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Alberio T, Shallak M, Shaik AKB, Accolla RS, Forlani G. A Truncated Isoform of Cyclin T1 Could Contribute to the Non-Permissive HIV-1 Phenotype of U937 Promonocytic Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:1176. [PMID: 39205150 PMCID: PMC11359826 DOI: 10.3390/v16081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The different susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in U937 cells-permissive (Plus) or nonpermissive (Minus)-is linked to the expression in Minus cells of interferon (IFN)-γ inducible antiviral factors such as tripartite motif-containing protein 22 (TRIM22) and class II transactivator (CIITA). CIITA interacts with Cyclin T1, a key component of the Positive-Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) complex needed for the efficient transcription of HIV-1 upon interaction with the viral transactivator Tat. TRIM22 interacts with CIITA, recruiting it into nuclear bodies together with Cyclin T1. A 50 kDa Cyclin T1 was found only in Minus cells, alongside the canonical 80 kDa protein. The expression of this truncated form remained unaffected by proteasome inhibitors but was reduced by IFNγ treatment. Unlike the nuclear full-length protein, truncated Cyclin T1 was also present in the cytoplasm, and this subcellular localization correlated with its capacity to inhibit Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription. The 50 kDa Cyclin T1 in Minus cells likely contributes to their non-permissive phenotype by acting as a dominant negative factor, disrupting P-TEFb complex formation and function. Its reduction upon IFNγ treatment suggests a regulatory loop by which its inhibitory role on HIV-1 replication is then exerted by the IFNγ-induced CIITA, which binds to the canonical Cyclin T1, displacing it from the P-TEFb complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Alberio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy; (T.A.)
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.S.); (A.K.B.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Amruth Kaleem Basha Shaik
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.S.); (A.K.B.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Roberto Sergio Accolla
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.S.); (A.K.B.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Greta Forlani
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.S.); (A.K.B.S.); (R.S.A.)
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2
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Bristow CL. Silencing Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Reveals Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Role in HIV Infectivity. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2750:175-184. [PMID: 38108977 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3605-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe methods for investigating alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) interactions with infectious and non-infectious HIV-1 virions. Using silencing RNA to transiently block expression of VLDLR and the receptor-associated protein (RAP) to continuously block VLDLR activity, AAT is demonstrated to participate with VLDLR during internalization and infectivity of HIV-1 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bristow
- Alpha-1 Biologics, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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3
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Tamalet C, Devaux C, Dubourg G, Colson P. Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus infection: a rare but neglected state. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1485:22-42. [PMID: 33009659 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is well understood. In most individuals sexually exposed to HIV, the risk of becoming infected depends on the viral load and on sexual practices and gender. However, a low percentage of individuals who practice frequent unprotected sexual intercourse with HIV-infected partners remain uninfected. Although the systematic study of these individuals has made it possible to identify HIV resistance factors including protective genetic patterns, such epidemiological situations remain paradoxical and not fully understood. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-free, unexposed blood donors are not equally susceptible to HIV infection; in addition, PBMCs from highly exposed seronegative individuals are generally resistant to infection by primary HIV clinical isolates. We review the literature on permissiveness of PBMCs from healthy blood donors and uninfected hyperexposed individuals to sustained infection and replication of HIV-1 in vitro. In addition, we focus on recent evidence indicating that the gut microbiota may either contribute to natural resistance to or delay replication of HIV infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tamalet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
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4
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Fletcher AJ, Towers GJ. Inhibition of retroviral replication by members of the TRIM protein family. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 371:29-66. [PMID: 23686231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TRIM protein family is emerging as a central component of mammalian antiviral innate immunity. Beginning with the identification of TRIM5α as a mammalian post-entry restriction factor against retroviruses, to the repeated observation that many TRIMs ubiquitinate and regulate signaling pathways, the past decade has witnessed an intense research effort to understand how TRIM proteins influence immunity. The list of viral families targeted directly or indirectly by TRIM proteins has grown to include adenoviruses, hepadnaviruses, picornaviruses, flaviviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, herpesviruses, rhabdoviruses and arenaviruses. We have come to appreciate how, through intense bouts of positive selection, some TRIM genes have been honed into species-specific restriction factors. Similarly, in the case of TRIMCyp, we are beginning to understand how viruses too have mutated to evade restriction, suggesting that TRIM and viruses have coevolved for millions of years of primate evolution. Recently, TRIM5α returned to the limelight when it was shown to trigger the expression of antiviral genes upon recognition of an incoming virus, a paradigm shift that demonstrated that restriction factors make excellent pathogen sensors. However, it remains unclear how many of ~100 human TRIM genes are antiviral, despite the expression of many of these genes being upregulated by interferon and upon viral infection. TRIM proteins do not conform to one type of antiviral mechanism, reflecting the diversity of viruses they target. Moreover, the cofactors of restriction remain largely enigmatic. The control of retroviral replication remains an important medical subject and provides a useful backdrop for reviewing how TRIM proteins act to repress viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fletcher
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College, London, UK.
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5
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TRIM22 inhibits HIV-1 transcription independently of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, Tat, and NF-kappaB-responsive long terminal repeat elements. J Virol 2011; 85:5183-96. [PMID: 21345949 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02302-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies identified clones of the U937 promonocytic cell line that were either permissive or nonpermissive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. These clones were investigated further in the search for host restriction factors that could explain their differential capacity to support HIV-1 replication. Among known HIV-1 restriction factors screened, tripartite motif-containing protein 22 (TRIM22) was the only factor constitutively expressed in nonpermissive and absent in permissive U937 cells. Stable TRIM22 knockdown (KD) rescued HIV-1 long-terminal-repeat (LTR)-driven transcription in KD-nonpermissive cells to the levels observed in permissive cells. Conversely, transduction-mediated expression of TRIM22 in permissive cells reduced LTR-driven luciferase expression by ∼7-fold, supporting a negative role of TRIM22 in HIV-1 transcription. This finding was further confirmed in the human T cell line A3.01 expressing TRIM22. Moreover, overexpression of TRIM22 in 293T cells significantly impaired basal and phorbol myristate acetate-ionomycin-induced HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression, whereas inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced viral transcription was a consequence of lower basal expression. In agreement, TRIM22 equally inhibited an LTR construct lacking the tandem NF-κB binding sites. In addition, TRIM22 did not affect Tat-mediated LTR transactivation. Finally, these effects were independent of TRIM22 E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity. In the context of replication-competent virus, significantly higher levels of HIV-1 production were observed in KD-nonpermissive versus control nonpermissive U937 cells after infection. In contrast, lower peak levels of HIV-1 replication characterized U937 and A3.01 cells expressing TRIM22 versus their control transduced counterpart. Thus, nuclear TRIM22 significantly impairs HIV-1 replication, likely by interfering with Tat- and NF-κB-independent LTR-driven transcription.
