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Gutowska A, Sarkis S, Rahman MA, Goldfarbmuren KC, Moles R, Bissa M, Doster M, Washington-Parks R, McKinnon K, Silva de Castro I, Schifanella L, Franchini G, Pise-Masison CA. Complete Rescue of HTLV-1 p12KO Infectivity by Depletion of Monocytes Together with NK and CD8 + T Cells. Pathogens 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38668247 PMCID: PMC11054408 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient depletion of monocytes alone prior to exposure of macaques to HTLV-1 enhances both HTLV-1WT (wild type) and HTLV-1p12KO (Orf-1 knockout) infectivity, but seroconversion to either virus is not sustained over time, suggesting a progressive decrease in virus expression. These results raise the hypotheses that either HTLV-1 persistence depends on a monocyte reservoir or monocyte depletion provides a transient immune evasion benefit. To test these hypotheses, we simultaneously depleted NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and monocytes (triple depletion) prior to exposure to HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO. Remarkably, triple depletion resulted in exacerbation of infection by both viruses and complete rescue of HTLV-1p12KO infectivity. Following triple depletion, we observed rapid and sustained seroconversion, high titers of antibodies against HTLV-1 p24Gag, and frequent detection of viral DNA in the blood and tissues of all animals when compared with depletion of only CD8+ and NK cells, or monocytes alone. The infection of macaques with HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO was associated with higher plasma levels of IL-10 after 21 weeks, while IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-18, and IL-1β were only elevated in animals infected with HTLV-1WT. The repeat depletion of monocytes, NK, and CD8+ cells seven months following the first exposure to HTLV-1 did not further exacerbate viral replication. These results underscore the contribution of monocytes in orchestrating anti-viral immunity. Indeed, the absence of orf-1 expression was fully compensated by the simultaneous depletion of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and monocytes, underlining the primary role of orf-1 in hijacking host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine C. Goldfarbmuren
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Melvin Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Robyn Washington-Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
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Silva De Castro I, Granato A, Mariante RM, Lima MA, Leite ACC, Espindola ODM, Pise-Masison CA, Franchini G, Linden R, Echevarria-Lima J. HTLV-1 p12 modulates the levels of prion protein (PrP C) in CD4 + T cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1175679. [PMID: 37637115 PMCID: PMC10449582 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1175679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infection with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in Brazil and is linked with pro-inflammatory conditions including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic neuroinflammatory incapacitating disease that culminates in loss of motor functions. The mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of HAM/TSP are incompletely understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammation and infectious agents can affect the expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in immune cells. Methods Here, we investigated whether HTLV-1 infection affected PrPC content in cell lines and primary CD4+cells in vitro using flow cytometry and western blot assays. Results We found that HTLV-1 infection decreased the expression levels of PrPC and HTLV-1 Orf I encoded p12, an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein also known to affect post-transcriptionally cellular proteins such as MHC-class I and the IL-2 receptor. In addition, we observed a reduced percentage of CD4+ T cells from infected individuals expressing PrPC, which was reflected by IFN type II but not IL-17 expression. Discussion These results suggested that PrPC downregulation, linked to both HTLV-1 p12 and IFN-γ expression in CD4+ cells, may play a role in the neuropathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Silva De Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rafael Meyer Mariante
- Laboratório de Neurogenesis, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Celestino Leite
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Melo Espindola
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratório de Neurogenesis, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Echevarria-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bajnok A, Serény-Litvai T, Temesfői V, Nörenberg J, Herczeg R, Kaposi A, Berki T, Mezosi E. An Optimized Flow Cytometric Method to Demonstrate the Differentiation Stage-Dependent Ca 2+ Flux Responses of Peripheral Human B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109107. [PMID: 37240453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) flux acts as a central signaling pathway in B cells, and its alterations are associated with autoimmune dysregulation and B-cell malignancies. We standardized a flow-cytometry-based method using various stimuli to investigate the Ca2+ flux characteristics of circulating human B lymphocytes from healthy individuals. We found that different activating agents trigger distinct Ca2+ flux responses and that B-cell subsets show specific developmental-stage dependent Ca2+ flux response patterns. Naive B cells responded with a more substantial Ca2+ flux to B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation than memory B cells. Non-switched memory cells responded to anti-IgD stimulation with a naive-like Ca2+ flux pattern, whereas their anti-IgM response was memory-like. Peripheral antibody-secreting cells retained their IgG responsivity but showed reduced Ca2+ responses upon activation, indicating their loss of dependence on Ca2+ signaling. Ca2+ flux is a relevant functional test for B cells, and its alterations could provide insight into pathological B-cell activation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bajnok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Serény-Litvai
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Temesfői
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jasper Nörenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ambrus Kaposi
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Programming Languages and Compilers, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Berki
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emese Mezosi
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Pise-Masison CA, Franchini G. Hijacking Host Immunity by the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1: Implications for Therapeutic and Preventive Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:2084. [PMID: 36298639 PMCID: PMC9609126 DOI: 10.3390/v14102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other inflammatory diseases. High viral DNA burden (VL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is a documented risk factor for ATLL and HAM/TSP, and patients with HAM/TSP have a higher VL in cerebrospinal fluid than in peripheral blood. VL alone is not sufficient to differentiate symptomatic patients from healthy carriers, suggesting the importance of other factors, including host immune response. HTLV-1 infection is life-long; CD4+-infected cells are not eradicated by the immune response because HTLV-1 inhibits the function of dendritic cells, monocytes, Natural Killer cells, and adaptive cytotoxic CD8+ responses. Although the majority of infected CD4+ T-cells adopt a resting phenotype, antigen stimulation may result in bursts of viral expression. The antigen-dependent "on-off" viral expression creates "conditional latency" that when combined with ineffective host responses precludes virus eradication. Epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the continuous attempt of the host immunity to eliminate infected cells results in chronic immune activation that can be further exacerbated by co-morbidities, resulting in the development of severe disease. We review cell and animal model studies that uncovered mechanisms used by HTLV-1 to usurp and/or counteract host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Moles R, Sarkis S, Galli V, Omsland M, Artesi M, Bissa M, McKinnon K, Brown S, Hahaut V, Washington-Parks R, Welsh J, Venzon DJ, Gutowska A, Doster MN, Breed MW, Killoran KE, Kramer J, Jones J, Moniuszko M, Van den Broeke A, Pise-Masison CA, Franchini G. NK cells and monocytes modulate primary HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010416. [PMID: 35377924 PMCID: PMC9022856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of monocytes, NK cells, and CD8+ T-cells in primary HTLV-1 infection by depleting cell subsets and exposing macaques to either HTLV-1 wild type (HTLV-1WT) or to the HTLV-1p12KO mutant unable to infect replete animals due to a single point mutation in orf-I that inhibits its expression. The orf-I encoded p8/p12 proteins counteract cytotoxic NK and CD8+ T-cells and favor viral DNA persistence in monocytes. Double NK and CD8+ T-cells or CD8 depletion alone accelerated seroconversion in all animals exposed to HTLV-1WT. In contrast, HTLV-1p12KO infectivity was fully restored only when NK cells were also depleted, demonstrating a critical role of NK cells in primary infection. Monocyte/macrophage depletion resulted in accelerated seroconversion in all animals exposed to HTLV-1WT, but antibody titers to the virus were low and not sustained. Seroconversion did not occur in most animals exposed to HTLV-1p12KO.In vitro experiments in human primary monocytes or THP-1 cells comparing HTLV-1WT and HTLV-1p12KO demonstrated that orf-I expression is associated with inhibition of inflammasome activation in primary cells, with increased CD47 “don’t-eat-me” signal surface expression in virus infected cells and decreased monocyte engulfment of infected cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a critical role for innate NK cells in primary infection and suggest a dual role of monocytes in primary infection. On one hand, orf-I expression increases the chances of viral transmission by sparing infected cells from efferocytosis, and on the other may protect the engulfed infected cells by modulating inflammasome activation. These data also suggest that, once infection is established, the stoichiometry of orf-I expression may contribute to the chronic inflammation observed in HTLV-1 infection by modulating monocyte efferocytosis. The immune cells that inhibit or favor HTLV-1 infection are still unknown and their identification is critical for understanding viral pathogenesis and for the development of an effective HTLV-1 vaccine. Neutralizing antibodies are produced in natural HTLV-1 infection, but their impact is likely hampered by the virus’s ability to be transmitted from cell to cell via the virological synapse, cellular conduits, and biofilms. By depleting specific immune cell subsets in blood, we found that NK cells play a critical role in the containment of early HTLV-1 infection. Moreover, transient depletion of monocytes/macrophages results in early, but not sustained seroconversion, suggesting that early engagement of monocytes may be necessary for long-term productive infection. The engulfment of apoptotic T-cells infected by HTLV-1 may represent a viral strategy to persist in the host since the viral proteins encoded by orf-I and orf-II affect the function of receptors and proteins involved in efferocytosis. These results suggest that effective HTLV-1 vaccines must also elicit durable innate responses able to promptly clear virus invasion of monocytes through engulfment of infected T-cells to avoid the establishment of a vicious cycle that leads to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Omsland
