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Gao L, Shen H, Zhao S, Chen S, Zhu P, Lin W, Chen F. Isolation and Pathogenicity Analysis of a G5P[23] Porcine Rotavirus Strain. Viruses 2023; 16:21. [PMID: 38257722 PMCID: PMC10819142 DOI: 10.3390/v16010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the primary cause of severe intestinal diseases in piglets. Porcine rotaviruses (PoRVs) are widely prevalent in Chinese farms, resulting in significant economic losses to the livestock industry. However, isolation of PoRVs is challenging, and their pathogenicity in piglets is not well understood. (2) Methods: We conducted clinical testing on a farm in Jiangsu Province, China, and isolated PoRV by continuously passaging on MA104 cells. Subsequently, the pathogenicity of the isolated strain in piglets was investigated. The piglets of the PoRV-infection group were orally inoculated with 1 mL of 1.0 × 106 TCID50 PoRV, whereas those of the mock-infection group were fed with an equivalent amount of DMEM. (3) Results: A G5P[23] genotype PoRV strain was successfully isolated from one of the positive samples and named RVA/Pig/China/JS/2023/G5P[23](JS). The genomic constellation of this strain was G5-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. Sequence analysis revealed that the genes VP3, VP7, NSP2, and NSP4 of the JS strain were closely related to human RVAs, whereas the remaining gene segments were closely related to porcine RVAs, indicating a reassortment between porcine and human strains. Furthermore, infection of 15-day-old piglets with the JS strain resulted in a diarrheal rate of 100% (8 of 8) and a mortality rate of 37.5% (3 of 8). (4) Conclusions: The isolated G5P[23] genotype rotavirus strain, which exhibited strong pathogenicity in piglets, may have resulted from recombination between porcine and human strains. It may serve as a potential candidate strain for developing vaccines, and its immunogenicity can be tested in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.G.); (S.Z.); (S.C.); (P.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Hanqin Shen
- Wen’s Food Group, Yunfu 527300, China;
- Guangdong Jingjie Inspection and Testing Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China
| | - Sucan Zhao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.G.); (S.Z.); (S.C.); (P.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Sheng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.G.); (S.Z.); (S.C.); (P.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Puduo Zhu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.G.); (S.Z.); (S.C.); (P.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.G.); (S.Z.); (S.C.); (P.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.G.); (S.Z.); (S.C.); (P.Z.); (W.L.)
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2
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Kawagishi T, Sánchez-Tacuba L, Feng N, Costantini VP, Tan M, Jiang X, Green KY, Vinjé J, Ding S, Greenberg HB. Mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibodies to norovirus induced in infant mice orally inoculated with recombinant rotaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214421120. [PMID: 36821582 PMCID: PMC9992845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214421120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) preferentially replicate in the small intestine and frequently cause severe diarrheal disease, and the following enteric infection generally induces variable levels of protective systemic and mucosal immune responses in humans and other animals. Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) is a simian RV that was previously used as a human RV vaccine and has been extensively studied in mice. Although RRV replicates poorly in the suckling mouse intestine, infection induces a robust and protective antibody response. The recent availability of plasmid only-based RV reverse genetics systems has enabled the generation of recombinant RVs expressing foreign proteins. However, recombinant RVs have not yet been experimentally tested as potential vaccine vectors to immunize against other gastrointestinal pathogens in vivo. This is a newly available opportunity because several live-attenuated RV vaccines are already widely administered to infants and young children worldwide. To explore the feasibility of using RV as a dual vaccine vector, we rescued replication-competent recombinant RRVs harboring bicistronic gene segment 7 that encodes the native RV nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) protein and a human norovirus (HuNoV) VP1 protein or P domain from the predominant genotype GII.4. The rescued viruses expressed HuNoV VP1 or P protein in infected cells in vitro and elicited systemic and local antibody responses to HuNoV and RRV following oral infection of suckling mice. Serum IgG and fecal IgA from infected suckling mice bound to and neutralized both RRV and HuNoV. These findings have encouraging practical implications for the design of RV-based next-generation multivalent enteric vaccines to target HuNoV and other human enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Veronica P. Costantini
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA30333
| | - Ming Tan
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229
| | - Xi Jiang
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA30333
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
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Epidemiology of Group A rotavirus in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:29-38. [PMID: 35380357 PMCID: PMC8980207 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rodents and shrews live in close proximity to humans and have been identified as important hosts of zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to detect Group A rotavirus (RVA) and its potential risk factors in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh. We captured 417 small mammals from 10 districts with a high degree of contact between people and domestic animals and collected rectal swab samples between June 2011 and October 2013. We tested the swab samples for RVA RNA, targeting the NSP3 gene segment using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Overall, RVA prevalence was the same (6.7%) in both rodents and shrews. We detected RVA RNA in 5.3% of Bandicota bengalensis (4/76; 95% CI: 1.4-12.9), 5.1% of B. indica (4/79; 95% CI: 1.4-12.4), 18.2% of Mus musculus (4/22; 95% CI: 5.2-40.3), 6.7% of Rattus rattus (6/90; 95% CI: 2.5-13.9), and 6.7% of Suncus murinus (10/150; 95% CI: 3.2-11.9). We found significantly more RVA in males (10.4%; OR: 3.4; P = 0.007), animals with a poor body condition score (13.9%; OR: 2.7; P = 0.05), during wet season (8.3%; OR: 4.1; P = 0.032), and in urban land gradients (10.04%; OR: 2.9; P = 0.056). These findings form a basis for understanding the prevalence of rotaviruses circulating among rodents and shrews in this region. We recommend additional molecular studies to ascertain the genotype and zoonotic potential of RVA circulating in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh.
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Current and Future Antiviral Strategies to Tackle Gastrointestinal Viral Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081599. [PMID: 34442677 PMCID: PMC8399003 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by virus has a major impact on public health worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The main culprits are rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available for the prevention or treatment of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we describe the antivirals that were identified as having in vitro and/or in vivo activity against these viruses, originating from in silico design or library screening, natural sources or being repurposed drugs. We also highlight recent advances in model systems available for this (hard to cultivate) group of viruses, such as organoid technologies, and that will facilitate antiviral studies as well as fill some of current knowledge gaps that hamper the development of highly efficient therapies against gastroenteric viruses.
