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An Immunocompetent Mouse Model of HPV16(+) Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1660-1674.e7. [PMID: 31693903 PMCID: PMC6870917 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is increasing and implicated in more than 60% of all oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPSCCs). Although whole-genome, transcriptome, and proteome analyses have identified altered signaling pathways in HPV-induced HNSCCs, additional tools are needed to investigate the unique pathobiology of OPSCC. Herein, bioinformatics analyses of human HPV(+) HNSCCs revealed that all tumors express full-length E6 and identified molecular subtypes based on relative E6 and E7 expression levels. To recapitulate the levels, stoichiometric ratios, and anatomic location of E6/E7 expression, we generated a genetically engineered mouse model whereby balanced expression of E6/E7 is directed to the oropharyngeal epithelium. The addition of a mutant PIK3CAE545K allele leads to the rapid development of pre-malignant lesions marked by immune cell accumulation, and a subset of these lesions progress to OPSCC. This mouse provides a faithful immunocompetent model for testing treatments and investigating mechanisms of immuno- suppression. Carper et al. present the ‘‘iKHP’’ mouse, in which HPV16 oncogenes are inducibly activated in vivo in a tissue-specific and temporal manner. Oropharyngeal- specific expression of E6/E7 with PIK3CAE545K in these mice promotes the development of premalignant lesions marked by immune cell infiltration, but only a subset spontaneously convert to OPSCC.
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Wang W, Uberoi A, Spurgeon M, Gronski E, Majerciak V, Lobanov A, Hayes M, Loke A, Zheng ZM, Lambert PF. Stress keratin 17 enhances papillomavirus infection-induced disease by downregulating T cell recruitment. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008206. [PMID: 31968015 PMCID: PMC6975545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause 5% of human cancers. Despite the availability of HPV vaccines, there remains a strong urgency to find ways to treat persistent HPV infections, as current HPV vaccines are not therapeutic for individuals already infected. We used a mouse papillomavirus infection model to characterize virus-host interactions. We found that mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) suppresses host immune responses via overexpression of stress keratins. In mice deficient for stress keratin K17 (K17KO), we observed rapid regression of papillomas dependent on T cells. Cellular genes involved in immune response were differentially expressed in the papillomas arising on the K17KO mice correlating with increased numbers of infiltrating CD8+ T cells and upregulation of IFNγ-related genes, including CXCL9 and CXCL10, prior to complete regression. Blocking the receptor for CXCL9/CXCL10 prevented early regression. Our data provide a novel mechanism by which papillomavirus-infected cells evade host immunity and defines new therapeutic targets for treating persistent papillomavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Aayushi Uberoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Megan Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ellery Gronski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexei Lobanov
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Amanda Loke
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Westrich JA, Warren CJ, Pyeon D. Evasion of host immune defenses by human papillomavirus. Virus Res 2017; 231:21-33. [PMID: 27890631 PMCID: PMC5325784 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A majority of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving in the absence of medical interventions. Various innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as physical barriers, have been implicated in controlling early HPV infections. However, if HPV overcomes these host immune defenses and establishes persistence in basal keratinocytes, it becomes very difficult for the host to eliminate the infection. The HPV oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 are important in regulating host immune responses. These oncoproteins dysregulate gene expression, protein-protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, and cellular trafficking of critical host immune modulators. In addition to the HPV oncoproteins, sequence variation and dinucleotide depletion in papillomavirus genomes has been suggested as an alternative strategy for evasion of host immune defenses. Since anti-HPV host immune responses are also considered to be important for antitumor immunity, immune dysregulation by HPV during virus persistence may contribute to immune suppression essential for HPV-associated cancer progression. Here, we discuss cellular pathways dysregulated by HPV that allow the virus to evade various host immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Current address: BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Suppression of the CD8 T cell response by human papillomavirus type 16 E7 occurs in Langerhans cell-depleted mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34789. [PMID: 27708419 PMCID: PMC5052534 DOI: 10.1038/srep34789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an epitheliotropic virus that is the primary causal agent for cervical cancer. Langerhans cells (LC) are skin antigen presenting cells that are reduced in number in HPV-infected skin. The aim of this study was to understand the immune-modulatory effects of HPV16 E7 on LC and on the CD8 T cell response to a skin-expressed antigen. To test this, HPV16 E7 was expressed in mouse skin keratinocytes with the model antigen ovalbumin (Ova). Similar to what is observed in HPV-infected human skin, LC numbers were significantly reduced in E7-expressing mouse skin. This shows that expression of the E7 protein alone is sufficient to mediate LC depletion. Expression of E7 with Ova in keratinocytes strongly suppressed the Ova-specific CD8+ T cell response in the skin draining lymph node. When tested in LC-ablated mice, the CD8 T cell response to skin-expressed Ova in control mice was not affected, nor was the T cell response to Ova restored in E7-expressing skin. These data indicate a role for E7 in regulation of LC homeostasis in the skin and in suppression of antigen specific CD8 T cell expansion, but suggest that these two effects occur independent of each other.