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Artesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sophia Brown
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vincent Hahaut
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Robyn Washington-Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melvin N. Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristin E. Killoran
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anne Van den Broeke
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Hirons A, Khoury G, Purcell DFJ. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1: a lifelong persistent infection, yet never truly silent. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:e2-e10. [PMID: 32986997 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) has a large global burden and in some key communities, such as Indigenous Australians living in remote areas, greater than 45% of people are infected. Despite HTLV-1 causing serious malignancy and myelopathic paraparesis, and a significant association with a range of inflammatory comorbidities and secondary infections that shorten lifespan, few biomedical interventions are available. HTLV-1 starkly contrasts with other blood-borne sexually transmitted viral infections, such as, HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, with no antiviral treatments that reduce virus-infected cells, no rapid diagnostics or biomarker assays suitable for use in remote settings, and no effective vaccine. We review how the replication strategies and molecular properties of HTLV-1 establish a long-term stealthy viral pathogenesis through a fine-tuned balance of persistence, immune cell dysfunction, and proliferation of proviral infected cells that collectively present robust barriers to treatment and prevention. An understanding of the nature of the HTLV-1 provirus and opposing actions of viral-coded negative-sense HBZ and positive-sense regulatory proteins Tax, p12 and its cleaved product p8, and p30, is needed to improve the biomedical tools for preventing transmission and improving the long-term health of people with this lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hirons
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Mann SE, Zhou Z, Landry LG, Anderson AM, Alkanani AK, Fischer J, Peakman M, Mallone R, Campbell K, Michels AW, Nakayama M. Multiplex T Cell Stimulation Assay Utilizing a T Cell Activation Reporter-Based Detection System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 32328071 PMCID: PMC7160884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in single cell sequencing technologies allow for identification of numerous immune-receptors expressed by T cells such as tumor-specific and autoimmune T cells. Determining antigen specificity of those cells holds immense therapeutic promise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a method that can efficiently test antigen reactivity of multiple T cell receptors (TCRs) with limited cost, time, and labor. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor involved in producing cytokines and is often utilized as a reporter system for T cell activation. Using a NFAT-based fluorescent reporter system, we generated T-hybridoma cell lines that express intensely fluorescent proteins in response to antigen stimulation and constitutively express additional fluorescent proteins, which serve as identifiers of each T-hybridoma expressing a unique TCR. This allows for the combination of multiple T-hybridoma lines within a single reaction. Sensitivity to stimulation is not decreased by adding fluorescent proteins or multiplexing T cells. In multiplexed reactions, response by one cell line does not induce response in others, thus preserving specificity. This multiplex assay system will be a useful tool for antigen discovery research in a variety of contexts, including using combinatorial peptide libraries to determine T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Mann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurie G. Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amanda M. Anderson
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aimon K. Alkanani
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Fischer
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mallone
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Kristen Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron W. Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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8
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Sarkis S, Galli V, Moles R, Yurick D, Khoury G, Purcell DFJ, Franchini G, Pise-Masison CA. Role of HTLV-1 orf-I encoded proteins in viral transmission and persistence. Retrovirology 2019; 16:43. [PMID: 31852543 PMCID: PMC6921521 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTVL-1), first reported in 1980 by Robert Gallo's group, is the etiologic agent of both cancer and inflammatory diseases. Despite approximately 40 years of investigation, the prognosis for afflicted patients remains poor with no effective treatments. The virus persists in the infected host by evading the host immune response and inducing proliferation of infected CD4+ T-cells. Here, we will review the role that viral orf-I protein products play in altering intracellular signaling, protein expression and cell-cell communication in order to escape immune recognition and promote T-cell proliferation. We will also review studies of orf-I mutations found in infected patients and their potential impact on viral load, transmission and persistence. Finally, we will compare the orf-I gene in HTLV-1 subtypes as well as related STLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Yurick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Cynthia A Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Georgieva ER. Non-Structural Proteins from Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Cellular Membranes-Mechanisms for Viral Survivability and Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113508. [PMID: 30413005 PMCID: PMC6274929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of illnesses, such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (a neurodegenerative disorder), and other diseases. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection is a serious public health concern. Currently, diseases caused by HTLV-1 cannot be prevented or cured. Hence, there is a pressing need to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of HTLV-1 infection and intervention in host cell physiology. HTLV-1-encoded non-structural proteins that reside and function in the cellular membranes are of particular interest, because they alter cellular components, signaling pathways, and transcriptional mechanisms. Summarized herein is the current knowledge about the functions of the membrane-associated p8I, p12I, and p13II regulatory non-structural proteins. p12I resides in endomembranes and interacts with host proteins on the pathways of signal transduction, thus preventing immune responses to the virus. p8I is a proteolytic product of p12I residing in the plasma membrane, where it contributes to T-cell deactivation and participates in cellular conduits, enhancing virus transmission. p13II associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is proposed to function as a potassium channel. Potassium influx through p13II in the matrix causes membrane depolarization and triggers processes that lead to either T-cell activation or cell death through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka R Georgieva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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10
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Bayliss RJ, Piguet V. Masters of manipulation: Viral modulation of the immunological synapse. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12944. [PMID: 30123959 PMCID: PMC6492149 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to thrive, viruses have evolved to manipulate host cell machinery for their own benefit. One major obstacle faced by pathogens is the immunological synapse. To enable efficient replication and latency in immune cells, viruses have developed a range of strategies to manipulate cellular processes involved in immunological synapse formation to evade immune detection and control T-cell activation. In vitro, viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 utilise structures known as virological synapses to aid transmission of viral particles from cell to cell in a process termed trans-infection. The formation of the virological synapse provides a gateway for virus to be transferred between cells avoiding the extracellular space, preventing antibody neutralisation or recognition by complement. This review looks at how viruses are able to subvert intracellular signalling to modulate immune function to their advantage and explores the role synapse formation has in viral persistence and cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Bayliss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of DermatologyWomen's College HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
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11
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Huang SH, Lien JC, Chen CJ, Liu YC, Wang CY, Ping CF, Lin YF, Huang AC, Lin CW. Antiviral Activity of a Novel Compound CW-33 against Japanese Encephalitis Virus through Inhibiting Intracellular Calcium Overload. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091386. [PMID: 27563890 PMCID: PMC5037666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has five genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype I circulates widely in some Asian countries. However, current JEV vaccines based on genotype III strains show low neutralizing capacities against genotype I variants. In addition, JE has no specific treatment, except a few supportive treatments. Compound CW-33, an intermediate synthesized derivative of furoquinolines, was investigated for its antiviral activities against JEV in this study. CW-33 exhibited the less cytotoxicity to Syrian baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and human medulloblastoma (TE761) cells. CW-33 dose-dependently reduced the cytopathic effect and apoptosis of JEV-infected cells. Supernatant virus yield assay pinpointed CW-33 as having potential anti-JEV activity with IC50 values ranging from 12.7 to 38.5 μM. Time-of-addition assay with CW-33 indicated that simultaneous and post-treatment had no plaque reduction activity, but continuous and simultaneous treatments proved to have highly effective antiviral activity, with IC50 values of 32.7 and 48.5 μM, respectively. CW-33 significantly moderated JEV-triggered Ca2+ overload, which correlated with the recovery of mitochondria membrane potential as well as the activation of Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT1 signals in treated infected cells. Phosphopeptide profiling by LC-MS/MS revealed that CW-33 upregulated proteins from the enzyme modulator category, such as protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 (I-2), Rho GTPase-activating protein 35, ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2, and putative 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 2. These enzyme modulators identified were associated with the activation of Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT1 signals. Meanwhile, I-2 treatment substantially inhibited the apoptosis of JEV-infected cells. The results demonstrated that CW-33 exhibited a significant potential in the development of anti-JEV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Liu