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Kim AH, Hogarty MP, Harris VC, Baldridge MT. The Complex Interactions Between Rotavirus and the Gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:586751. [PMID: 33489932 PMCID: PMC7819889 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is the leading worldwide cause of acute diarrhea-related death in children under the age of five. RV infects the small intestine, an important site of colonization by the microbiota, and studies over the past decade have begun to reveal a complex set of interactions between RV and the gut microbiota. RV infection can temporarily alter the composition of the gut microbiota and probiotic administration alleviates some symptoms of infection in vivo, suggesting reciprocal effects between the virus and the gut microbiota. While development of effective RV vaccines has offered significant protection against RV-associated mortality, vaccine effectiveness in low-income countries has been limited, potentially due to regional differences in the gut microbiota. In this mini review, we briefly detail research findings to date related to HRV vaccine cohorts, studies of natural infection, explorations of RV-microbiota interactions in gnotobiotic pig models, and highlight various in vivo and in vitro models that could be used in future studies to better define how the microbiota may regulate RV infection and host antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew HyoungJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael P. Hogarty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vanessa C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Global Health (AIGHD), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Jiang C, Yang H, Chen X, Qiu S, Wu C, Zhang B, Jin L. Macleaya cordata extracts exert antiviral effects in newborn mice with rotavirus-induced diarrhea via inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1137-1144. [PMID: 32742353 PMCID: PMC7388234 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that Macleaya cordata extract exerts antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effects of M. cordata on rotavirus SA11-induced diarrhea in mice. Diarrhea severity, levels of inflammatory cytokines, histological changes in the small intestine and the underlying mechanisms were evaluated in rotavirus-stimulated mice treated with 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg/day M. cordata or 4 mg/kg/day ribavirin (positive control). M. cordata treatment effectively ameliorated rotavirus-induced diarrhea in a dose-dependent manner by decreasing viral RNA levels. In addition, M. cordata reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including migration inhibitory factor, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-β, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, and elevated the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 following rotavirus infection. M. cordata inhibited intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and improved intestinal inflammation after rotavirus infection. The study also revealed that M. cordata exerted antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects on rotavirus-induced diarrhea by suppressing the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT3 pathway, as reflected by decreased protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-JAK2 and p-STAT3. Overall, M. cordata effectively inhibited the inflammation caused by rotavirus, which was closely associated with the suppression of JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation. These data suggested that M. cordata may be applied as a treatment for rotavirus-induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmao Jiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- School of Animal Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- School of Animal Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Shulei Qiu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Caihong Wu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Pet Science and Technology, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Liqin Jin
- School of Animal Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
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Serial Passaging of the Human Rotavirus CDC-9 Strain in Cell Culture Leads to Attenuation: Characterization from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00889-20. [PMID: 32461318 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00889-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Live oral rotavirus vaccines have been developed by serial passaging in cell culture and found to be safe in infants. However, mechanisms for the adaptation and attenuation of rotavirus vaccines are not fully understood. We prepared a human rotavirus vaccine strain, CDC-9 (G1P[8]), which when grown in MA104 cells to passage 11 or 12 (P11/P12) had no nucleotide or amino acid sequence changes from the original virus in stool. Upon adaptation and passages in Vero cells, the strain underwent five amino acid changes at P28 and one additional change at P44/P45 in the VP4 gene. We performed virologic, immunological, and pathogenic characterization of wild-type CDC-9 virus at P11/P12 and its two mutants at P28 or P44/P45 using in vitro and in vivo model systems. We found that mutants CDC-9 P28 and P44 induced upregulated expression of immunomodulatory cytokines. On the other hand, the two mutant viruses induced lower STAT1 phosphorylation and grew to 2-log-higher titers than wild-type virus in human Caco-2 cells and simian Vero cells. In neonatal rats, CDC-9 P45 showed reduced rotavirus shedding in fecal specimens and did not induce diarrhea compared to wild-type virus and modulated cytokine responses comparably to Rotarix infection. These findings indicate that mutant CDC-9 is attenuated and safe. Our study is the first to provide insight into the possible mechanisms of human rotavirus adaptation and attenuation and supports ongoing efforts to develop CDC-9 as a new generation of rotavirus vaccine for live oral or parenteral administration.IMPORTANCE Mechanisms for in vitro adaptation and in vivo attenuation of human rotavirus vaccines are not known. The present study is the first to comprehensively compare the in vitro growth characteristics, virulence, and host response of a wild-type and an attenuated human rotavirus strain, CDC-9, in Caco-2 cells and neonatal rats. Our study identifies critical sequence changes in the genome that render human rotavirus adapted to growth to high levels in Vero cells and attenuated and safe in neonatal rats; thus, the study supports clinical development of CDC-9 for oral or parenteral vaccination in children.
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Sexual Dimorphism Has Low Impact on the Response against Rotavirus Infection in Suckling Rats. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030345. [PMID: 32610542 PMCID: PMC7565569 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading pathogens causing severe and acute diarrhea in children and animals. It is well known that sex contributes to shaping immune responses, thus it could also influence the incidence and severity of the RV infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of sexual dimorphism on RV infection and its antibody (Ab) immune response in a suckling rat model. Neonatal suckling rats were intragastrically RV-inoculated and clinical indexes derived from fecal samples, as well as immune variables were evaluated. Higher severity of diarrhea, fecal weight and viral elimination were observed in males compared to females (p < 0.05). Regarding the adaptative immunity, the RV shaped the immune response to lower IgG1 levels and an increased Th1/Th2-associated Ab response (p < 0.05). Although females had lower IgG2a levels than males (p < 0.05), the specific anti-RV antibody levels were not sex influenced. In fact, at this age the passive transfer of anti-RV antibodies through breast milk was the critical factor for clustering animals, independently of their sex. It can be concluded that male and female diarrhea severity in RV infection is slightly influenced by sexual dimorphism and is not associated with the specific immune response against the virus.
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Knipping K, Garssen J, Ben Amor K, Knol J, Franch À, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. Strain-Specific Probiotic Properties of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli for the Prevention of Diarrhea Caused by Rotavirus in a Preclinical Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020498. [PMID: 32075234 PMCID: PMC7071190 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation with different lactobacilli and bifidobacterial strains has demonstrated beneficial effects in infectious diarrhea caused by rotavirus (RV) in young children. Preclinical models of RV infection might be a good strategy to screen for the efficacy of new probiotic strains or to test their comparative efficacy. Neonatal Lewis rats were supplemented with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, or Lactobacillus salivarius PS2 from days 2–14 of life. On day five, animals received RV SA-11 orally. Fecal samples were collected daily, weighed, and scored for the calculation of severity and incidence of diarrhea. In addition, fecal pH and fecal viral shedding were measured. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the study and their blood was obtained for the quantification of RV-specific immunoglobulins. RV infection was induced in ~90% of the animals. All probiotics caused a reduction of several clinical variables of severity and incidence of diarrhea, except L. salivarius PS2. L. acidophilus NCFM, B. breve M-16V, and L. helveticus R0052 seemed to be very effective probiotic strains. In addition, all Lactobacillus strains reduced the viral elimination one day post-inoculation. No differences were detected in the specific anti-RV humoral response. The present study highlights the strain-specific effects of probiotics and identifies promising probiotics for use in ameliorating and preventing RV-induced diarrhea in children, for example by including them in infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.); (K.B.A.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.); (K.B.A.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaouther Ben Amor
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.); (K.B.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.); (K.B.A.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-505
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Slifer ZM, Blikslager AT. The Integral Role of Tight Junction Proteins in the Repair of Injured Intestinal Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030972. [PMID: 32024112 PMCID: PMC7036844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial monolayer forms a transcellular and paracellular barrier that separates luminal contents from the interstitium. The paracellular barrier consists of a highly organized complex of intercellular junctions that is primarily regulated by apical tight junction proteins and tight junction-associated proteins. This homeostatic barrier can be lost through a multitude of injurious events that cause the disruption of the tight junction complex. Acute repair after injury leading to the reestablishment of the tight junction barrier is crucial for the return of both barrier function as well as other cellular functions, including water regulation and nutrient absorption. This review provides an overview of the tight junction complex components and how they link to other plasmalemmal proteins, such as ion channels and transporters, to induce tight junction closure during repair of acute injury. Understanding the components of interepithelial tight junctions and the mechanisms of tight junction regulation after injury is crucial for developing future therapeutic targets for patients experiencing dysregulated intestinal permeability.
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Abstract
This chapter discusses infections of rats with viruses in the following 14 virus families: Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Poxviridae, and Reoviridae . Serological surveys indicate that parvoviruses, coronaviruses, cardioviruses, and pneumoviruses are the most prevalent in laboratory rats. A new polyomavirus and a new cardiovirus that cause disease in laboratory rats are described. Metagenomic analyses of feces or intestinal contents from wild rats have detected viruses from an additional nine virus families that could potentially cause infections in laboratory rats.
