1
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Levina A, Wardhani K, Stephens LJ, Werrett MV, Caporale C, Dallerba E, Blair VL, Massi M, Lay PA, Andrews PC. Neutral rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with sulfur-donor ligands: anti-proliferative activity and cellular localization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7866-7879. [PMID: 38632950 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes are widely studied for their cell imaging properties and anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities, but the complexes with S-donor ligands remain relatively unexplored. A series of six fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(SR)] complexes, where (NN) is 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and RSH is a series of thiocarboxylic acid methyl esters, have been synthesized and characterized. Cellular uptake and anti-proliferative activities of these complexes in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were generally lower than those of the previously described fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(OH2)]+ complexes; however, one of the complexes, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(SC(Ph)CH2C(O)OMe)] (3b), was active (IC50 ∼ 10 μM at 72 h treatment) in thiol-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, unlike fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(OH2)]+, this complex did not lose activity in the presence of extracellular glutathione. Taken together these properties show promise for further development of 3b and its analogues as potential anti-cancer drugs for co-treatment with thiol-depleting agents. Conversely, the stable and non-toxic complex, fac-[Re(bipy)(CO)3(SC(Me)C(O)OMe)] (1a), predominantly localized in the lysosomes of MDA-MB-231 cells, as shown by live cell confocal microscopy (λex = 405 nm, λem = 470-570 nm). It is strongly localized in a subset of lysosomes (25 μM Re, 4 h treatment), as shown by co-localization with a Lysotracker dye. Longer treatment times with 1a (25 μM Re for 48 h) resulted in partial migration of the probe into the mitochondria, as shown by co-localization with a Mitotracker dye. These properties make complex 1a an attractive target for further development as an organelle probe for multimodal imaging, including phosphorescence, carbonyl tag for vibrational spectroscopy, and Re tag for X-ray fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Liam J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Chiara Caporale
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Elena Dallerba
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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2
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Hong YM, Min SY, Kim D, Kim S, Seo D, Lee KH, Han SH. Human MicroRNAs Attenuate the Expression of Immediate Early Proteins and HCMV Replication during Lytic and Latent Infection in Connection with Enhancement of Phosphorylated RelA/p65 (Serine 536) That Binds to MIEP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052769. [PMID: 35269913 PMCID: PMC8911160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuating the expression of immediate early (IE) proteins is essential for controlling the lytic replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The human microRNAs (hsa-miRs), miR-200b-3p and miR-200c-3p, have been identified to bind the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the mRNA encoding IE proteins. However, whether hsa-miRs can reduce IE72 expression and HCMV viral load or exhibit a crosstalk with the host cellular signaling machinery, most importantly the NF-κB cascade, has not been evaluated. In this study, argonaute-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation-seq revealed that miR-200b-3p and miR-200c-3p bind the 3′-UTR of UL123, which is a gene that encodes IE72. The binding of these miRNAs to the 3′-UTR of UL123 was verified in transfected cells stably expressing GFP. We used miR-200b-3p/miR-200c-3p mimics to counteract the downregulation of these miRNA after acute HCMV infection. This resulted in reduced IE72/IE86 expression and HCMV VL during lytic infection. We determined that IE72/IE86 alone can inhibit the phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at the Ser536 residue and that p-Ser536 RelA/p65 binds to the major IE promoter/enhancer (MIEP). The upregulation of miR-200b-3p and miR-200c-3p resulted in the phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at Ser536 through the downregulation of IE, and the binding of the resultant p-Ser536 RelA/p65 to MIEP resulted in a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, miR-200b-3p and miR-200c-3p—together with p-Ser536 RelA/p65—can prevent lytic HCMV replication during acute and latent infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Mi Hong
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.-M.H.); (S.Y.M.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Seo Yeon Min
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.-M.H.); (S.Y.M.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Dayeong Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.-M.H.); (S.Y.M.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Subin Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.-M.H.); (S.Y.M.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Daekwan Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.-M.H.); (S.Y.M.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (Y.-M.H.); (S.Y.M.); (D.K.); (S.K.); (K.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2019-3319; Fax: +82-2-3463-3882
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3
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Inoue Y, Hasegawa S, Hasebe Y, Kawagishi-Hotta M, Okuno R, Yamada T, Adachi H, Miyachi K, Ishii Y, Sugiura K, Akamatsu H. Establishment of Three Types of Immortalized Human Skin Stem Cell Lines Derived from the Single Donor. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1403-1412. [PMID: 34602549 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, human-skin derived cell culture is a basic technique essential for dermatological research, cellular engineering research, drug development, and cosmetic development. But the number of donors is limited, and primary cell function reduces through cell passage. In particular, since adult stem cells are present in a small amount in living tissues, it has been difficult to obtain a large amount of stem cells and to stably culture them. In this study, skin derived cells were isolated from the epidermis, dermis, and adipose tissue collected from single donor, and immortalization was induced through gene transfer. Subsequently, cell lines that could be used as stem cell models were selected using the differentiation potential and the expression of stem cell markers as indices, and it was confirmed that these could be stably cultured. The immortalized cell lines established in this study have the potential to be applied not only to basic dermatological research but also to a wide range of fields such as drug screening and cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Inoue
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Yuichi Hasebe
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mika Kawagishi-Hotta
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Ryosuke Okuno
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Yoshie Ishii
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Hirohiko Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
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4
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Lee JS, Kim S, Kim S, Ahn K, Min DH. Fluorometric Viral miRNA Nanosensor for Diagnosis of Productive (Lytic) Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Living Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:815-822. [PMID: 33529521 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes a persistent asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals and possesses unexpected dangers to newborn babies, immunocompromised people, and organ transplant recipients because of stealth transmission. Thus, an early and accurate diagnosis of HCMV infection is crucial for prevention of unexpected transmission and progression of the severe diseases. The standard method of HCMV diagnosis depends on serology, antigen test, and polymerase chain reaction-based nucleic acid detection, which have advantages for each target molecule. However, the serological test for an antibody is an indirect method assuming the past virus infection, and antigen and viral nucleic acid testing demand laborious, complex multistep procedures for direct virus detection. Herein, we present an alternative simple and facile fluorometric biosensor composed of a graphene oxide nanocolloid and fluorescent peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe to detect the HCMV infection by simply monitoring the virally encoded microRNA as a new biomarker of lytic virus infection. We verify the sensing of HCMV-derived microRNA accumulated within 72 h after HCMV infection and examine the diagnosis of HCMV in living cells. We proceed with the time course and concentration-dependent investigation of hcmv-miRNA sensing in living cells as a direct method of HCMV detection at the molecular level on the basis of an intracellular hcmv-miRNA expression profile and graphene oxide nanocolloid-based simple diagnostic platform. The fluorometric biosensor enables the sequence-specific binding to the target HCMV miRNAs in HCMV-infected fibroblasts and shows the quantitative detection capability of HCMV infection to be as low as 4.15 × 105 immunofluorescence focus unit (IFU)/mL of the virus titer at 48 h post-infection with picomolar sensitivity for HCMV miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchul Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangseog Ahn
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Hee Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biotherapeutics Convergence Technology, Lemonex Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Putri DS, Berkebile ZW, Mustafa HJ, Fernández-Alarcón C, Abrahante JE, Schleiss MR, Bierle CJ. Cytomegalovirus infection elicits a conserved chemokine response from human and guinea pig amnion cells. Virology 2020; 548:93-100. [PMID: 32838950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects the chorioamnion, but whether these infections cause fetal membrane dysfunction remains poorly understood. We sought to assess whether guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infects amnion-derived cells in vitro, compare the inflammatory response of amnion cells to GPCMV and HCMV, and determine if GPCMV infects the amnion in vivo. We found that GPCMV replicates in primary guinea pig amnion derived cells and HPV16 E6/E7-transduced amniotic epithelial cells (AEC[E6/E7]s). HCMV and GPCMV infection of amnion cells increased the transcription of the chemokines CCL5/Ccl5, CXCL8/Cxcl8, and CXCL10/Cxcl10. Myd88-knockdown decreased Ccl5 and Cxc8 transcription in GPCMV-infected AEC[E6/E7]s. GPCMV was detected in the guinea pig amnion after primary maternal infection, revealing that guinea pigs are an appropriate model to study fetal membrane physiology after cytomegalovirus infection. As inflammation is known to cause fetal membrane weakening, the amnion's response to cytomegalovirus infection may cause preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dira S Putri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Zachary W Berkebile
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hiba J Mustafa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Claudia Fernández-Alarcón
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Craig J Bierle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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6