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Fong Ping
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County 266, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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12
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Barreto FK, Khouri R, Rego FFDA, Santos LA, Castro-Amarante MFD, Bialuk I, Pise-Masison CA, Galvão-Castro B, Gessain A, Jacobson S, Franchini G, Alcantara LC. Analyses of HTLV-1 sequences suggest interaction between ORF-I mutations and HAM/TSP outcome. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:420-425. [PMID: 27553711 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The region known as pX in the 3' end of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) genome contains four overlapping open reading frames (ORF) that encode regulatory proteins. HTLV-1 ORF-I produces the protein p12 and its cleavage product p8. The functions of these proteins have been linked to immune evasion and viral infectivity and persistence. It is known that the HTLV-1 infection does not necessarily imply the development of pathological processes and here we evaluated whether natural mutations in HTLV-1 ORF-I can influence the proviral load and clinical manifestation of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). For that, we performed molecular characterization, datamining and phylogenetic analysis with HTLV-1 ORF-I sequences from 156 patients with negative or positive diagnosis for HAM/TSP. Our analyses demonstrated that some mutations may be associated with the outcome of HAM/TSP (C39R, L40F, P45L, S69G and R88K) or with proviral load (P34L and F61L). We further examined the presence of mutations in motifs of HBZ and observed that P45L mutation is located within the HBZ nuclear localization signal and was found more frequently between patients with HAM/TSP and high proviral load. These results indicate that some natural mutations are located in functional domains of ORF-I and suggests a potential association between these mutations and the proviral loads and development of HAM/TSP. Therefore it is necessary to conduct functional studies aimed at evaluating the impact of these mutations on the virus persistence and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Khouri Barreto
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Hematologia Genética e Biologia Computacional, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filipe Ferreira de Almeida Rego
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Hematologia Genética e Biologia Computacional, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Hematologia Genética e Biologia Computacional, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Izabela Bialuk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University in Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Bernardo Galvão-Castro
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Hematologia Genética e Biologia Computacional, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Publica, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Batiment Lwoff, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Luiz Carlos Alcantara
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Hematologia Genética e Biologia Computacional, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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13
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HTLV-1 ORF-I Encoded Proteins and the Regulation of Host Immune Response: Viral Induced Dysregulation of Intracellular Signaling. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:498054. [PMID: 26557721 PMCID: PMC4628651 DOI: 10.1155/2015/498054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with both proliferative and inflammatory disorders. This virus causes a persistent infection, mainly in CD4+ T lymphocyte. The ability to persist in the host is associated with the virus capacity to evade the immune response and to induce infected T-cell proliferation, once the HTLV-1 maintains the infection mainly by clonal expansion of infected cells. There are several evidences that ORF-I encoded proteins, such as p12 and p8, play an important role in this context. The present study will review the molecular mechanisms that HTLV-1 ORF-I encoded proteins have to induce dysregulation of intracellular signaling, in order to escape from immune response and to increase the infected T-cell proliferation rate. The work will also address the impact of ORF-I mutations on the human
host and perspectives in this study field.
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14
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Mei S, Zhu H. A novel one-class SVM based negative data sampling method for reconstructing proteome-wide HTLV-human protein interaction networks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8034. [PMID: 25620466 PMCID: PMC5379509 DOI: 10.1038/srep08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) prediction is generally treated as a problem of binary classification wherein negative data sampling is still an open problem to be addressed. The commonly used random sampling is prone to yield less representative negative data with considerable false negatives. Meanwhile rational constraints are seldom exerted on model selection to reduce the risk of false positive predictions for most of the existing computational methods. In this work, we propose a novel negative data sampling method based on one-class SVM (support vector machine, SVM) to predict proteome-wide protein interactions between HTLV retrovirus and Homo sapiens, wherein one-class SVM is used to choose reliable and representative negative data, and two-class SVM is used to yield proteome-wide outcomes as predictive feedback for rational model selection. Computational results suggest that one-class SVM is more suited to be used as negative data sampling method than two-class PPI predictor, and the predictive feedback constrained model selection helps to yield a rational predictive model that reduces the risk of false positive predictions. Some predictions have been validated by the recent literature. Lastly, gene ontology based clustering of the predicted PPI networks is conducted to provide valuable cues for the pathogenesis of HTLV retrovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Mei
- 1] Software College, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, 110034, China [2] Bioinformatics Section, School of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Bioinformatics Section, School of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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15
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Pise-Masison CA, de Castro-Amarante MF, Enose-Akahata Y, Buchmann RC, Fenizia C, Washington Parks R, Edwards D, Fiocchi M, Alcantara LC, Bialuk I, Graham J, Walser JC, McKinnon K, Galvão-Castro B, Gessain A, Venzon D, Jacobson S, Franchini G. Co-dependence of HTLV-1 p12 and p8 functions in virus persistence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004454. [PMID: 25375128 PMCID: PMC4223054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 orf-I is linked to immune evasion, viral replication and persistence. Examining the orf-I sequence of 160 HTLV-1-infected individuals; we found polymorphism of orf-I that alters the relative amounts of p12 and its cleavage product p8. Three groups were identified on the basis of p12 and p8 expression: predominantly p12, predominantly p8 and balanced expression of p12 and p8. We found a significant association between balanced expression of p12 and p8 with high viral DNA loads, a correlate of disease development. To determine the individual roles of p12 and p8 in viral persistence, we constructed infectious molecular clones expressing p12 and p8 (D26), predominantly p12 (G29S) or predominantly p8 (N26). As we previously showed, cells expressing N26 had a higher level of virus transmission in vitro. However, when inoculated into Rhesus macaques, cells producing N26 virus caused only a partial seroconversion in 3 of 4 animals and only 1 of those animals was HTLV-1 DNA positive by PCR. None of the animals exposed to G29S virus seroconverted or had detectable viral DNA. In contrast, 3 of 4 animals exposed to D26 virus seroconverted and were HTLV-1 positive by PCR. In vitro studies in THP-1 cells suggested that expression of p8 was sufficient for productive infection of monocytes. Since orf-I plays a role in T-cell activation and recognition; we compared the CTL response elicited by CD4+ T-cells infected with the different HTLV-1 clones. Although supernatant p19 levels and viral DNA loads for all four infected lines were similar, a significant difference in Tax-specific HLA.A2-restricted killing was observed. Cells infected with Orf-I-knockout virus (12KO), G29S or N26 were killed by CTLs, whereas cells infected with D26 virus were resistant to CTL killing. These results indicate that efficient viral persistence and spread require the combined functions of p12 and p8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - R. Cody Buchmann
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robyn Washington Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dustin Edwards
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martina Fiocchi
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Izabela Bialuk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University in Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jhanelle Graham
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jean-Claude Walser
- Evolutionary Biology, Genetic Diversity Centre, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Batiment Lwoff, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Ciminale V, Rende F, Bertazzoni U, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2: highly similar viruses with distinct oncogenic properties. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:398. [PMID: 25120538 PMCID: PMC4114287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 share broad similarities in their overall genetic organization and expression pattern, but they differ substantially in their pathogenic properties. This review outlines distinctive features of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 that might provide clues to explain their distinct clinical outcomes. Differences in the kinetics of viral mRNA expression, functional properties of the regulatory and accessory proteins, and interactions with cellular factors and signal transduction pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Rende
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
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17
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Palmitoylation and p8-mediated human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 transmission. J Virol 2013; 88:2319-22. [PMID: 24284316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03444-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orf-I gene of human T-cell leukemia type 1 (HTLV-1) encodes p8 and p12 and has a conserved cysteine at position 39. p8 and p12 form disulfide-linked dimers, and only the monomeric forms of p8 and p12 are palmitoylated. Mutation of cysteine 39 to alanine (C39A) abrogated dimerization and palmitoylation of both proteins. However, the ability of p8 to localize to the cell surface and to increase cell adhesion and viral transmission was not affected by the C39A mutation.