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Lewnard JA, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Bennett A, Bar-Zeev N, Cunliffe NA, Samuel P, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios G, Kang G, Pitzer VE. Heterogeneous susceptibility to rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in two birth cohort studies: Parameter estimation and epidemiological implications. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007014. [PMID: 31348775 PMCID: PMC6690553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohort studies, randomized trials, and post-licensure studies have reported reduced natural and vaccine-derived protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in low- and middle-income countries. While susceptibility of children to rotavirus is known to vary within and between settings, implications for estimation of immune protection are not well understood. We sought to re-estimate naturally-acquired protection against rotavirus infection and RVGE, and to understand how differences in susceptibility among children impacted estimates. We re-analyzed data from studies conducted in Mexico City, Mexico and Vellore, India. Cumulatively, 573 rotavirus-unvaccinated children experienced 1418 rotavirus infections and 371 episodes of RVGE over 17,636 child-months. We developed a model that characterized susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE among children, accounting for aspects of the natural history of rotavirus and differences in transmission rates between settings. We tested whether model-generated susceptibility measurements were associated with demographic and anthropometric factors, and with the severity of RVGE symptoms. We identified greater variation in susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE in Vellore than in Mexico City. In both cohorts, susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE were associated with male sex, lower birth weight, lower maternal education, and having fewer siblings; within Vellore, susceptibility was also associated with lower socioeconomic status. Children who were more susceptible to rotavirus also experienced higher rates of rotavirus-negative diarrhea, and higher risk of moderate-to-severe symptoms when experiencing RVGE. Simulations suggested that discrepant estimates of naturally-acquired immunity against RVGE can be attributed, in part, to between-setting differences in susceptibility of children, but result primarily from the interaction of transmission rates with age-dependent risk for infections to cause RVGE. We found that more children in Vellore than in Mexico City belong to a high-risk group for rotavirus infection and RVGE, and demonstrate that unmeasured individual- and age-dependent susceptibility may influence estimates of naturally-acquired immune protection against RVGE. Differences in susceptibility can help explain why some individuals, and not others, acquire infection and exhibit symptoms when exposed to infectious disease agents. However, it is difficult to distinguish between differences in susceptibility versus exposure in epidemiological studies. We developed a modeling approach to distinguish transmission intensity and susceptibility in data from cohort studies of rotavirus infection among children in Mexico City, Mexico, and Vellore, India, and evaluated how these factors may have contributed to differences in estimates of naturally-acquired immune protection between the studies. Given the same exposure, more children were at high risk of acquiring rotavirus infection, and of experiencing gastroenteritis when infected, in Vellore than in Mexico City. The probability of belonging to this high-risk stratum was associated with well-known individual factors such as lower socioeconomic status, lower birth weight, and incidence of diarrhea due to other causes. We also found the risk for rotavirus infections to cause symptoms declined with age, independent of acquired immunity. These findings can, in part, account for estimates of lower protective efficacy of acquired immunity against rotavirus gastroenteritis in high-incidence settings, mirroring estimates of reduced effectiveness of live oral rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Lewnard
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin A. Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aisleen Bennett
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nigel A. Cunliffe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Lourdes Guerrero
- Instituto Nacional de Ciences Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Virginia E. Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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13
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Zhou Y, Qiao H, Yin N, Chen L, Xie Y, Wu J, Du J, Lin X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yi S, Zhang G, Sun M, He Z, Li H. Immune and cytokine/chemokine responses of PBMCs in rotavirus‐infected rhesus infants and their significance in viral pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1448-1469. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Hongtu Qiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Na Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Yuping Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Jing Du
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Shan Yi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Maosheng Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease Kunming China
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14
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Khametova KM, Alekseev KP, Yuzhakov AG, Kostina LV, Raev SA, Musienko MI, Mukhin AN, Aliper TI, Vorkunova GK, Grebennikova TV. EVALUATION OF THE MOLECULAR-BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN ROTAVIRUS A STRAIN WA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:16-22. [DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2019-64-1-16-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Rоtaviruses are amоng the leading causes of severe diarrhea in children all over the Wоrld. Vaccination is considered to be the mоst effective way to cоntrоl the disease. Currently available vaccines for prevention of rоtavirus infection are based on live attenuated rotavirus strains human оr animal origin. Objectives and purposes. The aim of this investigation was to study the biological and genetic properties of an actual epidemic human rotavirus A (RVA) strain Wa G1P[8] genotype. Material and methods. RVA Wa reproduction in a monolayer continuous cell lines, purification and concentration of RVA antigen, PAAG electrophoresis and Western-Blot, electrophoresis of viral genomic RNA segments, sequencing. Results. Human RVA G1P[8] Wa strain biological and molecular genetic properties were assessed in the process of the adaptation to MARC145 continuous cell line. Cell cultured RVA antigen was purified, concentrated and then characterized by the method of PAAG electrophoresis and immunoblot. To verify RVA Wa genome identity, electrophoresis of viral genomic RNA segments was performed. The lack of accumulation of changes in the RVA Wa genome during adaptation to various cell cultures and during serial passages was demonstrated by sequencing fragments of the viral genome. Conclusion. RVA Wa strain is stable, it possesses high biological activity: it has been successfully adapted to the MARC145 cell line and RVA Wa virus titer after the adaptation reached 7,5-7,7 lg TCID50/ml. The identity of the cultivated RVA to the original strain Wa G1P[8] was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Khametova
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - K. P. Alekseev
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - A. G. Yuzhakov
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - L. V. Kostina
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - S. A. Raev
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - M. I. Musienko
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - A. N. Mukhin
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - T. I. Aliper
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - G. K. Vorkunova
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»
| | - T. V. Grebennikova
- Ivanovsky Virology Institute, «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician NF. Gamaleya»; Peoples Frendship University of Russia (RUDN)
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15
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Rotavirus Double Infection Model to Study Preventive Dietary Interventions. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010131. [PMID: 30634561 PMCID: PMC6357201 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the main cause of acute diarrhea among young children worldwide with an increased frequency of reinfection. Several life style factors, such as dietary components, may influence such processes by affecting the outcome of the first rotavirus infection and therefore having a beneficial impact on the anti-rotavirus immune responses during any subsequent reinfections. The aim of this research was to develop a double-infection model in rat that mimics real-life clinical scenarios and would be useful in testing whether nutritional compounds can modulate the rotavirus-associated disease and immune response. Three experimental designs and a preventive dietary-like intervention were conducted in order to achieve a differential response in the double-infected animals compared to the single-infected ones and to study the potential action of a modulatory agent in early life. Diarrhea was only observed after the first infection, with a reduction of fecal pH and fever. After the second infection an increase in body temperature was also found. The immune response against the second infection was regulated by the preventive effect of the dietary-like intervention during the first infection in terms of specific antibodies and DTH. A rotavirus-double-infection rat model has been developed and is suitable for use in future preventive dietary intervention studies.
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16
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Development of a live attenuated trivalent porcine rotavirus A vaccine against disease caused by recent strains most prevalent in South Korea. Vet Res 2019; 50:2. [PMID: 30616694 PMCID: PMC6323864 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotaviruses cause severe economic losses in the Korean swine industry due to G- and P-genotype mismatches between the predominant field and vaccine strains. Here, we developed a live attenuated trivalent porcine group A rotavirus vaccine using 80 cell culture passages of the representative Korean predominant strains G8P[7] 174-1, G9P[23] PRG942, and G5P[7] K71. Vaccination with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components induced no diarrhea during the first 2 weeks post-vaccination, i.e., the vaccines were attenuated. Challenge of trivalent-vaccinated or component-vaccinated piglets with homologous virulent strain(s) did not induce diarrhea for 2 weeks post-challenge. Immunization with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components also alleviated the histopathological lesions in the small intestines caused by challenge with the corresponding original virulent strain(s). Fecal secretory IgAs specific for each of vaccine strains were detected starting at 14 days post-vaccination (dpv), and IgA levels gradually increased up to 28 dpv. Oral immunization with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components induced high levels of serum virus-neutralizing antibody by 7 dpv. No diarrhea was observed in any experimental piglets during five consecutive passages of each vaccine strain. Our data indicated that the live attenuated trivalent vaccine was safe and effective at protecting piglets from diarrhea induced by challenge exposure of homologous virulent strains. This trivalent vaccine will potentially contribute toward controlling porcine rotavirus disease in South Korea and other countries where rotavirus infections with similar G and P genotypes are problematic.