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6
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Bendinelli P, Matteucci E, Dogliotti G, Corsi MM, Banfi G, Maroni P, Desiderio MA. Molecular basis of anti-inflammatory action of platelet-rich plasma on human chondrocytes: mechanisms of NF-κB inhibition via HGF. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:757-66. [PMID: 20568106 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of articular cartilage through injury or disease presents major clinical challenges also because cartilage has very poor regenerative capacity, giving rise to the development of biological approaches. As autologous blood product, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) provides a promising alternative to surgery by promoting safe and natural healing. Here we tested the possibility that PRP might be effective as an anti-inflammatory agent, providing an attractive basis for regeneration of articular cartilage, and two principal observations were done. First, activated PRP in chondrocytes reduced the transactivating activity of NF-κB, critical regulator of the inflammatory process, and decreased the expression of COX-2 and CXCR4 target genes. By analyzing a panel of cytokines with different biological significance, in activated PRP we observed increases in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). HGF and TNF-α, by disrupting NF-κB-transactivating activity, were important for the anti-inflammatory function of activated PRP. The key molecular mechanisms involved in PRP-inhibitory effects on NF-κB activity were for HGF the enhanced cellular IkBα expression, that contributed to NF-κB-p65 subunit retention in the cytosol and nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, and for TNF-α the p50/50 DNA-binding causing inhibition of target-gene expression. Second, activated PRP in U937-monocytic cells reduced chemotaxis by inhibiting chemokine transactivation and CXCR4-receptor expression, thus possibly controlling local inflammation in cartilage. In conclusion, activated PRP is a promising biological therapeutic agent, as a scaffold in micro-invasive articular cartilage regeneration, not only for its content of proliferative/differentiative growth factors, but also for the presence of anti-inflammatory agents including HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bendinelli
- Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche Città Studi, Molecular and Clinical Pathology Laboratories, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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7
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Bristow CL, Wolkowicz R, Trucy M, Franklin A, Di Meo F, Kozlowski MT, Winston R, Arnold RR. NF-kappaB signaling, elastase localization, and phagocytosis differ in HIV-1 permissive and nonpermissive U937 clones. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:492-9. [PMID: 18097051 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To identify positive or negative factors for HIV-1 infectivity, clones from the U937 promonocytic cell line that express similar levels of CD4 and CXCR4, but differ in HIV-1 susceptibility, were compared. In contrast to HIV-1 permissive clone 10 (plus), nonpermissive clone 17 (minus) was adherent to coverslips coated with chemokines, was phagocytic, killed bacteria, and expressed human leukocyte elastase (HLE) in a granule-like compartment (HLEG) that was never detected at the cell surface (HLECS). In contrast to the minus clone, the plus clone expressed HLE on the cell surface and was adherent to coverslips coated with the HLECS ligands alpha1proteinase inhibitor (alpha1PI, alpha1antitrypsin) and the HIV-1 fusion peptide. The phosphorylation status of several important signaling proteins was studied at the single cell level. Tumor suppressor p53, NF-kappaB p65, and Akt were constitutively phosphorylated in the plus clone, but not in the minus clone. Surprisingly, both alpha1PI and LPS induced phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 Ser-536 in both clones, but induced dephosphorylation of Ser-529 in the plus clone only. HIV-1 permissivity was conferred to the minus clone in a manner that required stimulation by both alpha1PI and LPS and was coincident to NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events as well as translocation of HLE to the cell surface. Even when stimulated, the minus clone exhibited greater reverse transcriptase activity, but less p24, than the plus clone. Results presented suggest that HIV-1 uptake and production efficiency are influenced by signaling profiles, receptor distribution, and the phagocytic capacity specific to the stage of differentiation of the CD4+ target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bristow
- Institute for Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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8
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Cassol E, Alfano M, Biswas P, Poli G. Monocyte-derived macrophages and myeloid cell lines as targets of HIV-1 replication and persistence. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1018-30. [PMID: 16946020 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection of mononuclear phagocytes (MP), mostly as tissue macrophages, is a dominant feature in the pathogenesis of HIV disease and its progression to AIDS. Although the general mechanism of infection is not dissimilar to that of CD4+ T lymphocytes occurring via interaction of the viral envelope with CD4 and a chemokine receptor (usually CCR5), other features are peculiar to MP infection. Among others, the long-term persistence of productive infection, sustained by the absence of substantial cell death, and the capacity of the virions to bud and accumulate in intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVB), has conferred to MP the role of "Trojan horses" perpetuating the chronic state of infection. Because the investigation of tissue macrophages is often very difficult for both ethical and practical reasons of accessibility, most studies of in vitro infection rely upon monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), a methodology hampered by inter-patient variability and lack of uniformity of experimental protocols. A number of cell lines, mostly Mono Mac, THP-1, U937, HL-60, and their derivative chronically infected counterparts (such as U1 and OM-10.1 cell lines) have complemented the MDM system of infection providing useful information on the features of HIV replication in MP. This article describes and compares the most salient features of these different cellular models of MP infection by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edana Cassol
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
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9
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Xiao X, Sidorov IA, Gee J, Lempicki RA, Dimitrov DS. Retinoic acid-induced downmodulation of telomerase activity in human cancer cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2005; 79:108-17. [PMID: 16054129 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most human cancers express telomerase but its activity is highly variable and regulated by complex mechanisms. Recently, several studies have suggested that retinoic acid (RA) downregulates telomerase activity and that this effect could be a major determinant of its therapeutic activity. To elucidate possible mechanisms of RA-mediated downmodulation of telomerase activity, we measured the kinetics of concentration changes of several transcription regulators by using standard biochemical techniques at low (10 muM) and high (100 muM) RA concentrations. We further evaluated the global impact of the RA treatment on gene expression profiles using microarray. It was found that the kinetics of c-Myc correlates most closely with the telomerase activity suggesting in agreement with previous studies that this protein is a major intermediate of the RA-induced downregulation of telomerase activity. Other telomerase regulators as Sp1 and Mad1 did not exhibit significant correlation. The dominant role of c-Myc in RA-induced telomerase downmodulation is confirmed by microarray data. Additionally, a number of proteins were found as possible correlates of telomerase activity by microarray analysis. These data suggest a complex interplay between c-Myc and other proteins that may be important determinants of the RA effects on telomerase activity in human cancer cells. The complex mechanism through which telomerase activity is controlled during differentiation and cancer transformation is also reflected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xiao
