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Havenar-Daughton C, Carnathan DG, Torrents de la Peña A, Pauthner M, Briney B, Reiss SM, Wood JS, Kaushik K, van Gils MJ, Rosales SL, van der Woude P, Locci M, Le KM, de Taeye SW, Sok D, Mohammed AUR, Huang J, Gumber S, Garcia A, Kasturi SP, Pulendran B, Moore JP, Ahmed R, Seumois G, Burton DR, Sanders RW, Silvestri G, Crotty S. Direct Probing of Germinal Center Responses Reveals Immunological Features and Bottlenecks for Neutralizing Antibody Responses to HIV Env Trimer. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2195-2209. [PMID: 27880897 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating tier 2 HIV-neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses by immunization remains a challenging problem, and the immunological barriers to induction of such responses with Env immunogens remain unclear. Here, some rhesus monkeys developed autologous tier 2 nAbs upon HIV Env trimer immunization (SOSIP.v5.2) whereas others did not. This was not because HIV Env trimers were immunologically silent because all monkeys made similar ELISA-binding antibody responses; the key difference was nAb versus non-nAb responses. We explored the immunological barriers to HIV nAb responses by combining a suite of techniques, including longitudinal lymph node fine needle aspirates. Unexpectedly, nAb development best correlated with booster immunization GC B cell magnitude and Tfh characteristics of the Env-specific CD4 T cells. Notably, these factors distinguished between successful and unsuccessful antibody responses because GC B cell frequencies and stoichiometry to GC Tfh cells correlated with nAb development, but did not correlate with total Env Ab binding titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samantha M Reiss
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer S Wood
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kirti Kaushik
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandy L Rosales
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Patricia van der Woude
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Locci
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Khoa M Le
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Devin Sok
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jessica Huang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - AnaPatricia Garcia
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sudhir P Kasturi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grégory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Purpose of review To summarize the role of adjuvants in eliciting desirable antibody responses against HIV-1 with particular emphasis on both historical context and recent developments. Recent findings Increased understanding of the role of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in recruiting and directing the immune system has increased the variety of adjuvant formulations being tested in animal models and humans. Across all vaccine platforms, adjuvant formulations have been shown to enhance desirable immune responses such as higher antibody titers and increased functional activity. Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. Summary The parallel development of adjuvants along with better HIV-1 immunogens will be needed for a successful AIDS vaccine. Additional comparative testing will be required to determine the optimal adjuvant and immunogen regimen that can elicit antibody responses capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission.
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3
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van de Sandt CE, Kreijtz JHCM, Geelhoed-Mieras MM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Nieuwkoop NJ, van de Vijver DAMC, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Morein B, Rimmelzwaan GF. Novel G3/DT adjuvant promotes the induction of protective T cells responses after vaccination with a seasonal trivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:5614-23. [PMID: 25140929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines used against seasonal influenza are poorly effective against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes that may have pandemic potential. Furthermore, pre(pandemic) influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic, which can be overcome by the use of adjuvants. A limited number of adjuvants has been approved for use in humans, however there is a need for alternative safe and effective adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines and that promote the induction of broad-protective T cell responses. Here we evaluated a novel nanoparticle, G3, as an adjuvant for a seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in a mouse model. The G3 adjuvant was formulated with or without steviol glycosides (DT, for diterpenoid). The use of both formulations enhanced the virus-specific antibody response to all three vaccine strains considerably. The adjuvants were well tolerated without any signs of discomfort. To assess the protective potential of the vaccine-induced immune responses, an antigenically distinct influenza virus strain, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8/34), was used for challenge infection. The vaccine-induced antibodies did not cross-react with strain A/PR/8/34 in HI and VN assays. However, mice immunized with the G3/DT-adjuvanted vaccine were partially protected against A/PR/8/34 infection, which correlated with the induction of anamnestic virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses that were not observed with the use of G3 without DT. Both formulations induced maturation of human dendritic cells and promoted antigen presentation to a similar extent. In conclusion, G3/DT is a promising adjuvant formulation that not only potentiates the antibody response induced by influenza vaccines, but also induces T cell immunity which could afford broader protection against antigenically distinct influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nella J Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bror Morein
- Infectious Diseases Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, MoreinX, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 34 A, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Yang M, Yan Y, Fang M, Wan M, Wu X, Zhang X, Zhao T, Wei H, Song D, Wang L, Yu Y. MF59 formulated with CpG ODN as a potent adjuvant of recombinant HSP65-MUC1 for inducing anti-MUC1+ tumor immunity in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:408-16. [PMID: 22595192 PMCID: PMC7106219 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MF59 is an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant approved for influenza vaccines for human use in Europe. Due to its Th2 inducing properties, MF59 is seldom tested for cancer vaccines. In this study, MF59 formulated with a C-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (YW002) was tested for its Th1 adjuvant activity to induce immune responses to HSP65-MUC1, a recombinant fusion protein incorporating a mycobacterial heat shock protein (HSP65) and mucin 1, cell surface associated (MUC1) derived peptide. Combination of YW002 with MF59 (MF59-YW002) could confer a potent Th1 biasing property to the adjuvant, which enhanced the immunogenicity of HSP65-MUC1 to induce significantly higher levels of specific IgG2c, increased IFN-γ mRNA expression in splenocytes and the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice. When prophylactically applied, MF59-YW002 adjuvant containing HSP65-MUC1 inhibited the growth of MUC1+ B16 melanoma and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. In contrast, adjuvant containing MF59 with HSP65-MUC1 in the absence of YW002, promoted the growth of MUC1+ B16 melanoma in mice. These results suggest that MF59 plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotide might be developed as an efficient adjuvant for tumor vaccines against melanoma, and possibly other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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5
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Dey AK, Burke B, Sun Y, Sirokman K, Nandi A, Hartog K, Lian Y, Geonnotti AR, Montefiori D, Franti M, Martin G, Carfi A, Kessler P, Martin L, Srivastava IK, Barnett SW. Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies directed against CD4-induced epitope(s) using a CD4 mimetic cross-linked to a HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30233. [PMID: 22291921 PMCID: PMC3265465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) structures that can generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) is pivotal to the development of a successful vaccine against HIV-1 aimed at eliciting effective humoral immune responses. To that end, the production of novel Env structure(s) that might induce BNAbs by presentation of conserved epitopes, which are otherwise occluded, is critical. Here, we focus on a structure that stabilizes Env in a conformation representative of its primary (CD4) receptor-bound state, thereby exposing highly conserved "CD4 induced" (CD4i) epitope(s) known to be important for co-receptor binding and subsequent virus infection. A CD4-mimetic miniprotein, miniCD4 (M64U1-SH), was produced and covalently complexed to recombinant, trimeric gp140 envelope glycoprotein (gp140) using site-specific disulfide linkages. The resulting gp140-miniCD4 (gp140-S-S-M64U1) complex was recognized by CD4i antibodies and the HIV-1 co-receptor, CCR5. The gp140-miniCD4 complex elicited the highest titers of CD4i binding antibodies as well as enhanced neutralizing antibodies against Tier 1 viruses as compared to gp140 protein alone following immunization of rabbits. Neutralization against HIV-2(7312/V434M) and additional serum mapping confirm the specific elicitation of antibodies directed to the CD4i epitope(s). These results demonstrate the utility of structure-based approach in improving immunogenic response against specific region, such as the CD4i epitope(s) here, and its potential role in vaccine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu K. Dey
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Burke
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yide Sun
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Klara Sirokman
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Avishek Nandi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karin Hartog
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying Lian
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. Geonnotti
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Franti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Grégoire Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Andrea Carfi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pascal Kessler