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18
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Fukumoto R. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 non-structural proteins: Requirements for latent infection. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:983-8. [PMID: 23651172 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than 30 years since the discovery of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus identified. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infects 15-20 million people worldwide causing two major diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 establishes several decades of latent infection, during which viral-host interaction determines disease segregation. This review highlights non-structural proteins that are encoded on the viral genome and manage latent infection. Latent infection is a key in HTLV pathology, so that effective inhibition of these proteins might lead to successful disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risaku Fukumoto
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Bai XT, Nicot C. Overview on HTLV-1 p12, p8, p30, p13: accomplices in persistent infection and viral pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:400. [PMID: 23248621 PMCID: PMC3518833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. While the role of Tax and Rex in viral replication and pathogenesis has been extensively studied, recent evidence suggests that additional viral proteins are essential for the virus life cycle in vivo. In this review, we will summarize possible molecular mechanisms evoked in the literature to explain how p12, p8, p30, and p13 facilitate persistent viral infection of the host. We will explore several stratagems used by HTLV-1 accessory genes to escape immune surveillance, to establish latency, and to deregulate cell cycle and apoptosis to participate in virus-mediated cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tao Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
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20
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Bidoia C. Human T-lymphotropic virus proteins and post-translational modification pathways. World J Virol 2012; 1:115-30. [PMID: 24175216 PMCID: PMC3782272 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell life from the cell cycle to the signaling transduction and response to stimuli is finely tuned by protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). PTMs alter the conformation, the stability, the localization, and hence the pattern of interactions of the targeted protein. Cell pathways involve the activation of enzymes, like kinases, ligases and transferases, that, once activated, act on many proteins simultaneously, altering the state of the cell and triggering the processes they are involved in. Viruses enter a balanced system and hijack the cell, exploiting the potential of PTMs either to activate viral encoded proteins or to alter cellular pathways, with the ultimate consequence to perpetuate through their replication. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be highly oncogenic and associates with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and other inflammatory pathological conditions. HTLV-1 protein activity is controlled by PTMs and, in turn, viral activity is associated with the modulation of cellular pathways based on PTMs. More knowledge is acquired about the PTMs involved in the activation of its proteins, like Tax, Rex, p12, p13, p30, HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor and Gag. However, more has to be understood at the biochemical level in order to counteract the associated fatal outcomes. This review will focus on known PTMs that directly modify HTLV-1 components and on enzymes whose activity is modulated by viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bidoia
- Carlo Bidoia, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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21
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Comparison of the Genetic Organization, Expression Strategies and Oncogenic Potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2012:876153. [PMID: 23213551 PMCID: PMC3504254 DOI: 10.1155/2012/876153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are genetically related complex retroviruses that are capable of immortalizing human T-cells in vitro and establish life-long persistent infections in vivo. In spite of these apparent similarities, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 exhibit a significantly different pathogenic potential. HTLV-1 is recognized as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In contrast, HTLV-2 has not been causally linked to human malignancy, although it may increase the risk of developing inflammatory neuropathies and infectious diseases. The present paper is focused on the studies aimed at defining the viral genetic determinants of the pathobiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 through a comparison of the expression strategies and functional properties of the different gene products of the two viruses.
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22
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Cavallari I, Rende F, D'Agostino DM, Ciminale V. Converging strategies in expression of human complex retroviruses. Viruses 2011; 3:1395-414. [PMID: 21994786 PMCID: PMC3185809 DOI: 10.3390/v3081395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of human retroviruses in the early 1980s revealed the existence of viral-encoded non-structural genes that were not evident in previously described animal retroviruses. Based on the absence or presence of these additional genes retroviruses were classified as ‘simple’ and ‘complex’, respectively. Expression of most of these extra genes is achieved through the generation of alternatively spliced mRNAs. The present review summarizes the genetic organization and expression strategies of human complex retroviruses and highlights the converging mechanisms controlling their life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cavallari
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (I.C.); (F.R.); (D.M.D.)
| | - Francesca Rende
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (I.C.); (F.R.); (D.M.D.)
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto-IRCCS, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Donna M. D'Agostino
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (I.C.); (F.R.); (D.M.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (I.C.); (F.R.); (D.M.D.)
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto-IRCCS, I-35128 Padova, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.:+39-049-821-5885; Fax: +39-049-807-2854
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Lairmore MD, Anupam R, Bowden N, Haines R, Haynes RAH, Ratner L, Green PL. Molecular determinants of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission and spread. Viruses 2011; 3:1131-65. [PMID: 21994774 PMCID: PMC3185783 DOI: 10.3390/v3071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infects approximately 15 to 20 million people worldwide, with endemic areas in Japan, the Caribbean, and Africa. The virus is spread through contact with bodily fluids containing infected cells, most often from mother to child through breast milk or via blood transfusion. After prolonged latency periods, approximately 3 to 5% of HTLV-1 infected individuals will develop either adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or other lymphocyte-mediated disorders such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The genome of this complex retrovirus contains typical gag, pol, and env genes, but also unique nonstructural proteins encoded from the pX region. These nonstructural genes encode the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins, as well as novel proteins essential for viral spread in vivo such as, p30, p12, p13 and the antisense encoded HBZ. While progress has been made in the understanding of viral determinants of cell transformation and host immune responses, host and viral determinants of HTLV-1 transmission and spread during the early phases of infection are unclear. Improvements in the molecular tools to test these viral determinants in cellular and animal models have provided new insights into the early events of HTLV-1 infection. This review will focus on studies that test HTLV-1 determinants in context to full length infectious clones of the virus providing insights into the mechanisms of transmission and spread of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lairmore
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-9203; Fax: +1-614-292-6473
| | - Rajaneesh Anupam
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Nadine Bowden
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Robyn Haines
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Rashade A. H. Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8069, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail: (L.R.)