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Bldg. 469, Rm. 139, P.O. Box B, Miller Drive, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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10
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Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. Cell-type-dependent effect of transforming growth factor beta, a major cytokine in breast milk, on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells or macrophages. J Virol 2004; 78:13046-52. [PMID: 15542656 PMCID: PMC524996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.13046-13052.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding plays a substantial role in mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Mammary epithelial cells, as well as macrophages and lymphocytes, are thought to serve as sources of the virus in breast milk. Soluble factors in breast milk exert various biological functions, including immune tolerance or immune modulation, and may influence milk-borne infection with HIV-1. In this study we show that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a major cytokine in breast milk, inhibited HIV-1 infection of mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells but enhanced that of macrophages. TGF-beta downregulated the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter in MCF-7 cells but upregulated it in macrophages. Stimulation with TGF-beta suppressed NF-kappaB binding to the HIV-1 LTR in MCF-7 cells, at least in part by downregulating induced IkappaB kinase expression. Cell type-dependent effects of TGF-beta on HIV-1 expression may play a role in milk-borne infection with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Moriuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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11
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Bristow CL, Mercatante DR, Kole R. HIV-1 preferentially binds receptors copatched with cell-surface elastase. Blood 2003; 102:4479-86. [PMID: 12933574 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte elastase (HLE) interacts with HIV-1 glycoprotein (gp)41, suggesting a nonenzymatic receptor function for HLE in the context of HIV-1. HLE is found localized to the cell surface, but not granules in HIV permissive clones, and to granules, but not the cell surface of HIV nonpermissive clones. Inducing cell-surface HLE expression on HLE null, HIV nonpermissive clones permits HIV infectivity. HIV binding and infectivity diminish in proportion to HLE RNA subtraction. HIV binding and infectivity show dose dependence for the natural HLE ligand alpha1 proteinase inhibitor (alpha1antitrypsin, alpha1PI). Chemokines prevent, whereas alpha1PI promotes, copatching of HLE with the canonical HIV receptors. Recent demonstration that decreased viral RNA is significantly correlated with decreased circulating alpha1PI in HIV seropositive individuals is consistent with a model in which HLE and alpha1PI can serve as HIV coreceptor and cofactor, respectively, and potentially participate in the pathophysiology of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bristow
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University and Population Council, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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12
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Xiao X, Athanasiou M, Sidorov IA, Horikawa I, Cremona G, Blair D, Barret JC, Dimitrov DS. Role of Ets/Id proteins for telomerase regulation in human cancer cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2003; 75:238-47. [PMID: 14611815 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4800(03)00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most human cancers express telomerase but its activity is highly variable and regulated by complex mechanisms. Recently, we have proposed that Ets proteins may be important for regulation of telomerase activity in leukemic cells. Here we provide further evidence for the role of Ets family members and related Id proteins in telomerase regulation and characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms. By using PCR-based and gel shift assays we demonstrated specific binding to a core hTERT promoter of Ets2, Fli1, Id2, c-Myc, Mad1, and Sp1 in lysates from subclones of U937 cells. Further analysis of binding of purified proteins and various mutants of the hTERT promoter suggested the existence of a trimolecular Ets-Id2-DNA complex, and Ets inhibitory activity mediated by c-Myc and the Ets binding site on the core hTERT promoter at -293 bp from the transcription initiation site as well as a positive Ets regulatory effect mediate through another Ets binding site at -36 bp. This analysis provided evidence for the existence of negative and positive Ets regulatory site and suggested a complex interplay between Ets/Id family members and c-Myc that may be an important determinant of the diversity of telomerase activity in leukemia and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xiao
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Miller Drive, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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13
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Dolcini G, Derrien M, Chaouat G, Barré-Sinoussi F, Menu E. Cell-free HIV type 1 infection is restricted in the human trophoblast choriocarcinoma BeWo cell line, even with expression of CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:857-64. [PMID: 14585217 DOI: 10.1089/088922203322493021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The restriction of cell-free HIV-1 infection has been demonstrated in placental trophoblast choriocarcinoma BeWo cells. We tried to determine the level of the viral replication cycle at which this restriction occurs. BeWo cells produce infectious viruses after transfection with HIV-1 plasmids, independently of viral tropism. CCR5 and CXCR4, but not the CD4 molecule, were detected at the cell surface. We therefore derived CD4-expressing clones from transfected BeWo cells. Cell-free virus infection of these clones resulted in neither virus production nor viral sequence integration, indicating that the restriction occurs before integration of the virus. If we used luciferase reporter viruses pseudotyped with HIV-1 Env R5 and X4 for infection, no luciferase activity was detected, even in the BeWo-CD4+ clone, in contrast to what was observed in VSV-G pseudotyped virus infection. Our results show that infection of trophoblast-derived cells with cell-free virus is at least restricted at the level of entry. Thus, BeWo is an interesting human placental cell line that is resistant to HIV-1, even if CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dolcini
- Unité de Biologie des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75 724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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14