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Suzuki T, Kawamura K, Li Q, Okamoto S, Tada Y, Tatsumi K, Shimada H, Hiroshima K, Yamaguchi N, Tagawa M. Mesenchymal stem cells are efficiently transduced with adenoviruses bearing type 35-derived fibers and the transduced cells with the IL-28A gene produces cytotoxicity to lung carcinoma cells co-cultured. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:713. [PMID: 25255777 PMCID: PMC4182771 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transduction of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with type 5 adenoviruses (Ad5) is limited in the efficacy because of the poor expression level of the coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) molecules. We examined a possible improvement of Ad-mediated gene transfer in MSCs by substituting the fiber region of type 5 Ad with that of type 35 Ad. METHODS Expression levels of CAR and CD46 molecules, which are the major receptors for type 5 and type 35 Ad, respectively, were assayed with flow cytometry. We constructed vectors expressing the green fluorescent protein gene with Ad5 or modified Ad5 bearing the type 35 fiber region (AdF35), and examined the infectivity to MSCs with flow cytometry. We investigated anti-tumor effects of MSCs transduced with interleukin (IL)-28A gene on human lung carcinoma cells with a colorimetric assay. Expression of IL-28A receptors was tested with the polymerase chain reaction. A promoter activity of transcriptional regulatory regions in MSCs was determined with a luciferase assay and a tumor growth-promoting ability of MSCs was tested with co-injection of human tumor cells in nude mice. RESULTS MSCs expressed CD46 but scarcely CAR molecules, and subsequently were transduced with AdF35 but not with Ad5. Growth of MSCs transduced with the IL-28A gene remained the same as that of untransduced cells since MSCs were negative for the IL-28A receptors. The IL-28A-transduced MSCs however suppressed growth of lung carcinoma cells co-cultured, whereas MSCs transduced with AdF35 expressing the β-galactosidase gene did not. A regulatory region of the cyclooygenase-2 gene possessed transcriptional activities greater than other tumor promoters but less than the cytomegalovirus promoter, and MSCs themselves did not support tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AdF35 is a suitable vector to transduce MSCs that are resistant to Ad5-mediated gene transfer. MSCs infected with AdF35 that activate an exogenous gene by the cytomegalovirus promoter can be a vehicle to deliver the gene product to targeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Suzuki
- />Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- />Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kawamura
- />Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Quanhai Li
- />Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Okamoto
- />Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- />Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Tada
- />Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- />Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- />Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiroshima
- />Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- />Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- />Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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7
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Ma G, Kawamura K, Shan Y, Okamoto S, Li Q, Namba M, Shingyoji M, Tada Y, Tatsumi K, Hiroshima K, Shimada H, Tagawa M. Combination of adenoviruses expressing melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 and chemotherapeutic agents produces enhanced cytotoxicity on esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:31-7. [PMID: 24434574 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the combinatory antitumor effects of adenoviruses expressing human mda-7/IL-24 gene (Ad-mda-7) and chemotherapeutic agents on nine kinds of human esophageal carcinoma cells. All the carcinoma cells expressed the melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (MDA-7/IL-24) receptor complexes, IL-20R2 and either IL-20R1 or IL-22R1, and were susceptible to Ad-mda-7, whereas fibroblasts were positive only for IL-20R2 gene and resistant to Ad-mda-7-mediated cytotoxicity. Sensitivity of these esophageal carcinoma cells to Ad-mda-7 was however lower than that to Ad expressing the wild-type p53 gene. We thereby investigated a possible combination of Ad-mda-7 and anticancer agents and found that Ad-mda-7 with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin, mitomycin C or etoposide produced greater cytotoxic effects than those by Ad-mda-7 or the agent alone. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of the agents in respective cells were decreased by the combination with Ad-mda-7. Cell cycle analyses showed that Ad-mda-7 and 5-FU increased G2/M-phase and S-phase populations, respectively, and the combination augmented sub-G1 populations. Ad-mda-7-treated cells showed cleavages of caspase-8, -9 and -3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, but the cleavage levels were not different from those of the combination-treated cells. Ad-mda-7 treatments upregulated Akt phosphorylation but suppressed IκB-α levels, whereas 5-FU treatments induced phosphorylation of p53 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2. Molecular changes caused by the combination were similar to those by Ad-mda-7 treatments, but the Ad-mda-7-mediated upregulation of Akt phosphorylation decreased with the combination. These data collectively suggest that Ad-mda-7 induced apoptosis despite Akt activation and that the combinatory antitumor effects with 5-FU were produced partly by downregulating the Ad-mda-7-induced Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ma
- 1] Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan [2] Department of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - K Kawamura
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Shan
- 1] Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Okamoto
- 1] Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan [2] Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Q Li
- 1] Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - M Shingyoji
- Department of Thoracic Diseases, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Tada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Hiroshima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - H Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Tagawa
- 1] Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Kawamura K, Hiroshima K, Suzuki T, Chai K, Yamaguchi N, Shingyoji M, Yusa T, Tada Y, Takiguchi Y, Tatsumi K, Shimada H, Tagawa M. CD90 is a diagnostic marker to differentiate between malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung carcinoma with immunohistochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 140:544-9. [PMID: 24045552 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpm2z4ngiipbge] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To pathologically distinguish mesothelioma from lung carcinoma, particularly adenocarcinoma. METHODS We conducted immunohistochemical analyses on clinical specimens, including 26 cases of mesothelioma, 28 cases of lung adenocarcinoma, and 33 cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS We found that CD90 expression was useful in making a differential diagnosis between epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma, whereas sarcomatoid mesothelioma and lung carcinoma specimens, irrespective of the histologic types, were negative in general. The sensitivity and specificity of CD90 expression in epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma were comparable to those of well-established markers used for the differential diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS These data collectively indicate that CD90 is a novel diagnostic marker that contributes to a diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Kawamura
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiroshima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center,Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kuan Chai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Shingyoji
- Department of Thoracic Disease, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yusa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Asbestos Disease Center, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Yuji Tada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takiguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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9
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Ambagala AP, Marsh AK, Chan JK, Mason R, Pilon R, Fournier J, Sandstrom P, Willer DO, MacDonald KS. Establishment of an immortal cynomolgus macaque fibroblast cell line for propagation of cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus (CyCMV). Arch Virol 2012; 158:955-65. [PMID: 23232747 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques are widely used as an animal model in biomedical research. We have established an immortalized cynomolgus macaque fibroblast cell line (MSF-T) by transducing primary dermal fibroblasts isolated from a 13-year-old male cynomolgus macaque with a retrovirus vector expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The MSF-T cells showed increased telomerase enzyme activity and reached over 200 in vitro passages compared to the non-transduced dermal fibroblasts, which reached senescence after 43 passages. The MSF-T cell line is free of mycoplasma contamination and is permissive to the newly identified cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus (CyCMV). CyCMV productively infects MSF-T cells and induces down-regulation of MHC class I expression. The MSF-T cell line will be extremely useful for the propagation of CyCMV and other cynomolgus herspesviruses in host-derived fibroblast cells, allowing for the retention of host-specific viral genes. Moreover, this cell line will be beneficial for many in vitro experiments related to this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna P Ambagala
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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10
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Li Q, Kawamura K, Okamoto S, Fujie H, Numasaki M, Namba M, Nagata M, Shimada H, Kobayashi H, Tagawa M. Adenoviruses-mediated transduction of human oesophageal carcinoma cells with the interferon-λ genes produced anti-tumour effects. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1302-12. [PMID: 21952623 PMCID: PMC3241552 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-λs (IFN-λs) are novel cytokines with multiple functions, like IFN-α and -β. We examined possible anti-tumour effects produced by adenoviruses bearing the IFN-λ1 or -λ2 gene (Ad/IFN-λ) with the type-35 fibre-knob structure. METHODS Proliferation of oesophageal carcinoma cells transduced with Ad/IFN-λ and mechanisms of the inhibited growth were investigated. RESULTS Transduction with Ad/IFN-λ upregulated the expression of the class I antigens of the major histocompatibility complexes and induced the growth suppression. Increased sub-G1 populations and the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were detected in IFN-λ-sensitive YES-2 and T.Tn cells. The cell death was accompanied by cytoplasmic cytochrome C and increased cleaved caspase-9 and Bax expression, suggesting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Adenovirus/IFN-λ-infected YES-2 cells subsequently reduced the tumourigenicity. Adenovirus/IFN-λ-infected fibroblasts, negative for the IFN-λ receptors, induced death of YES-2 or T.Tn cells that were co-cultured. Inoculation of YES-2 cells in nude mice, when mixed with the Ad/IFN-λ-infected fibroblasts, resulted in retardation of the tumour growth. The growth suppression was not linked with upregulated CD69 expression on natural killer cells or increased numbers of CD31-positive cells. CONCLUSION Adenovirus/IFN-λ induced apoptosis, and fibroblast-mediated delivery of IFN-λs is a potential cancer treatment by inducing direct cell death of the target carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Kawamura
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - S Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - H Fujie
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado 350-0295, Japan
| | - M Numasaki
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado 350-0295, Japan
| | - M Namba
- Niimi College, Okayama 718-8585, Japan
| | - M Nagata
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - H Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - H Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - M Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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11
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Combinatory cytotoxic effects produced by E1B-55kDa-deleted adenoviruses and chemotherapeutic agents are dependent on the agents in esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:803-13. [PMID: 20689571 PMCID: PMC2963731 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We examined possible combinatory antitumor effects of replication-competent type 5 adenoviruses (Ad) lacking E1B-55kDa molecules (Ad-delE1B55) and chemotherapeutic agents in nine human esophageal carcinoma cells. Ad-delE1B55 produced cytotoxic effects on all the carcinoma cells and the cytotoxicity is not directly linked with the p53 status of the tumors or with the infectivity to respective tumors. A combinatory treatment with Ad-delE1B55 and an anticancer agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), mitomycin C or etoposide, produced greater cytotoxic effects than that with either the Ad or the agent. Administration of 5-FU could minimally inhibit the viral replication and a simultaneous treatment with the Ad and 5-FU achieved better cytotoxicity than sequential treatments. We also confirmed the antitumor effects by the combination of Ad-delE1B55 with 5-FU in vivo. Cisplatin, however, did not achieve the combinatory effects in most of the cells tested. These data indicate that the Ad-delE1B55 produce combinatory antitumor effects with a chemotherapeutic agent irrespective of the administration schedule, but the effects depend on an agent in esophageal carcinoma.