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Orf-I and orf-II-encoded proteins in HTLV-1 infection and persistence. Viruses 2011; 3:861-85. [PMID: 21994758 PMCID: PMC3185781 DOI: 10.3390/v3060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3′ end of the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type-1 (HTLV-1) genome contains four overlapping open reading frames (ORF) that encode regulatory proteins. Here, we review current knowledge of HTLV-1 orf-I and orf-II protein products. Singly spliced mRNA from orf-I encodes p12, which can be proteolytically cleaved to generate p8, while differential splicing of mRNA from orf-II results in production of p13 and p30. These proteins have been demonstrated to modulate transcription, apoptosis, host cell activation and proliferation, virus infectivity and transmission, and host immune responses. Though these proteins are not essential for virus replication in vitro, p8, p12, p13, and p30 have an important role in the establishment and maintenance of HTLV-1 infection in vivo.
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Van Prooyen N, Gold H, Andresen V, Schwartz O, Jones K, Ruscetti F, Lockett S, Gudla P, Venzon D, Franchini G. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 p8 protein increases cellular conduits and virus transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20738-43. [PMID: 21076035 PMCID: PMC2996430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009635107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma as well as tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. HTLV-1 is transmitted to T cells through the virological synapse and by extracellular viral assemblies. Here, we uncovered an additional mechanism of virus transmission that is regulated by the HTLV-1-encoded p8 protein. We found that the p8 protein, known to anergize T cells, is also able to increase T-cell contact through lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 clustering. In addition, p8 augments the number and length of cellular conduits among T cells and is transferred to neighboring T cells through these conduits. p8, by establishing a T-cell network, enhances the envelope-dependent transmission of HTLV-1. Thus, the ability of p8 to simultaneously anergize and cluster T cells, together with its induction of cellular conduits, secures virus propagation while avoiding the host's immune surveillance. This work identifies p8 as a viral target for the development of therapeutic strategies that may limit the expansion of infected cells in HTLV-1 carriers and decrease HTLV-1-associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Van Prooyen
- Animal Models Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Biology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Heather Gold
- Animal Models Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vibeke Andresen
- Animal Models Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Owen Schwartz
- Biological Imaging, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kathryn Jones
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation–Frederick, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Frank Ruscetti
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick MD 21702
| | - Prabhakar Gudla
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Research Tech Program, Science Applications International Corporation–Frederick, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Sigalov AB. The SCHOOL of nature: IV. Learning from viruses. SELF/NONSELF 2010; 1:282-298. [PMID: 21487503 PMCID: PMC3062383 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.4.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the co-evolution of viruses and their hosts, the latter have equipped themselves with an elaborate immune system to defend themselves from the invading viruses. In order to establish a successful infection, replicate and persist in the host, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to counter and evade host antiviral immune responses as well as exploit them for productive viral replication. These strategies include those that modulate signaling mediated by cell surface receptors. Despite tremendous advancement in recent years, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these critical points in viral pathogenesis remain unknown. In this work, based on a novel platform of receptor signaling, the Signaling Chain HOmoOLigomerization (SCHOOL) platform, I suggest specific mechanisms used by different viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human herpesvirus 6 and others, to modulate receptor signaling. I also use the example of HIV and CMV to illustrate how two unrelated enveloped viruses use a similar SCHOOL mechanism to modulate the host immune response mediated by two functionally different receptors: T cell antigen receptor and natural killer cell receptor, NKp30. This suggests that it is very likely that similar general mechanisms can be or are used by other viral and possibly non-viral pathogens. Learning from viruses how to target cell surface receptors not only helps us understand viral strategies to escape from the host immune surveillance, but also provides novel avenues in rational drug design and the development of new therapies for immune disorders.
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Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2010; 2:2037-2077. [PMID: 21994719 PMCID: PMC3185741 DOI: 10.3390/v2092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are complex deltaretroviruses that do not contain a proto-oncogene in their genome, yet are capable of transforming primary T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. There are four known strains of HTLV including HTLV type 1 (HTLV-1), HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. HTLV-1 is primarily associated with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-2 is rarely pathogenic and is sporadically associated with neurological disorders. There have been no diseases associated with HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 to date. Due to the difference in the disease manifestation between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, a clear understanding of their individual pathobiologies and the role of various viral proteins in transformation should provide insights into better prognosis and prevention strategies. In this review, we aim to summarize the data accumulated so far in the transformation and pathogenesis of HTLV-1, focusing on the viral Tax and HBZ and citing appropriate comparisons to HTLV-2.
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Van Prooyen N, Andresen V, Gold H, Bialuk I, Pise-Masison C, Franchini G. Hijacking the T-cell communication network by the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) p12 and p8 proteins. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:333-43. [PMID: 20673780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The non-structural proteins encoded by the orf-I, II, III, and IV genes of the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) genome, are critical for the modulation of cellular gene expression and T-cell proliferation, the escape from cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer cells, and virus expression. In here, we review the main functions of the HTLV-1 orf-I products. The 12kDa product from orf-I (p12) is proteolytically cleaved within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to generate the 8kDa protein (p8). At the steady state, both proteins are expressed at similar levels in transfected T-cells. The p12 protein remains in the ER and cis-Golgi, whereas the p8 protein traffics to the cell surface and is recruited to the immunological synapse. The p12 and the p8 proteins have seemingly opposite effects on T-cells; the ER resident p12, modulates T-cell activation and proliferation, whereas p8 induces T-cell anergy. The p8 protein also increases the formation of cellular conduits, is transferred to neighboring T-cells, and increases virus transmission. The requirement for HTLV-1 infectivity of orf-I is demonstrated by the loss of virus infectivity in macaques exposed to an engineered virus, whereby expression of orf-I was ablated. Altogether the current knowledge demonstrates that the concerted activity of p8 and p12 is essential for the persistence of virus infected cells in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Van Prooyen
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065, USA
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Sigalov AB. The SCHOOL of nature: III. From mechanistic understanding to novel therapies. SELF/NONSELF 2010; 1:192-224. [PMID: 21487477 PMCID: PMC3047783 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.3.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play a central role in biological processes and thus represent an appealing target for innovative drug design and development. They can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors, modulatory peptides and peptidomimetics, which represent a superior alternative to protein therapeutics that carry many disadvantages. Considering that transmembrane signal transduction is an attractive process to therapeutically control multiple diseases, it is fundamentally and clinically important to mechanistically understand how signal transduction occurs. Uncovering specific protein-protein interactions critical for signal transduction, a general platform for receptor-mediated signaling, the signaling chain homooligomerization (SCHOOL) platform, suggests these interactions as universal therapeutic targets. Within the platform, the general principles of signaling are similar for a variety of functionally unrelated receptors. This suggests that global therapeutic strategies targeting key protein-protein interactions involved in receptor triggering and transmembrane signal transduction may be used to treat a diverse set of diseases. This also assumes that clinical knowledge and therapeutic strategies can be transferred between seemingly disparate disorders, such as T cell-mediated skin diseases and platelet disorders or combined to develop novel pharmacological approaches. Intriguingly, human viruses use the SCHOOL-like strategies to modulate and/or escape the host immune response. These viral mechanisms are highly optimized over the millennia, and the lessons learned from viral pathogenesis can be used practically for rational drug design. Proof of the SCHOOL concept in the development of novel therapies for atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, platelet disorders and other multiple indications with unmet needs opens new horizons in therapeutics.