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Indresh K. Srivastava
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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6
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Davis D, Koornstra W, Mortier D, Fagrouch Z, Verschoor EJ, Heeney JL, Bogers WMJM. Protection in macaques immunized with HIV-1 candidate vaccines can be predicted using the kinetics of their neutralizing antibodies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28974. [PMID: 22216149 PMCID: PMC3247218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A vaccine is needed to control the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). An in vitro assay that can predict the protection induced by a vaccine would facilitate the development of such a vaccine. A potential candidate would be an assay to quantify neutralization of HIV-1. METHODS AND FINDINGS We have used sera from rhesus macaques that have been immunized with HIV candidate vaccines and subsequently challenged with simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). We compared neutralization assays with different formats. In experiments with the standardized and validated TZMbl assay, neutralizing antibody titers against homologous SHIV(SF162P4) pseudovirus gave a variable correlation with reductions in plasma viremia levels. The target cells used in the assays are not just passive indicators of virus infection but are actively involved in the neutralization process. When replicating virus was used with GHOST cell assays, events during the absorption phase, as well as the incubation phase, determine the level of neutralization. Sera that are associated with protection have properties that are closest to the traditional concept of neutralization: the concentration of antibody present during the absorption phase has no effect on the inactivation rate. In GHOST assays, events during the absorption phase may inactivate a fixed number, rather than a proportion, of virus so that while complete neutralization can be obtained, it can only be found at low doses particularly with isolates that are relatively resistant to neutralization. CONCLUSIONS Two scenarios have the potential to predict protection by neutralizing antibodies at concentrations that can be induced by vaccination: antibodies that have properties close to the traditional concept of neutralization may protect against a range of challenge doses of neutralization sensitive HIV isolates; a window of opportunity also exists for protection against isolates that are more resistant to neutralization but only at low challenge doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Davis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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7
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El Sahly H. MF59™ as a vaccine adjuvant: a review of safety and immunogenicity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 9:1135-41. [PMID: 20923265 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70 years passed between the licensing of alum salts as vaccine adjuvants and that of MF59™ MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion, is currently licensed for use in the elderly as an adjuvant in seasonal influenza vaccines. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but enhancement of the interaction between the antigen and the dendritic cell seems to be involved. When used with seasonal influenza vaccines, an increase occurs in the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against some, but not all, seasonal vaccine influenza strains. The adjuvant effect is more pronounced when MF59 is combined with novel influenza antigens such as H9 and H5. The use of the adjuvant is associated with an increase in the frequency of local and systemic early post-vaccine adverse events (3-7 days), but no increase in adverse events was observed thereafter. Currently, MF59 is under evaluation as an adjuvant with other antigens such as pandemic influenza antigens and cytomegalovirus antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana El Sahly
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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Plummer EM, Manchester M. Viral nanoparticles and virus-like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:174-196. [PMID: 20872839 PMCID: PMC7169818 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current vaccines that provide protection against infectious diseases have primarily relied on attenuated or inactivated pathogens. Virus‐like particles (VLPs), comprised of capsid proteins that can initiate an immune response but do not include the genetic material required for replication, promote immunogenicity and have been developed and approved as vaccines in some cases. In addition, many of these VLPs can be used as molecular platforms for genetic fusion or chemical attachment of heterologous antigenic epitopes. This approach has been shown to provide protective immunity against the foreign epitopes in many cases. A variety of VLPs and virus‐based nanoparticles are being developed for use as vaccines and epitope platforms. These particles have the potential to increase efficacy of current vaccines as well as treat diseases for which no effective vaccines are available. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 174–196 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.119 This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Plummer
- Cell Biology Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Evaluation of the immune response and protective effects of rhesus macaques vaccinated with biodegradable nanoparticles carrying gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus. Vaccine 2010; 28:5377-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Brunner R, Jensen-Jarolim E, Pali-Schöll I. The ABC of clinical and experimental adjuvants--a brief overview. Immunol Lett 2009; 128:29-35. [PMID: 19895847 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are compounds that can increase and/or modulate the intrinsic immunogenicity of an antigen and elicit strong and long lasting immune responses. During the last 80 years many adjuvants have been used in experimental settings, but due to various shortcomings of most of them only aluminum compounds made it into regular clinical usage. However, during the last years promising candidates have arisen that may finally adjunct or displace aluminum substances as main adjuvant. This review summarizes information on adjuvants currently used in clinical as well as in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brunner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH-EB 03.Q, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Ourmanov I, Kuwata T, Goeken R, Goldstein S, Iyengar R, Buckler-White A, Lafont B, Hirsch VM. Improved survival in rhesus macaques immunized with modified vaccinia virus Ankara recombinants expressing simian immunodeficiency virus envelope correlates with reduction in memory CD4+ T-cell loss and higher titers of neutralizing antibody. J Virol 2009; 83:5388-400. [PMID: 19321617 PMCID: PMC2681965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02598-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that immunization of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and Env recombinants of the attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) provided protection from high viremia and AIDS following challenge with a pathogenic strain of SIV. Although all animals became infected, plasma viremia was significantly reduced in animals that received the MVA-SIV recombinant vaccines compared with animals that received nonrecombinant MVA. Most importantly, the reduction in viremia resulted in a significant increase in median and cumulative survival. Continued analysis of these animals over the subsequent 9 years has shown that they maintain a survival advantage, although all but two of the macaques have progressed to AIDS. Importantly, improved survival correlated with preservation of memory CD4(+) T cells in the peripheral blood. The greatest survival advantage was observed in macaques immunized with regimens containing SIV Env, and the titer of neutralizing antibodies to the challenge virus prior to or shortly following challenge correlated with preservation of CD4(+) T cells. These data are consistent with a role for neutralizing antibodies in nonsterilizing protection from high viremia and associated memory CD4(+) T-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnour Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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12
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Sun HX, Xie Y, Ye YP. ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX. Vaccine 2009; 27:4388-401. [PMID: 19450632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) are particulate antigen delivery systems composed of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin, while ISCOMATRIX is a particulate adjuvant comprising cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin but without antigen. The combination of an antigen with ISCOMATRIX is called an ISCOMATRIX vaccine. ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX combine the advantages of a particulate carrier system with the presence of an in-built adjuvant (Quil A) and consequently have been found to be more immunogenic, while removing its haemolytic activity of the saponin, producing less toxicity. ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite origin or tumor in a number of animal species including non-human primates and humans. These vaccines produced by well controlled and reproducible processes have also been evaluated in human clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX, including preparation technology as well as their application in humans and veterinary vaccine designs with particular emphasis on the current understanding of the properties and features of ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX vaccines to induce immune responses. The mechanisms of adjuvanticity are also discussed in the light of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Etiology & Immunological Prevention of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Shahiwala A, Amiji MM. Enhanced mucosal and systemic immune response with squalane oil-containing multiple emulsions upon intranasal and oral administration in mice. J Drug Target 2008; 16:302-10. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860801900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Koopman G, Mortier D, Hofman S, Mathy N, Koutsoukos M, Ertl P, Overend P, van Wely C, Thomsen LL, Wahren B, Voss G, Heeney JL. Immune-response profiles induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine DNA, protein or mixed-modality immunization: increased protection from pathogenic simian–human immunodeficiency virus viraemia with protein/DNA combination. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:540-5533. [PMID: 18198386 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data suggest that prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) vaccines will be most efficacious if they elicit a combination of adaptive humoral and T-cell responses. Here, we explored the use of different vaccine strategies in heterologous prime–boost regimes and evaluated the breadth and nature of immune responses in rhesus monkeys induced by epidermally delivered plasmid DNA or recombinant HIV proteins formulated in the AS02A adjuvant system. These immunogens were administered alone or as either prime or boost in mixed-modality regimes. DNA immunization alone induced cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, with a strong bias towards Th1-type cytokines, and no detectable antibodies to the vaccine antigens. Whenever adjuvanted protein was used as a vaccine, either alone or in a regime combined with DNA, high-titre antibody responses to all vaccine antigens were detected in addition to strong Th1- and Th2-type CMI responses. As the vaccine antigens included HIV-1 Env, Nef and Tat, as well as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 Nef, the animals were subsequently exposed to a heterologous, pathogenic simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)89.6p challenge. Protection against sustained high virus load was observed to some degree in all vaccinated groups. Suppression of virus replication to levels below detection was observed most frequently in the group immunized with protein followed by DNA immunization, and similarly in the group immunized with DNA alone. Interestingly, control of virus replication was associated with increased SIV Nef- and Gag-specific gamma interferon responses observed immediately following challenge.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, env/metabolism
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/metabolism
- HIV/genetics
- HIV/immunology
- HIV/metabolism
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/administration & dosage
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunization
- Macaca mulatta
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viremia
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC), 2288 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC), 2288 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Hofman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC), 2288 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter Ertl
- GlaxoSmithKline Biopharmaceuticals CEDD Biology, Stevenage, UK
| | - Phil Overend
- GlaxoSmithKline Biopharmaceuticals CEDD Biology, Stevenage, UK
| | - Cathy van Wely
- GlaxoSmithKline Biopharmaceuticals CEDD Biology, Stevenage, UK
| | - Lindy L Thomsen
- GlaxoSmithKline Biopharmaceuticals CEDD Biology, Stevenage, UK
| | - Britta Wahren
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald Voss
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC), 2288 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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15
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Protection of macaques against vaginal SHIV challenge by systemic or mucosal and systemic vaccinations with HIV-envelope. AIDS 2008; 22:339-48. [PMID: 18195560 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282f3ca57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur by heterosexual transmission. Thus, the development of a vaccine that can prevent intravaginal HIV infection is an important goal of AIDS vaccine research. OBJECTIVES To determine which single or combination of systemic and mucosal routes of immunizations of female rhesus macaques with an HIV-1 SF162 envelope protein vaccine induced protection against intravaginal challenge with SHIV. DESIGN Female rhesus macaques were immunized with an HIV-1 SF162 envelope protein vaccine administered systemically (intramuscularly), or mucosally (intranasally), or as a sequential combination of both routes. The macaques were then challenged intravaginally with SHIV SF162P4, expressing an envelope that is closely matched (homologous) to the vaccine. RESULTS Macaques receiving intramuscular immunizations, alone or in combination with intranasal immunizations, were protected from infection, with no detectable plasma viral RNA, provirus, or seroconversion to nonvaccine viral proteins, and better preservation of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Serum neutralizing antibodies against the challenge virus appeared to correlate with protection. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that, in the nonhuman primate model, it is possible for vaccine-elicited immune responses to prevent infection after intravaginal administration of virus.
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16
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Koopman G, Bogers WMJM, van Gils M, Koornstra W, Barnett S, Morein B, Lehner T, Heeney JL. Comparison of intranasal with targeted lymph node immunization using PR8-Flu ISCOM adjuvanted HIV antigens in macaques. J Med Virol 2007; 79:474-82. [PMID: 17385685 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly spreading HIV epidemic requires a vaccine that elicits potent mucosal immunity to halt or slow transmission. Induction of these responses will depend on the use of appropriate adjuvants and targeting of the mucosal immune system. Previously, immune stimulating complexes (ISCOM) have shown great potency as adjuvant in the induction of mucosal responses in mice and systemic responses in non-human primates. In this study, HIV formulated in PR8-Flu ISCOM adjuvant was applied to immunize rhesus macaques against HIV; targeting the mucosa either via intranasal (IN) application or via targeted lymph node immunization (TLNI). While, strong systemic, HIV specific, cytokine, lymphoproliferative, and antibody responses were induced via the TLNI route, the IN application generated only low responses. Furthermore, all four animals immunized via TLNI developed vaginal IgA antibodies against gp120. In conclusion, in contrast to what has been demonstrated in mice, the IN application of PR8-Flu ISCOM did not induce strong immune responses in rhesus macaques unlike those immunized by the TLNI route.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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17
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Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection may occur as coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or as superinfection of a chronically HBV-infected patient. A strong antibody response is mounted, which persists for many years; however, it is not able to modulate the course of infection. In most cases the superinfection takes a chronic course. In patients with inactive disease (HDV PCR negative) an oligospecific T-helper cell immune response and a cytotoxic T-cell response were found, which were absent in patients with persistent viremia. The role of the cellular immune response in liver injury during acute infection has not been investigated. Vaccination strategies tested in the woodchuck model induced specific B- and T-cell responses but failed to protect from HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiedler
- Institute of Virology, University Clinic Essen, Germany
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18
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Rajcáni J, Mosko T, Rezuchová I. Current developments in viral DNA vaccines: shall they solve the unsolved? Rev Med Virol 2005; 15:303-25. [PMID: 15906276 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the mechanisms of immune response following DNA vaccination. The efficacy of DNA vaccines in animal models is highlighted, especially in viral diseases against which no widely accepted vaccination is currently available. Emphasis is given to possible therapeutic vaccination in chronic infections due to persisting virus genomes, such as recurrent herpes (HSV-1 and HSV-2), pre-AIDS (HIV-1) and/or chronic hepatitis B (HBV). In these, the problem of introducing foreign viral DNA may not be of crucial importance, since the immunised subject is already a viral DNA (or provirus) carrier. The DNA-based immunisation strategies may overcome several problems of classical viral vaccines. Novel DNA vaccines could induce immunity against multiple viral epitopes including the conservative type common ones, which do not undergo antigenic drifts. Within the immunised host, they mimic the effect of live attenuated viral vaccines when continuously expressing the polypeptide in question. For this reason they directly stimulate the antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells. The antigen encoded by plasmid elicits T helper cell activity (Th1 and Th2 type responses), primes the cytotoxic T cell memory and may induce a satisfactory humoral response. The efficacy of DNA vaccines can be improved by adding plasmids encoding immunomodulatory cytokines and/or their co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajcáni
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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19
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Hu WG, Wei J, Xia HC, Yang XX, Li F, Li GD, Wang Y, Zhang ZC. Identification of the immunogenic domains in HBsAg preS1 region using overlapping preS1 fragment fusion proteins. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2088-94. [PMID: 15810073 PMCID: PMC4305776 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i14.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The incorporation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS1 region into epitope-based vaccines against HBV has been accepted widely, but the incorporate site and size of preS1 sequence is controversial. Therefore our purpose was to further investigate its immunogenic domains for the epitope-based hepatitis B vaccine design.
METHODS: Eight GST fusion proteins containing overlapping preS1 fragments in preS1 (21-119) region were expressed in E.coli. Using these purified fusion proteins, the immunogenic domains in preS1 region were identified in detail in mice and humans by Western blot analysis and ELISA.
RESULTS: The results in mice showed that the immu-nogenic domains mainly existed in preS1 (21-59) and preS1 (95-109). Similarly, these fragments had strong immunogenicity in humans; whereas the other parts except for preS1 (60-70) also had some immunogenicity. More importantly, a major immunogenic domain, preS1 (34-59), which has much stronger immunogenicity, was identified. Additionally, the antibodies against some preS1 fragments, especially preS1 (34-59), were speculated to be virus-neutralizing.