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Samuels SE, Eisbruch A, Beitler JJ, Corry J, Bradford CR, Saba NF, van den Brekel MWM, Smee R, Strojan P, Suárez C, Mendenhall WM, Takes RP, Rodrigo JP, Haigentz M, Rapidis AD, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A. Management of locally advanced HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: where are we? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:2877-94. [PMID: 26463714 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HPV-related (HPV+) oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) has a better prognosis compared to HPV unrelated (HPV-) OPC. This review summarizes and discusses several of the controversies regarding the management of HPV+ OPC, including the mechanism of its treatment sensitivity, modern surgical techniques, chemotherapy regimens, and treatment de-intensification protocols. We also discuss and reconsider potential adverse prognostic factors such as tumor EGFR expression, tumor hypoxia, and patient smoking history, as well as the significance of retropharyngeal adenopathy. Finally, we discuss elective nodal treatment of uninvolved lymph node stations. While this review does not exhaust all controversies related to the management of HPV+ OPC, it aims to highlight some of the most clinically relevant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart E Samuels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Avraham Eisbruch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan J Beitler
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - June Corry
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carol R Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michiel W M van den Brekel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Smee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Prince of Wales Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carlos Suárez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Robert P Takes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander D Rapidis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greek Anticancer Institute, Saint Savvas Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alfio Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy.
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Zhong R, Pytynia M, Pelizzari C, Spiotto M. Bioluminescent imaging of HPV-positive oral tumor growth and its response to image-guided radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2073-81. [PMID: 24525739 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment paradigms for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) are changing due to the emergence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated tumors possessing distinct molecular profiles and responses to therapy. Although patients with HNSCCs are often treated with radiotherapy, preclinical models are limited by the ability to deliver precise radiation to orthotopic tumors and to monitor treatment responses accordingly. To better model this clinical scenario, we developed a novel autochthonous HPV-positive oral tumor model to track responses to small molecules and image-guided radiation. We used a tamoxifen-regulated Cre recombinase system to conditionally express the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 as well as a luciferase reporter (iHPV-Luc) in the epithelial cells of transgenic mice. In the presence of activated Cre recombinase, luciferase activity, and by proxy, HPV oncogenes were induced to 11-fold higher levels. In triple transgenic mice containing the iHPV-Luc, K14-CreER(tam), and LSL-Kras transgenes, tamoxifen treatment resulted in oral tumor development with increased bioluminescent activity within 6 days that reached a maximum of 74.8-fold higher bioluminescence compared with uninduced mice. Oral tumors expressed p16 and MCM7, two biomarkers associated with HPV-positive tumors. After treatment with rapamycin or image-guided radiotherapy, tumors regressed and possessed decreased bioluminescence. Thus, this novel system enables us to rapidly visualize HPV-positive tumor growth to model existing and new interventions using clinically relevant drugs and radiotherapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhong
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Kemp TJ, Hildesheim A, García-Piñeres A, Williams MC, Shearer GM, Rodriguez AC, Schiffman M, Burk R, Freer E, Bonilla J, Herrero R, Pinto LA. Elevated systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines in older women with persistent cervical human papillomavirus infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1954-9. [PMID: 20647411 PMCID: PMC2919599 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens/antigens in women >45 years old with a persistent type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been reported. METHODS To determine whether these defects were associated with altered cytokine profiles, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants from 50 cases (oversampled for their reduced lymphoproliferative ability) and 50 uninfected controls (oversampled for their robust lymphoproliferative ability) were examined for 24 cytokines using multiplexed bead-based immunoassays and ELISA. RESULTS The following plasma cytokines were significantly increased in cases relative to controls (cases versus controls; median pg/mL): interleukin (IL)-6, 393.1 versus 14.5; IL-8, 1,128.5 versus 43.9; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), 164.1 versus 9.2; macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), 1,368.9 versus 25.5; granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 13.8 versus 7.3; IL-1beta, 8.3 versus 1.6 (all P < 0.0001); and IL-1alpha, 218.2 