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12
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Ma G, Kawamura K, Li Q, Suzuki N, Liang M, Namba M, Shimada H, Tagawa M. Cytotoxicity of adenoviruses expressing the wild-type p53 gene to esophageal carcinoma cells is linked with the CAR expression level and indirectly with the endogenous p53 status. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:832-40. [PMID: 19363469 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined cytotoxic effects of adenoviruses (Ad) expressing the p53 gene (Ad-p53) in nine human esophageal carcinoma cell lines with respect to the Ad receptor expression and the endogenous p53 gene status. Ad-p53-mediated cytotoxicity was related with an expression level of the coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR) but not with that of CD51, both of which are type 5 Ad receptors. Contrary to earlier studies, we found that the cytotoxicity was greater in tumor cells with the wild-type p53 gene than in those with mutated p53. The cytotoxic activity of Ad defective of E1B55kDa molecules (Ad-delE1B55), however, was not linked with the CAR expression level or the endogenous p53 status. We noticed that the tumor cells with the wild-type p53 gene showed greater CAR expression levels, although transduction with Ad-p53 did not upregulate the CAR expression in the mutated cells. We also examined the Ad-53-mediated cytotoxicity in two kinds of paired fibroblasts, parent and immortalized with loss of the p53 functions, and showed that the CAR expression level was more influential than the endogenous p53 status in the cytotoxicity. These data suggest that CAR expression level is a better predictive marker than endogenous p53 status for Ad-p53-mediated cytotoxicity in esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ma
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
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13
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Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B is required for virus entry and cell-to-cell spread but not for virion attachment, assembly, or egress. J Virol 2009; 83:3891-903. [PMID: 19193805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01251-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein B (gB) homologs are conserved throughout the family Herpesviridae and appear to serve essential, universal functions, as well as specific functions unique to a particular herpesvirus. Genetic analysis is a powerful tool to analyze protein function, and while it has been possible to generate virus mutants, complementation of essential virus knockouts has been problematic. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gB (UL55) plays an essential role in the replication cycle of the virus. To define the function(s) of gB in HCMV infection, the BAC system was used to generate a recombinant virus in which the UL55 gene was replaced with galK (pAD/CreDeltaUL55). UL55 deletions in the viral genome have been made before, demonstrating that UL55 is an essential gene. However, without being able to successfully complement the genetic defect, a phenotypic analysis of the mutant virus was impossible. We generated fibroblasts expressing HCMV gB that complement pAD/CreDeltaUL55 and produce infectious virions lacking the UL55 gene but containing wild-type gB on the virion surface (DeltaUL55-gB HCMV). This is the first successful complementation of an HCMV mutant with a glycoprotein deleted. To characterize DeltaUL55 infection in the absence of gB, noncomplementing cells were infected with DeltaUL55-gB virus. All stages of gene expression were detected, and significant amounts of DNase-resistant viral DNA genomes, representing whole intact virions, were released into the infected cell supernatant. Gradient purification of these virions revealed they lacked gB but contained other viral structural proteins. The gB-null virions were able to attach to the cell surface similarly to wild-type gB-containing virions but were defective in virus entry and cell-to-cell spread. Glycoprotein B-null virions do, however, contain infectious DNA, as IE gene expression can be detected in fibroblasts following treatment of attached gB-null virions with a membrane fusion agent, polyethylene glycol. Taken together, our results indicate that gB is required for virus entry and cell-to-cell spread of the virus. However, HCMV gB is not absolutely required for virus attachment or assembly and egress from infected cells.
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14
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Juckem LK, Boehme KW, Feire AL, Compton T. Differential initiation of innate immune responses induced by human cytomegalovirus entry into fibroblast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4965-77. [PMID: 18354222 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of permissive fibroblasts with human CMV (HCMV, AD169) is accompanied by a robust activation of innate immune defense. In this study, we show that inflammatory cytokine (IC) secretion and activation of the type I IFN pathway (alphabeta IFN) are initiated through distinct mechanisms. HCMV is recognized by TLR2 leading to the NF-kappaB activation and IC secretion. However, the IFN response to HCMV is not a TLR2-dependent process, as a dominant negative TLR2 does not affect the antiviral response to infection. Additionally, bafilomycin, an endosomal acidification inhibitor, has no effect on HCMV-induced IFN responses suggesting that IFN signaling is independent of endosomal resident TLRs. By contrast, disruption of lipid rafts by depletion of cellular cholesterol inhibits both HCMV entry as well as IFN responses. Cholesterol depletion had no effect on the induction of ICs by HCMV, illustrating a biological distinction at the cellular level with the initiation of innate immune pathways. Furthermore, HCMV entry inhibitors block IFN responses but not IC signaling. In particular, blocking the interaction of HCMV with beta(1) integrin diminished IFN signaling, suggesting that this virus-cell interaction or subsequent downstream steps in the entry pathway are critical for downstream signal transduction events. These data show that HCMV entry and IFN signaling are coordinated processes that require cholesterol-rich microdomains, whereas IC signaling is activated through outright sensing via TLR2. These findings further highlight the complexity and sophistication of innate immune responses at the earliest points in HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Juckem
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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15
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Isaacson MK, Feire AL, Compton T. Epidermal growth factor receptor is not required for human cytomegalovirus entry or signaling. J Virol 2007; 81:6241-7. [PMID: 17428848 PMCID: PMC1900073 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00169-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can bind, fuse, and initiate gene expression in a diverse range of vertebrate cell types. This broad cellular tropism suggests that multiple receptors and/or universally distributed receptors mediate HCMV entry. Our laboratory has recently discovered that certain beta1 and beta3 integrin heterodimers are critical mediators of HCMV entry into permissive fibroblasts (A. L. Feire, H. Koss, and T. Compton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:15470-15475, 2004). It has also been reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is necessary for HCMV-mediated signaling and entry (X. Wang, S. M. Huong, M. L. Chiu, N. Raab-Traub, and E. E. Huang, Nature 424:456-461, 2003). Integrins are known to signal synergistically with growth factor receptors, and this coordination was recently reported for EGFR and beta3 integrins in the context of HCMV entry (X. Wang, D. Y. Huang, S. M. Huong, and E. S. Huang, Nat. Med. 11:515-521, 2005). However, EGFR-negative cell lines, such as hematopoietic cells, are known to be infected by HCMV. Therefore, we wished to confirm a role for EGFR in HCMV entry and then examine any interaction between beta1 integrins and EGFR during the entry process. Surprisingly, we were unable to detect any role for EGFR in the process of HCMV entry into fibroblast, epithelial, or endothelial cell lines. Additionally, HCMV did not activate the EGFR kinase in fibroblast cell lines. We first examined HCMV entry into two EGFR-positive or -negative cell lines but observed no increase in entry when EGFR was expressed to high levels. Physically blocking EGFR with a neutralizing antibody in fibroblast, epithelial, or endothelial cell lines or blocking EGFR kinase signaling with a chemical inhibitor in fibroblast cells did not inhibit virus entry. Lastly, we were unable to detect phosphorylation of EGFR in fibroblasts cells in response to HCMV stimulation. Our findings demonstrate that EGFR does not play a significant role in HCMV entry or signaling. These results suggest that specific integrin heterodimers either act alone as the primary entry receptors or interact in conjunction with an additional receptor(s), other than EGFR, to facilitate virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K Isaacson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School 53706, USA
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16
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Boehme KW, Guerrero M, Compton T. Human cytomegalovirus envelope glycoproteins B and H are necessary for TLR2 activation in permissive cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7094-102. [PMID: 17082626 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human CMV (HCMV) is a ubiquitous member of the Herpesviridae family and an opportunistic pathogen that poses significant health risks for immunocompromised patients. HCMV pathogenesis is intimately tied to the immune status of the host, thus characterization of the innate immune response to HCMV infection is critical for understanding disease progression. Previously, we identified TLR2 as a host factor that detects and initiates inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to HCMV independent of viral replication. In this study, we show that two entry-mediating envelope gp, gp B (gB) and gp H (gH), display determinants recognized by TLR2. Neutralizing Abs against TLR2, gB and gH inhibit inflammatory cytokine responses to HCMV infection, suggesting that inflammatory cytokine stimulation by HCMV is mediated by interactions between these envelope gp and TLR2. Furthermore, both gB and gH coimmunoprecipitate with TLR2 and TLR1, indicating that these envelope gp directly interact with TLR2 and that a TLR2/TLR1 heterodimer is a functional sensor for HCMV. Because our previous studies were conducted in model cell lines, we also show that TLR2 is expressed by HCMV permissive human fibroblast cell strains, and that TLR2 is a functional sensor in these cells. This study further elucidates the importance and potency of envelope gp as a class of molecules displaying pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are recognized with immediate kinetics by TLRs in permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W Boehme