CONCLUSION: Eight GST fusion proteins containing overlapping preS1 fragments were prepared successfully. They were used for the study on the immunogenic dom-ains in preS1 (21-119) region. The preS1 (34-59) fragm-ents were the major immunogenic domains in the preS1 region, and the antibodies against these fragments were speculated to be virus-neutralizing. Therefore, the incorporation of preS1 (34-59) fragments into epitope-based HBV vaccines may be efficient for enhancement of immune response. Additionally, the results also imply that there are more complex immune responses to preS1 region and more abundant immunogenic domains in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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20
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Abstract
The immunostimulating complex or 'iscom' was first described 20 years ago as an antigen delivery system with powerful immunostimulating activity. Iscoms are cage-like structures, typically 40 nm in diameter, that are comprised of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin. ISCOM-based vaccines have been shown to promote both antibody and cellular immune responses in a variety of experimental animal models. This review focuses on the evaluation of ISCOM-based vaccines in animals over the past 10 years, as well as examining the progress that has been achieved in the development of human vaccines based on ISCOM adjuvant technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan T Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Moschos SA, Bramwell VW, Somavarapu S, Alpar HO. Adjuvant synergy: The effects of nasal coadministration of adjuvants. Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82:628-37. [PMID: 15550121 DOI: 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern peptide and protein subunit vaccines suffer from poor immunogenicity and require the use of adjuvants. However, none of the currently licensed adjuvants can elicit cell-mediated immunity or are suitable for mucosal immunization. In this study we explored the immunological effect of nasal co-administration of adjuvants with distinct functions: cholera toxin subunit B, a potent mucosal adjuvant that induces strong humoral responses, muramy di-peptide (MDP), an adjuvant known to elicit cell mediated immunity but rarely used nasally, and chitosan, an adjuvant that achieves specific physiological effects on mucosal membranes that improve antigen uptake. Groups of five female BALB/c mice received on days 1 and 56 nasal instillations of the recombinant Helicobacter pylori antigen urease admixed to single or multiple adjuvant combinations. Serum IgG kinetics were followed over 24 weeks. At the conclusion of the experiment, local antibody responses were determined and antigen-specific recall responses in splenocyte cultures were assayed for proliferation and cytokine production. The combination of adjuvants was shown to further contribute to the increased antigenicity of recombinant H. pylori urease. The data presented here outline and support facilitation of increased immunomodulation by an adjuvant previously defined as an effective mucosal adjuvant (chitosan) for another adjuvant (MDP) that is not normally effective via this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Moschos
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
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22
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Koopman G, Mortier D, Hofman S, Niphuis H, Fagrouch Z, Norley S, Sutter G, Liljeström P, Heeney JL. Vaccine protection from CD4+ T-cell loss caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac251 is afforded by sequential immunization with three unrelated vaccine vectors encoding multiple SIV antigens. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2915-2924. [PMID: 15448353 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine strategies that induce strong cellular immune responses protect rhesus macaques that are infected with recombinant simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6p from acute CD4+ T-cell loss and delay progression to AIDS. However, similar strategies have not proven as efficacious in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac model of AIDS, an infection that causes a slow, steady loss of CD4+ T-cell function and numbers in rhesus macaques similar to that caused by HIV-1, the principal cause of AIDS in humans. Efforts to increase vaccine efficacy by repeated boosting with the same vector are quickly limited by rising anti-vector immune responses. Here, the sequential use of three different vectors (DNA, Semliki Forest virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara) encoding the same SIVmac structural and regulatory antigens was investigated and demonstrated to prevent or slow the loss of CD4+ T-cells after mucosal challenge with the highly pathogenic SIVmac251 strain. Of particular interest was an inverse association between the extent of T-helper 2 cytokine responses and steady-state virus load. Although limited in the number of animals, this study provides important proof of the efficacy of the triple-vector vaccine strategy against chronic, progressive CD4+ T-cell loss in the rigorous SIVmac/rhesus macaque model of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Hofman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Steve Norley
- Robert Koch Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Virologie, Trogerstrasse 4b, 81675 München, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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23
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Morein B, Hu KF, Abusugra I. Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:1367-82. [PMID: 15191787 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2003] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune stimulating complex (ISCOM) is a 40 nm nanoparticle used as a delivery system for vaccine antigens, targeting the immune system both after parenteral and mucosal administration. The ISCOM is made up of saponin, lipids and antigen usually held together by hydrophobic interaction between these three components. The compulsory elements to form the ISCOM structure are cholesterol and saponin. When the antigen is omitted the ISCOM-MATRIX is formed. There are a number of saponins that can form ISCOMs, and many other substances (including antigens, targeting and immuno-modulating molecules) can be incorporated into the ISCOM provided they are hydrophobic or rendered to be hydrophobic. Thus, it is possible to create ISCOM particles with different properties. After parenteral immunisation of the ISCOM, the T cell response is first detected in the draining lymph node. Subsequently, the T cell response is localised to the spleen, while the B cell response is first found both in the draining lymph nodes and in the spleen. Up to 50 days later, the majority of the antibody producing cells is found in the bone marrow (BM). In contrast, antigens that have been adjuvanted in an oil emulsion, limit the T cell response to the draining lymph nodes while the B cell response is found in the draining lymph nodes and spleen, but not in the BM. The ISCOM efficiently evokes CD8+, MHC class 1 restricted T cell response. The deposit of antigens both to the endosomal vesicles and to the cytosol of antigen presenting cells (APCs) explains why both T helper cells (vesicles) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (cytosol) are efficiently induced by ISCOMs. The T helper (Th) cell response is balanced in the sense that both Th1 and Th2 cells are induced. Prominent IL-12 production by cells in the innate system is a characteristic reaction induced by ISCOMs, promoting the development of a strong Th1 response. After mucosal administration by the intranasal or the intestinal routes, the ISCOM induces strong specific mucosal IgA responses in local and remote mucosal surfaces. Also T cell responses are evoked by the mucosal administration. A large number of experimental ISCOM vaccines have been tested and protection has been induced against a number of pathogens in various species including chronic and persistent infections exemplified by human immune deficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), and 2 (HIV-2) and simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) in primates, and various herpes virus infections in several species. In contrast to a conventional rabies virus vaccine the ISCOM rabies formulation protected mice after exposure to the virulent virus. Recently, experimental ISCOM vaccines were shown to efficiently induce immune response in newborns of murine and bovine species in the presence of maternal antibodies, while conventional vaccines have failed. ISCOM vaccines are on the market for horses and cattle and several other ISCOM vaccines are under development. Since the ISCOM and the ISCOM-MATRIX can be blended with live attenuated vaccine antigens without hampering the proliferation of the live vaccine antigens, it opens the possibility to use the ISCOM adjuvant system in a mixture of live and killed vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bror Morein
- ISCONOVA AB, Uppsala Science Park, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 54 A, 75183 Uppsala, Sweden.