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Yang H, Lan C, Xiao Y, Chen YH. Antibody to CD14 like CXCR4-specific antibody 12G5 could inhibit CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis and HIV Env-mediated cell fusion. Immunol Lett 2003; 88:27-30. [PMID: 12853157 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of HIV-1 coreceptors (CXCR4 and CCR5) on monocyte surface can be regulated by the ligand of CD14 (LPS), which stimulate the susceptibility of the cells to HIV-1. To investigate whether it exists potential association between CD14 and HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4, we tested the impact of CD14-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) upon CXCR4-dependent responses, such as SDF-induced chemotaxis and HIV Env-mediated membrane fusion. The anti-CD14 mAb TUK4 like CXCR4-specific mAb 12G5 could block SDF-induced chemotaxis of U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner, while another CD14-specific mAb UCHM-1 did not show any activity. More interestingly, syncytium assay indicated that only the CD14-specific mAb TUK4 inhibited HIV Env-mediated CXCR4-dependent cell fusion between U937 cells and HIV-1(HXB2) Env transfected CHO cells distinctly, consistent with its activity against CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis. These results provided experimental evidence for existence of close association between CD14 and HIV coreceptor CXCR4 on human monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwen Yang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Centre for Medical Science and Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tsinghua University; Protein Science, Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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15
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Mbemba E, Saffar L, Gattegno L. Role of N-glycans and SDF-1alpha on the coassociation of CD4 with CXCR4 at the plasma membrane of monocytic cells and blood lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 2002; 514:209-13. [PMID: 11943153 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 is a coreceptor, along with CD4, for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Trimolecular complexes between HIV-1 glycoprotein (gp)120, CD4 and CXCR4 constitute a prerequisite for HIV entry. We studied whether CD4 is associated with CXCR4 on CD4+ CXCR4+ cells. Using the conformation-dependent anti-CXCR4 mAb 12G5, CD4 was coimmunoprecipitated with CXCR4 from the membrane of U937 cells which support HIV-1(LAI) efficient infection, and from that of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). CD4 association with CXCR4 increased upon PBL coculture for 5 days with autologous monocytes, decreased upon treatment of the cells or the CD4-CXCR4 complex with either N-glycanase or stromal cell derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) and was abolished by incubation of the cells with both, N-glycanase and SDF-1alpha. This indicates that glycans are partly involved in CD4 association with CXCR4 and may partly explain the inhibitory effect of SDF-1alpha on HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mbemba
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, EA 3510, Biothérapies, Bénéfices et Risques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche-Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris XIII, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
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Bakri Y, Mannioui A, Ylisastigui L, Sanchez F, Gluckman JC, Benjouad A. CD40-activated macrophages become highly susceptible to X4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:103-13. [PMID: 11839143 DOI: 10.1089/08892220252779647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating cells of the immune system may stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and contribute to select pathogenic variants in vivo. Here, we examined the possible effect of a major pathway of immune activation, CD40 interaction with its ligand (CD40L), on the susceptibility of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to various HIV-1 strains. Stimulation of MDMs with CD40L led to reduced replication of R5 HIV-1(Ba-L), whereas this strongly enhanced the replication of X4 HIV-1(Lai) as well as of X4 primary isolates, and this was associated with strong cytopathic effects. The replication of X4 strains was inhibited by stromal cell-derived factor 1, an indication of the restricted usage of CXCR4 as virus coreceptor in this case. CD40L induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/ERK2 and stimulated MDMs to secrete RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. From this data, it may be hypothesized that activated macrophages represent a favorable environment for the replication of classically T lymphocyte-tropic X4 variants and, thus, may contribute significantly to the selection of such variants at late stages of clinical HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Bakri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale EPI-0013, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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17
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Fantuzzi L, Canini I, Belardelli F, Gessani S. HIV-1 gp120 stimulates the production of beta-chemokines in human peripheral blood monocytes through a CD4-independent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5381-7. [PMID: 11313374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 on the expression of beta-chemokines in cultured monocytes/macrophages. Treatment of either freshly isolated 1-day-cultured monocytes or 7-day-cultured monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with recombinant gp120-IIIB resulted in a specific and dose-dependent enhancement of secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, and RANTES as well as a clear-cut increase in transcript accumulation. The expression of these mRNA was increased, but not superinduced, in the presence of cycloheximide. beta-Chemokine secretion was also induced after exposure of monocyte cultures to gp120-JRFL and aldrithiol-2-inactivated R5 and X4 HIV-1 strains, retaining conformational and functional integrity of envelope proteins. In contrast, no beta-chemokine secretion was triggered by X4 and R5 gp120 or aldrithiol-2-inactivated virus treatment of monocytoid cell lines that were fully responsive to LPS. The gp120-mediated effect was independent of its interaction with CD4, as preincubation with soluble CD4 did not abrogate beta-chemokine induction. Moreover, triggering of CD4 receptor by a specific Ab did not result in any beta-chemokine secretion. Interestingly, engagement of CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors by specific Abs as well as treatment with CCR5 and CXCR4 ligands induced beta-chemokine secretion. On the whole, these results indicate that HIV-1 stimulates monocytes/macrophages to produce beta-chemokines by a specific interaction of gp120 with HIV-1 coreceptors on the cell membrane. The expression of these related polypeptides may represent an important cellular response for regulating both the extent of viral infection and the recruitment of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fantuzzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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18