versus 169.5 (P = 0.02). We focused our analysis on the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1alpha due to their high fold change (>10) and highly statistically significant difference between cases and controls. Length of persistence or type of infection (high risk and low risk) did not affect these differences. IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1alpha levels were also increased in unstimulated PBMC culture supernatants from cases compared with controls (P < 0.05), however, the cytokine levels from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMC culture supernatants were significantly lower in the cases (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Persistent HPV infection in older women with evidence of immune deficit is associated with an increase in systemic inflammatory cytokines. IMPACT Future studies are needed to determine whether the inflammatory profile is age dependent and to examine the role that inflammatory cytokines play in HPV-induced progression from infection to cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J. Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfonso García-Piñeres
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Marcus C. Williams
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Gene M. Shearer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Burk
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Enrique Freer
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas and Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose Bonilla
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas and Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rolando Herrero
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, Costa Rica
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
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Seresini S, Origoni M, Caputo L, Lillo F, Longhi R, Vantini S, Paganoni AM, Protti MP. CD4+ T cells against human papillomavirus-18 E7 in patients with high-grade cervical lesions associate with the absence of the virus in the cervix. Immunology 2010; 131:89-98. [PMID: 20545782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical neoplastic lesions are associated with infection by high-risk human papilloma-viruses (HPV). The two genotypes most frequently found in the lesions are HPV-16 and HPV-18 with a prevalence of 50-60% and 15-18%, respectively. The E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins are involved in the transformation process and represent foreign antigens for the host. We previously reported that anti-HPV-18 E6 CD4(+) T cells are present in patients with high-grade HPV-18-expressing cervical lesions but also in 50% of the total consecutive patients tested, independently of the HPV type carried. These results indicated that HPV-18 E6 is immunogenic and suggested that all responsive patients, irrespective of the HPV expressed, had encountered HPV-18 and cleared the infection. Here, we investigated anti-HPV-18 E7 CD4(+) T-cell immunity in a cohort of 23 HPV-18 E6-responsive patients. We found that, although E7-specific CD4(+) T cells were present in all women, a robust T helper type (Th1)/Th2 type response against E7 was associated with HPV-18-negative status, suggesting that indeed these patients might have cleared the virus. In agreement with this hypothesis, we found strong anti-E7 CD4(+) T-cell immunity in 20% of 24 healthy donors without evidence of disease. In contrast, a robust Th1/Th2 type response against E6 but not E7 correlated with a lack of disease relapse and/or infection recurrence but did not discriminate between HPV-18-positive and HPV-18-negative patients. Collectively, our data suggest different roles for anti-HPV-18 E6 and E7 CD4(+) T cells in anti-viral and anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Seresini
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Tirone NR, Peghini BC, Barcelos ACM, Murta EFC, Michelin MA. Local expression of interferon-alpha and interferon receptors in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:2003-10. [PMID: 19381629 PMCID: PMC11030549 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study evaluated mRNA expression of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), IFN-alpha receptor subunits (IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2) and an IFN-stimulated gene encoding the enzyme 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'OAS) in biopsies on patients with varying grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I, II and III). METHODS Uterine cervix biopsies were collected from women with CIN I, II and III (n = 28) and controls without CIN lesions or human papilloma virus (HPV) infection (n = 17). The presence of high and low-risk HPV DNA was determined using hybrid capture. The mRNA levels of IFNAR-1, IFNAR-2, IFN-alpha and 2'5'OAS were determined by RT-PCR with specific primers. RESULTS The control group exhibited a greater frequency of IFNAR-1 expression (10/17; 58.3%) than the CIN samples (4/28; 14.2%) (P = 0.0018), while, the expression of IFNAR-2 was also greater in the control samples (11/17; 64.7%) than in the patients with lesions (2/28; 7.1%) (P = 0.0018). Importantly, simultaneous expression of both receptors was observed only in the control group (8/17; 47.0%) (P = 0.0001). Among the CIN samples, there was one case of low expression of mRNA of IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2. IFN-alpha was present in 14.2% (4/28) of the CIN samples but was not expressed in the control group. mRNA 2'5'OAS were expressed in 28.5% (8/28) of the CIN samples and 11.7% (2/17) of the control samples (not statistically significant). Fifty percent (14/28) of the CIN samples were positive for HPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS Cervical biopsy samples from control women or those without neoplasia or HPV infection displayed higher IFN-alpha receptor expression than those with CIN, while simultaneous expression of both IFN-alpha receptor subunits was found only in the control group. There was no significant difference in mRNA expression of IFN-alpha and 2'5'OAS between the control and CIN groups. Then we concluded that the samples obtained from patients with CIN present low levels of the IFN-alpha receptor mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson R. Tirone