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17
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Knipping K, Van't Land B, Stahl B, Garssen J, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Supplementation With 2'-FL and scGOS/lcFOS Ameliorates Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea in Suckling Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:372. [PMID: 30406046 PMCID: PMC6205980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is considered to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis among infants aged less than 5 years old. Human milk bioactive compounds have the ability to modulate the diarrheic process caused by several intestinal pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective role of a specific human milk oligosaccharide, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a mixture of the prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides 9:1 (GOS/FOS) and their combination (2′-FL+GOS/FOS) on RV-induced diarrhea in suckling rats. The nutritional intervention was performed from the second to the sixteenth day of life by oral gavage and on day 5 an RV strain was orally administered to induce infection. Fecal samples were scored daily to assess the clinical pattern of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea. Blood and tissues were obtained at day 8 and 16 in order to evaluate the effects on the epithelial barrier and the mucosal and systemic immune responses. In the assessment of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea, both 2′-FL and GOS/FOS displayed a beneficial effect in terms of amelioration. However, the mechanisms involved seemed to differ: 2′-FL displayed a direct ability to promote intestinal maturation and to enhance neonatal immune responses, while GOS/FOS induced an intestinal trophic effect and an RV-blocking action. The combination of 2′-FL and GOS/FOS showed additive effects in some variables. Therefore, it could be a good strategy to add these compounds in combination to infant formulas, to protect against human RV-induced diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Oceguera A, Peralta AV, Martínez-Delgado G, Arias CF, López S. Rotavirus RNAs sponge host cell RNA binding proteins and interfere with their subcellular localization. Virology 2018; 525:96-105. [PMID: 30253276 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mRNAs cycle between translating and non-translating pools, polysomes compose the translating pool, while RNA granules contain translationally-silenced mRNAs, where the RNAs are either stored in stress granules, or accumulate in processing bodies (PBs) or GW-bodies, which have an important role in RNA degradation. Viruses have developed measures to prevent the deleterious effects of these structures during their replication. Rotavirus, the most common agent of viral gastroenteritis, is capable of establishing a successful infection by counteracting several of the antiviral responses of its host. Here, we describe that in rotavirus-infected cells the distribution of several RNA binding proteins is changed causing the disaggregation of PBs, the relocalization of GW-body proteins, and the cytoplasmic accumulation of HuR, a predominantly nuclear protein. We show that this redistribution of proteins is more likely caused by the accumulation of viral RNA in the cytoplasm of infected-cells, where it might be acting as an RBP sponge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Oceguera
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Andrea V Peralta
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Martínez-Delgado
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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19
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Bentes GA, Guimarães JR, Volotão EDM, Fialho AM, Hooper C, Ganime AC, Gardinali NR, Lanzarini NM, da Silva ADS, Pitcovski J, Leite JP, Pinto MA. Cynomolgus Monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) as an Experimental Infection Model for Human Group A Rotavirus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070355. [PMID: 29973483 PMCID: PMC6071073 DOI: 10.3390/v10070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are one of the most common causes of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Rotaviruses spread from person to person, mainly by faecal–oral transmission. Almost all unvaccinated children may become infected with RVA in the first two years of life. The establishment of an experimental monkey model with RVA is important to evaluate new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we demonstrated viral shedding and viraemia in juvenile–adult Macaca fascicularis orally inoculated with Wa RVA prototype. Nine monkeys were inoculated orally: seven animals with human RVA and two control animals with saline solution. During the study, the monkeys were clinically monitored, and faeces and blood samples were tested for RVA infection. In general, the inoculated animals developed an oligosymptomatic infection pattern. The main clinical symptoms observed were diarrhoea in two monkeys for three days, associated with a reduction in plasmatic potassium content. Viral RNA was detected in seven faecal and five sera samples from inoculated animals, suggesting virus replication. Cynomolgus monkeys are susceptible hosts for human Wa RVA infection. When inoculated orally, they presented self-limited diarrhoea associated with presence of RVA infectious particles in faeces. Thus, cynomolgus monkeys may be useful as animal models to evaluate the efficacy of new antiviral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentil Arthur Bentes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Rodrigues Guimarães
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de Mello Volotão
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Madi Fialho
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Cleber Hooper
- Serviço de Controle da Qualidade Animal, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Ganime
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Dos Santos da Silva
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- Virology and Vaccine Development Laboratory, MIGAL Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
| | - José Paulo Leite
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
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20
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Rigo-Adrover MDM, van Limpt K, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knol J, Costabile A, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Preventive Effect of a Synbiotic Combination of Galacto- and Fructooligosaccharides Mixture With Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in a Model of Multiple Rotavirus Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1318. [PMID: 29942312 PMCID: PMC6004411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes morbidity and mortality among infants worldwide, and there is evidence that probiotics and prebiotics can have a positive influence against infective processes such as that due to RV. The aim of this study was to evidence a preventive role of one prebiotic mixture (of short-chain galactooligosaccharide/long-chain fructooligosaccharide), the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and the combination of the prebiotic and the probiotic, as a synbiotic, in a suckling rat double-RV infection model. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum was used as protection control. The first infection was induced with RV SA11 and the second one with EDIM. Clinical variables and immune response were evaluated after both infections. Dietary interventions ameliorated clinical symptoms after the first infection. The prebiotic and the synbiotic significantly reduced viral shedding after the first infection, but all the interventions showed higher viral load than in the RV group after the second infection. All interventions modulated ex vivo antibody and cytokine production, gut wash cytokine levels and small intestine gene expression after both infections. In conclusion, a daily supplement of the products tested in this preclinical model is highly effective in preventing RV-induced diarrhea but allowing the boost of the early immune response for a future immune response against reinfection, suggesting that these components may be potential agents for modulating RV infection in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Rigo-Adrover
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | | | - Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Adele Costabile
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Life Science Department, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
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21
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Tuanthap S, Phupolphan C, Luengyosluechakul S, Duang-In A, Theamboonlers A, Wattanaphansak S, Vongpunsawad S, Amonsin A, Poovorawan Y. Porcine rotavirus C in pigs with gastroenteritis on Thai swine farms, 2011-2016. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4724. [PMID: 29761045 PMCID: PMC5947060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine are economically important food animals, but highly contagious porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and rotavirus can afflict pig herds and contribute significantly to piglet morbidity and mortality. While there have been studies on rotavirus group A (RVA) in Thailand, reports of rotavirus group C (RVC) are limited. Here, we aimed to identify the prevalence of RVC circulating on Thai commercial swine farms. We analyzed 769 feces and intestine mucosal contents of pigs affected with diarrhea between 2011 and 2016 using RT-PCR specific for the PEDV spike (S), rotavirus glycoprotein (G) VP7, and protease-sensitive protein (P) VP4 genes. We found that 6.6% (51/769) of samples tested positive for RVC, of which 11 samples were co-infected with RVA and four samples were co-infected with PEDV. Three samples tested positive for all three viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene showed that the most frequent RVC genotype was G1, which grouped with the prototypic RVC Cowden strain. While G6 and G9 were also common, G3 was relatively rare. Analysis of the VP4 gene revealed that the most common P type was P[5], followed by P[4], P[7], and P[1]. In all, there were six G/P combinations (G6P[5], G1P[1], G1P[4], G1P[5], G9P[4], and G9P[7]), of which G6P[5] was the most predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supansa Tuanthap
- Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cherdpong Phupolphan
- The Livestock Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Supol Luengyosluechakul
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ausanee Duang-In
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphot Wattanaphansak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine demand: considering Bangladesh chapter through the book of global disease burden. Infection 2017; 46:15-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Lewnard JA, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Bar-Zeev N, Samuel P, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Kang G, Pitzer VE. Naturally Acquired Immunity Against Rotavirus Infection and Gastroenteritis in Children: Paired Reanalyses of Birth Cohort Studies. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:317-326. [PMID: 28859432 PMCID: PMC5853322 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies in socioeconomically distinct populations have yielded conflicting conclusions about the strength of naturally acquired immunity against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), mirroring vaccine underperformance in low-income countries. We revisited birth cohort studies to understand naturally acquired protection against rotavirus infection and RVGE. Methods We reanalyzed data from 200 Mexican and 373 Indian children followed from birth to 2 and 3 years of age, respectively. We reassessed protection against RVGE, decomposing the incidence rate into the rate of rotavirus infection and the risk of RVGE given infection, and tested for serum antibody correlates of protection using regression models. Results Risk for primary, secondary, and subsequent infections to cause RVGE decreased per log-month of age by 28% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12%-41%), 69% (95% CI, 30%-86%), and 64% (95% CI, -186% to 95%), respectively, in Mexico City, and by 10% (95% CI, -1% to 19%), 51% (95% CI, 41%-59%) and 67% (95% CI, 57%-75%), respectively, in Vellore. Elevated serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G titers were associated with partial protection against rotavirus infection. Associations between older age and reduced risk for RVGE or moderate-to-severe RVGE given infection persisted after controlling for antibody levels. Conclusions Dissimilar estimates of protection against RVGE may be due in part to age-related, antibody-independent risk for rotavirus infections to cause RVGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lewnard
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Lourdes Guerrero
- Instituto Nacional de Ciences Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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24
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Matsuo H, Tsunoda T, Ooyama K, Sakiyama M, Sogo T, Takada T, Nakashima A, Nakayama A, Kawaguchi M, Higashino T, Wakai K, Ooyama H, Hokari R, Suzuki H, Ichida K, Inui A, Fujimori S, Shinomiya N. Hyperuricemia in acute gastroenteritis is caused by decreased urate excretion via ABCG2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31003. [PMID: 27571712 PMCID: PMC5004129 DOI: 10.1038/srep31003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the physiological and pathophysiological roles of intestinal urate excretion via ABCG2 in humans, we genotyped ABCG2 dysfunctional common variants, Q126X (rs72552713) and Q141K (rs2231142), in end-stage renal disease (hemodialysis) and acute gastroenteritis patients, respectively. ABCG2 dysfunction markedly increased serum uric acid (SUA) levels in 106 hemodialysis patients (P = 1.1 × 10(-4)), which demonstrated the physiological role of ABCG2 for intestinal urate excretion because their urate excretion almost depends on intestinal excretion via ABCG2. Also, ABCG2 dysfunction significantly elevated SUA in 67 acute gastroenteritis patients (P = 6.3 × 10(-3)) regardless of the degree of dehydration, which demonstrated the pathophysiological role of ABCG2 in acute gastroenteritis. These findings for the first time show ABCG2-mediated intestinal urate excretion in humans, and indicates the physiological and pathophysiological importance of intestinal epithelium as an excretion pathway besides an absorption pathway. Furthermore, increased SUA could be a useful marker not only for dehydration but also epithelial impairment of intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0012, Japan
| | - Keiko Ooyama
- Ryougoku East Gate Clinic, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-0026, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakiyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sogo
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0012, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akio Nakashima
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawaguchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.,Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Toshihide Higashino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ooyama
- Ryougoku East Gate Clinic, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-0026, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0012, Japan
| | - Shin Fujimori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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25
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Li JT, Wei J, Guo HX, Han JB, Ye N, He HY, Yu TT, Wu YZ. Development of a human rotavirus induced diarrhea model in Chinese mini-pigs. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7135-7145. [PMID: 27610023 PMCID: PMC4988310 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish a new animal model for the research of human rotavirus (HRV) infection, its pathogenesis and immunity and evaluation of potential vaccines.