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Hewson TJ, Logie JJ, Simmonds P, Howie SE. A CCR5-dependent novel mechanism for type 1 HIV gp120 induced loss of macrophage cell surface CD4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4835-42. [PMID: 11290759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 HIV gp120 is especially effective in disrupting immune cell function because it is able to cause dysregulation of both infected and uninfected cells. We report a novel CCR5-dependent mechanism of gp120-induced CD4 loss from macrophages. An M-tropic gp120, using CCR5, is able to induce 70% loss of cell surface CD4 from macrophages within an hour. This cell surface CD4 loss is more substantial and rapid than the 20% loss observed with T-tropic gp120(IIIB) by 3 h. The rapid and substantial CD4 loss induced by M-tropic gp120 is not observed on macrophages homozygous for the ccr5Delta32 mutation, which fail to express cell surface CCR5. We have used confocal imaging to show that gp120 and CD4 are internalized together by a process resembling receptor-mediated endocytosis, and that both proteins enter HLA-DR containing compartments of the macrophage. We have also shown by semiquantitative RT-PCR that, in response to CD4 loss from the cell surface, mRNA for CD4 is up-regulated and the intracellular pool of CD4 increases. CCR5 mRNA levels are also increased. It is proposed that internalization of self and viral protein and increased pools of intracellular CD4 could modulate Ag presentation efficiencies and have implications for the induction and maintenance of both productive immune responses and self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hewson
- Immunobiology Group, Centre for Inflammation Research and Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Mariani R, Rasala BA, Rutter G, Wiegers K, Brandt SM, Kräusslich HG, Landau NR. Mouse-human heterokaryons support efficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly. J Virol 2001; 75:3141-51. [PMID: 11238841 PMCID: PMC114108 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.7.3141-3151.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cells do not support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication because of blocks to virus entry, proviral expression, and virion assembly. In murine 3T3 fibroblasts, the block to HIV-1 entry is relieved by the introduction of human CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4, and proviral expression is increased by the introduction of the Tat cofactor, human cyclin T1; however, because of the assembly block, virus fails to spread. A panel of rodent cell lines expressing human CD4, CCR5, and cyclin T1 was established and studied for the ability to support virus replication. Mus musculus lymphoid cell lines EL4 and L1-2 and Mus dunni fibroblasts supported only low levels of virus assembly and released small amounts of infectious virus. CHO and Rat2 cell lines produced more infectious virus, but this production was still 40-fold lower than production in human cells. Only CHO cells expressing the three human cofactors were partially permissive for HIV-1 replication. To investigate the basis of the block to HIV-1 assembly, mouse-human heterokaryons were tested for ability to assemble and release virus. Fusion of human cells to HIV-1-infected mouse cells expressing CD4, CCR5, and cyclin T1 caused a 12-fold increase in virion release and a 700-fold increase in infectious virus production. Fusion of HIV-1-infected M. dunni tail fibroblasts to uninfected human cells caused a similar increase in virus release. More efficient virus release was not caused by increased proviral transcription or increased synthesis of virion components. Analysis of reciprocal heterokaryons suggested the absence of an inhibitor of virus assembly. Taken together, the results suggested that murine fibroblasts lack a cofactor that is required for efficient virus assembly and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mariani
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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20
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Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. Octamer transcription factors up-regulate the expression of CCR5, a coreceptor for HIV-1 entry. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8639-42. [PMID: 11071893 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008391200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation can induce expression of CCR5, a major coreceptor for macrophage-tropic (R5) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we report that overexpression of the Oct-2 transcription factor and octamer coactivator BOB.1/OBF/OCA-B, both of which are induced in T cells following T cell receptor signaling, synergistically up-regulates CCR5 promoter activity via interaction with an octamer motif on the promoter. We also show that the octamer transcription factors can increase cell surface expression of CCR5 and fusogenicity of the cells with R5 HIV-1 Env. These results suggest that octamer transcription factors may play a critical role in the induction of CCR5 expression on, and thereby susceptibility to, R5 HIV-1 of T cells following antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 , USA
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21
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Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. A milk protein lactoferrin enhances human T cell leukemia virus type I and suppresses HIV-1 infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4231-6. [PMID: 11238676 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and HIV-1, causative agents of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and AIDS, respectively, are transmitted vertically via breast milk. Here we demonstrate that lactoferrin, a milk protein that has a variety of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, facilitates replication of HTLV-I in lymphocytes derived from asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers and transmission to cord blood lymphocytes in vitro. Transient expression assays revealed that lactoferrin can transactivate HTLV-I long terminal repeat promoter. In contrast, lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication, at least in part, at the level of viral fusion/entry. These results suggest that lactoferrin may have different effects on vertical transmission of the two milk-borne retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moriuchi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
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22
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Biswas P, Mantelli B, Delfanti F, Cota M, Vallanti G, Mengozzi M, Vicenzi E, Lazzarin A, Poli G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha drives HIV-1 replication in U937 cell clones and upregulates CXCR4. Cytokine 2001; 13:55-59. [PMID: 11145843 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
U937 cell clones in which efficient (plus) vs poor (minus) replication of HIV-1 occurs have been described. We evaluated the role of host factors in their differential ability to support HIV-1 replication. Plus clones constitutively produced TNF-alpha and viral replication was inhibited by neutralization of endogenous TNF-alpha. However, HIV-1 replication was strongly upregulated in minus clones by exogenous TNF-alpha, which also further accelerated the kinetics of infection in plus clones. We observed an increased accumulation of proviral DNA within one round of HIV-1 replication following TNF-a treatment of plus cells. This effect was associated with increased surface density of CXCR4 in both plus and minus clones. Our results identify TNF-alpha as one correlate that contributes to the higher ability of U937-plus clones to sustain HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we suggest that TNF-alpha may affect steps of the viral life cycle that occur earlier than transcription and also enhance HIV-1 replication by increasing the surface density of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Biswas
- Laboaratory of Clinical Immunology, Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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23