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bethanea C. Peghini
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina M. Barcelos
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eddie F. C. Murta
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcia A. Michelin
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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HPV-induced oropharyngeal cancer, immune response and response to therapy. Cancer Lett 2009; 288:149-55. [PMID: 19628331 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 25% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) worldwide are associated with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV-positive HNSCCs have a more favorable outcome and greater response to therapy. While chronic HPV infection allows for the evolution of immune evasion mechanisms, viral antigens can still elicit an immune response. Moreover, a robust lymphocytic response is associated with better prognosis in a variety of tumor types including head and neck cancer. This article outlines several mechanisms whereby the observed improved response of HPV-positive tumors to radiotherapy may be related to enhancement of the immune response following radiotherapy.
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Narayan S, Choyce A, Linedale R, Saunders NA, Dahler A, Chan E, Fernando GJ, Frazer IH, Leggatt GR. Epithelial expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein results in peripheral CD8 T-cell suppression mediated by CD4+CD25+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:481-90. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Nafz J, Köhler A, Ohnesorge M, Nindl I, Stockfleth E, Rösl F. Persistence of Mastomys natalensis papillomavirus in multiple organs identifies novel targets for infection. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2670-2678. [PMID: 17872518 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of multiple wart formation and skin cancer in organ-transplant recipients, as well as the question of an involvement of papillomaviruses in a variety of human cancers, require a model system for papillomavirus infections in immunocompetent animals. Such an in vivo model is represented by the multimammate rat Mastomys coucha, which is infected with Mastomys natalensis papillomavirus (MnPV). MnPV primarily induces benign skin tumours, such as papillomas and keratoacanthomas. Here, the incidence of MnPV infections in different skin areas and various organs is described. In situ hybridization showed that hair follicle cells were positive for viral DNA and that the amount of MnPV in normal skin may be considered a predictor for the development of skin tumours. MnPV infection is not restricted to the skin, but can also be detected in inner organs. As the blood and the lymphatic system were temporarily also found to be virus-positive, a haematogenic propagation of MnPV can be assumed. However, MnPV is apparently not transmitted through the germ line, as fetuses and newborns lack viral DNA, despite infection of their mothers. In conclusion, M. coucha is not only useful to study papillomavirus-induced skin carcinogenesis, but may also serve as a model to identify additional, still unknown target cells of papillomavirus infections and the potential pathological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nafz
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Virale Transformationsmechanismen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriam Ohnesorge
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Virale Transformationsmechanismen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Nindl
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Rösl
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Virale Transformationsmechanismen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ryan CM, Schell TD. Accumulation of CD8+T Cells in Advanced-Stage Tumors and Delay of Disease Progression following Secondary Immunization against an Immunorecessive Epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:255-67. [PMID: 16785521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-reactive T cells that survive the process of positive and negative selection during thymocyte development represent potential effector cells against tumors that express these same self-Ags. We have previously shown that CD8+ T lymphocytes (T(CD8)) specific for an immunorecessive epitope, designated epitope V, from the SV40 large T Ag (Tag) escape thymic deletion in line SV11 Tag-transgenic mice. In contrast, these mice are tolerant to the three most dominant Tag epitopes. The majority of the residual epitope V-specific T(CD8) have a low avidity for the target epitope, but a prime/boost regimen can expand higher avidity clones in vivo. Whether higher avidity T(CD8) targeting this epitope are affected by Tag-expressing tumors in the periphery or can be recruited for control of tumor progression remains unknown. In the current study, we determined the fate of naive TCR-transgenic T(CD8) specific for Tag epitope V (TCR-V cells) following transfer into SV11 mice bearing advanced-stage choroid plexus tumors. The results indicate that TCR-V cells are rapidly triggered by the endogenous Tag and acquire effector function, but fail to accumulate within the tumors. Primary immunization enhanced TCR-V cell frequency in the periphery and promoted entry into the brain, but a subsequent booster immunization caused a dramatic accumulation of TCR-V T cells within the tumors and inhibited tumor progression. These results indicate that epitope V provides a target for CD8+ T cells against spontaneous tumors in vivo, and suggests that epitopes with similar properties can be harnessed for tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/prevention & control