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24
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González AM, Nguyen TV, Azevedo MSP, Jeong K, Agarib F, Iosef C, Chang K, Lovgren-Bengtsson K, Morein B, Saif LJ. Antibody responses to human rotavirus (HRV) in gnotobiotic pigs following a new prime/boost vaccine strategy using oral attenuated HRV priming and intranasal VP2/6 rotavirus-like particle (VLP) boosting with ISCOM. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 135:361-72. [PMID: 15008967 PMCID: PMC1808978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Safer and more effective human rotavirus (HRV) vaccines are needed. We evaluated oral priming with attenuated WaHRV (AttHRV) followed by boosting with two intranasal (IN) doses of VP2/6 virus-like particles (2/6 VLP) with immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) to determine if this regimen induces protection against diarrhoea and viral shedding in the gnotobiotic pig model. IgM, IgA and IgG antibody titres in serum and intestinal contents were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum neutralizing antibody titres were measured by a virus neutralization (VN) test. Seven groups of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were vaccinated at post-inoculation days (PID) 0, 10 and 21 and challenged with virulent WaHRV at PID 28. The vaccine groups included: (1, 2) oral priming with AttHRV and boosting with two IN immunizations with 2/6 VLP-ISCOM (Att + 2/6 VLP-ISCOM) at VLP concentrations of 250 micro g or 25 micro g; (3, 4) three IN immunizations with 2/6 VLP-ISCOM at VLP concentrations of 250 micro g or 25 micro g (2/6 VLP-ISCOM); (5) three oral immunizations with AttHRV (3xAttHRV); (6) one oral immunization with AttHRV (1xAttHRV); (7) controls (ISCOM matrix and/or diluent). The pigs that received 3xAttHRV or Att + 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM had the highest protection rates against diarrhoea upon challenge at PID 28 with virulent WaHRV. The IgA antibody titres to HRV in intestinal contents were significantly higher in the Att + 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM group than in all other groups prechallenge (PID 28). Serum VN antibody titres were statistically similar after the first inoculation among the groups given AttHRV, but at PID 28 VN antibody titres were significantly higher for the 3xAttHRV and Att + 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM groups than for the 1xAttHRV group suggesting that boosting with 2/6 VLP also boosted VN antibody responses. In humans, intestinal IgA antibodies have been correlated with protection against symptomatic reinfection. Thus the vaccine regimen of one oral dose of AttHRV and two IN immunizations with 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM may be an alternative to multiple-dose live oral vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M González
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH 44691, USA
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25
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Davis D, Donners H, Willems B, Lövgren-Bengtsson K, Akerblom L, Vanham G, Barnett S, Morein B, Heeney JL, van der Groen G. Neutralization of primary HIV-1 SF13 can be detected in extended incubation phase assays with sera from monkeys immunized with recombinant HIV-1 SF2 gp120. Vaccine 2004; 22:747-54. [PMID: 14741168 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phase III efficacy trials of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins were postponed. In Phase I and II trials these candidate vaccines had failed to induce neutralizing antibodies against virus which had been isolated by co-culture with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The aim of the present study was to determine assay conditions for detecting neutralization of primary HIV-1 isolates with sera from immunized individuals. We show that in two immunogenicity trials in rhesus macaques, recombinant HIV-1 SF2 gp120 induced antibodies which neutralized the primary HIV-1 SF13 isolate. Statistically significant in vitro neutralization required assays in which the incubation phase was extended. Sterile immunity was only seen with the highest level of neutralization, induced by a recombinant prime, peptide boost strategy. We recommend that neutralization assays with extended incubation phases should be used to monitor Phase III efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Davis
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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26
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Mooij P, Nieuwenhuis IG, Knoop CJ, Doms RW, Bogers WMJM, Ten Haaft PJF, Niphuis H, Koornstra W, Bieler K, Köstler J, Morein B, Cafaro A, Ensoli B, Wagner R, Heeney JL. Qualitative T-helper responses to multiple viral antigens correlate with vaccine-induced immunity to simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:3333-42. [PMID: 15016855 PMCID: PMC371051 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3333-3342.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that CD4(+) T-helper (Th) responses play a critical role in facilitating effector responses which are capable of controlling and even preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The present work was undertaken to determine whether immunization with multiple antigens influenced individual Th responses and increased protection relative to a single antigen. Rhesus macaques were primed with DNA and boosted (immune-stimulating complex-formulated protein) with a combination of regulatory and structural antigens (Tat-Env-Gag) or with Tat alone. Immunization with combined antigens reduced the magnitude of the responses to Tat compared to the single-antigen immunization. Interestingly, the Th immune responses to the individual antigens were noticeably different. To determine whether the qualitative differences in vaccine-induced Th responses correlated with vaccine efficacy, animals were challenged intravenously with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (strain SHIV(89.6p)) 2 months following the final immunization. Animals that developed combined Th1- and Th2-like responses to Gag and Th2 dominant Env-specific responses were protected from disease progression. Interestingly, one animal that was completely protected from infection had the strongest IFN-gamma and interleukin-2 (IL-2) responses prior to challenge, in addition to very strong IL-4 responses to Gag and Env. In contrast, animals with only a marked vaccine-induced Tat-specific Th2 response (no IFN-gamma) were not protected from infection or disease. These data support the rationale that effective HIV vaccine-induced immunity requires a combination of potent Th1- and Th2-like responses best directed to multiple antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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27
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D'Ugo E, Paroli M, Palmieri G, Giuseppetti R, Argentini C, Tritarelli E, Bruni R, Barnaba V, Houghton M, Rapicetta M. Immunization of woodchucks with adjuvanted sHDAg (p24): immune response and outcome following challenge. Vaccine 2004; 22:457-66. [PMID: 14670328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and the protection induced by an hepatitis delta virus (HDV) vaccine consisting of the small nucleoprotein (HDAg) (p24) and adjuvanted with MF59 or Freund's adjuvant (FA) were evaluated in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and challenged with hepatitis delta virus. Humoral and T-cell-mediated responses to HDAg were measured. Anti-HD antibodies appeared earlier in the FA/p24 animals. After challenge, all MF59/p24 vaccinated animals showed a response to HDAg-derived peptides, compared to two of the five FA/p24 animals and one of the control animals. Serum HDV-RNA peak values and persistence were considerably reduced in immunized animals, in comparison to controls. Furthermore, HDV-RNA was absent in autopsy liver tissues of 50% of the MF59/p24 animals, whereas high levels were present in all of the FA/p24 animals and controls. Histological liver analysis performed before and after challenge revealed the presence of acute hepatitis-like lesions only in the controls. Overall, the results suggest that the MF59/p24 vaccine better controls the infection in terms of viral replication and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio D'Ugo
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Agrawal L, Haq W, Hanson CV, Rao DN. Generating neutralizing antibodies, Th1 response and MHC non restricted immunogenicity of HIV-I env and gag peptides in liposomes and ISCOMs with in-built adjuvanticity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2003; 1:5. [PMID: 14641916 PMCID: PMC317359 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For enhancing immunogenicity and develop vaccine strategies using peptide based constructs against HIV-1, a chimeric peptide containing V3 loop and transmembrane sequence of gp41 with two glycine motifs as spacer was constructed. The V3-gp41, gp41 peptide and p17 and p24 peptides separately or in a cocktail were entrapped with or without MA729 as an immunoadjuvant in liposomes or ISCOMs. The immunogenicity, antigen induced T-cell proliferation and cytokine profiles of various formulations were studied in four different inbred strains of mice of H-2d, H-2b, H-2k and H-2q haplotypes, keeping alum as a control adjuvant. Both liposomes and ISCOM preparations elicited high titer and long lasting antibody response (60 days and above). When compared to the alum formulation, the liposomes co-entrapped with MA729 produced high antibody levels, comparable with that induced by ISCOMs. Peptide in alum, liposomes and ISCOMs enhanced both antigen specific IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes and high T-cell stimulation index. Peptide formulations also induced antibodies with high affinity and in vitro neutralizated the formation of HIV-1 syncytia. T-cell supernatants contained high levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Thus formulation in these adjuvants induced a predominant Th1 like response with MA729 as a versatile novel delivery vehicle for stimulating the appropriate arm of the immune response that can selectively modulate MHC class I or MHC class II response. The above peptide can be of wide vaccination interest as a means to improve immune responses to several other HIV-1 antigens and may serve as candidates for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana-46202, USA
| | - W Haq
- Department of Biopolymers, CDRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Carl Veith Hanson
- California Department of Health Services, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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Doria-Rose NA, Ohlen C, Polacino P, Pierce CC, Hensel MT, Kuller L, Mulvania T, Anderson D, Greenberg PD, Hu SL, Haigwood NL. Multigene DNA priming-boosting vaccines protect macaques from acute CD4+-T-cell depletion after simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P mucosal challenge. J Virol 2003; 77:11563-77. [PMID: 14557642 PMCID: PMC229261 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11563-11577.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated four priming-boosting vaccine regimens for the highly pathogenic simian human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P in Macaca nemestrina. Each regimen included gene gun delivery of a DNA vaccine expressing all SHIV89.6 genes plus Env gp160 of SHIV89.6P. Additional components were two recombinant vaccinia viruses, expressing SHIV89.6 Gag-Pol or Env gp160, and inactivated SHIV89.6 virus. We compared (i) DNA priming/DNA boosting, (ii) DNA priming/inactivated virus boosting, (iii) DNA priming/vaccinia virus boosting, and (iv) vaccinia virus priming/DNA boosting versus sham vaccines in groups of 6 macaques. Prechallenge antibody responses to Env and Gag were strongest in the groups that received vaccinia virus priming or boosting. Cellular immunity to SHIV89.6 peptides was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay; strong responses to Gag and Env were found in 9 of 12 vaccinia virus vaccinees and 1 of 6 DNA-primed/inactivated-virus-boosted animals. Vaccinated macaques were challenged intrarectally with 50 50% animal infectious doses of SHIV89.6P 3 weeks after the last immunization. All animals became infected. Five of six DNA-vaccinated and 5 of 6 DNA-primed/particle-boosted animals, as well as all 6 controls, experienced severe CD4(+)-T-cell loss in the first 3 weeks after infection. In contrast, DNA priming/vaccinia virus boosting and vaccinia virus priming/DNA boosting vaccines both protected animals from disease: 11 of 12 macaques had no loss of CD4(+) T cells or moderate declines. Virus loads in plasma at the set point were significantly lower in vaccinia virus-primed/DNA-boosted animals versus controls (P = 0.03). We conclude that multigene vaccines delivered by a combination of vaccinia virus and gene gun-delivered DNA were effective against SHIV89.6P viral challenge in M. nemestrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Doria-Rose
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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30
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Podda A, Del Giudice G. MF59-adjuvanted vaccines: increased immunogenicity with an optimal safety profile. Expert Rev Vaccines 2003; 2:197-203. [PMID: 12899571 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The need to enhance the immunogenicity of purified subunit antigens has prompted the development of several new adjuvants. However, many of these new molecules have demonstrated a reactogenicity profile that is not suitable for their inclusion in vaccines for human use. In this context, the adjuvant emulsion MF59 has been developed, tested in combination with different antigens in several animal models and subsequently evaluated in humans. Clinical trials with several MF59-adjuvanted vaccines have been performed in different age groups (from newborns to the elderly) and have shown an increased immunogenicity of coadministered antigens, associated with a high level of safety and tolerability. MF59 has been the first adjuvant to be licensed for human use after alum and, as part of an enhanced influenza vaccine for the elderly, is now available in the marketplace of several countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audino Podda
- Chiron Vaccines Clinical Research & Medical Affairs, Siena, Italy.