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Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Williams R, Straus SE. Herpes simplex virus infection induces replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 2000; 278:534-40. [PMID: 11118375 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes has been associated with increased efficiency of the sexual transmission and enhanced replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study we demonstrate that exposure to infectious or heat-inactivated herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2 virions increases HIV-1 expression in macrophages at least in part by inducing NF-kappaB activity. Neutralizing antibodies to the HSV glycoprotein gB or gD markedly attenuated these virion-mediated effects on HIV-1 expression in macrophages. Thus HSV infection of macrophages that reside in genital mucosal tissue induces HIV-1 replication in these cells. Our study may have implications for the management of patients who are coinfected with the two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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24
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Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M. In vitro induction of HIV-1 replication in resting CD4(+) T cells derived from individuals with undetectable plasma viremia upon stimulation with human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Virology 2000; 278:514-9. [PMID: 11118373 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial coinfections have been associated with transient bursts of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viremia in patients. In this study we investigated whether human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), another human retrovirus that is prevalent among certain HIV-infected populations, can induce HIV-1 replication in patients who had been successfully treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. We demonstrate that supernatants from HTLV-I-producing MT-2 cells can induce in vitro replication of HIV-1 from highly purified, resting CD4(+) T cells obtained from individuals with undetectable plasma viremia. Depletion of proinflammatory cytokines from the supernatants reduced, but did not abrogate, the ability to induce HIV-1 replication, indicating that other factors such as HTLV-I Tax or Env also have a role. The HTLV-I-mediated effect does not require productive infection: exposure to heat-inactivated HTLV-I virions, purified Tax protein, or HTLV-I Env glycoprotein also induced expression of HIV-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that coculture of resting CD4(+) T cells with autologous CD8(+) T cells markedly inhibits the HTLV-I-induced virus replication. Our results suggest that coinfection with HTLV-I may induce viral replication in the latent viral reservoirs; however, CD8(+) T cells may play an important role in controlling the spread of virus upon microbial stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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25
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Doms RW. Beyond receptor expression: the influence of receptor conformation, density, and affinity in HIV-1 infection. Virology 2000; 276:229-37. [PMID: 11040114 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R W Doms
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA.
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26
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Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Fauci AS. Cathepsin G, a neutrophil-derived serine protease, increases susceptibility of macrophages to acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2000; 74:6849-55. [PMID: 10888624 PMCID: PMC112202 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.15.6849-6855.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1999] [Accepted: 05/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils dominate acute inflammatory responses that generally evolve into chronic inflammatory reactions mediated by monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes. The latter cell types also serve as major targets for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study we have investigated the role of neutrophil products, particularly cathepsin G, in HIV infection. Cathepsin G induced chemotaxis and production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages but not CD4(+) T cells. Pretreatment with cathepsin G markedly increased susceptibility of macrophages but not CD4(+) T cells to acute HIV-1 infection. When macrophages were exposed to pertussis toxin prior to cathepsin G treatment, the cathepsin G-mediated effect was almost abrogated, suggesting that enhancement of HIV-1 replication by cathepsin G requires Gi protein-mediated signal transduction. Although prolonged exposure to cathepsin G suppressed HIV infection of macrophages, serine protease inhibitors, which are exuded from the bloodstream later during inflammatory processes, neutralized the inhibitory effect. Neutrophil extracts or supernatants from neutrophil cultures, which contain cathepsin G, had effects similar to purified cathepsin G. Thus, cathepsin G, and possibly other neutrophil-derived serine proteases, may have multiple activities in HIV-1 infection of macrophages, including chemoattraction of monocyte/macrophages (HIV-1 targets) to inflamed tissue, activation of target cells, and increase in their susceptibility to acute HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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27
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Losman B, Biller M, Olofsson S, Schønning K, Lund OS, Svennerholm B, Hansen JE, Bolmstedt A. The N-linked glycan of the V3 region of HIV-1 gp120 and CXCR4-dependent multiplication of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 lymphocyte-tropic variant. FEBS Lett 1999; 454:47-52. [PMID: 10413093 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that an N-glycosylation site of N306 of HIV-1 gp120 is not necessary for the HIV-1 infectivity but protects HIV-1 from neutralising antibodies. In contrast Nakayama et al. [FEBS Lett. (1998) 426, 367-372], using a virus with an identical V3 region, suggested that elimination of this particular glycan reduced the ability of T-tropic HIV to bind to CXCR4 and hence its ability to infect T cell lines. We therefore re-examined the ability of a mutant virus, lacking the N306 glycan, to replicate in various types of cells and found no change in co-receptor usage for mutant virus. The ability of mutant virus to replicate or to induce syncytia in infected cells was similar to that of wild type virus. These results corroborate our original observation, confirming that the induced mutation in the N306 glycosylation site neither impairs nor improves the ability of mutant virus to replicate in permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Losman
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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28
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Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Fauci AS. Induction of HIV-1 Replication by Allogeneic Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.7543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Allogeneic stimulation presents an immunologic challenge during pregnancy, blood transfusions, and transplantations, and has been associated with reactivation of latently infected virus such as CMV. Since HIV-1 is transmitted vertically, sexually, or via contaminated blood, we have tested the effects of allostimulation on HIV-1 infection. 1) We show that allostimulated lymphocytes are highly susceptible to acute infection with T cell-tropic or dual-tropic HIV-1. 2) We show that allostimulation has dichotomous effects on replication of macrophage-tropic HIV-1; it activates HIV expression in already infected cells but inhibits HIV entry by secreting HIV-suppressive CC chemokines. 3) We show that allogeneic stimulation of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells induced replication of HIV-1 in these cells. These observations suggest that allogeneic stimulation may play a role in the transmission, replication, and phenotypic transition of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Masako Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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29
