931 DOI: 10.1172/jci116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine for prevention of infection with HIV would provide an important mechanism for controlling the AIDS epidemic. In the current study, the first clinical trial of a candidate HIV-1 vaccine initiated in the United States, the safety and immunogenicity of escalating doses (10-1,280 micrograms) of recombinant gp160 (rgp160), were evaluated in 138 HIV-negative volunteers. Maximal antibody responses, as evaluated by ELISA, were seen after immunization with three doses of 1,280 micrograms rgp160. Responses to some specific epitopes of HIV gp160, including the second conserved domain and the CD4 binding site, were seen more frequently than after natural infection. Neutralizing antibodies to the homologous HIV strain, but not heterologous strains, were induced by this regimen. Blastogenic responses to rgp160 were seen in most volunteers receiving at least two doses of > or = 20 micrograms. These envelope-specific T cell responses were also seen against heterologous strains of HIV. No major adverse reactions were seen after immunization. Thus, rgp160 is a safe and immunogenic candidate HIV vaccine; further studies are needed to determine if it will provide any clinical benefit in preventing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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39
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Ferrari G, Ottinger J, Place C, Nigida SM, Arthur LO, Weinhold KJ. The impact of HIV-1 infection on phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in chimpanzees. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:647-56. [PMID: 8369169 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As a means of assessing the immunological impact of HIV infection in the chimpanzee, as well as the participation of the cellular components in the control of HIV infection in these animals, various aspects of cellular immunity were investigated in chronically HIV-infected chimpanzees. Eight HIV-1-infected chimpanzees were included in this study; two of them were infected for more than 5 years and six for nearly 3 years at the time of study. All of the chimpanzees received either 40 or 100 TCID50 of HTLV-IIIB. Circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied by flow cytofluorimetric analysis in order to reveal possible alterations in the CD4:CD8 ratio, as well as in specific CD4+ and CD8+ cell subpopulations. Chronically infected chimpanzees did not present significant alterations in the percentage of CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. Interestingly, the CD8+/CD57+ cell subset was not detectable. The expression of markers for activation on circulating lymphocytes, usually higher in the HIV-infected patients, was not altered in infected animals. The functional aspects of specific anti-HIV-1 non-MHC and MHC-restricted cellular cytotoxic reactivities were also investigated. The results were compared with the findings in normal uninfected chimpanzees and in HIV-infected humans. Only one chimpanzee (881) developed a detectable, specific non-MHC-restricted anti-HIV-1- reactivity. Compared to that seen in humans, the ontogeny of this activity is delayed. Among the other infected chimpanzees, no specific anti-HIV cellular reactivities were detectable in the peripheral blood. In chimpanzees, HIV-1 infection evidently does not elicit the same strong cellular reactivity as that detected in infected patients. The absence of chronic cellular activation, despite continued viral replication, may highlight a key determinant in HIV-1-induced pathogenesis that is likewise absent in infected chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferrari
- Laboratorio di Virologia, Ospedale S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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40
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Kotler DP, Reka S, Clayton F. Intestinal mucosal inflammation associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:1119-27. [PMID: 8508707 DOI: 10.1007/bf01295730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) in producing intestinal disease was studied prospectively in 74 HIV-infected individuals with (43) or without (31) the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Thirty-one subjects had enteric infections; all but one had AIDS. Alteration in bowel habits was the most common symptom and occurred independently of enteric infections. Abnormal histopathology was present in 69% of cases, and the finding was associated with altered bowel habits. An HIV-associated protein, p24, was detected in 71% of biopsies by ELISA assay. Tissue p24 contents varied with disease stage and were highest in HIV-infected individuals without AIDS (Walter Reed classes 3 and 4). Tissue p24 detection was associated with both altered bowel habits and histologic mucosal abnormalities. Tissue contents of the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta, were higher in HIV-infected individuals than in controls and their elevations were independent of enteric infection. We conclude that HIV reactivation in the intestinal mucosa may be associated with an inflammatory bowel syndrome in the absence of other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Kotler
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York 10025
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41
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Abstract
The lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS by interacting with a large number of different cells in the body and escaping the host immune response against it. HIV is transmitted primarily through blood and genital fluids and to newborn infants from infected mothers. The steps occurring in infection involve an interaction of HIV not only with the CD4 molecule on cells but also with other cellular receptors recently identified. Virus-cell fusion and HIV entry subsequently take place. Following virus infection, a variety of intracellular mechanisms determine the relative expression of viral regulatory and accessory genes leading to productive or latent infection. With CD4+ lymphocytes, HIV replication can cause syncytium formation and cell death; with other cells, such as macrophages, persistent infection can occur, creating reservoirs for the virus in many cells and tissues. HIV strains are highly heterogeneous, and certain biologic and serologic properties determined by specific genetic sequences can be linked to pathogenic pathways and resistance to the immune response. The host reaction against HIV, through neutralizing antibodies and particularly through strong cellular immune responses, can keep the virus suppressed for many years. Long-term survival appears to involve infection with a relatively low-virulence strain that remains sensitive to the immune response, particularly to control by CD8+ cell antiviral activity. Several therapeutic approaches have been attempted, and others are under investigation. Vaccine development has provided some encouraging results, but the observations indicate the major challenge of preventing infection by HIV. Ongoing research is necessary to find a solution to this devastating worldwide epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Levy
- Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94143-0128
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- DNA Replication
- DNA, Recombinant/metabolism
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/isolation & purification
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/isolation & purification
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160
- HIV-1/genetics
- Humans
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Restriction Mapping
- Terminator Regions, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection/methods
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Mazzara
- Therion Biologics Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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43
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Johnson RP, Trocha A, Buchanan TM, Walker BD. Recognition of a highly conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 by an HLA-Cw4-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone. J Virol 1993; 67:438-45. [PMID: 7677956 PMCID: PMC237380 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.438-445.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates exhibit extensive sequence variation, particularly in the gp120 subunit of the envelope glycoprotein, and the degree of this variation has raised questions as to whether conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope can be recognized by the host immune response. A CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clone specific for the HIV-1 envelope was derived by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells from an HIV-1 seropositive subject in the presence of a CD3-specific monoclonal antibody, interleukin-2, and irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Lysis of target cells was restricted by an HLA-C molecule, Cw4, which has not been previously shown to present viral antigen to CTL. Mapping of the specificity of this CTL clone by using synthetic HIV-1 peptides localized the epitope to an 8-amino-acid region of gp120 (amino acids 376 to 383) which is conserved among approximately 90% of sequenced viral isolates. Examination of the recognition of variant peptides by this CTL clone demonstrated that a single, nonconservative amino acid substitution within the 8-amino-acid minimal epitope could abrogate lysis of targets incubated with the variant peptide. The identification of a CTL epitope in a highly conserved region of gp120 documents the ability of cellular immune responses of infected persons to respond to relatively invariant portions of this highly variable envelope glycoprotein. However, the ability of even a single-amino-acid change in gp120 to abolish lysis by CTL supports the hypothesis that sequence variation in HIV-1 may serve as a mechanism of immune escape. In addition, the identification of an HLA-C molecule presenting viral antigen to CTL supports a functional role for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Johnson
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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44
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Nixon DF, Broliden K, Ogg G, Broliden PA. Cellular and humoral antigenic epitopes in HIV and SIV. Immunol Suppl 1992; 76:515-34. [PMID: 1383131 PMCID: PMC1421556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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45