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31
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Warren J. Preclinical AIDS vaccine research: survey of SIV, SHIV, and HIV challenge studies in vaccinated nonhuman primates. J Med Primatol 2002; 31:237-56. [PMID: 12390546 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2002.02010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This current supplementary and systematic survey of 237 preclinical AIDS vaccine challenge/protection studies in nonhuman primates enumerates and broadly describes the recent status of different vaccine strategies in macaque and chimpanzee experimental models. Published studies since the previous survey were compiled and categorized by their vaccine types, challenge parameters, and challenge results. These models have supportively verified that some prophylactic vaccine approaches, though rarely preventing infection (which is observed in these models with some passively administered antibody-based vaccines), can control to some degree primate lentivirus replication and disease development, and this is encouraging because it places more potentially effective immunogens on the precipice for early clinical studies. Many of these promising approaches may benefit from more testing in mucosal challenge models, and resources will be needed to follow more of these partially protected vaccinees for longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Warren
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7628, USA.
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32
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Abstract
New generation vaccines, particularly those based on recombinant proteins and DNA, are likely to be less reactogenic than traditional vaccines but are also less immunogenic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants can be broadly separated into two classes based on their principal mechanisms of action: vaccine delivery systems and immunostimulatory adjuvants. Vaccine-delivery systems generally are particulate (e.g., emulsions, microparticles, iscoms, and liposomes) and function mainly to target associated antigens into antigen-resenting cells. In contrast, immunostimulatory adjuvants are derived predominantly from pathogens and often represent pathogen-ssociated molecular patterns (e.g., lipopolysaccaride, monophosphoryl lipid A, CpG DNA). which activate cells of the innate immune system. Recent progress in innate immunity is beginning to yield insight into the initiation of immune responses and the ways in which immunostimulatory adjuvants may enhance this process. The discovery of more potent adjuvants may allow the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against cancers and chronic infectious diseases. In addition, new adjuvants may also allow vaccines to be delivered mucosally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Singh
- Immunology and Infectiuos Disease, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Allen
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity to HIV/AIDS is a world wide health priority and a necessity in order to prevent or curb the transmission of this infection in the different human populations at risk. Failing to prevent infection, it would be desirable to generate sufficient immunity to control viremia in individuals which become infected, given that this would provide sufficient protection to prevent progression to AIDS. From several different pre-clinical settings data revealed that although CTL or neutralising antibodies were necessary immune responses for protection from infection, they were alone or together insufficient for providing solid protective immunity. What was invariably necessary was a strong specific CD4(+) T-cell response. Protective T-helper responses were not skewed towards an IFN-gamma (Th1) or IL-4 (Th2) type response, but were balanced and characterised by the presence of a strong Ag-specific IL-2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280-GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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35
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Guan XJ, Guan XJ, Wu YZ, Jia ZC, Shi TD, Tang Y. Construction and characterization of an experimental ISCOMS-based hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:294-7. [PMID: 11925610 PMCID: PMC4658369 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the biochemical and immunological properties of an experimental ISCOMS vaccine prepared from a novel therapeutic polypeptide based on T cell epitopes of HBsAg, and a heptatis B-ISCOMS was prepared and investigated.
METHODS: An immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS)-based vaccine containing a novel therapeutic hepatits B polypeptide was prepared by dialysis method, and its formation was visualized by electron microscopy and biochemically verified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amount of the peptide within ISCOMS was determined by Bradford assay, and specific CTL response was detected by ELISPOT assay.
RESULTS: Typical cage-like structures of submicroparticle with a diameter of about 40 nm were observed by electron microscopy. Results from Bradford assay showed that the level of peptide incorporation was about 0.33 g•L⁻¹. At the paralleled position close to the sixth band of the molecular weight marker (3480 kDa) a clear band was shown in SDS-PAGE analysis, indicating successful incorporation of polypeptide into ISCOMS. It is suggested that ISCOMS delivery system could efficiently improve the immunogenicity of polypeptide and elicit specific immune responses in vivo by the results of ELISPOT assay, which showed that IFN-γ producing cells (specific CTL responses) were increased (spots of ISCOMS-treated group: 47 ± 5, n = 3; control group: 5 ± 2, n = 3).