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Park IW, Koziel H, Hatch W, Li X, Du B, Groopman JE. CD4 receptor-dependent entry of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 env-pseudotypes into CCR5-, CCR3-, and CXCR4-expressing human alveolar macrophages is preferentially mediated by the CCR5 coreceptor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:864-71. [PMID: 10226056 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are important host-defense cells and targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, the receptors mediating HIV-1 entry into AM are not completely characterized. We observed that, in addition to CD4 receptors, AM from healthy adults expressed low levels of CCR5, CCR3, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors by flow cytometry, and specific messenger RNA was detected for all three receptors by reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction. The macrophage monocytotropic (M-tropic; YU2) and dual-tropic (89.6) HIV-1 env-pseudotypes entered AM efficiently, as expected given CCR3 and CCR5 expression. However, the T-lymphocytotropic (T-tropic; HXB2) pseudotype did not enter AM despite expression of the appropriate chemokine coreceptor CXCR4. Incubation of AM with regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) significantly impaired entry of the M-tropic (YU2) HIV-1 pseudotype, whereas SDF-1beta or eotaxin did not impair entry. The entry of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pbj1.9 env-pseudotype into AM was not blocked by RANTES, SDF-1beta, or eotaxin. The competence of these chemokine receptors for virus entry was confirmed in Cf2Th canine thymocytes cotransfected with the human CD4 and chemokine receptors. Entry of the M-tropic (YU2) HIV-1 pseudotype was shown to be mediated by either CCR3 or CCR5, the T-tropic (HXB2) HIV-1 pseudotype by CXCR4, and the dual-tropic (89.6) HIV-1 or the SIVpbj1. 9 pseudotype by CCR5, CCR3, or CXCR4. Our data indicate that the mechanisms for HIV-1 entry are both receptor-specific and cell type-specific, and that chemokine receptor expression on AM does not fully explain cell susceptibility to different virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Park
- Divisions of Experimental Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Shen H, Cheng T, Preffer FI, Dombkowski D, Tomasson MH, Golan DE, Yang O, Hofmann W, Sodroski JG, Luster AD, Scadden DT. Intrinsic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance of hematopoietic stem cells despite coreceptor expression. J Virol 1999; 73:728-37. [PMID: 9847379 PMCID: PMC103880 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.728-737.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with hematopoietic stem cells may define restrictions on immune reconstitution following effective antiretroviral therapy and affect stem cell gene therapy strategies for AIDS. In the present study, we demonstrated mRNA and cell surface expression of HIV-1 receptors CD4 and the chemokine receptors CCR-5 and CXCR-4 in fractionated cells representing multiple stages of hematopoietic development. Chemokine receptor function was documented in subsets of cells by calcium flux in response to a cognate ligand. Productive infection by HIV-1 via these receptors was observed with the notable exception of stem cells, in which case the presence of CD4, CXCR-4, and CCR-5, as documented by single-cell analysis for expression and function, was insufficient for infection. Neither productive infection, transgene expression, nor virus entry was detectable following exposure of stem cells to either wild-type HIV-1 or lentivirus constructs pseudotyped in HIV-1 envelopes of macrophage-tropic, T-cell-tropic, or dualtropic specificity. Successful entry into stem cells of a vesicular stomatitis virus G protein-pseudotyped HIV-1 construct demonstrated that the resistance to HIV-1 was mediated at the level of virus-cell membrane fusion and entry. These data define the hematopoietic stem cell as a sanctuary cell which is resistant to HIV-1 infection by a mechanism independent of receptor and coreceptor expression that suggests a novel means of cellular protection from HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shen
- AIDS Research Center, MGH Cancer Center, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Gordon CJ, Muesing MA, Proudfoot AE, Power CA, Moore JP, Trkola A. Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the CC-chemokine RANTES is independent of the mechanism of virus-cell fusion. J Virol 1999; 73:684-94. [PMID: 9847374 PMCID: PMC103875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.684-694.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the effects of CC-chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, focusing on the infectivity enhancement caused by RANTES. High RANTES concentrations increase the infectivity of HIV-1 isolates that use CXC-chemokine receptor 4 for entry. However, RANTES can have a similar enhancing effect on macrophagetropic viruses that enter via CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), despite binding to the same receptor as the virus. Furthermore, RANTES enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 pseudotyped with the envelope glycoprotein of murine leukemia virus or vesicular stomatitis virus, showing that the mechanism of enhancement is independent of the route of virus-cell fusion. The enhancing effects of RANTES are not mediated via CCR5 or other known chemokine receptors and are not mimicked by MIP-1alpha or MIP-1beta. The N-terminally modified derivative aminooxypentane RANTES (AOP-RANTES) efficiently inhibits HIV-1 infection via CCR5 but otherwise mimics RANTES by enhancing viral infectivity. There are two mechanisms of enhancement: one apparent when target cells are pretreated with RANTES (or AOP-RANTES) for several hours, and the other apparent when RANTES (or AOP-RANTES) is added during virus-cell absorption. We believe that the first mechanism is related to cellular activation by RANTES, whereas the second is an increase in virion attachment to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gordon
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Turner W, Fauci AS. Exposure to bacterial products renders macrophages highly susceptible to T-tropic HIV-1. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1540-50. [PMID: 9788967 PMCID: PMC509004 DOI: 10.1172/jci4151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial coinfections variably influence HIV-1 infection through immune activation or direct interaction of microorganisms with HIV-1 or its target cells. In this study, we investigated whether exposure of macrophages to bacterial products impacts the susceptibility of these cells to HIV-1 of different cellular tropisms. We demonstrate that () macrophages exposed to bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Gram-negative rods), lipoteichoic acid (Gram-positive cocci), and lipoarabinomannan (Mycobacteria) become highly susceptible to T cell (T)-tropic HIV-1 (which otherwise poorly replicate in macrophages) and variably susceptible to macrophage (M)-tropic HIV-1; () LPS-stimulated macrophages secrete a number of soluble factors (i.e., chemokines, interferon, and proinflammatory cytokines) that variably affect HIV infection of macrophages, depending on the virus phenotype in question; and () LPS-stimulated macrophages express CCR5 (a major coreceptor for M-tropic HIV-1) at lower levels and CXCR4 (a major coreceptor for T-tropic HIV-1) at higher levels compared with unstimulated macrophages. We hypothesize that a more favorable environment for T-tropic HIV-1 and a less favorable or even unfavorable environment for M-tropic HIV-1 secondary to exposure of macrophages to those bacterial products may accerelate a transition from M- to T-tropic viral phenotype, which is indicative of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Biswas P, Mengozzi M, Mantelli B, Delfanti F, Brambilla A, Vicenzi E, Poli G. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates functional CXCR4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors in U937 minus clones: NF-kappaB-independent enhancement of viral replication. J Virol 1998; 72:8380-3. [PMID: 9733889 PMCID: PMC110220 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.8380-8383.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