METHODS: 5-d, 30-d and 60-d-old Chinese mini-pigs, Guizhou and Bamma, were inoculated with a single oral dose of attenuated strain Wa, G1, G3 of HRV, and PBS (control), respectively, and fecal samples of pigs from 0 to 7 d post infection (DPI) were collected individually. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect HRV antigen in feces. The HRV was tested by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The sections of the intestinal tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to observe the morphologic variation by microscopy. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the HRV in intestinal tissue. HRV particles in cells of the ileum were observed by electron micrography.
RESULTS: When inoculated with HRV, mini-pigs younger than 30 d developed diarrhea in an age-dependent manner and shed HRV antigen of the same inoculum, as demonstrated by RT-PCR. Histopathological changes were observed in HRV inoculated mini-pigs including small intestinal cell tumefaction and necrosis. HRV that was distributed in the small intestine was restricted to the top part of the villi on the internal wall of the ileum, which was observed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Virus particles were observed in Golgi like follicles in HRV-infected neonatal mini-pigs. Guizhou mini-pigs were more sensitive to HRV than Bamma with respect to RV antigen shedding and clinical diarrhea.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that we have established a mini-pig model of HRV induced diarrhea. Our findings are useful for the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of HRV infection.
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26
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Lin JD, Feng N, Sen A, Balan M, Tseng HC, McElrath C, Smirnov SV, Peng J, Yasukawa LL, Durbin RK, Durbin JE, Greenberg HB, Kotenko SV. Distinct Roles of Type I and Type III Interferons in Intestinal Immunity to Homologous and Heterologous Rotavirus Infections. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005600. [PMID: 27128797 PMCID: PMC4851417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) interferons (IFNs) exert shared antiviral activities through distinct receptors. However, their relative importance for antiviral protection of different organ systems against specific viruses remains to be fully explored. We used mouse strains deficient in type-specific IFN signaling, STAT1 and Rag2 to dissect distinct and overlapping contributions of type I and type III IFNs to protection against homologous murine (EW-RV strain) and heterologous (non-murine) simian (RRV strain) rotavirus infections in suckling mice. Experiments demonstrated that murine EW-RV is insensitive to the action of both types of IFNs, and that timely viral clearance depends upon adaptive immune responses. In contrast, both type I and type III IFNs can control replication of the heterologous simian RRV in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and they cooperate to limit extra-intestinal simian RRV replication. Surprisingly, intestinal epithelial cells were sensitive to both IFN types in neonatal mice, although their responsiveness to type I, but not type III IFNs, diminished in adult mice, revealing an unexpected age-dependent change in specific contribution of type I versus type III IFNs to antiviral defenses in the GI tract. Transcriptional analysis revealed that intestinal antiviral responses to RV are triggered through either type of IFN receptor, and are greatly diminished when receptors for both IFN types are lacking. These results also demonstrate a murine host-specific resistance to IFN-mediated antiviral effects by murine EW-RV, but the retention of host efficacy through the cooperative action by type I and type III IFNs in restricting heterologous simian RRV growth and systemic replication in suckling mice. Collectively, our findings revealed a well-orchestrated spatial and temporal tuning of innate antiviral responses in the intestinal tract where two types of IFNs through distinct patterns of their expression and distinct but overlapping sets of target cells coordinately regulate antiviral defenses against heterologous or homologous rotaviruses with substantially different effectiveness. Two distinct families of interferons (IFNs), type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) IFNs, are quickly produced in response to virus infection and engage distinct receptors to invoke shared rapid and broad-spectrum antiviral mechanisms against invading pathogens. However, the relative importance of type I and type III IFNs in protecting different organ systems against specific viruses or distinct strains of an individual virus remains to be fully explored. Here we demonstrated in suckling mice that neither type I nor type III IFNs are effective in blocking intestinal replication of murine rotavirus, rather, viral clearance is dependent upon adaptive immune responses. In contrast, both IFN types cooperate to control intestinal replication and extra-intestinal spread of simian rotavirus in neonatal mice. Unexpectedly, we found that although intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) respond to both types of IFNs in neonatal mice, responsiveness of IECs to type I IFNs, but not type III IFNs, is diminished in adult mice. Transcriptional analysis showed that both types of IFN receptors induced overlapping intestinal antiviral responses, which were abrogated only when both receptor types were deleted. Overall, these findings reveal a well-coordinated spatial and temporal regulation of antiviral defenses by type I and type III IFNs in the gastrointestinal tract that varies significantly depending on the viral strain examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Da Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Adrish Sen
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Murugabaskar Balan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hsiang-Chi Tseng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Constance McElrath
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sergey V. Smirnov
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jianya Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Linda L. Yasukawa
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Russell K. Durbin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joan E. Durbin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HBG); (SVK)
| | - Sergei V. Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HBG); (SVK)
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27
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Rigo-Adrover M, Saldaña-Ruíz S, van Limpt K, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knol J, Franch A, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. A combination of scGOS/lcFOS with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V protects suckling rats from rotavirus gastroenteritis. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1657-1670. [PMID: 27112962 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children, and although more standardized studies are needed, there is evidence that probiotics can help to fight against RV and other infectious and intestinal pathologies. On the other hand, the effects of prebiotics have not been properly addressed in the context of an RV infection. The aim of this study was to demonstrate a protective role for a specific scGOS/lcFOS 9:1 prebiotic mixture (PRE) separately, the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (PRO) separately and the combination of the prebiotic mixture and the probiotic (synbiotic, SYN) in a suckling rat RV infection model. METHODS The animals received the intervention from the 3rd to the 21st day of life by oral gavage. On day 7, RV was orally administered. Clinical parameters and immune response were evaluated. RESULTS The intervention with the PRO reduced the incidence, severity and duration of the diarrhoea (p < 0.05). The PRE and SYN products improved clinical parameters as well, but a change in stool consistency induced by the PRE intervention hindered the observation of this effect. Both the PRE and the SYN, but not the PRO, significantly reduced viral shedding. All interventions modulated the specific antibody response in serum and intestinal washes at day 14 and 21 of life. CONCLUSIONS A daily supplement of a scGOS/lcFOS 9:1 prebiotic mixture, Bifidobacterium breve M-16V or a combination of both is highly effective in modulating RV-induced diarrhoea in this preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rigo-Adrover
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Saldaña-Ruíz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - K Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Knol
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Franch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Castell
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Pérez-Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Xie L, Yan M, Wang X, Ye J, Mi K, Yan S, Niu X, Li H, Sun M. Immunogenicity and efficacy in mice of an adenovirus-based bicistronic rotavirus vaccine expressing NSP4 and VP7. Virus Res 2015; 210:298-307. [PMID: 26368053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NSP4 and VP7 are important functional proteins of rotavirus. Proper combination of viral gene expression is favorable to improving the protection effect of subunit vaccine. In the present study, We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of the bicistronic recombinant adenovirus (rAd-NSP4-VP7) and two single-gene expressing adenoviruses (rAd-NSP4, rAd-VP7). The three adenovirus vaccines were used to immunize mice by intramuscular or intranasal administration. The data showed significant increases in serum antibodies, T lymphocyte subpopulations proliferation, and cytokine secretions of splenocyte in all immunized groups. However, the serum IgA and neutralizing antibody levels of the rAd-NSP4-VP7 or rAd-VP7 groups were significantly higher than those of the rAd-NSP4, while the splenocyte numbers of IFN-γ secretion in the rAd-NSP4-VP7 or rAd-NSP4 groups was greater than that of the rAd-VP7. Furthermore, the efficacy evaluation in a suckling mice model indicated that only rAd-NSP4-VP7 conferred significant protection against rotavirus shedding challenge. These results suggest that the co-expression of NSP4 and VP7 in an adenovirus vector induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses efficiently, and provide potential efficacy for protection against rotavirus disease. It is possible to represent an efficacious subunits vaccine strategy for control of rotavirus infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China; Kunming University, School of Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Min Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Kai Mi