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Perry ST, Compton T. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus virions inhibit interferon responses induced by envelope glycoprotein gpK8.1. J Virol 2006; 80:11105-14. [PMID: 16956942 PMCID: PMC1642153 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00846-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) envelope glycoprotein gpK8.1 contributes to cellular attachment through binding cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. By using a soluble recombinant form of gpK8.1, we discovered that a consequence of gpK8.1 interaction with human fibroblasts is the induction of an antiviral response, as characterized by the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), production of interferon beta (IFN-beta), and expression of interferon-stimulated antiviral genes. In contrast, neither IFN-beta expression nor a functional antiviral response is observed in cells treated with KSHV virions. The interferon response induced by soluble gpK8.1 can be inhibited by simultaneous treatment with UV-inactivated virions, while the induction of an indicator inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, was readily evident in the response to both gpK8.1 and KSHV. In addition, KSHV virions abrogate gpK8.1-mediated activation of IRF-3, an early transcriptional regulator for cellular antiviral responses. Although innate immune responses are initiated during contact between gpK8.1 and cellular receptor(s), these results suggest that the virion contains one or more structural elements that selectively repress an effective antiviral response while allowing cellular responses favorable to the KSHV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Perry
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1599, USA
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18
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English EP, Chumanov RS, Gellman SH, Compton T. Rational development of beta-peptide inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus entry. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:2661-7. [PMID: 16275647 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508485200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a pervasive and significant pathogen. At present, there is no HCMV vaccine, and the available drugs target only replication events. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are needed. HCMV fusion appears to require interactions of alpha-helical regions in viral surface glycoproteins gB and gH. Oligomers of beta-amino acids ("beta-peptides") are attractive unnatural scaffolds for mimicry of specific protein surfaces, because beta-peptides adopt predictable helical conformations and resist proteolysis. Here, we report the development of beta-peptides designed to mimic the gB heptad repeat and block HCMV entry. The most potent beta-peptide inhibits HCMV infection in a cell based-assay with an IC50 of approximately 30 microm. Consistent with our structure-based design strategy, inhibition is highly specific for HCMV relative to other related viruses. Mechanistic studies indicate that inhibitory beta-peptides act by disrupting membrane fusion. Our findings raise the possibility that beta-peptides may provide a general platform for development of a new class of antiviral agents and that inhibitory beta-peptides will constitute new tools for elucidating viral entry mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Payne English
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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19
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is dependent on the functions of structural glycoproteins at multiple stages of the viral life cycle. These proteins mediate the initial attachment and fusion events that occur between the viral envelope and a host cell membrane, as well as virion-independent cell-cell spread of the infection. Here we have utilized a cell-based fusion assay to identify the fusogenic glycoproteins of CMV. To deliver the glycoprotein genes to various cell lines, we constructed recombinant retroviruses encoding gB, gH, gL, and gO. Cells expressing individual CMV glycoproteins did not form multinucleated syncytia. Conversely, cells expressing gH/gL showed pronounced syncytium formation, although expression of gH or gL alone had no effect. Anti-gH neutralizing antibodies prevented syncytium formation. Coexpression of gB and/or gO with gH/gL did not yield detectably increased numbers of syncytia. For verification, these results were recapitulated in several cell lines. Additionally, we found that fusion was cell line dependent, as nonimmortalized fibroblast strains did not fuse under any conditions. Thus, the CMV gH/gL complex has inherent fusogenic activity that can be measured in certain cell lines; however, fusion in fibroblast strains may involve a more complex mechanism involving additional viral and/or cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Kinzler
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Room 611A, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1400 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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20
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Lopper M, Compton T. Coiled-coil domains in glycoproteins B and H are involved in human cytomegalovirus membrane fusion. J Virol 2004; 78:8333-41. [PMID: 15254205 PMCID: PMC446119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.15.8333-8341.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) utilizes a complex route of entry into cells that involves multiple interactions between viral envelope proteins and cellular receptors. Three conserved viral glycoproteins, gB, gH, and gL, are required for CMV-mediated membrane fusion, but little is known of how these proteins cooperate during entry (E. R. Kinzler and T. Compton, submitted for publication). The goal of this study was to begin defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie membrane fusion mediated by herpesviruses. We identified heptad repeat sequences predicted to form alpha-helical coiled coils in two glycoproteins required for fusion, gB and gH. Peptides derived from gB and gH containing the heptad repeat sequences inhibited virus entry when introduced coincident with virus inoculation onto cells or when mixed with virus prior to inoculation. Neither peptide affected binding of CMV to fibroblasts, suggesting that the peptides inhibit membrane fusion. Both gB and gH coiled-coil peptides blocked entry of several laboratory-adapted and clinical strains of human CMV, but neither peptide affected entry of murine CMV or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Although murine CMV and HSV-1 gB and gH have heptad repeat regions, the ability of human CMV gB and gH peptides to inhibit virus entry correlates with the specific residues that comprise the heptad repeat region. The ability of gB and gH coiled-coil peptides to inhibit virus entry independently of cell contact suggests that the coiled-coil regions of gB and gH function differently from those of class I, single-component fusion proteins. Taken together, these data support a critical role for alpha-helical coiled coils in gB and gH in the entry pathway of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lopper
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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21
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Luo P, Tresini M, Cristofalo V, Chen X, Saulewicz A, Gray MD, Banker DE, Klingelhutz AL, Ohtsubo M, Takihara Y, Norwood TH. Immortalization in a normal foreskin fibroblast culture following transduction of cyclin A2 or cdk1 genes in retroviral vectors. Exp Cell Res 2004; 294:406-19. [PMID: 15023530 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) rarely, if ever, undergo spontaneous transformation to an immortalized cell type. Here we report the immortalization of an HDF cell line following transduction with cyclin A2 or cdk1 human genes via retroviral vectors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using the retroviral vector as a probe indicate that these cell lines are monoclonal. No telomerase activity could be detected in these cell lines, and the telomere length in the immortalized cells was observed to be 10-20 kb longer than that in low-passage cells from the parental fibroblast line. Cytogenetic studies revealed that the immortal lines share common chromosomal aberrations. FISH studies with a probe for p53 revealed loss of one copy of this gene which was associated with reduced steady-state levels of both p53 and p53-regulated p21(WAF1/Sdi1/CIP1) messages in both quiescent and proliferating immortalized cultures relative to the parental cells. Additional FISH studies with probes for p16(INK4a) and Rb, carried out after the immortalized cells proliferated in excess of 100 population doublings, also revealed loss of one copy of these genes in both cell lines. These cell lines, together with the well-characterized parental cells, could provide useful research material for the study of the mechanisms of immortalization and of regulation of proliferative senescence in HDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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22