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Choroid Plexus/immunology
- Choroid Plexus/pathology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Disease Progression
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genes, Recessive/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Staging
- Polyomavirus Infections/immunology
- Polyomavirus Infections/mortality
- Polyomavirus Infections/pathology
- Polyomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/mortality
- Tumor Virus Infections/pathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Ryan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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14
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Lu Z, Ghazizadeh S. Host immune responses in ex vivo approaches to cutaneous gene therapy targeted to keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:727-35. [PMID: 16176280 PMCID: PMC1343507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2005.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal gene therapy may benefit a variety of inherited skin disorders and certain systemic diseases. Both in vivo and ex vivo approaches of gene transfer have been used to target human epidermal stem cells and achieve long-term transgene expression in immunodeficient mouse/human chimera models. Immunological responses however, especially in situations where a neoantigen is expressed, are likely to curtail expression and thereby limit the therapy. In vivo gene transfer to skin has been shown to induce transgene-specific immune responses. Ex vivo gene transfer approaches, where keratinocytes are transduced in culture and transplanted back to patient, however, may avoid signals provided to the immune system by in vivo administration of vectors. In the current study, we have developed a stable epidermal graft platform in immunocompetent mice to analyze host responses in ex vivo epidermal gene therapy. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a neoantigen and an ex vivo retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to mouse primary epidermal cultures depleted of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we show induction of GFP-specific immune responses leading to the clearance of transduced cells. Similar approach in immunocompetent mice tolerant to GFP resulted in permanent engraftment of transduced cells and continued GFP expression. Activation of transgene-specific immune responses in ex vivo gene transfer targeted to keratinocytes require cross-presentation of transgene product to APCs, a process that is most amenable to immune modulation. This model may be used to explore strategies to divert transgene-specific immune responses to less destructive or tolerogenic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soosan Ghazizadeh
- *Corresponding author: Soosan Ghazizadeh, Ph.D., Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street VC-15-208, New York, NY 10032, Tel: (212) 305-9025, Fax: (212) 305-7391,
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15
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Woodworth CD, Michael E, Marker D, Allen S, Smith L, Nees M. Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor increases expression of genes that stimulate inflammation, apoptosis, and cell attachment. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:650-8. [PMID: 15827339 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in several types of human cancer, and inhibition of EGFR function is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. We used cDNA microarrays to examine alterations in gene expression after treatment of carcinoma cells with PD153035, a specific and reversible inhibitor of EGFR function. When human cervical carcinoma cells were grown on a collagen substrate in three-dimensional organotypic culture, untreated cells expressed high levels of EGFR RNA and invaded the underlying collagen. Blocking EGFR function decreased DNA synthesis and inhibited invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Microarray analyses identified 312 genes that were significantly increased or decreased in expression after EGFR inhibition. Many could be classified into one of four functional groups including genes that (a) stimulate inflammation and innate immunity, (b) promote cell attachment, (c) enhance apoptosis, and (d) inhibit cell cycle progression. PD153035 induced a dose-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappaB, a transcription factor that stimulates proinflammatory gene expression. Our results identify alterations in gene expression caused by EGFR inhibition and show that this response varies significantly in different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Woodworth
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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16