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Shanshan Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Xianglian Niu
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
| | - Maosheng Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
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Marthaler D, Homwong N, Rossow K, Culhane M, Goyal S, Collins J, Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M. Rapid detection and high occurrence of porcine rotavirus A, B, and C by RT-qPCR in diagnostic samples. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:30-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Park JG, Kim DS, Matthijnssens J, Kwon HJ, Zeller M, Alfajaro MM, Son KY, Hosmillo M, Ryu EH, Kim JY, Lee JH, Park SJ, Kang MI, Kwon J, Choi JS, Cho KO. Comparison of pathogenicities and nucleotide changes between porcine and bovine reassortant rotavirus strains possessing the same genotype constellation in piglets and calves. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Shafi A, Farooq U, Akram K, Jaskani M, Siddique F, Tanveer A. Antidiarrheal Effect of Food Fermented by Various Strains ofLactobacillus. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:229-239. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Shafi
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Kashif Akram
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Mahgul Jaskani
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Farzana Siddique
- Dept. of Food Technology; Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture Univ.; Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Amna Tanveer
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
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Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Human rotavirus virus-like particle vaccines evaluated in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:169-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Park JG, Kim HJ, Matthijnssens J, Alfajaro MM, Kim DS, Son KY, Kwon HJ, Hosmillo M, Ryu EH, Kim JY, Cena RB, Lee JH, Kang MI, Park SI, Cho KO. Different virulence of porcine and porcine-like bovine rotavirus strains with genetically nearly identical genomes in piglets and calves. Vet Res 2013; 44:88. [PMID: 24083947 PMCID: PMC3851489 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct interspecies transmissions of group A rotaviruses (RVA) have been reported under natural conditions. However, the pathogenicity of RVA has never been directly compared in homologous and heterologous hosts. The bovine RVA/Cow-tc/KOR/K5/2004/G5P[7] strain, which was shown to possess a typical porcine-like genotype constellation similar to that of the G5P[7] prototype RVA/Pig-tc/USA/OSU/1977/G5P9[7] strain, was examined for its pathogenicity and compared with the porcine G5P[7] RVA/Pig-tc/KOR/K71/2006/G5P[7] strain possessing the same genotype constellation. The bovine K5 strain induced diarrhea and histopathological changes in the small intestine of piglets and calves, whereas the porcine K71 strain caused diarrhea and histopathological changes in the small intestine of piglets, but not in calves. Furthermore, the bovine K5 strain showed extra-intestinal tropisms in both piglets and calves, whereas the porcine K71 strain had extra-intestinal tropisms in piglets, but not in calves. Therefore, we performed comparative genomic analysis of the K71 and K5 RVA strains to determine whether specific mutations could be associated with these distinct clinical and pathological phenotypes. Full-length sequencing analyses for the 11 genomic segments for K71 and K5 revealed that these strains were genetically nearly identical to each other. Two nucleotide mutations were found in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of NSP5 and the 3′ UTR of NSP3, and eight amino acid mutations in VP1-VP4 and NSP2. Some of these mutations may be critical molecular determinants for RVA virulence and/or pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Tokuhara D, Álvarez B, Mejima M, Hiroiwa T, Takahashi Y, Kurokawa S, Kuroda M, Oyama M, Kozuka-Hata H, Nochi T, Sagara H, Aladin F, Marcotte H, Frenken LGJ, Iturriza-Gómara M, Kiyono H, Hammarström L, Yuki Y. Rice-based oral antibody fragment prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infection. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3829-38. [PMID: 23925294 DOI: 10.1172/jci70266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus-induced diarrhea is a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals and in children in developing countries. We have developed a system for prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus disease using transgenic rice expressing the neutralizing variable domain of a rotavirus-specific llama heavy-chain antibody fragment (MucoRice-ARP1). MucoRice-ARP1 was produced at high levels in rice seeds using an overexpression system and RNAi technology to suppress the production of major rice endogenous storage proteins. Orally administered MucoRice-ARP1 markedly decreased the viral load in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. The antibody retained in vitro neutralizing activity after long-term storage (>1 yr) and boiling and conferred protection in mice even after heat treatment at 94°C for 30 minutes. High-yield, water-soluble, and purification-free MucoRice-ARP1 thus forms the basis for orally administered prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tokuhara
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Kim HH, Park JG, Matthijnssens J, Kim HJ, Kwon HJ, Son KY, Ryu EH, Kim DS, Lee WS, Kang MI, Yang DK, Lee JH, Park SJ, Cho KO. Pathogenicity of porcine G9P[23] and G9P[7] rotaviruses in piglets. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:123-37. [PMID: 23827353 PMCID: PMC7117468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
G9 group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are considered important pathogens in pigs and humans, and pigs are hypothesized to be a potential host reservoir for human. However, intestinal and extra-intestinal pathogenicity and viremia of porcine G9 RVAs has remained largely unreported. In this study, colostrum-deprived piglets were orally infected with a porcine G9P[23] or G9P[7] strain. Histopathologically, both strains induced characteristic small intestinal lesions. Degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells were observed in the extra-intestinal tissues, but most predominantly in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). RVA antigen was continuously detected in the small intestinal mucosa and MLNs, but only transiently in cells of the liver, lung, and choroid plexus. Viral RNA levels were much higher in the feces and the MLNs compared to other tissues. The onset of viremia occurred at day post infection (DPI) 1 with the amount of viral RNA reaching its peak at DPI 3 or 5, before decreasing significantly at DPI 7 and remaining detectable until DPI 14. Our data suggest that porcine G9 RVAs have a strong small intestinal tropism, are highly virulent for piglets, have the ability to escape the small intestine, spread systemically via viremia, and replicate in extra-intestinal tissues. In addition, MLNs might act as a secondary site for viral amplification and the portal of systemic entry. These results add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of human G9 RVAs, and the validity of the pig model for use with both human and pig G9 RVAs in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Simultaneous detection of group a rotavirus in Swine and rat on a pig farm in Brazil. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:648406. [PMID: 23766702 PMCID: PMC3671536 DOI: 10.1155/2013/648406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of rotavirus in porcine and Rattus norvegicus, at the same time, on a pig farm in the city of Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil. Swine (n = 21) and rat (n = 6) fecal samples were analyzed by nested RT-PCR assay. Rotavirus occurred in seven porcine and two rat samples. A total of three pig and one rat samples were further submitted to genetic sequencing. The partial NSP5 gene phylogeny showed that all strains were segregated in the genotype H1. These results point toward a cross-species transmission between rats and pigs on the surveyed farm and represent the first detection of rotavirus in Rattus norvegicus in Brazil.
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The suckling rat as a model for immunonutrition studies in early life. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:537310. [PMID: 22899949 PMCID: PMC3415261 DOI: 10.1155/2012/537310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal immune function. Research demonstrates the immunomodulatory properties and mechanisms of particular nutrients; however, these aspects are studied less in early life, when diet may exert an important role in the immune development of the neonate. Besides the limited data from epidemiological and human interventional trials in early life, animal models hold the key to increase the current knowledge about this interaction in this particular period. This paper reports the potential of the suckling rat as a model for immunonutrition studies in early life. In particular, it describes the main changes in the systemic and mucosal immune system development during rat suckling and allows some of these elements to be established as target biomarkers for studying the influence of particular nutrients. Different approaches to evaluate these immune effects, including the manipulation of the maternal diet during gestation and/or lactation or feeding the nutrient directly to the pups, are also described in detail. In summary, this paper provides investigators with useful tools for better designing experimental approaches focused on nutrition in early life for programming and immune development by using the suckling rat as a model.