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Theiler RN, Compton T. Distinct glycoprotein O complexes arise in a post-Golgi compartment of cytomegalovirus-infected cells. J Virol 2002; 76:2890-8. [PMID: 11861856 PMCID: PMC135985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.6.2890-2898.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoproteins H, L, and O (gH, gL, and gO, respectively) form a heterotrimeric disulfide-bonded complex that participates in the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. During virus maturation, this complex undergoes a series of intracellular assembly and processing events which are not entirely defined (M. T. Huber and T. Compton, J. Virol. 73:3886-3892, 1999). Here, we demonstrate that gO does not undergo the same posttranslational processing in transfected cells as it does in infected cells. We further determined that gO is modified by O-linked glycosylation and that this terminally processed form is highly enriched in virions. However, during studies of gO processing, novel gO complexes were discovered in CMV virions. The newly identified gO complexes, including gO-gL heterodimers, were not readily detected in CMV-infected cells. Further characterization of the trafficking of gO through the secretory pathway of infected cells localized gH, gL, and gO primarily to the Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network, supporting the conclusion that the novel virion-associated gO complexes arise in a post-Golgi compartment of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan N Theiler
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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23
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Strive T, Borst E, Messerle M, Radsak K. Proteolytic processing of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B is dispensable for viral growth in culture. J Virol 2002; 76:1252-64. [PMID: 11773401 PMCID: PMC135784 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.3.1252-1264.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein B (gB) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is considered essential for the viral life cycle, is proteolytically processed during maturation. Since gB homologues of several other herpesviruses remain uncleaved, the relevance of this property of HCMV gB for viral infectivity is unclear. Here we report on the construction of a viral mutant in which the recognition site of gB for the cellular endoprotease furin was destroyed. Because mutagenesis of essential proteins may result in a lethal phenotype, a replication-deficient HCMV gB-null genome encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein was constructed, and complementation by mutant gBs was initially evaluated in transient-cotransfection assays. Cotransfection of plasmids expressing authentic gB or gB with a mutated cleavage site (gB-DeltaFur) led to the formation of green fluorescent miniplaques which were considered to result from one cycle of phenotypic complementation of the gB-null genome. To verify these results, two recombinant HCMV genomes were constructed: HCMV-BAC-DeltaMhdI, with a deletion of hydrophobic domain 1 of gB that appeared to be essential for viral growth in the cotransfection experiments, and HCMV-BACDeltaFur, in which the gB cleavage site was mutated by amino acid substitution. Consistent with the results of the cotransfection assays, only the DeltaFur mutant replicated in human fibroblasts, showing growth kinetics comparable to that of wild-type virus. gB in mutant-infected cells was uncleaved, whereas glycosylation and transport to the cell surface were not impaired. Extracellular mutant virus contained exclusively uncleaved gB, indicating that proteolytic processing of gB is dispensable for viral replication in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Strive
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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24
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Theiler RN, Compton T. Characterization of the signal peptide processing and membrane association of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein O. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39226-31. [PMID: 11504733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a structurally complex envelope that contains multiple glycoproteins. These glycoproteins are involved in virus entry, virus maturation, and cell-cell spread of infection. Glycoprotein H (gH), glycoprotein L (gL), and glycoprotein O (gO) associate covalently to form a unique disulfide-bonded tripartite complex. Glycoprotein O was recently discovered, and its basic structure, as well as that of the tripartite complex, remains uncharacterized. Based on hydropathy analysis, we hypothesized that gO could adopt a type II transmembrane orientation. The data presented here, however, reveal that the single hydrophobic domain of gO functions as a cleavable signal peptide that is absent from the mature molecule. Although it lacks a membrane anchor, glycoprotein O is associated with the membranes of HCMV-infected cells. The sophisticated organization of the gH.gL.gO complex reflects the intricate nature of the multicomponent entry and fusion machinery encoded by HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Theiler
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Kalayoglu MV, Perkins BN, Byrne GI. Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected monocytes exhibit increased adherence to human aortic endothelial cells. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:963-9. [PMID: 11580983 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between monocytes and endothelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and monocyte adhesion to arterial endothelium is one of the earliest events in atherogenesis. Work presented in this study examined human monocyte adherence to primary human aortic endothelial cells following monocyte infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular pathogen associated with atherosclerosis by a variety of sero-epidemiological, pathological and functional studies. Infected monocytes exhibited enhanced adhesion to aortic endothelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of C. pneumoniae with heat did not effect the organism's capacity to enhance monocyte adhesion, suggesting that heat-stable chlamydial antigens such as chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (cLPS) mediated monocyte adherence. Indeed, treatment of monocytes with cLPS was sufficient to increase monocyte adherence to endothelial cells, and increased adherence of infected or cLPS-treated monocytes could be inhibited by the LPS antagonist lipid X. Moreover, C. pneumoniae-induced adherence could be inhibited by incubating monocytes with a mAb specific to the human beta 2-integrin chain, suggesting that enhanced adherence resulted from increased expression of these adhesion molecules. These data show that C. pneumoniae can enhance the capacity of monocytes to adhere to primary human aortic endothelial cells. The enhanced adherence exhibited by infected monocytes may increase monocyte residence time in vascular sites with reduced wall shear stress and promote entry of infected cells into lesion-prone locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kalayoglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 436 SMI, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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26
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Messerle M, Hahn G, Brune W, Koszinowski UH. Cytomegalovirus bacterial artificial chromosomes: a new herpesvirus vector approach. Adv Virus Res 2001; 55:463-78. [PMID: 11050952 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(00)55013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Messerle
- Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
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27
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McSharry BP, Jones CJ, Skinner JW, Kipling D, Wilkinson GWG. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized MRC-5 and HCA2 human fibroblasts are fully permissive for human cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:855-863. [PMID: 11257191 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MRC-5 cells are a well-characterized human diploid fibroblast cell line approved for vaccine production and favoured for the routine propagation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Ectopic expression of telomerase in fibroblasts is capable of overcoming replicative senescence induced by telomere shortening. Following delivery of the hTERT gene to MRC-5 cells using a retrovirus vector three clones were generated that (i) expressed functional telomerase activity, (ii) exhibited telomere extension and (iii) were sustained for >100 population doublings. Immortalized MRC-5-hTERT and also HCA2-hTERT human fibroblasts were both fully permissive for HCMV as determined by plaque assay, studies of virus growth kinetics and measurement of virus yields. Furthermore, telomerase-immortalized HCA2 cells proved capable of supporting the stable maintenance of an EBV-based episomal vector with efficient transgene expression when driven by the HCMV immediate early promoter. An indicator cell line suitable for the efficient detection of HCMV infection was also generated using an episome containing a reporter gene (lacZ) under the control of the HCMV beta-2.7 early promoter. Telomerase immortalization of human fibroblasts will thus facilitate the growth and detection of HCMV and also the generation of helper cell lines for the propagation of HCMV deletion mutants. Immortalization of fibroblasts by telomerase does not affect cell morphology or growth characteristics. The MRC-5-hTERT clones may therefore be suitable for additional applications in virology, cell biology, vaccine production and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P McSharry
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building1 and Department of Pathology2, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
| | - C J Jones
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building1 and Department of Pathology2, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
| | - J W Skinner
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building1 and Department of Pathology2, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
| | - D Kipling
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building1 and Department of Pathology2, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
| | - G W G Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building1 and Department of Pathology2, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
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28