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Posner MR, Elboim HS, Cannon T, Cavacini L, Hideshima T. Functional activity of an HIV-1 neutralizing IgG human monoclonal antibody: ADCC and complement-mediated lysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:553-8. [PMID: 1381201 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The IgG1 kappa, human monoclonal antibody (HMAb), F105, was studied for functional activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). F105 reacts with a discontinuous epitope on the CD4 binding site of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, expressed on the surfaces of infected cells and neutralizes diverse viral strains at antibody concentrations readily achievable in humans. Neither F105 nor serum (diluted 1:50) from HIV seropositive donors mediate CDC against an SF2-infected cell line with rabbit or human sera as a source of complement. F105 and HIV-1 sera mediate ADCC against the SF2 strain. Normal human serum reduced spontaneous lysis of SF2 by peripheral blood monocytes (PBM). Although mixing of F105 with normal human serum reduced the lysis observed (36 +/- 8 vs. 42 +/- 8%), this still was significantly greater than lysis in media (30 +/- 5%) or normal human serum (23 +/- 6%) (p less than .05). A murine antibody to CD16 significantly reduced spontaneous lysis observed with media (30 +/- 5 vs. 18 +/- 3%) while normal mouse serum had no effect (31 +/- 7%). ADCC mediated by F105 is completely abrogated by the anti-CD16 antibody (42 +/- 8 vs. 22 +/- 4%), while only a fraction of ADCC mediated by HIV sera is inhibited by anti-CD16 (60 +/- 9 vs. 46 +/- 6%), suggesting that several populations of effector cells function in ADCC mediated by the polyclonal sera. Thus, F105, as opposed to polyclonal sera, mediates ADCC through a CD16+ PBM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Posner
- Department of Medicine, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA
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46
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Abstract
In this review B cell responses in HIV-infected individuals are summarized together with the techniques used to date to produce human monoclonals to HIV and the properties of these antibodies. Profound disturbances in B cell responses are apparent both in vivo and in vitro. While there is evidence in vivo of marked polyclonal B cell activation, primary and secondary antibody responses are impaired. Similarly these cells exhibit spontaneous immunoglobulin secretion upon in vitro culture but do not readily respond to B cell mitogens and recall antigens including HIV. Furthermore, certain of these defects can be reproduced in normal B cells in vitro by incubation with HIV or HIV coded peptides. Individuals infected with HIV develop antibodies to HIV structural proteins (e.g. p17, p24, gp41 and gp120) and regulatory proteins (e.g. vif, nef, RT). Autoantibodies against a number of immunologically important molecules are also frequently observed. The anti-HIV antibodies are predominantly of the IgG1 isotype and exhibit a variety of effects on the virus in vitro. To date, using conventional immortalization strategies, an appreciable number of human monoclonals to HIV have been developed. These have been specific for gp41, gp120 and gag with antibodies of the former specificity predominating. The majority of these antibodies have been of the IgG1 isotype. Only a small number of the antibodies neutralize virus in vitro and most of these react with gp120. The neutralizing antibodies recognize conformational and carbohydrate epitopes or epitopes in amino acid positions 306-322. The predominant epitopes recognized by the anti-gp41 antibodies were in amino acid positions 579-620 and 644-662. A high percentage (congruent to 25%) of these antibodies enhance viral growth in vitro. The problems relating to the production of human monoclonals to HIV are discussed together with strategies that could be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Boyd
- Department of Surgery, University Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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47
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Johnson RP, Trocha A, Buchanan TM, Walker BD. Identification of overlapping HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes in a conserved region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein: definition of minimum epitopes and analysis of the effects of sequence variation. J Exp Med 1992; 175:961-71. [PMID: 1372650 PMCID: PMC2119173 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.4.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the immunologic basis of protective immunity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has not yet been defined, virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are likely to be an important host defense and may be a critical feature of an effective vaccine. These observations, along with the inclusion of the HIV-1 envelope in the majority of vaccine candidates presently in clinical trials, underscore the importance of the precise characterization of the cellular immune responses to this protein. Although humoral immune responses to the envelope protein have been extensively characterized, relatively little information is available regarding the envelope epitopes recognized by virus-specific CTL and the effects of sequence variation within these epitopes. Here we report the identification of two overlapping CTL epitopes in a highly conserved region of the HIV-1 transmembrane envelope protein, gp41, using CTL clones derived from two seropositive subjects. An eight-amino acid peptide was defined as the minimum epitope recognized by HLA-B8-restricted CTL derived from one subject, and in a second subject, an overlapping nine-amino acid peptide was identified as the minimal epitope for HLA-B14-restricted CTL clones. Selected single amino acid substitutions representing those found in naturally occurring HIV-1 isolates resulted in partial to complete loss of recognition of these epitopes. These data indicate the presence of a highly conserved region in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein that is immunogenic for CTL responses. In addition, they suggest that natural sequence variation may lead to escape from immune detection by HIV-1-specific CTL. Since the region containing these epitopes has been previously shown to contain an immunodominant B cell epitope and also overlaps with a major histocompatibility complex class II T cell epitope recognized by CD4+ CTL from HIV-1 rgp160 vaccine recipients, it may be particularly important for HIV-1 vaccine development. Finally, the identification of minimal CTL epitopes presented by class I HLA molecules should facilitate the definition of allele-specific motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Johnson