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Silic-Benussi M, Biasiotto R, Andresen V, Franchini G, D'Agostino DM, Ciminale V. HTLV-1 p13, a small protein with a busy agenda. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:350-8. [PMID: 20332002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is characterized by life-long persistence of the virus in the host. While most infected individuals remain asymptomatic, 3-5% will eventually develop adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) or tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) after a clinical latency that can span years (TSP/HAM) to decades (ATLL). The major oncogenic determinant among HTLV-1 proteins is the Tax transactivator, which influences the expression and function of a great number of cellular proteins, drives cell proliferation, reduces cell death, and induces genetic instability. The present review is focused on the current knowledge of p13, an HTLV-1 accessory protein targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane and, under certain conditions, to the nucleus. In mitochondria, p13 produces an inward K+current that results in an increased production of ROS by mitochondria. These effects are linked to the protein's effects on cell turnover which include activation of primary T-cells and reduced proliferation/sensitization to death of tumor cells. Recent findings suggest that in the presence of Tax, p13 is subjected to ubiquitylation and partly targeted to the nucleus. Nuclear p13 binds Tax and inhibits its transcriptional activity. These findings suggest that the protein might exert distinct functions depending on its intracellular localization and influence both the turnover of infected cells and the balance between viral latency and productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Silic-Benussi
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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31
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Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and it encodes a number of nonstructural proteins that are involved in virus replication and immune evasion. The viral protein p12 previously has been characterized to interfere with major histocompatibility complex class, ICAM-1, and ICAM-2 expression, and it activates STAT5. Using a previously established T-cell line immortalized with an HTLV-1 molecular clone deleted for p12, we assessed the role of p12 in regulating cellular growth and virus transmission. These cells were complemented for p12 expression by the transduction of a lentivirus vector expressing p12. We report that p12 conferred a selective growth advantage in vitro and increased the colony formation of human T cells in soft-agar assays. Consistently with previous studies, p12- and p12+ cell lines produced similar amounts of virus particles released into the supernatant of cultured cells, although we found that p12 expression greatly enhanced virus transmission. Moreover, we found that interleukin-2 (IL-2) stimulation also increased HTLV-1 transmission whether p12 was expressed or not, and inversely, that the inhibition of Jak signaling significantly reduced HTLV-1 transmission. Intriguingly, IL-2/Jak signaling was not associated with changes in viral gene expression, viral RNA encapsidation, the maturation of the virus particle, cell-cell adherence, or Gag polarization and virological synapse formation. We do demonstrate, however, that IL-2 stimulation and p12 expression significantly increased the rate of syncytium formation, revealing a novel role for IL-2 signaling and Jak activation in HTLV-1 virus transmission.
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Zhou Y, Frey TK, Yang JJ. Viral calciomics: interplays between Ca2+ and virus. Cell Calcium 2009; 46:1-17. [PMID: 19535138 PMCID: PMC3449087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is one of the most universal and versatile signaling molecules and is involved in almost every aspect of cellular processes. Viruses are adept at utilizing the universal Ca2+ signal to create a tailored cellular environment that meets their own demands. This review summarizes most of the known mechanisms by which viruses perturb Ca2+ homeostasis and utilize Ca2+ and cellular Ca2+-binding proteins to their benefit in their replication cycles. Ca2+ plays important roles in virion structure formation, virus entry, viral gene expression, posttranslational processing of viral proteins and virion maturation and release. As part of the review, we introduce an algorithm to identify linear “EF-hand” Ca2+-binding motifs which resulted in the prediction of a total of 93 previously unrecognized Ca2+-binding motifs in virus proteins. Many of these proteins are nonstructural proteins, a class of proteins among which Ca2+ interactions had not been formerly appreciated. The presence of linear Ca2+-binding motifs in viral proteins enlarges the spectrum of Ca2+–virus interplay and expands the total scenario of viral calciomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur St., Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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34
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Kim WM, Sigalov AB. Viral pathogenesis, modulation of immune receptor signaling and treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 640:325-49. [PMID: 19065800 PMCID: PMC7122915 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the co-evolution of viruses and their hosts, the latter have equipped themselves with an elaborate immune system to defend themselves from the invading viruses. In order to establish a successful infection, replicate and persist in the host, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to counter and evade host antiviral immune responses as well as exploit them for productive viral replication. These strategies include those that target immune receptor transmembrane signaling. Uncovering the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these critical points in viral pathogenesis will not only help us understand strategies used by viruses to escape from the host immune surveillance but also reveal new therapeutic targets for antiviral as well as immunomodulatory therapy. In this chapter, based on our current understanding of transmembrane signal transduction mediated by multichain immune recognition receptors (MIRRs) and the results of sequence analysis, we discuss the MIRR-targetingviral strategies of immune evasion and suggest their possible mechanisms that, in turn, reveal new points of antiviral intervention. We also show how two unrelated enveloped viruses, human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus, use a similar mechanism to modulate the host immune response mediated by two functionally different MIRRs-T-cell antigen receptor and natural killer cell receptor, NKp30. This suggests that it is very likely that similar general mechanisms can be or are used by other viral and possibly nonviral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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35
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Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play a central role in biological processes and thus are an appealing target for innovative drug design a nd development. They can be targeted bysmall molecule inhibitors, peptides and peptidomimetics, which represent an alternative to protein therapeutics that carry many disadvantages. In this chapter, I describe specific protein-protein interactions suggested by a novel model of immune signaling, the Signaling Chain HOmoOLigomerization (SCHOOL) model, to be critical for cell activation mediated by multichain immune recognition receptors (MIRRs) expressed on different cells of the hematopoietic system. Unraveling a long-standing mystery of MIRR triggering and transmembrane signaling, the SCHOOL model reveals the intrareceptor transmembrane interactions and interreceptor cytoplasmic homointeractions as universal therapeutic targets for a diverse variety of disorders mediated by immune cells. Further, assuming that the general principles underlying MIRR-mediated transmembrane signaling mechanisms are similar, the SCHOOL model can be applied to any particular receptor of the MIRR family. Thus, an important application of the SCHOOL model is that global therapeutic strategies targeting key protein-protein interactions involved in MIRR triggering and transmembrane signal transduction may be used to treat a diverse set of immune-mediated diseases. This assumes that clinical knowledge and therapeutic strategies can be transferred between seemingly disparate disorders, such as T-cell-mediated skin diseases and platelet disorders, or combined to develop novel pharmacological approaches. Intriguingly, the SCHOOL model unravels the molecular mechanisms underlying ability of different human viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to modulate and/or escape the host immune response. It also demonstrates how the lessons learned from viral pathogenesis can be used practically for rational drug design. Application of this model to platelet collagen receptor signaling has already led to the development of a novel concept of platelet inhibition and the invention of new platelet inhibitors, thus proving the suggested hypothesis and highlighting the importance and broad perspectives of the SCHOOL model in the development of new targeting strategies.