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Seyda A, Newbold RF, Hudson TJ, Verner A, MacKay N, Winter S, Feigenbaum A, Malaney S, Gonzalez-Halphen D, Cuthbert AP, Robinson BH. A novel syndrome affecting multiple mitochondrial functions, located by microcell-mediated transfer to chromosome 2p14-2p13. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:386-96. [PMID: 11156534 PMCID: PMC1235272 DOI: 10.1086/318196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2000] [Accepted: 11/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied cultured skin fibroblasts from three siblings and one unrelated individual, all of whom had fatal mitochondrial disease manifesting soon after birth. After incubation with 1 mM glucose, these four cell strains exhibited lactate/pyruvate ratios that were six times greater than those of controls. On further analysis, enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, NADH cytochrome c reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and succinate cytochrome c reductase were severely deficient. In two of the siblings the enzymatic activity of cytochrome oxidase was mildly decreased (by approximately 50%). Metabolite analysis performed on urine samples taken from these patients revealed high levels of glycine, leucine, valine, and isoleucine, indicating abnormalities of both the glycine-cleavage system and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. In contrast, the activities of fibroblast pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial aconitase, and citrate synthase were normal. Immunoblot analysis of selected complex III subunits (core 1, cyt c(1), and iron-sulfur protein) and of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex subunits revealed no visible changes in the levels of all examined proteins, decreasing the possibility that an import and/or assembly factor is involved. To elucidate the underlying molecular defect, analysis of microcell-mediated chromosome-fusion was performed between the present study's fibroblasts (recipients) and a panel of A9 mouse:human hybrids (donors) developed by Cuthbert et al. (1995). Complementation was observed between the recipient cells from both families and the mouse:human hybrid clone carrying human chromosome 2. These results indicate that the underlying defect in our patients is under the control of a nuclear gene, the locus of which is on chromosome 2. A 5-cM interval has been identified as potentially containing the critical region for the unknown gene. This interval maps to region 2p14-2p13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Seyda
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Robert F. Newbold
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Thomas J. Hudson
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Andrei Verner
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Neviana MacKay
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Susan Winter
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Annette Feigenbaum
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Suzann Malaney
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Diego Gonzalez-Halphen
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Andrew P. Cuthbert
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Brian H. Robinson
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
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29
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Yao J, Shoubridge EA. Expression and functional analysis of SURF1 in Leigh syndrome patients with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:2541-9. [PMID: 10556303 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.13.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leigh syndrome (LS) associated with cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in SURF1. Although SURF1 is ubiquitously expressed, its expression is lower in brain than in other highly aerobic tissues. All reported SURF1 mutations are loss of function, predicting a truncated protein (hSurf1) product. Western blot analysis with anti-hSurf1 antibodies demonstrated a specific 30 kDa protein in control fibroblasts, but no protein in LS patient cells. Steady-state levels of both nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded COX subunits were also markedly reduced in patient cells, consistent with a failure to assemble or maintain a normal amount of the enzyme complex. An epitope (FLAG)-tagged hSurf1 was targeted to mitochondria in COS7 cells and a mitochondrial import assay showed that the hSurf1 precursor protein (35 kDa) was imported and processed to its mature form (30 kDa) in a membrane potential-dependent fashion. The protein was resistant to alkaline carbonate extraction and susceptible to proteinase K digestion in mitoplasts. Mutant proteins in which the N-terminal transmembrane domain or central loop were deleted, or the C-terminal transmembrane domain disrupted, did not accumulate and could not rescue COX activity in patient cells. Co-expression of the N- and C-terminal transmembrane domains as independent entities also failed to rescue the enzyme deficiency. These data demonstrate that hSurf1 is an integral inner membrane protein with an essential role in the assembly or maintenance of the COX complex and that insertion of both transmembrane domains in the intact protein is necessary for function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yao
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
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30
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Borst EM, Hahn G, Koszinowski UH, Messerle M. Cloning of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli: a new approach for construction of HCMV mutants. J Virol 1999; 73:8320-9. [PMID: 10482582 PMCID: PMC112849 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.10.8320-8329.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently introduced a novel procedure for the construction of herpesvirus mutants that is based on the cloning and mutagenesis of herpesvirus genomes as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) in Escherichia coli (M. Messerle, I. Crnkovic, W. Hammerschmidt, H. Ziegler, and U. H. Koszinowski, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:14759-14763, 1997). Here we describe the application of this technique to the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169. Since it was not clear whether the terminal and internal repeat sequences of the HCMV genome would give rise to recombination, the stability of the cloned HCMV genome was examined during propagation in E. coli, during mutagenesis, and after transfection in permissive fibroblasts. Interestingly, the HCMV BACs were frozen in defined conformations in E. coli. The transfection of the HCMV BACs into human fibroblasts resulted in the reconstitution of infectious virus and isomerization of the reconstituted genomes. The power of the BAC mutagenesis procedure was exemplarily demonstrated by the disruption of the gpUL37 open reading frame. The transfection of the mutated BAC led to plaque formation, indicating that the gpUL37 gene product is dispensable for growth of HCMV in fibroblasts. The new procedure will considerably speed up the construction of HCMV mutants and facilitate genetic analysis of HCMV functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Borst
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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31
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Prichard MN, Gao N, Jairath S, Mulamba G, Krosky P, Coen DM, Parker BO, Pari GS. A recombinant human cytomegalovirus with a large deletion in UL97 has a severe replication deficiency. J Virol 1999; 73:5663-70. [PMID: 10364316 PMCID: PMC112625 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.7.5663-5670.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1998] [Accepted: 03/24/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus encodes a protein kinase (UL97) that confers sensitivity to ganciclovir by phosphorylating it to the monophosphate. The function of this unusual kinase in viral replication is unknown. We constructed two independent isolates of a recombinant virus, RCDelta97, that contain large deletions in this gene and carry a 4.8-kb insertion containing a selectable genetic marker. These mutant viruses were isolated by using a population of primary cells (HEL97) that express this gene from integrated copies of a defective retroviral vector. The recombinant viruses were severely impaired in their ability to replicate in primary fibroblasts, attaining virus titers that were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than those produced by the parent virus. Despite the severe replication deficit, both of these viruses retained the ability to form small, slowly growing plaques in primary fibroblasts, demonstrating that UL97 is not absolutely essential for replication in cell culture. The replication deficit was relieved when UL97 was provided in trans in the complementing cell line, showing that the phenotype was due to a deficiency in UL97. Thus, the UL97 gene product plays a very important role in viral replication in tissue culture and may be a good target for antiviral chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Prichard
- Iconix Pharmaceuticals Inc., 850 Maude Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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32
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McVoy MA, Mocarski ES. Tetracycline-mediated regulation of gene expression within the human cytomegalovirus genome. Virology 1999; 258:295-303. [PMID: 10366566 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the utility of tetracycline gene regulation in the study of human cytomegalovirus gene functions, expression of luciferase under the control of tetracycline-regulatable promoters was studied following transient plasmid transfections and from within recombinant human cytomegalovirus genomes. The tetracycline-regulatable promoter PhCMV*-1 contains sequences from the human cytomegalovirus ie1/ie2 promoter and seven upstream tet operator sites which bind the activator protein tTA only in the absence of tetracycline (Gossen and Bujard (1992). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5547-5551). Two modifications of PhCMV*-1 were also studied: P1129, in which the tet operator sites were reduced from seven to one; and P1125, in which human cytomegalovirus sequences were replaced by adenovirus major late promoter and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase initiator sequences. In transient assays, PhCMV*-1 and P1125 exhibited modest differential regulation but were strongly activated by viral infection. P1129 exhibited less viral activation and narrower regulation. In the viral genome, PhCMV*-1 exhibited regulation up to 7-fold during late times of infection, whereas P1125 displayed nearly 100-fold regulation. Regulation of P1125 was fully reversed within 12 to 24 h of adding or removing tetracycline. These results suggest that P1125 may provide sufficient conditional expression to effectively regulate human cytomegalovirus late genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0163, USA.