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Leggatt GR, Dunn LA, De Kluyver RL, Stewart T, Frazer IH. Interferon-gamma enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of endogenous peptide in keratinocytes without lowering the requirement for surface peptide. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:415-24. [PMID: 12225377 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes expressing the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 protein, as a transgene driven by the K14 promoter, form a murine model of HPV-mediated epithelial cancers in humans. Our previous studies have shown that K14E7 transgenic skin grafts onto syngeneic mice are not susceptible to immune destruction despite the demonstrated presence of a strong, systemic CTL response directed against the E7 protein. Consistent with this finding, we now show that cultured, E7 transgenic keratinocytes (KC) express comparable endogenous levels of E7 protein to a range of CTL-sensitive E7-expressing cell lines but are not susceptible to CTL-mediated lysis in vitro. E7 transgenic and non-transgenic KC are susceptible to conventional mechanisms of CTL-mediated lysis, including perforin and Fas/FasL interaction when an excess of exogenous peptide is provided. The concentration of exogenous peptide required to render a cell susceptible to lysis was similar between KC and other conventional CTL targets (e.g. EL-4), despite large differences in H-2Db expression at the cell surface. Furthermore, exposure of KC to IFN-gamma increased H-2Db expression, but did not substantially alter the exogenous peptide concentration required to sensitize cells for half maximal lysis. In contrast, the lytic sensitivity of transgenic KC expressing endogenous E7 is modestly improved by exposure to IFN-gamma. Thus, failure of CTL to eliminate KC expressing endogenous E7, and by inference squamous tumours expressing E7, may reflect the need for a sustained, local inflammatory environment during the immune effector phase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fas Ligand Protein
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Leggatt
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
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17
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Abstract
The nature of the interaction between papillomaviruses (PV) and their infected host has led to the identification of ways in which the viral oncoproteins can transform the infected host cells into cancer cells. As viral persistence is required for malignancy, and persistence requires avoidance of immune attack by the host, defining the relationship between PV and the immune system is also paramount in understanding tumorigenesis. It has emerged that PV have evolved several ways in which to prevent clearance by the host immune system. The limitation of the PV replication cycle to the epithelium, together with low level expression of the virus proteins and an absence of inflammation, minimises the exposure of virus to immune cells. In addition, more recently it has been shown that, like many other viruses, PV can directly subvert the immune response, including interference with the interferon pathway, modulation of antigen presentation, inhibition of interleukin-18 activity and down-regulation of major histocompatibility class I on infected cells. Collectively these mechanisms explain how PV lesions are able to persist for long periods of time in immunocompetent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M O'Brien
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road, G61 1QH, Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Daemen T, Regts J, Holtrop M, Wilschut J. Immunization strategy against cervical cancer involving an alphavirus vector expressing high levels of a stable fusion protein of human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7. Gene Ther 2002; 9:85-94. [PMID: 11857066 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2001] [Accepted: 11/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We are developing immunization strategies against cervical carcinoma and premalignant disease, based on the use of recombinant Semliki Forest virus (SFV) encoding the oncoproteins E6 and E7 from high-risk human papilloma viruses (HPV). Thus far, protein-based, as well as genetic immunization studies have demonstrated low to moderate cellular immune responses against E6 and E7. To improve these responses, we modified the structure and expression level of the E6 and E7 proteins produced by the SFV vector. Specifically, a construct was generated encoding a fusion protein of E6 and E7, while furthermore a translational enhancer was included (enhE6,7). Infection of cells with recombinant SFV-enhE6,7 resulted in the production of large amounts of the E6,7 fusion protein. The fusion protein was more stable than either one of the separate proteins. Immunization of mice with SFV-enhE6,7 resulted in strong, long-lasting HPV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Tumor challenge experiments in mice demonstrated that immunization with SFV-enhE6,7 resulted in prevention of tumor outgrowth and subsequent protection against tumor re-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Daemen
- University of Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
Tumour-associated viruses produce antigens that, on the face of it, are ideal targets for immunotherapy. Unfortunately, these viruses are experts at avoiding or subverting the host immune response. Cervical-cancer-associated human papillomavirus (HPV) has a battery of immune-evasion mechanisms at its disposal that could confound attempts at HPV-directed immunotherapy. Other virally associated human cancers might prove similarly refractive to immuno-intervention unless we learn how to circumvent their strategies for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Tindle
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Australia.