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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48
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Jiang SB, Lin K, Neurath AR. Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by antisera to peptides from the envelope glycoproteins gp120/gp41. J Exp Med 1991; 174:1557-63. [PMID: 1836013 PMCID: PMC2119057 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41) elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAB) and also antibodies enhancing HIV-1 infection (EAB). Several epitopes eliciting VNAB have been defined, the principal virus-neutralizing determinant being assigned to the V3 loop of gp120. To provide a background for a rational design of anti-HIV vaccines, it also appears important to define domains eliciting EAB. This was accomplished by screening antisera against synthetic peptides covering almost the entire sequence of gp120/gp41 for their enhancing effects on HIV-1 infection of MT-2 cells, a continuous T cell line. Many (16/30) of the antisera significantly enhanced HIV-1 in the presence of human complement. Antibodies to complement receptor type 2 (CR2) abrogated the antibody-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 infection. Antisera to V3 hypervariable loops of 21 distinct HIV-1 isolates were also tested for their enhancing effects on HIV-1IIIB infection. 11 of these sera contained VNAB and 10 enhanced HIV-1IIIB infection. All antisera with virus-enhancing activity contained antibodies crossreactive with the V3 loop of HIV-1IIIB, and the virus-enhancing activity increased with increasing serological crossreactivity. These results suggest that immunization with antigens encompassing V3 loops may elicit EAB rather than protective antibodies if epitopes on the immunogen and the predominant HIV-1 isolate infecting a population are insufficiently matched, i.e., crossreactive serologically but not at the level of virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York 10021
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49
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Koup RA, Pikora CA, Luzuriaga K, Brettler DB, Day ES, Mazzara GP, Sullivan JL. Limiting dilution analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to human immunodeficiency virus gag antigens in infected persons: in vitro quantitation of effector cell populations with p17 and p24 specificities. J Exp Med 1991; 174:1593-600. [PMID: 1744586 PMCID: PMC2119040 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to the gag antigens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been described in infected populations. We found that the majority of this immune response as measured in bulk CTL assays of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is directed against the p24 component of the p55 gag precursor protein. Using limiting dilution analysis of this effector cell population we confirm that the majority of activated gag-specific CTL circulating in the PBMC of infected hemophilic patients are directed at p24 determinants and are present at frequencies of 1/36,000 to 1/86,000 lymphocytes. By performing in vitro stimulation after limiting dilution, the precursor population of gag-specific CTL are characterized and quantitated. HIV gag-specific CTL precursors are identified at frequencies of 1/1700 to 1/17,000 lymphocytes and are made up of cells with both p17 and p24 specificities. No HIV gag-specific CTL precursor cells are identified in the PBMC of HIV-uninfected individuals. These studies demonstrate that CTL directed at both p17 and p24 determinants make up the cellular immune repertoire in HIV-infected individuals but that only the p24-specific CTL are routinely found in an activated state in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Koup
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655
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50
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Sugata F, Aoki N, Shioda T, Hayashi T, Shimada K, Mitamura K, Shibuta H. Immune response of mice infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses carrying the HIV gag gene. Microbiol Immunol 1991; 35:849-61. [PMID: 1779889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1991.tb02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined mouse immune response to 4 kinds of recombinant vaccinia viruses carrying the HIV gag gene, including vac-gag/pol, which produces HIV-like particles with processed gag proteins; vac-gag, which also produces HIV-like particles but with unprocessed gag protein; and vac-gag-pol-fuse and vac-es-gag/pol, neither of which produces such particles but releases reverse transcriptase and gag protein, respectively, from infected cells. Although infection of mice with recombinant vaccinia viruses induced production of the anti-p24 antibody in all mice, vac-gag/pol and vac-es-pol induced higher production than the other two recombinants. Increase in [3H]thymidine uptake by splenic lymphocytes following p24 antigen stimulation was most evident in mice infected with vac-gag/pol. Thus, the highest immune reaction, both humoral and cellular, was elicited by vac-gag/pol, indicating that among those tested, this recombinant vaccinia virus is the best candidate for a vaccine that induces anti-HIV gag immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sugata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Tokyo, Japan
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