U937 cell clones which sustain efficient or poor replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (referred to herein as plus clones and minus clones, respectively) have been previously described. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3) potently induced HIV-1 replication and proviral DNA accumulation in minus clones but not in plus clones. Vitamin D3 did not induce NF-kappaB activation but selectively upregulated CXCR4 expression in minus clones. The CXCR4 ligand stromal-cell derived factor-1 induced Ca2+ fluxes and inhibited both constitutive and vitamin D3-enhanced HIV replication in minus clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Biswas
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, DIBIT, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The study of viral interference in HIV-1 infected cells has revealed several different means whereby infected cells resist superinfection. The most familiar of these, down-modulation of cellular receptors for virus, can be accomplished through the independent action of at least three HIV-1 proteins. Both the principal viral receptor CD4 and the chemokine receptors which serve as co-receptors are subject to down-modulation as a consequence of infection. Elucidation of the specificity of co-receptor utilisation by HIV-1 strains is an exciting, ongoing task which has opened new avenues to the understanding of viral replication and pathogenesis. Novel routes to resistance to superinfection have been discovered during HIV-1 infection and their investigation may reveal new pathways to control HIV-1 and the loss of immunological function with AIDS. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- MJ Potash
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, 432 West 58th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA
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Cohen OJ, Paolucci S, Bende SM, Daucher M, Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Cicala C, Davey RT, Baird B, Fauci AS. CXCR4 and CCR5 genetic polymorphisms in long-term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus infection: lack of association with mutations other than CCR5-Delta32. J Virol 1998; 72:6215-7. [PMID: 9621092 PMCID: PMC110440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.7.6215-6217.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the coding sequences of CCR5 and CXCR4 were studied in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected long-term nonprogressors. Two different point mutations were found in the CXCR4 coding sequence. One of these CXCR4 mutations was silent, and each was unique to two nonprogressors. The well-described 32-bp deletion within the CCR5 coding sequence (CCR5-Delta32) was found in 4 of 13 nonprogressors, and 12 different point mutations were found scattered over the CCR5 coding sequence from 8 nonprogressors. Most of the mutations created either silent or conservative changes in the predicted amino acid sequence: only one of these mutations was found in more than a single nonprogressor. All nonsilent mutations were tested in an HIV envelope-dependent fusion assay, and all functioned comparably to wild-type controls. Polymorphisms in the CXCR4 and CCR5 coding sequences other than CCR5-Delta32 do not appear to play a dominant mechanistic role in nonprogression among HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Cohen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1876, USA.
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Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Fauci AS. Factors secreted by human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected cells can enhance or inhibit replication of HIV-1 in HTLV-I-uninfected cells: implications for in vivo coinfection with HTLV-I and HIV-1. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1689-97. [PMID: 9584147 PMCID: PMC2212300 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.10.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/1997] [Revised: 03/12/1998] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains controversial whether human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) coinfection leads to more rapid progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in dually infected individuals. To investigate whether HTLV-I infection of certain cells can modulate HIV-1 infection of surrounding cells, primary CD4(+) T cells were treated with cell-free supernatants from HTLV-I-infected MT-2 cell cultures. The primary CD4+ T cells became resistant to macrophage (M)-tropic HIV-1 but highly susceptible to T cell (T)-tropic HIV-1. The CC chemokines RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, and MIP-1beta in the MT-2 cell supernatants were identified as the major suppressive factors for M-tropic HIV-1 as well as the enhancers of T-tropic HIV-1 infection, whereas soluble Tax protein increased susceptibility to both M- and T-tropic HIV-1. The effect of Tax or CC chemokines on T-tropic HIV-1 was mediated, at least in part, by increasing HIV Env-mediated fusogenicity. Our data suggest that the net effect of HTLV-I coinfection in HIV-infected individuals favors the transition from M- to T-tropic HIV phenotype, which is generally indicative of progressive HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Fauci AS. Differentiation of promonocytic U937 subclones into macrophagelike phenotypes regulates a cellular factor(s) which modulates fusion/entry of macrophagetropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998; 72:3394-400. [PMID: 9525669 PMCID: PMC109831 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3394-3400.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages (M/M) and CD4+ T cells are two important targets of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Different strains of HIV-1 vary markedly in their abilities to infect cells belonging to the M/M lineage. Macrophagetropic (M-tropic) HIV-1 strains replicate well in primary lymphocytes as well as in primary macrophages; however, they generally infect T-cell lines poorly, if at all. Although promonocytic cell lines such as U937 have been used as in vitro models of HIV-1 infection of M/M, these cell lines are susceptible to certain T-cell-tropic (T-tropic) HIV-1 strains but are resistant to M-tropic HIV-1. In this study, we demonstrate that (i) certain U937 clones ("plus" clones), which are susceptible only to T-tropic HIV-1, become highly susceptible to M-tropic HIV-1 upon differentiation with retinoic acid (RA); (ii) other U937 clones ("minus" clones), which are resistant to both T- and M-tropic HIV-1, remain resistant to both viruses; and (iii) RA treatment induces expression of CCR5, a fusion/entry cofactor for M-tropic HIV-1 in both types of U937 clones, and yet enhances the fusogenicity of the plus clones, but not the minus clones, with M-tropic Env's. These results indicate that the major restriction of M-tropic HIV-1 infection in promonocytic cells occurs at the fusion/entry level, that differentiation into macrophage-like phenotypes renders some of these cells highly susceptible to infection with M-tropic HIV-1, and that CD4 and CCR5 may not be the only determinants of fusion/entry of M-tropic HIV-1 in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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