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20
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Frazer IH, De Kluyver R, Leggatt GR, Guo HY, Dunn L, White O, Harris C, Liem A, Lambert P. Tolerance or immunity to a tumor antigen expressed in somatic cells can be determined by systemic proinflammatory signals at the time of first antigen exposure. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6180-7. [PMID: 11714778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice transgenic for the E7 tumor Ag of human papillomavirus type 16, driven from a keratin 14 promoter, express E7 in keratinocytes but not dendritic cells. Grafted E7-transgenic skin is not rejected by E7-immunized mice that reject E7-transduced transplantable tumors. Rejection of recently transplanted E7-transgenic skin grafts, but not of control nontransgenic grafts or of established E7-transgenic grafts, is induced by systemic administration of live or killed Listeria monocytogenes or of endotoxin. Graft recipients that reject an E7 graft reject a subsequent E7 graft more rapidly and without further L. monocytogenes exposure, whereas recipients of an E7 graft given without L. monocytogenes do not reject a second graft, even if given with L. monocytogenes. Thus, cross-presentation of E7 from keratinocytes to the adaptive immune system occurs with or without a proinflammatory stimulus, but proinflammatory stimuli at the time of first cross-presentation of Ag can determine the nature of the immune response to the Ag. Furthermore, immune effector mechanisms responsible for rejection of epithelium expressing a tumor Ag in keratinocytes are different from those that reject an E7-expressing transplantable tumor. These observations have implications for immunotherapy for epithelial cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Keratinocytes/immunology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Listeriosis/genetics
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/methods
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Frazer
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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21
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Ghim SJ, Sundberg J, Delgado G, Jenson AB. The pathogenesis of advanced cervical cancer provides the basis for an empirical therapeutic vaccine. Exp Mol Pathol 2001; 71:181-5. [PMID: 11733943 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2001.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections of the cervix includes early induction of peripheral tolerance of tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes and an imbalanced Th2 response to HPV early virus proteins. As lesions become progressively dysplastic, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1 molecules are down-regulated on the surface of abnormal keratinocytes. When the target of MHC-1 class-restricted cytotoxic lymphocytes disappears, immune deviation to a Th2 response becomes more dominant. After severely dysplastic lesions become invasive, cervical cancer cells die and release HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins that react with anti-E6 and anti-E7 antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes in antibody excess under the continuing influence of immune deviation. On the basis of this knowledge of the pathogenesis of advanced cervical cancer, we believe that successful immunotherapeutic treatments of these patients will use a vaccine formulation that will break peripheral tolerance in association with biological response modifiers that will enable the patient's immune system to switch classes from Th2 to Th1 while up-regulating MHC-1 molecules on cancer cells. Like prophylactic vaccines against HPV, successful therapeutic vaccine against cervical cancer may have to be universal rather than individualized to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ghim
- Cervical Cancer Research Institute, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital Foundation, 720 Gross Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
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22
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Abstract
Selection in the thymus restricted by MHC and self-peptide shapes the diverse reactivities of the T-cell population which subsequently seeds into the peripheral tissues, in anticipation of the universe of pathogen antigens to which the organism may be exposed. A necessary corollary is the potential for T-cell self-reactivity (autoimmunity) in the periphery. Transgenic mouse models in which transgene expression in the thymus is prevented or excluded, have been particularly useful for determining the immunological outcome when T-cells encounter transgene-encoded 'self' antigen in peripheral tissues. Data suggest that non-mutually exclusive mechanisms of T-cells 'ignoring' self-antigen, T-cell deletion, T-cell anergy and T-cell immunoregulation have evolved to prevent self-reactivity while maintaining T-cell diversity. The peripheral T-cell repertoire, far from being static following maturation through the thymus, is in a dynamic stated determined by these peripheral selective and immunoregulatory influences. This article reviews the evidence with particular reference to CD8+ive T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Tindle
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.