CONCLUSION: ISCOMS-based hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine is successfully constructed and it induces a higher CTL response compared with short polypeptides vaccine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ju Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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36
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Nilsson C, Sutter G, Walther-Jallow L, Ten Haaft P, Åkerblom L, Heeney J, Erfle V, Böttiger P, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Immunization with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara can modify mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus infection and delay disease progression in macaques. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:807-818. [PMID: 11907330 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant vaccinia virus-based simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine, given alone or in combination with a protein boost, were investigated. Cynomolgus macaques were immunized intramuscularly with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the SIVsm env and gag-pol genes (MVA-SIVsm) at 0 and 3 months (n=4), at 0, 3 and 8 months (n=4) or at 0 and 3 months followed by purified native SIVsm gp148 and recombinant SIVmac p27 in immunostimulatory complexes at 8 months (n=4). One month after the last immunization, the vaccinees, together with four naive control monkeys and four monkeys immunized with wild-type MVA, were challenged intrarectally with 10 MID50 SIVsm. At the time of challenge, antibody titres to SIV Env and lymphocyte proliferation responses to whole viral antigen were highest in vaccinees receiving MVA-SIVsm in combination with protein immunizations. Following rectal challenge, one of these vaccinees was completely protected. A prolonged survival time was observed in two of four monkeys in each of the groups immunized with MVA-SIVsm, in two monkeys given MVA-SIVsm followed by protein and in three of four monkeys given wild-type MVA, compared with naive controls. In conclusion, one monkey given the combined vaccine was protected completely against SIVsm infection. Furthermore, immunization with MVA-SIVsm, as well as wild-type MVA alone, seemed to delay disease progression after mucosal SIV infection in a proportion of the monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Nilsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Molecular Virology, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Trogerstr. 4b, 81675 Munich, Germany2
| | - Lilian Walther-Jallow
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Peter Ten Haaft
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Lennart Åkerblom
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden4
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institute for Molecular Virology, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Trogerstr. 4b, 81675 Munich, Germany2
| | - Per Böttiger
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Rigmor Thorstensson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
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37
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Earl PL, Wyatt LS, Montefiori DC, Bilska M, Woodward R, Markham PD, Malley JD, Vogel TU, Allen TM, Watkins DI, Miller N, Moss B. Comparison of vaccine strategies using recombinant env-gag-pol MVA with or without an oligomeric Env protein boost in the SHIV rhesus macaque model. Virology 2002; 294:270-81. [PMID: 12009868 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus macaques were immunized with a replication-deficient vaccinia virus (MVA) expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 89.6 envelope (env) and SIV gagpol (MVA/SHIV89.6) with or without a protein boost consisting of soluble 89.6 env (gp140). Immunization with MVA/SHIV89.6 alone elicited binding antibodies in all animals and neutralizing antibodies in 5 of 15 animals. Both types of antibodies were enhanced by protein boosting. In addition, CD8 cells exhibiting CM9 tetramer binding were detected in the subset of animals that were Mamu-A*01 positive. Animals were challenged intravenously with either SHIV-89.6 (Study 1) or the more pathogenic derivative SHIV-89.6P (Study 2). In Study 1, all control and vaccinated animals except one became infected. However, the levels of viremia were as follows: controls > rMVA alone > rMVA + protein. The differences were statistically significant between immunized and control groups but not between the two immunized groups. In Study 2, all animals became infected; however, the vaccinated group exhibited a 5-fold reduction in peak viremia and a 10-fold reduction in the postacute phase viremia in comparison to the controls. All of the controls required euthanasia by 10 months after challenge. A relationship between vaccine-induced antibody titers and reduction in virus burden was observed in both studies. Thus, immunization with MVA/SHIV89.6 alone or with a protein boost stimulated both arms of the immune system and resulted in significant control of viremia and delayed progression to disease after challenge with SHIV-89.6P.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, pol/genetics
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Macaca mulatta
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Load
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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38
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39
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Mooij P, Heeney JL. Rational development of prophylactic HIV vaccines based on structural and regulatory proteins. Vaccine 2001; 20:304-21. [PMID: 11672892 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The severity of the AIDS epidemic clearly emphasises the urgent need to expedite HIV vaccine candidates into clinical trials. Prophylactic HIV vaccine candidates have been evaluated in non-human primates. Based on specific proof of principle studies the first phase III clinical studies have recently begun in humans. However, a truly effective HIV vaccine is not yet at hand and many problems related to specific properties of the virus remain to be overcome. Previously proven empirical approaches have largely failed and now rational thinking based on an understanding of immunity to lentiviral infections is needed. This review addresses the scientific problems and complications facing the development of an HIV vaccine as well as the possible strategies currently available to overcome these problems. Recent attention has focussed on identifying the immune correlates and mechanisms of protection from either HIV infection or protection from disease progression. Based on these observations, the logic and rational behind the development of multiple component vaccine strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2288 Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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40
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O'Hagan DT, MacKichan ML, Singh M. Recent developments in adjuvants for vaccines against infectious diseases. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 18:69-85. [PMID: 11566599 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New generation vaccines, particularly those based on recombinant proteins and DNA, are likely to be less reactogenic than traditional vaccines, but are also less immunogenic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants can be broadly separated into two classes, based on their principal mechanisms of action; vaccine delivery systems and 'immunostimulatory adjuvants'. Vaccine delivery systems are generally particulate e.g. emulsions, microparticles, iscoms and liposomes, and mainly function to target associated antigens into antigen presenting cells (APC). In contrast, immunostimulatory adjuvants are predominantly derived from pathogens and often represent pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) e.g. LPS, MPL, CpG DNA, which activate cells of the innate immune system. Once activated, cells of innate immunity drive and focus the acquired immune response. In some studies, delivery systems and immunostimulatory agents have been combined to prepare adjuvant delivery systems, which are designed for more effective delivery of the immunostimulatory adjuvant into APC. Recent progress in innate immunity is beginning to yield insight into the initiation of immune responses and the ways in which immunostimulatory adjuvants may enhance this process. However, a rational approach to the development of new and more effective vaccine adjuvants will require much further work to better define the mechanisms of action of existing adjuvants. The discovery of more potent adjuvants may allow the development of vaccines against infectious agents such as HIV which do not naturally elicit protective immunity. New adjuvants may also allow vaccines to be delivered mucosally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T O'Hagan
- Chiron Corporation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA. derek_o'
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41
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Hu KF, Lövgren-Bengtsson K, Morein B. Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) for nasal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 51:149-59. [PMID: 11516786 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) is documented as a strong adjuvant and delivery system for parenteral immunization. Its effectiveness for mucosal immunization has also been proven with various incorporated antigens. Lövgren et al. were the first to demonstrate the capacity of influenza virus ISCOMs to induce mucosal immune response and protection after one comparatively low nasal dose. Further studies show that similar to Cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT), ISCOMs break immunological tolerance and exert strong mucosal adjuvant activity, resulting in secretory IgA and systemic immune responses. Striking is the capacity of ISCOMs to induce CTL response also after nasal administration. In contrast to CT, ISCOMs initiate mucosal as well as systemic immune responses in an IL-12 dependent manner but independently of IL-4. The recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin (rCTB) was incorporated in the same ISCOM particle to explore symbiotic effects. The IgA response to rCTB in lungs was increased 100-fold when rCTB was administered nasally in ISCOMs and more than 10-fold in the remote mucosa of the genital tract. An enhanced IgA response to a passenger antigen OVA was recorded in the remote genital tract. After i.n. administration of the envelope proteins of respiratory syncytial virus in ISCOMs, high serum antibodies were induced, almost at the same levels as those following parenteral immunization and potent IgA responses were also evoked both at the local respiratory mucosa, and in the cases tested at the distant mucosae of the genital and intestinal tracts. Similar results have also been recorded with ISCOMs containing envelope proteins from Herpes simplex virus, Influenza virus and Mycoplasma mycoides. The mucosal targeting property of envelope proteins of RSV was utilized in an HIV-gp120 RSV ISCOM formulation. After nasal administration an enhanced mucosal IgA response to gp120 was observed in the female reproductive tract. In general, antigens derived from envelope viruses or cell membranes incorporated into ISCOMs retain their biological activity and conformation, encompassing the mucosal targeting and virus neutralizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hu
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Section of Virology, Box 585, BMC, S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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42
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Abstract
Clinical investigation in humans and experimental lentivirus infection in nonhuman primates have advanced our understanding of immune responses that control HIV-1 disease. Recently, immunization approaches in macaques have shown that the immune response can control viremia and improve clinical outcome. When such vaccine strategies are formulated to be similarly immunogenic in humans, they could form the basis for the development of candidate AIDS vaccines that would prevent infection, suppress progression to disease or reduce HIV-1 transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Although vaccines have proven very successful in preventing certain infectious diseases, progress in the field has been slowed by the tediousness of developing classical vaccines consisting of whole pathogens. Thus, there is great need for improvement in several areas: firstly, the range of diseases which can be treated has to be expanded. Secondly, antigens have to be defined to make the use of whole pathogens as antigen obsolete. And thirdly, new adjuvants have to be developed which show low toxicity, high potency and are also able to drive the immune response in the desired direction. Ideally, a vaccine would only consist of well-characterized, synthetic materials. This review summarizes the different approaches for the development of completely defined synthetic vaccines.