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Kim HJ, Park JG, Alfajaro MM, Kim DS, Hosmillo M, Son KY, Lee JH, Bae YC, Park SI, Kang MI, Cho KO. Pathogenicity characterization of a bovine triple reassortant rotavirus in calves and piglets. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:11-22. [PMID: 22465801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are important human and animal pathogens with high impact on public health and livestock industry. There is little evidence about the cross-species pathogenicity and extra-intestinal infections of animal and human reassortant rotaviruses, particularly based on all 11 genotyping data. In this study, the bovine triple reassortant KJ56-1 strain harboring two bovine-like genome segments, eight porcine-like genome segments, and one human-like genome segment was used to evaluate the cross-species pathogenicity in its parent species, calves and piglets, and to determine its abilities of causing viremia and extra-intestinal tropisms in piglets. The KJ56-1 strain isolated from a calf diarrhea fecal sample replicated without causing diarrhea and severe intestinal pathology in calves. However, piglets inoculated with this strain showed persistent severe diarrhea and marked intestinal pathology. By SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR, viral RNA was detected in the sera, mesenteric lymph node, lung, liver, choroid plexus, and cerebrospinal fluid in the experimental piglets. An immunofluorescence assay confirmed viral replication in these extra-intestinal organs and tissues. These results indicated that the bovine triple reassortant KJ56-1 strain was virulent to piglets but not to calves. Our data also demonstrated that the reassortant rotaviruses had the ability to spread to the bloodstream from the gut, enter and amplify in the mesenteric lymph node, and disseminate to the extra-intestinal organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Kim HJ, Park JG, Matthijnssens J, Lee JH, Bae YC, Alfajaro MM, Park SI, Kang MI, Cho KO. Intestinal and extra-intestinal pathogenicity of a bovine reassortant rotavirus in calves and piglets. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:291-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Buragohain M, Dhale GS, Raut CG, Kang G, Chitambar SD. Analyses of clinical, pathological and virological features of human rotavirus strain, YO induced gastroenteritis in infant BALB/c mice. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:331-8. [PMID: 21163362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies of human rotavirus infections in mice are limited and there is lack of information on the quantitative assessment of rotaviral replication and its relationship with histological changes. In the present study, consequences of human rotavirus strain, YO induced gastroenteritis in infant BALB/c mice were analyzed for the occurrence of clinical symptoms, histopathology and virological events. The infected animals developed diarrhea and dehydration and showed accumulation of vacuolated enterocytes with lodging of the rotavirus antigens and shortening of villi in the intestine over a period of 5 days. The ileum was identified as the most susceptible and supportive part of small intestine for perpetuation of rotavirus infection in mice. Rotaviral antigen/RNA in stool and RNA in intestine were detected throughout the clinical disease period. At 48-72 h post inoculation, diarrhea was at the peak (90-95%) in the infected animals with increased load of viral RNA and intense pathological lesions suggesting it as the critical time point in the course of infection. The rising titers of antirotavirus neutralizing antibodies ascertained the replication of human rotavirus strain, YO in mice. These data may contribute to the understanding of pathophysiological, immunological and virological characteristics of rotavirus infections in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Buragohain
- Enteric Viruses Department, National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune - 411 001, India
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41
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An oral versus intranasal prime/boost regimen using attenuated human rotavirus or VP2 and VP6 virus-like particles with immunostimulating complexes influences protection and antibody-secreting cell responses to rotavirus in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:420-8. [PMID: 20107005 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00395-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We determined the impact of mucosal prime/boost regimens and vaccine type (attenuated Wa human rotavirus [AttHRV] or nonreplicating Wa 2/6 rotavirus-like particles [VLP]) on protection and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses to HRV in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Comparisons of delivery routes for AttHRV and evaluation of nonreplicating VLP vaccines are important as alternative vaccine approaches to overcome risks associated with live oral vaccines. Groups of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were vaccinated using combinations of oral (PO) and intranasal (IN) inoculation routes as follows: (i) 3 oral doses of AttHRV (AttHRV3xPO); (ii) AttHRV3xIN; (iii) AttHRVPO, then 2/6VLP2xIN; (iv) AttHRVIN, then 2/6VLP2xIN; and (v) mock-inoculated controls. Subsets of pigs from each group were challenged with virulent Wa HRV [P1A(8) G1] (4 weeks post-primary inoculation) to assess protection. The AttHRVPO+2/6VLP2xIN pigs had the highest protection rates against virus shedding and diarrhea (71% each); however, these rates did not differ statistically among the vaccine groups, except for the AttHRVIN+2/6VLPIN group, which had a significantly lower protection rate (17%) against diarrhea. The isotype, magnitude, and tissue distribution of ASCs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The highest mean numbers of virus-specific IgG and IgA ASCs were observed pre- and postchallenge in both intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues of the AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN group. Thus, the AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN vaccine regimen using immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) and multiple mucosal inductive sites, followed by AttHRV3xPO or IN regimens, were the most effective vaccine regimens, suggesting that either AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN or AttHRV3xIN may be an alternative approach to AttHRV3xPO for inducing protective immunity against rotavirus diarrhea.
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42
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Rotavirus strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity. Immunol Lett 2009; 127:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Greenberg HB, Estes MK. Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1939-51. [PMID: 19457420 PMCID: PMC3690811 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in children worldwide; the enormous disease burden has focused efforts to develop vaccines and led to the discovery of novel mechanisms of gastrointestinal virus pathogenesis and host responses to infection. Two live-attenuated vaccines for gastroenteritis (Rotateq [Merck] and Rotarix) have been licensed in many countries. This review summarizes the latest data on these vaccines, their effectiveness, and challenges to global vaccination. Recent insights into rotavirus pathogenesis also are discussed, including information on extraintestinal infection, viral antagonists of the interferon response, and the first described viral enterotoxin. Rotavirus-induced diarrhea now is considered to be a disease that can be prevented through vaccination, although there are many challenges to achieving global effectiveness. Molecular biology studies of rotavirus replication and pathogenesis have identified unique viral targets that might be useful in developing therapies for immunocompromised children with chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B. Greenberg
- Senior Associate Dean for Research, Joseph D. Grant Professor of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Alway Bldg, Rm M-121
- 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, phone: 650-725-9722, fax: 650-725-7368
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Cullen Endowed Chair of Molecular and Human Virology, Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine -GI, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030-3498, 713-798-3585, 713-798-3586 fax
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44
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Pérez-Cano FJ, Marín-Gallén S, Castell M, Rodríguez-Palmero M, Rivero M, Castellote C, Franch A. Supplementing suckling rats with whey protein concentrate modulates the immune response and ameliorates rat rotavirus-induced diarrhea. J Nutr 2008; 138:2392-8. [PMID: 19022963 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV) are the most common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children <2 y. The present study was designed to establish the effect of a bovine whey protein concentrate (WPC) in a RV infection model in suckling rats. From d 3 of life, suckling Lewis rats received daily supplements of WPC, WPC plus lactoferrin (LF), standard infant formula (SIF), or water (RV-infected group and an untreated, uninfected reference group). On d 8 of life, heterologous simian RV SA-11 was inoculated orally in the WPC-RV, WPC+LF-RV, SIF-RV, and RV groups. WPC and WPC+LF reduced diarrhea incidence from approximately 90% in RV group to approximately 60% in WPC-RV and WPC+LF-RV groups (P < 0.05), whereas the area under the curve (AUC) of severity along time diminished from approximately 10 AUC in the RV group to approximately 6 AUC in both supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Serum levels of anti-RV antibodies, splenocyte proliferation, and interferon-gamma secretion after specific stimulation were significantly lower in the WPC-RV and WPC+LF-RV groups than in the SIF-RV and RV groups. In the intraepithelial intestinal compartment, RV infection increased the proportion of typical mucosal T cells (IE-T CD8alphaalpha+); however, this modification was controlled by WPC and WPC+LF supplementation. In general, for most of the parameters studied, the SIF-RV and RV groups did not differ. In summary, daily supplementation with WPC or WPC+LF in early life considerably reduces the severity of RV-induced acute gastroenteritis and modulates the immune response against the pathogen.