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23
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Lee SJ, Cho YS, Cho MC, Shim JH, Lee KA, Ko KK, Choe YK, Park SN, Hoshino T, Kim S, Dinarello CA, Yoon DY. Both E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus 16 inhibit IL-18-induced IFN-gamma production in human peripheral blood mononuclear and NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:497-504. [PMID: 11418688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the predominant cancer among malignancies in women throughout the world, and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 is the most common agent linked to human cervical carcinoma. The present study was performed to investigate the mechanisms of immune escape in HPV-induced cervical cancer cells. The presence of HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 in the extracellular fluids of HPV-containing cervical cancer cell lines SiHa and CaSki was demonstrated by ELISA. The effect of HPV 16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 on the production of IFN-gamma by IL-18 was assessed. E6 and E7 proteins reduced IL-18-induced IFN-gamma production in both primary PBMCs and the NK0 cell line. FACS analysis revealed that the viral oncoproteins reduced the binding of IL-18 to its cellular surface receptors on NK0 cells, whereas there was no effect of oncoproteins on IL-1 binding to its surface IL-1 receptors on D10S, a subclone of the murine Th cell D10.G4.1. In vitro pull-down assays also revealed that the viral oncoproteins and IL-18 bound to IL-18R alpha-chain competitively. These results suggest that the extracellular HPV 16 E6 and E7 proteins may inhibit IL-18-induced IFN-gamma production locally in HPV lesions through inhibition of IL-18 binding to its alpha-chain receptor. Down-modulation of IL-18-induced immune responses by HPV oncoproteins may contribute to viral pathogenesis or carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell-Free System/chemistry
- Cell-Free System/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/physiology
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-18
- Repressor Proteins
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lee
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon, Korea
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24
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Tindle RW, Herd K, Doan T, Bryson G, Leggatt GR, Lambert P, Frazer IH, Street M. Nonspecific down-regulation of CD8+ T-cell responses in mice expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein from the keratin-14 promoter. J Virol 2001; 75:5985-97. [PMID: 11390600 PMCID: PMC114314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.13.5985-5997.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) transforms basal and suprabasal cervical epithelial cells and is a tumor-specific antigen in cervical carcinoma, to which immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) induction are currently directed. By quantifying major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer-binding T cells and CTL in mice expressing an HPV16 E7 transgene from the keratin-14 (K14) promoter in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes and in thymic cortical epithelium, we show that antigen responsiveness of both E7- and non-E7-specific CD8+ cells is down-regulated compared to non-E7 transgenic control mice. We show that the effect is specific for E7, and not another transgene, expressed from the K14 promoter. Down-regulation did not involve deletion of CD8+ T cells of high affinity or high avidity, and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta-chain usage and TCR receptor density were similar in antigen-responsive cells from E7 transgenic and non-E7 transgenic mice. These data indicate that E7 expressed chronically from the K14 promoter nonspecifically down-regulates CD8+ T-cell responses. The in vitro data correlated with the failure of immunized E7 transgenic mice to control the growth of an E7-expressing tumor challenge. We have previously shown that E7-directed CTL down-regulation correlates with E7 expression in peripheral but not thymic epithelium (T. Doan et al., J. Virol. 73:6166-6170, 1999). The findings have implications for the immunological consequences of E7-expressing tumor development and E7-directed immunization strategies. Generically, the findings illustrate a T-cell immunomodulatory function for a virally encoded human oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Tindle
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital and Clinical Medical Virology Centre, Herston Rd., Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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25
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Virus del papiloma humano y radiación ultravioleta: unas amistades peligrosas para la piel (II). Inmunopatogenia del cáncer cutáneo no melanoma. El papel iniciador y promotor de la radiación ultravioleta. Infiltrado inflamatorio y escape tumoral. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9251(01)72511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Epidemiología e inmunopatogenia del cáncer cutáneo no melanoma. El papel iniciador y promotor del VPH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9251(01)72496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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