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Sjölander A, Drane D, Maraskovsky E, Scheerlinck JP, Suhrbier A, Tennent J, Pearse M. Immune responses to ISCOM formulations in animal and primate models. Vaccine 2001; 19:2661-5. [PMID: 11257406 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ISCOMs are typically 40 nm cage-like structures comprising antigen, saponin, cholesterol and phospholipid. ISCOMs have been shown to induce antibody responses and activate T helper cells and cytolytic T lymphocytes in a number of animal species, including non-human primates. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that ISCOMs are also able to induce antibody and cellular immune responses in humans. This review describes the current understanding of the ability of ISCOMs to induce immune responses and the mechanisms underlying this property. Recent progress in the characterisation and manufacture of ISCOMs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sjölander
- CSL Limited, Immunology Department, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia.
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45
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Polakos NK, Drane D, Cox J, Ng P, Selby MJ, Chien D, O'Hagan DT, Houghton M, Paliard X. Characterization of hepatitis C virus core-specific immune responses primed in rhesus macaques by a nonclassical ISCOM vaccine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3589-98. [PMID: 11207320 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are only effective in a restricted number of patients. Cellular immune responses, particularly those mediated by CD8(+) CTLs, are thought to play a role in the control of infection and the response to antiviral therapies. Because the Core protein is the most conserved HCV protein among genotypes, we evaluated the ability of a Core prototype vaccine to prime cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques. Since there are serious concerns about using a genetic vaccine encoding for Core, this vaccine was a nonclassical ISCOM formulation in which the Core protein was adsorbed onto (not entrapped within) the ISCOMATRIX, resulting in approximately 1-microm particulates (as opposed to 40 nm for classical ISCOM formulations). We report that this Core-ISCOM prototype vaccine primed strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Using intracellular staining for cytokines, we show that in immunized animals 0.30-0.71 and 0.32-2.21% of the circulating CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, respectively, were specific for naturally processed HCV Core peptides. Furthermore, this vaccine elicited a Th0-type response and induced a high titer of Abs against Core and long-lived cellular immune responses. Finally, we provide evidence that Core-ISCOM could serve as an adjuvant for the HCV envelope protein E1E2. Thus, these data provide evidence that Core-ISCOM is effective at inducing cellular and humoral immune responses in nonhuman primates.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Alleles
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis Antibodies/biosynthesis
- ISCOMs/administration & dosage
- ISCOMs/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunization Schedule
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macaca mulatta/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/immunology
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46
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Wyde PR, Stittelaar KJ, Osterhaus AD, Guzman E, Gilbert BE. Use of cotton rats for preclinical evaluation of measles vaccines. Vaccine 2000; 19:42-53. [PMID: 10924785 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The continued prevalence and medical impact of measles worldwide has created interest in the development of new generations of measles vaccines. Monkeys can be used for preclinical testing of these vaccines. However, a more practical and less expensive animal model is highly desirable, particularly for initial vaccine development and evaluation. Cotton rats have been shown to support the replication of different strains of measles virus (MV), and thus may be useful for these purposes. To test this concept, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two standard (Moraten and trivalent measles, mumps, rubella) and four experimental (two recombinant ALVAC, one ISCOM subunit and live attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb) MV vaccines were evaluated in naïve cotton rats, and cotton rats with passively acquired MV-specific neutralizing serum antibodies. All of the test vaccines were immunogenic and protected naíve animals from pulmonary infection and viral dissemination. However, under the conditions utilized, only the Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine provided such protection to animals with significant levels of passively acquired MV-specific neutralizing antibodies. The results of these tests and the potential of using cotton rats as an animal model for preliminary testing of MV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Wyde
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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47
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Mooij P, Bogers WM, Oostermeijer H, Koornstra W, Ten Haaft PJ, Verstrepen BE, Van Der Auwera G, Heeney JL. Evidence for viral virulence as a predominant factor limiting human immunodeficiency virus vaccine efficacy. J Virol 2000; 74:4017-27. [PMID: 10756013 PMCID: PMC111915 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.9.4017-4027.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development are often based on the production of different vaccine antigens according to particular genetic clades of HIV-1 variants. To determine if virus virulence or genetic distance had a greater impact on HIV-1 vaccine efficacy, we designed a series of heterologous chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge experiments in HIV-1 subunit-vaccinated rhesus macaques. Of a total of 22 animals, 10 nonimmunized animals served as controls; the remainder were vaccinated with the CCR5 binding envelope of HIV-1(W6.1D). In the first study, heterologous challenge included two nonpathogenic SHIV chimeras encoding the envelopes of the divergent clade B HIV-1(han2) and HIV-1(sf13) strains. In the second study, all immunized animals were rechallenged with SHIV(89. 6p), a virus closely related to the vaccine strain but highly virulent. Protection from either of the divergent SHIV(sf13) or SHIV(han2) challenges was demonstrated in the majority of the vaccinated animals. In contrast, upon challenge with the more related but virulent SHIV(89.6p), protection was achieved in only one of the previously protected vaccinees. A secondary but beneficial effect of immunization on virus load and CD4(+) T-cell counts was observed despite failure to protect from infection. In addition to revealing different levels of protective immunity, these results suggest the importance of developing vaccine strategies capable of protecting from particularly virulent variants of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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48
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Abstract
The iscom is a uniform stable complex consisting of cholesterol, phospholipid, adjuvant-active saponin, and antigen. The iscom matrix is a particulate complex with identical composition, shape, and morphology, but lacking the incorporated antigen. The assembly of the complex is based on hydrophobic interactions, but antigens that are not hydrophobic can be conjugated with a hydrophobic tail or hidden hydrophobic regions can be exposed, e.g., by acid treatment, to facilitate the incorporation into iscoms. The functional aspects of iscoms are described emphasizing immunomodulation in mouse models. Iscoms prominently enhance the antigen targeting, uptake, and activity of antigen presenting cells including dendritic and B cells and macrophages resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, above all interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-12. The expression of costimulatory molecules major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, B7.1 and B7.2, is also enhanced. The latter partly explains why the iscom is an efficient adjuvant for elderly mice. Iscoms enhance the Th1 type of response with increased production of IL-2 and interferon gamma. However, with some antigens and particularly in monkeys immunized with HIV iscoms, the production of IL-4 was enhanced. IL-4, IL-2, and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) together with the beta chemokines MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta correlated with protection against challenge infection with a chimeric virus (simian immunodeficiency virus-human immunodeficiency virus). Iscoms were also shown to induce a potent immune response in the newborn and to be an efficient delivery system for mucosal administration. Technical information is given about formulation of iscoms and about handling of antigens to optimize their incorporation into iscoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morein
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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49
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Verschoor EJ, Davis D, van Gils M, Koopman G, Mooij P, Oostermeijer H, Haaft PT, Verstrepen B, Rosenwirth B, Morein B, Barnett SW, Heeney JL. Efforts to broaden HIV-1-specific immunity by boosting with heterologous peptides or envelope protein and the influence of prior exposure to virus. J Med Primatol 1999; 28:224-32. [PMID: 10593489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1999.tb00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In two previous studies, we have demonstrated the successful protection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-vaccinated rhesus macaques from challenge with SHIV(SF13) with envelop immunogens derived from the closely related HIV-1(SF2) strain. Here we report on two follow-up studies in which we aimed to broaden immunity in order to elicit protection from a more diverse heterologous challenge with SHIV(SF33). In the first study, animals were boosted once with HIV-1(SF33) V2 and V3 peptides that were cross-linked to influenza immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs). In the second study, monkeys were boosted twice at 12-week intervals, using a heterologous recombinant gp120 derived from HIV-1(SF33) that was either incorporated into ISCOMs or mixed with the MF59 adjuvant. In both studies, the animals were challenged with 50 monkey infectious doses of SHIV(SF33) 4 weeks after the final boost. All controls became readily infected with the heterologous challenge virus SHIV(SF33). Neither boosting with heterologous SF33 peptides or gp120 afforded protection from infection to SF2-vaccinated animals that had previously resisted SHIV(SF13) challenge. These results demonstrate the importance of developing vaccine strategies that are capable of generating broad immune responses early in the immunization protocol. Furthermore, these findings may illustrate the potential pitfalls of early antigenic sin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Verschoor
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Virology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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