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Boyle KA, Pietropaolo RL, Compton T. Engagement of the cellular receptor for glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus activates the interferon-responsive pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:3607-13. [PMID: 10207084 PMCID: PMC84158 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.5.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1998] [Accepted: 02/02/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to contact with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virions by initiating intracellular signaling and gene expression characteristic of the interferon (IFN)-responsive pathway. Herein, we demonstrate that a principal mechanism of HCMV-induced signal transduction is via an interaction of the primary viral ligand, glycoprotein B (gB), with its cellular receptor. Cells incubated with a purified, soluble form of gB resulted in the transcriptional upregulation of IFN-responsive genes OAS and ISG54 (encoding 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase and an IFN-stimulated gene product of 54 kDa) to a comparable level as virions or IFN. Gene induction was an immediate and direct response to gB which did not require de novo protein synthesis. Neither the initial virus attachment site, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nor the IFN-alpha/beta or IFN-gamma receptors are involved in the response. Pleotropic protein phosphorylation was required for cellular gene induction, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2 were activated in response to the ligand. Together these data indicate that a principal means by which cytomegalovirus induces intracellular signaling and activation of the interferon-responsive pathway is via an interaction of gB with an as yet unidentified, likely novel cellular receptor that interfaces with the IFN signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Boyle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1532, USA
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Huber MT, Compton T. Intracellular formation and processing of the heterotrimeric gH-gL-gO (gCIII) glycoprotein envelope complex of human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 1999; 73:3886-92. [PMID: 10196283 PMCID: PMC104166 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.5.3886-3892.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gCIII complex contains glycoprotein H (gH; gpUL75), glycoprotein L (gL; gpUL115), and glycoprotein O (gO; gpUL74). To examine how gH, gL, and gO interact within HCMV-infected cells to assemble the tripartite complex, pulse-chase experiments were performed. These analyses demonstrated that gH and gL associate by the end of the pulse period to form a disulfide dependent gH-gL complex. Subsequently, the gH-gL complex interacts with a 100-kDa precursor form of gO to form a 220-kDa precursor of the mature gH-gL-gO complex that contains a 125-kDa form of gO. The 220-kDa precursor complex (pgCIII) was sensitive to treatment with endoglycosidase H (endo H), while the mature gCIII complex was essentially resistant to digestion with this enzyme, suggesting that formation of pgCIII complex occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is processed to mature gH-gL-gO (gCIII) in a post-ER compartment. While the N-linked glycans on the 100-kDa form of gO were modified to endo H-resistant states as the 125-kDa gO formed, additional posttranslational modifications were detected on gO. These processing alterations were non-N-linked oligosaccharide modifications that could not be accounted for by phosphorylation or by O-glycosylation of the type sensitive to O-glycanase. Of gH, gL, gO, and the various complexes that they form, only the mature form of the complex was detectable at the infected cell membrane, as judged by surface biotinylation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Huber
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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35
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Zhu Z, Yao J, Johns T, Fu K, De Bie I, Macmillan C, Cuthbert AP, Newbold RF, Wang J, Chevrette M, Brown GK, Brown RM, Shoubridge EA. SURF1, encoding a factor involved in the biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase, is mutated in Leigh syndrome. Nat Genet 1998; 20:337-43. [PMID: 9843204 DOI: 10.1038/3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leigh Syndrome (LS) is a severe neurological disorder characterized by bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions in subcortical brain regions that is commonly associated with systemic cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency. COX deficiency is an autosomal recessive trait and most patients belong to a single genetic complementation group. DNA sequence analysis of the genes encoding the structural subunits of the COX complex has failed to identify a pathogenic mutation. Using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer, we mapped the gene defect in this disorder to chromosome 9q34 by complementation of the respiratory chain deficiency in patient fibroblasts. Analysis of a candidate gene (SURF1) of unknown function revealed several mutations, all of which predict a truncated protein. These data suggest a role for SURF1 in the biogenesis of the COX complex and define a new class of gene defects causing human neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Quebec, Canada
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36
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Huber MT, Compton T. The human cytomegalovirus UL74 gene encodes the third component of the glycoprotein H-glycoprotein L-containing envelope complex. J Virol 1998; 72:8191-7. [PMID: 9733861 PMCID: PMC110166 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.8191-8197.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gCIII envelope complex is composed of glycoprotein H (gH; gpUL75), glycoprotein L (gL; gpUL115), and a third, 125-kDa protein not related to gH or gL (M. T. Huber and T. Compton, J. Virol. 71:5391-5398, 1997; L. Li, J. A. Nelson, and W. J. Britt, J. Virol. 71:3090-3097, 1997). Glycosidase digestion analysis demonstrated that the 125-kDa protein was a glycoprotein containing ca. 60 kDa of N-linked oligosaccharides on a peptide backbone of 65 kDa or less. Based on these biochemical characteristics, two HCMV open reading frames, UL74 and TRL/IRL12, were identified as candidate genes for the 125-kDa glycoprotein. To identify the gene encoding the 125-kDa glycoprotein, we purified the gCIII complex, separated the components by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and subjected gH and the 125-kDa glycoprotein to amino acid microsequence analysis. Microsequencing of an internal peptide derived from purified 125-kDa glycoprotein yielded the amino acid sequence LYVGPTK. A FASTA search revealed an exact match of this sequence to amino acids 188 to 195 of the predicted product of the candidate gene UL74, which we have designated glycoprotein O (gO). Anti-gO antibodies reacted in immunoblots with a protein species migrating at ca. 100 to 125 kDa in lysates of HCMV-infected cells and with 100- and 125-kDa protein species in purified virions. Anti-gO antibodies also immunoprecipitated the gCIII complex and recognized the 125-kDa glycoprotein component of the gCIII complex. Positional homologs of the UL74 gene were found in other betaherpesviruses, and comparisons of the predicted products of the UL74 homolog genes demonstrated a number of conserved biochemical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Huber
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1532, USA
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Boyle KA, Compton T. Receptor-binding properties of a soluble form of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B. J Virol 1998; 72:1826-33. [PMID: 9499033 PMCID: PMC109472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.3.1826-1833.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/1997] [Accepted: 12/10/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein B (gB) (also known as gpUL55) homolog is an important mediator of virus entry and cell-to-cell dissemination of infection. To examine the potential ligand-binding properties of gB, a soluble form of gB (gB-S) was radiolabeled, purified, and tested in cell-binding experiments. Binding of gB-S to human fibroblast cells was found to occur in a dose-dependent, saturable, and specific manner. Scatchard analysis demonstrated a biphasic plot with the following estimated dissociation constants (Kd): Kd1, 4.96 x 10(-6) M; Kd2, 3.07 x 10(-7) M. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) were determined to serve as one class of receptors able to facilitate gB-S binding. Both HSPG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and fibroblast cells with enzymatically removed HSPGs had 40% reductions in gB-S binding, whereas removal of chondroitin sulfate had no effect. However, a significant proportion of gB-S was able to associate with the cell surface in the absence of HSPGs via an undefined nonheparin component. Binding affinity analysis of gB-S binding to wild-type CHO-K1 cells demonstrated biphasic binding kinetics (Kd1, 9.85 x 10(-6) M; Kd2, 4.03 x 10(-8) M), whereas gB-S binding to HSPG-deficient CHO-677 cells exhibited single-component binding kinetics (Kd, 7.46 x 10(-6) M). Together, these data suggest that gB-S associates with two classes of cellular receptors. The interaction of gB with its receptors is physiologically relevant, as evidenced by an inhibitory effect on HCMV entry when cells were pretreated with purified gB-S. This inhibition was determined to be manifested at the level of virus attachment. We conclude that gB is a ligand for HCMV that mediates an interaction with a cellular receptor(s) during HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Boyle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706-1532, USA
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Greaves RF, Mocarski ES. Defective growth correlates with reduced accumulation of a viral DNA replication protein after low-multiplicity infection by a human cytomegalovirus ie1 mutant. J Virol 1998; 72:366-79. [PMID: 9420235 PMCID: PMC109384 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.366-379.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the importance of the IE1 p72 regulatory protein during human cytomegalovirus replication, a recombinant virus unable to synthesize IE1 p72 was constructed. The Towne strain mutant CR208 lacked exon 4 of the major immediate-early gene and was isolated and complemented in an IE1-expressing immortalized human fibroblast line (ihfie1.3). Replication of CR208 in primary human fibroblasts was completed after an input multiplicity of 10 PFU/cell but was severely-impaired at 0.1 PFU/cell. CR208 formed plaques with lower efficiency on primary fibroblasts than on ihfiel.3 cells, and the relationship between the CR208 inoculum size and the resulting number of undersized plaques was nonlinear, indicating that multiple particles of CR208 were required to initiate lytic replication in a single primary fibroblast. After infection of primary fibroblasts with CR208 at 5 PFU/cell, a normal pattern of viral antigens was detected, although IE1 p72 was absent. During lower-multiplicity infections, IE2 protein was consistently detected at similar levels in a similar proportion of CR208-infected cells relative to the case for a Towne infection, but many fewer CR208-infected cells contained the ppUL44 polymerase accessory protein when evaluated at 24 or 48 h after infection. Furthermore, fibroblasts infected with CR208 at a low multiplicity failed to form viral DNA replication compartments, despite having expressed IE2 p86. These low-multiplicity growth and expression defects were corrected in two rescued derivatives of CR208 able to synthesize IE1 p72. One rescued virus (CR249) carried a deletion removing the large intron between exons 1 and 2 of the ie1-ie2 locus, revealing that this intron was dispensable for growth in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Greaves
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Clinical School, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom.