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45
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Hyser JM, Zeng CQY, Beharry Z, Palzkill T, Estes MK. Epitope mapping and use of epitope-specific antisera to characterize the VP5* binding site in rotavirus SA11 NSP4. Virology 2007; 373:211-28. [PMID: 18164740 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of infantile gastroenteritis worldwide. RV nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4), the first characterized viral enterotoxin, is a 28-kDa glycoprotein that has pleiotropic functions in RV infection and pathogenesis. NSP4 has multiple forms enabling it to perform its different functions. Dissecting such functions could be facilitated by use of epitope-specific antibodies. This work mapped the epitopes for the monoclonal antibody B4-2/55 and three polyclonal antisera generated against synthetic SA11 NSP4 peptides corresponding to residues 114-135, 120-147, and 150-175. The epitope for B4-2/55 mapped to residues 100-118, wherein residues E105, R108 and E111 are critical for antibody binding. Antiserum generated to two peptides (aa114-135 and aa120-147) with enterotoxin activity each recognize a single but distinct epitope. The epitope for the peptide antiserum to aa114-135 was mapped to residues 114-125 with highly conserved residues T117/T118, E120, and E122 being critical for antibody binding. The peptide antiserum to aa120-147 binds to NSP4 at residues 130-140 and residues Q137-T138 are critical for this epitope. Finally, the epitope for the antiserum to peptide aa150-175 mapped to residues 155-170, wherein residues E160 and E170 are critical for antibody binding. Knowledge of the binding sites of domain-specific antibodies can aid in further characterizing different functions of NSP4. To demonstrate this, we characterized the interaction between NSP4 and VP5() [K(D)=0.47 microM] and show that binding of NSP4 to VP5* is blocked by antibody to NSP4 aa114-135 and aa120-147, but not aa150-175. The use of single epitope-specific antibodies to differentially block functions of NSP4 is a feasible approach to determine the functional domain structure of this important RV virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M, Castellote C, Franch A. Characterization of clinical and immune response in a rotavirus diarrhea model in suckling Lewis rats. Pediatr Res 2007; 62:658-63. [PMID: 17957154 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318159a273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading pathogens causing diarrhea in children and animals. The present study was designed to establish an experimental model of RV infection and immune response in suckling rats. Wistar (W) and Lewis (L) suckling rats were inoculated orally with two different doses of a simian RV SA-11 strain. RV infection was evaluated by growth rate and clinical indexes. Virus-shedding and serum anti-RV antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mucosal interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), specific splenocyte proliferation, and spleen and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) phenotype were analyzed. No diarrhea was observed in any inoculated Ws. All Ls developed acute moderate diarrhea, and a high score and incidence of diarrhea were found in rats infected with higher titers of RV. Specific humoral and cell systemic immune response was confirmed by splenocyte proliferation and by the presence of serum anti-RV antibodies. Moreover, RV infection induced changes in IEL composition, which showed an increase in the proportion of innate immune cells with respect to cells involved in acquired immunity. This acute moderate diarrhea process constitutes a good experimental model that also provides some immune biomarkers that may allow establishing modulation by drugs or diet components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain E-08028 Barcelona.
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47
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McNeal MM, Basu M, Bean JA, Clements JD, Lycke NY, Ramne A, Löwenadler B, Choi AHC, Ward RL. Intrarectal immunization of mice with VP6 and either LT(R192G) or CTA1-DD as adjuvant protects against fecal rotavirus shedding after EDIM challenge. Vaccine 2007; 25:6224-31. [PMID: 17629371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal or oral delivery of the chimeric rotavirus VP6 protein MBP::VP6 to mice elicited >90% reductions in fecal rotavirus shedding after murine rotavirus challenge. Protection depended on co-administration of adjuvants, the most effective being bacterial toxins. Because of safety and efficacy concerns following intranasal or oral toxin delivery, protective efficacy of MBP::VP6 after intrarectal delivery with toxin adjuvants was determined and compared to that induced after intranasal and oral immunization. Adult BALB/c mice were orally challenged with the murine rotavirus strain EDIM 4 weeks after their second immunization with MBP::VP6 and either LT(R192G), an attenuated Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, or CTA1-DD, a cholera toxin derivative. Reductions in fecal rotavirus shedding were then determined relative to mock-immunized mice. Immunization with MBP::VP6 and either adjuvant by any route (except oral immunization with CTA1-DD) significantly (P<0.0001) reduced rotavirus shedding. As was previously found after oral and intranasal immunization, intrarectal immunization with MBP::VP6 and adjuvant was associated with T cell responses (IFNgamma and IL-17) but not B cell (antibody) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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48
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Graham KL, O'Donnell JA, Tan Y, Sanders N, Carrington EM, Allison J, Coulson BS. Rotavirus infection of infant and young adult nonobese diabetic mice involves extraintestinal spread and delays diabetes onset. J Virol 2007; 81:6446-58. [PMID: 17428851 PMCID: PMC1900081 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses have been implicated as a possible viral trigger for exacerbations in islet autoimmunity, suggesting they might modulate type 1 diabetes development. In this study, the ability of rotavirus strain RRV to infect the pancreas and affect insulitis and diabetes was examined in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, an experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Mice were inoculated either orally or intraperitoneally as infants or young adults. In infant mice inoculated orally, rotavirus antigen was detected in pancreatic macrophages outside islets and infectious virus was found in blood cells, pancreas, spleen, and liver. Extraintestinal RRV spread and pancreatic presence of infectious virus also occurred in intraperitoneally inoculated infant and adult mice. The initiation of insulitis was unaltered by infection. The onset of diabetes was delayed in infant mice inoculated orally and infant and adult mice inoculated intraperitoneally. In contrast, adult mice inoculated orally showed no evidence of pancreatic RRV, the lowest rate of detectable RRV replication, and no diabetes modulation. Thus, the ability of RRV infection to modulate diabetes development in infant and young adult NOD mice was related to the overall extent of detectable virus replication and the presence of infectious virus extraintestinally, including in the pancreas. These studies show that RRV infection of infant and young adult NOD mice provides significant protection against diabetes. As these findings do not support the hypothesis that rotavirus triggers autoimmunity related to type 1 diabetes, further research is needed to resolve this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gate 11, Royal Parade, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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49
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Reimerink JHJ, Boshuizen JA, Einerhand AWC, Duizer E, van Amerongen G, Schmidt N, Koopmans MPG. Systemic immune response after rotavirus inoculation of neonatal mice depends on source and level of purification of the virus: implications for the use of heterologous vaccine candidates. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:604-612. [PMID: 17251579 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and vaccines are currently under development, with clinical trails conducted in humans worldwide. The immune responses in infant BALB/c mice were examined following oral inoculation with murine rotavirus EDIM (2 x 10(4) focus-forming units) and with three CsCl gradient-purified fractions of heterologous simian rotavirus SA11 (standardized at 2 x 10(6) CCID(50)) that differed in antigen composition: fraction 1 was enriched for double-layered rotavirus particles, fraction 2 for triple-layered particles and fraction 3 consisted mainly of cell components. Diarrhoea and high IgG responses, but marginal IgA responses, were observed after inoculation with all three SA11 fractions. Virus shedding was observed in all EDIM-inoculated mice, but in none of the SA11-inoculated mice. Rotavirus-specific IgG1 : 2a ratios were similar in mice inoculated with EDIM and SA11 fraction 1, but higher for SA11 fraction 3- and lower for SA11 fraction 2-inoculated mice. A higher IgG1 : 2a ratio indicates a more Th2-like immune response. This undesirable response is apparently mostly induced by inoculation with heterologous rotavirus in the presence of abundant cell-associated and soluble rotavirus proteins, compared with infection with a more purified preparation or with homologous virus. These data show that, following inoculation with a standardized amount of infectious virus, the composition of the fraction influences the outcome of the immune responses significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H J Reimerink
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Jos A Boshuizen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC/Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra W C Einerhand
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC/Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Duizer
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Nico Schmidt
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
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50
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Zekarias B, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Post J, Balk F, van Reenen C, Gruys E, Rebel JMJ. The pathogenesis of and susceptibility to malabsorption syndrome in broilers is associated with heterophil influx into the intestinal mucosa and epithelial apoptosis. Avian Pathol 2007; 34:402-7. [PMID: 16236573 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500268328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Malabsorption syndrome (MAS) in broilers is characterized by enteritis and reduced body weight gain. The pathogenesis of the intestinal lesions and the reasons for susceptibility differences between broiler lines are not clear. We studied the development of enteric lesions, epithelial apoptosis, and cell proliferation in relation to susceptibility. One-day-old chickens from two broiler lines were orally inoculated with intestinal homogenate derived from MAS-affected chickens. Vacuolar degeneration and apoptosis of the villous epithelium and infiltration of heterophils into the lamina propria occurred from day 1 post-inoculation. Following heterophil accumulation, at day 4 to 6 post-inoculation, there was severe apoptosis of the crypt epithelium and villous atrophy. The susceptible broilers had a significantly greater influx of heterophils and, subsequently, severe epithelial apoptosis and cystic damage to the crypts. There appeared to be a causal relationship between heterophil influx and the onset of apoptosis. Coincident with the epithelial apoptosis, MAS-affected chickens had crypt hyperproliferation and faster epithelial turnover. Heterophil infiltration and epithelial apoptosis appear to be critical in the pathogenesis of MAS. Heterophil recruitment may be a major factor in differences in susceptibility to MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Zekarias
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, Division of Animal Resources Development, P.O. Box 65, 8200, AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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