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Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) is the cause of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma. Various viral proteins, especially, but not exclusively, Tax have been implicated in oncogenesis, mostly through in vitro studies. Tax transactivates a large and apparently ever expanding list of human genes through transcriptional factors. Elucidating not only the pathways but also the timing of action of HTLV proteins is important for understanding the pathogenesis and development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Taylor
- Infectious Diseases Section, Division of Medicine Faculty, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Ozaki A, Arima N, Matsushita K, Uozumi K, Akimoto M, Hamada H, Kawada H, Horai S, Tanaka Y, Tei C. Cyclosporin A inhibits HTLV-I tax expression and shows anti-tumor effects in combination with VP-16. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1906-13. [PMID: 17935163 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is one of the most refractory malignant hematological diseases. Our previous studies demonstrated HTLV-1Tax protein involvement in clinical manifestation of the aggressive type of ATL and suggested the potential application of agents to inhibit Tax expression for ATL treatment. In the present study, we first examined Tax involvement in the resistance to VP-16-induced apoptosis using four HTLV-1 infected T cell clones and cTax DNA-transfected cells. Next, we examined whether cyclosporin A reduced expression of Tax and its related transfer factors on Western blot and CAT assay. We further investigated whether cyclosporin A in combination with VP-16 can induce apoptosis in HTLV-1 infected T cells. Tax-producing T cells, K3T and F6T, were resistant to VP-16 induced growth inhibition compared with that of the nonproducing cells, S1T and Su9T01. Experiments using S1T and Tax-expressing cDNA-transfected S1T demonstrated Tax-induced resistance to VP-16 induction of apoptosis by DNA ladder formation. Cyclosporin A reduced Tax expression in K3T by Western blot analysis and on CAT assay, showing maximal reduction of 61% and 60% compared to control culture using LTR CAT transfected Jurkat cells and K3T cells, respectively. Cyclosporin A also reduced the nuclear expression of two Tax-related transfer factors, ATF-1 and ATF-2 on Western blot. Cyclosporin A alone did not show any cytotoxicity by itself, but sensitized cells to VP-16 when combined with VP-16. Cyclosporin A may be a useful anti-ATL agent when combined with other anti-cancer agents possibly related to Tax inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Ozaki
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
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Akl H, Badran B, Dobirta G, Manfouo-Foutsop G, Moschitta M, Merimi M, Burny A, Martiat P, Willard-Gallo KE. Progressive loss of CD3 expression after HTLV-I infection results from chromatin remodeling affecting all the CD3 genes and persists despite early viral genes silencing. Virol J 2007; 4:85. [PMID: 17822534 PMCID: PMC2042505 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-I infected CD4+ T-cells lines usually progress towards a CD3- or CD3low phenotype. In this paper, we studied expression, kinetics, chromatin remodeling of the CD3 gene at different time-points post HTLV-I infection. Results The onset of this phenomenon coincided with a decrease of CD3γ followed by the subsequent progressive reduction in CD3δ, then CD3ε and CD3ζ mRNA. Transient transfection experiments showed that the CD3γ promoter was still active in CD3- HTLV-I infected cells demonstrating that adequate amounts of the required transcription factors were available. We next looked at whether epigenetic mechanisms could be responsible for this progressive decrease in CD3 expression using DNase I hypersensitivity (DHS) experiments examining the CD3γ and CD3δ promoters and the CD3δ enhancer. In uninfected and cells immediately post-infection all three DHS sites were open, then the CD3γ promoter became non accessible, and this was followed by a sequential closure of all the DHS sites corresponding to all three transcriptional control regions. Furthermore, a continuous decrease of in vivo bound transcription initiation factors to the CD3γ promoter was observed after silencing of the viral genome. Coincidently, cells with a lower expression of CD3 grew more rapidly. Conclusion We conclude that HTLV-I infection initiates a process leading to a complete loss of CD3 membrane expression by an epigenetic mechanism which continues along time, despite an early silencing of the viral genome. Whether CD3 progressive loss is an epiphenomenon or a causal event in the process of eventual malignant transformation remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar Akl
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gratiela Dobirta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Germain Manfouo-Foutsop
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 127, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Moschitta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Makram Merimi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arsène Burny
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Martiat
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen E Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 127, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
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Fukumoto R, Dundr M, Nicot C, Adams A, Valeri VW, Samelson LE, Franchini G. Inhibition of T-cell receptor signal transduction and viral expression by the linker for activation of T cells-interacting p12(I) protein of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1. J Virol 2007; 81:9088-99. [PMID: 17582004 PMCID: PMC1951423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02703-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The p12(I) protein of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a small oncoprotein that increases calcium release following protein kinase C activation by phorbol myristate acetate, and importantly, this effect is linker for activation of T cells (LAT) independent. Here, we demonstrate that p12(I) inhibits the phosphorylation of LAT, Vav, and phospholipase C-gamma 1 and decreases NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) activation upon engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with anti-CD3 antibody. Furthermore, we demonstrate that p12(I) localizes to membrane lipid rafts and, upon engagement of the TCR, relocalizes to the interface between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, defined as the immunological synapse. A p12(I) knockout molecular clone of HTLV-1 expresses more virus upon antigen stimulation than the isogenic wild type, suggesting that, by decreasing T-cell responsiveness, p12(I) curtails viral expression. Thus, p12(I) has contrasting effects on TCR signaling: it down-regulates TCR in a LAT-dependent manner on one hand, and on the other, it increases calcium release in a LAT-independent manner. The negative regulation of T-cell activation by p12(I) may have evolved to minimize immune recognition of infected CD4(+) T cells, to impair the function of infected cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, and to favor viral persistence in the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risaku Fukumoto
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065, USA
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Chami M, Oulès B, Paterlini-Bréchot P. Cytobiological consequences of calcium-signaling alterations induced by human viral proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1344-62. [PMID: 17059849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since calcium-signaling regulates specific and fundamental cellular processes, it represents the ideal target of viral proteins, in order for the virus to control cellular functions and favour its persistence, multiplication and spread. A detailed analysis of reports focused on the impact of viral proteins on calcium-signaling has shown that virus-related elevations of cytosolic calcium levels allow increased viral protein expression (HIV-1, HSV-1/2), viral replication (HBx, enterovirus 2B, HTLV-1 p12(I), HHV-8, EBV), viral maturation (rotavirus), viral release (enterovirus 2B) and cell immortalization (EBV). Interestingly, virus-induced decreased cytosolic calcium levels have been found to be associated with inhibition of immune cells functions (HIV-1 Tat, HHV-8 K15, EBV LMP2A). Finally, several viral proteins are able to modulate intracellular calcium-signaling to control cell viability (HIV-1 Tat, HTLV-1 p13(II), HCV core, HBx, enterovirus 2B, HHV-8 K7). These data point out calcium-signaling as a key cellular target for viral infection and should stimulate further studies exploring new calcium-related therapeutic strategies.