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Carlson C, Britt WJ, Compton T. Expression, purification, and characterization of a soluble form of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B. Virology 1997; 239:198-205. [PMID: 9426459 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B gene (gB; gpUL55) was truncated at amino acid 692 and recombined into Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (baculovirus). Infection of insect cells with the recombinant baculovirus resulted in high-level expression and secretion of the truncated gB protein (gB-S) into the culture medium. Purification of gB-S by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography yielded a protein of ca. 200 kDa. Characterization of the 200-kDa purification product indicated that the recombinant gB protein retained many structural and functional features of the viral gB. Comparison of electrophoretic migration patterns in reduced versus nonreduced protein samples and immune blotting analysis with antibodies specific for the amino or carboxy-terminus of gB demonstrated that the recombinant protein was composed of disulfide linked 69 kDa amino terminal and 35-kDa carboxy-terminal fragments. In addition, recognition of the 200-kDa gB-S by a conformational-dependent, oligomer-specific monoclonal antibody suggested that gB-S was properly folded and dimeric. Like the viral gB, gB-S had heparin binding ability. One heparin binding site was found to reside within the 35-kDa carboxy-terminal fragment (aa 492-692). Heparin binding was abolished when gB-S was denatured. These data suggest that gB contains a novel heparin binding motif that is at least partially conformational dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carlson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin at Madison Medical School 53706-1532, USA
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Pietropaolo RL, Compton T. Direct interaction between human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B and cellular annexin II. J Virol 1997; 71:9803-7. [PMID: 9371650 PMCID: PMC230294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.12.9803-9807.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular annexin II has been shown to specifically bind human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and be a component of highly purified virions. In this report, we characterize the interaction of annexin II with HCMV. We found that the binding of annexin II to the HCMV envelope occurs partially through the calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding ability of annexin II since some annexin II was dissociated from virions with chelating agents. However, a substantial proportion of virion-associated annexin II was resistant to chelation, which suggested a calcium-independent interaction between annexin II and an HCMV envelope component. The search for a nonphospholipid component to account for this binding led to the discovery that HCMV glycoprotein B (gpUL55) (gB) can physically interact with annexin II. We present three lines of evidence to support the conclusion that HCMV gB can bind host cell annexin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Pietropaolo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, 53706-1532, USA
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41
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Huber MT, Compton T. Characterization of a novel third member of the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H-glycoprotein L complex. J Virol 1997; 71:5391-8. [PMID: 9188610 PMCID: PMC191778 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.5391-5398.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A prerequisite for understanding the molecular function of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gH (UL75)-gL (UL115) complex is a detailed knowledge of the structure of this complex in its functional form, as it is present in mature virions. The gH protein is known to be a component of a 240-kDa envelope complex designated as gCIII (D. R. Gretch, B. Kari, L. Rasmussen, R. C. Gehrz, and M. F. Stinski, J. Virol. 62:875-881, 1988). However, the exact composition of the gCIII complex remains unknown. In this report, we attempted reconstitution of the gCIII complex by coexpression of gH and gL in the baculovirus expression system. Formation of recombinant gH-gL complexes of approximately 115 kDa was demonstrated; however, no higher-molecular-mass (approximately 240-kDa) recombinant gH-gL complexes were detected, suggesting that the presence of gH and gL alone is not sufficient for reconstitution of the gCIII complex. To identify other mammalian and/or HCMV factors which may be necessary for gCIII formation, immunoprecipitates of gH and gL from HCMV-infected fibroblasts and purified HCMV virions were examined. This analysis did reveal a number of coprecipitating proteins which associate either transiently or integrally with gH and gL. One coprecipitating protein of 145 kDa was shown to be an integral component of gCIII, along with gH and gL. Characterization of the 145-kDa protein demonstrates that it is structurally and antigenically unrelated to gH and gL and that it appears to be virally encoded. Together, these data indicate that the 145-kDa protein is a third novel component of the mature HCMV gH-gL complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Huber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706-1532, USA
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van Zeijl M, Fairhurst J, Baum EZ, Sun L, Jones TR. The human cytomegalovirus UL97 protein is phosphorylated and a component of virions. Virology 1997; 231:72-80. [PMID: 9143304 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL97 open reading frame in infected or transfected cells in the presence of the antiherpes compound ganciclovir (GCV) results in the intracellular phosphorylation of GCV. There are conventional kinase domains within the UL97-encoded protein (pUL97). However, the role of pUL97 in the HCMV replication cycle, and the mechanism by which it causes phosphorylation of GCV, are currently unknown. Herein, the biosynthesis and biogenesis of pUL97 was studied in HCMV-infected cells. pUL97 is expressed with early-late kinetics and is posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation. This phosphorylation occurs within 1 hr after synthesis, affects the electrophoretic mobility of pUL97, and is independent of the presence of other HCMV proteins. pUL97 was localized to the nucleus of infected cells and found in the HCMV virions. Thus, pUL97 is a virion phosphoprotein, and a likely tegument component.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Zeijl
- Molecular Biology Research Section, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA
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Peters DM, Dowd N, Brandt C, Compton T. Human papilloma virus E6/E7 genes can expand the lifespan of human corneal fibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1996; 32:279-84. [PMID: 8792157 DOI: 10.1007/bf02723060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human corneal fibroblasts were infected with a retroviral delivery vector containing the E6 and E7 genes from human Papilloma virus type 16 in order to produce cell lines that have an expanded lifespan in culture. Morphologically, some of the transfected corneal fibroblast lines appeared to have the normal spindle-shape morphology of diploid fibroblasts, whereas other lines appeared to have a more elongated morphology. All the cell lines were anchorage-dependent. Cells that had a normal morphology grew at a rate similar to normal diploid human corneal fibroblasts and had a population doubling time of 48 h. All E6/E7 expressing cell lines, regardless of morphology, produce types I, III, and V collagen, at levels similar to those observed in the parent corneal diploid fibroblast. These corneal fibroblast lines will be a useful in vitro system to study collagen expression and fibril formation, as well as normal stroma development. These results also demonstrate that the use of E6/E7 genes to expand a cell's lifespan can be a powerful tool because it does not appear to alter either the growth rate of the cell or collagen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Peters
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Plachter B, Sinzger C, Jahn G. Cell types involved in replication and distribution of human cytomegalovirus. Adv Virus Res 1996; 46:195-261. [PMID: 8824701 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As the number of patients suffering from severe HCMV infections has steadily increased, there is a growing need to understand the molecular mechanisms by which the virus causes disease. The factors that control infection at one time and the events leading to virus multiplication at another time are only beginning to be understood. The interaction of HCMV with different host cells is one key for elucidating these processes. Through modern techniques, much has been learned about the biology of HCMV infections in culture systems. In addition to endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts are one cell population preferentially infected in solid tissues in vivo. From these sites of multiplication, the virus may be carried by peripheral monocytes and circulating endothelial cells to reach distant sites of the body. This would explain the multiorgan involvement in acute HCMV infection and the modes of viral transmission. From what has been learned mainly from human fibroblast culture systems, future studies will focus on how HCMV regulates the expression of its putative 200 genes in different host cells at different stages of cell differentiation and activation to result in viral latency and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Plachter
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Cinatl J, Cinatl J, Radsak K, Rabenau H, Weber B, Novak M, Benda R, Kornhuber B, Doerr HW. Replication of human cytomegalovirus in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line depends on the state of differentiation of the cells. Arch Virol 1994; 138:391-401. [PMID: 7998845 DOI: 10.1007/bf01379143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was investigated in a new human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (KFR) with morphological and biochemical characteristics of fetal striated muscle precursors (rhabdomyoblasts). KFR cells exhibited the unique property for spontaneous morphological transformation from a poorly-differentiated state into well-differentiated (myotube-like) rhabdomyoblasts. The poorly-differentiated rhabdomyoblasts promoted both complete viral gene expression and the production of infectious virus. In contrast, in well-differentiated rhabdomyoblasts HCMV infection was abortive. The results showed that replication of HCMV in this human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line depended on the state of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cinatl
- Centre of Hygiene, Institute of Medical Virology, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt a. M, Federal Republic of Germany
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46
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Pari GS, Anders DG. Eleven loci encoding trans-acting factors are required for transient complementation of human cytomegalovirus oriLyt-dependent DNA replication. J Virol 1993; 67:6979-88. [PMID: 8230421 PMCID: PMC238157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.12.6979-6988.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we described the use of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) cosmid clones in a cotransfection assay of HCMV oriLyt replication (G. S. Pari, M. A. Kacica, and D. G. Anders, J. Virol. 67:2575-2582, 1993). We have now used this assay to identify 11 distinct required loci encoding trans-acting factors sufficient for transient complementation of oriLyt-dependent DNA replication. This set includes all of the virus genes essential to initiate and perform DNA synthesis together with the virus genes required to express these replication functions from their native promoters. Six of the identified loci span open reading frames (ORFs) that encode homologs or probable homologs of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication genes, consistent with predictions based on sequence similarities and biochemical properties. These include the DNA polymerase UL54 and polymerase-associated protein UL44, the single-stranded-DNA-binding protein UL57, and proposed subunits of a helicase-primase complex, UL70, UL105, and UL101-102. Frameshift mutations in any one of these essential ORFs abrogated complementation of DNA replication. Three required loci, UL36-38, IRS1 (or TRS1), and IE1/IE2, encode known regulatory proteins. The remaining two loci span ORFs UL84 and UL112-113 and encode early temporal class nucleus-associated proteins of unknown function. Neither of these genes have been implicated previously in DNA replication or in regulating gene expression, nor have counterparts in herpes simplex virus type 1 or Epstein-Barr virus been described. The results presented here will facilitate investigation of the mechanisms and regulation of HCMV lytic-phase DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Pari
- Laboratory of Virology, Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, Albany, New York
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