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41
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Miyazato P, Yasunaga JI, Taniguchi Y, Koyanagi Y, Mitsuya H, Matsuoka M. De novo human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection of human lymphocytes in NOD-SCID, common gamma-chain knockout mice. J Virol 2006; 80:10683-91. [PMID: 16943297 PMCID: PMC1641804 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01009-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, a disease that is triggered after a long latency period. HTLV-1 is known to spread through cell-to-cell contact. In an attempt to study the events in early stages of HTLV-1 infection, we inoculated uninfected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the HTLV-1-producing cell line MT-2 into NOD-SCID, common gamma-chain knockout mice (human PBMC-NOG mice). HTLV-1 infection was confirmed with the detection of proviral DNA in recovered samples. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found to harbor the provirus, although the latter population harbored provirus to a lesser extent. Proviral loads increased with time, and inverse PCR analysis revealed the oligoclonal proliferation of infected cells. Although tax gene transcription was suppressed in human PBMC-NOG mice, it increased after in vitro culture. This is similar to the phenotype of HTLV-1-infected cells isolated from HTLV-1 carriers. Furthermore, the reverse transcriptase inhibitors azidothymidine and tenofovir blocked primary infection in human PBMC-NOG mice. However, when tenofovir was administered 1 week after infection, the proviral loads did not differ from those of untreated mice, indicating that after initial infection, clonal proliferation of infected cells was predominant over de novo infection of previously uninfected cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the human PBMC-NOG mouse model should be a useful tool in studying the early stages of primary HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Miyazato
- Laboratory of Virus Immunology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawahara-cho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Nair AM, Michael B, Datta A, Fernandez S, Lairmore MD. Calcium-dependent enhancement of transcription of p300 by human T-lymphotropic type 1 p12I. Virology 2006; 353:247-57. [PMID: 16843515 PMCID: PMC3044894 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) p12I localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi causing sustained release of calcium, T cell activation, and enhanced expression of several calcium-regulated genes. In recent microarray studies, p300 mRNA was increased in T cells expressing p12I. The co-activator p300 is a key regulator of cellular and viral transcription; however, factors that influence its transcriptional regulation are less well studied. We hypothesized that the transcription of p300 is calcium dependent and that sustained low magnitude increases in intracellular calcium may enhance the transcription of p300. Herein, we report enhanced expression of p300 in T cells by p12I in a calcium-dependent, but calcineurin-independent manner. Sustained low magnitude calcium release induced by ionomycin in T cells was sufficient to increased mRNA and protein levels of p300 resulting in enhanced transcription from a p300-dependent promoter. Promoter analysis of the p300 gene was used to predict calcium-responsive transcription factor binding sites. Using mutant forms of p12I, we demonstrate that ER localization of the viral protein is required to increase p300. In addition, p12I reversed the repression of HTLV-1 LTR-driven transcription by HTLV-1 p30II, a p300-binding protein. HTLV-1 p12I-mediated enhancement of p300 expression represents a novel mechanism of regulation of cellular gene expression by viral proteins. By targeting a ubiquitous second messenger such as calcium, HTLV-1 p12I may regulate the expression of the cellular transcriptional co-activator p300 to modulate viral gene expression and promote lymphocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrithraj M. Nair
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bindhu Michael
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Antara Datta
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- The Center for Statistics, College of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael D. Lairmore
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Fax: +1 614 292 6473, (M.D. Lairmore)
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Kim SJ, Nair AM, Fernandez S, Mathes L, Lairmore MD. Enhancement of LFA-1-mediated T cell adhesion by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 p12I1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5463-70. [PMID: 16622014 PMCID: PMC2668115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of retroviruses, such as human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), is well documented, but the roles of viral regulatory or other nonstructural proteins in the modulation of T cell adhesion are incompletely understood. In this study we tested the role of the HTLV-1 accessory protein, p12(I), on LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion. p12(I) is critical for early HTLV-1 infection by causing the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum to activate NFAT-mediated transcription. We tested the role of this novel viral protein in mediating LFA-1-dependent cell adhesion. Our data indicated that T cells expressing a mutant HTLV-1 provirus that does not produce p12(I) mRNA (ACH.p12(I)) exhibited reduced LFA-1-mediated adhesion compared with wild-type HTLV-1-expressing cells (ACH). Furthermore, the expression of p12(I) in Jurkat T cells using lentiviral vectors enhanced LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion, which was inhibited by the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, the calcium channel blocker SK&F 96365, and calpeptin, an inhibitor of the calcium-dependent protease calpain. Similar to the intracellular calcium mobilizer, thapsigargin, the expression of p12(I) in Jurkat T cells induced cell surface clustering of LFA-1 without changing the level of integrin expression. Our data are the first to indicate that HTLV-1 p12(I), in addition to enhancing T cell activation, promotes cell-to-cell spread by inducing LFA-1 clustering on T cells via calcium-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-jae Kim
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amrithraj M. Nair
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | - Lawrence Mathes
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michael D. Lairmore
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Michael D. Lairmore, Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1093. E-mail address:
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44
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Lairmore MD, Silverman L, Ratner L. Animal models for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and transformation. Oncogene 2005; 24:6005-15. [PMID: 16155607 PMCID: PMC2652704 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, animal models of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and transformation have provided critical knowledge about viral and host factors in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). The virus consistently infects rabbits, some non-human primates, and to a lesser extent rats. In addition to providing fundamental concepts in viral transmission and immune responses against HTLV-1 infection, these models have provided new information about the role of viral proteins in carcinogenesis. Mice and rats, in particular immunodeficient strains, are useful models to assess immunologic parameters mediating tumor outgrowth and therapeutic invention strategies against lymphoma. Genetically altered mice including both transgenic and knockout mice offer important models to test the role of specific viral and host genes in the development of HTLV-1-associated lymphoma. Novel approaches in genetic manipulation of both HTLV-1 and animal models are available to address the complex questions that remain about viral-mediated mechanisms of cell transformation and disease. Current progress in the understanding of the molecular events of HTLV-1 infection and transformation suggests that answers to these questions are approachable using animal models of HTLV-1-associated lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lairmore
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1093, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with the clonal expansion and transformation of mature T lymphocytes. While the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood the viral regulatory protein Tax plays a central role in these processes. Recent studies employing genomic and proteomic approaches have demonstrated the marked complexity of gene deregulation associated with Tax expression and confirmed the remarkable pleiotropism of this protein as evidenced by the numerous Tax-cellular protein interactions in infected cells. In this review, we summarize the role of Tax in the deregulation of selected cellular-signaling pathways. Specifically, this has focused on the influence and interaction of Tax with the AP-1 and NF-AT transcription factors, PDZ domain-containing proteins, Rho-GTPases, and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription and transforming growth factor-beta-signaling pathways. In addition to identifying the deregulation of events within these pathways, attempts have been made to highlight differences between HTLV-1 and -2, which may relate to differences in their pathogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Hall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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46
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Nair A, Michael B, Hiraragi H, Fernandez S, Feuer G, Boris-Lawrie K, Lairmore M. Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 accessory protein p12I modulates calcium-mediated cellular gene expression and enhances p300 expression in T lymphocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:273-84. [PMID: 15943569 PMCID: PMC2668121 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), an aggressive CD4+ T lymphocyte malignancy. Activation of T lymphocytes is required for effective retroviral integration into the host cell genome and subsequent viral replication, but the molecular mechanisms involved in HTLV-1-mediated T cell activation remain unclear. HTLV-1 encodes various accessory proteins such as p12I, which has been demonstrated to be critical for HTLV-1 infectivity in vivo in rabbits and in vitro in quiescent primary human T lymphocytes. This hydrophobic protein localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum, increases intracellular calcium, and activates nuclear factor of activated T cell-mediated transcription. To further elucidate the role of p12I in regulation of cellular gene expression, we performed gene array analysis on stable p12I-expressing Jurkat T cells, using Affymetrix U133A arrays. Our data indicate that p12I altered the expression of genes associated with a network of interrelated pathways including T cell signaling, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Expression of several calcium-regulated genes was found to be altered by p12I, consistent with known properties of the viral protein. Gene array findings were confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR in Jurkat T cells and primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. Furthermore, dose-dependent expression of p12I in Jurkat T cells resulted in significant increases in p300 and p300-dependent transcription. This is the first report of a viral protein influencing the transcription of p300, a rate-limiting coadapter critical in HTLV-1-mediated T cell activation. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that HTLV-1 p12I modulates cellular gene expression patterns to hasten the activation of T lymphocytes and thereby promote efficient viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrithraj Nair
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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47
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-induced adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) was explored using an infectious molecular viral clone and a transgenic mouse model. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB by the HTLV transcriptional transactivator protein Tax was found to be important for lymphocyte immortalization and tumorigenesis. Interferon-gamma regulates tumor development owing primarily to angiostatic effects. Translational clinical studies of chemotherapy, interferon-alpha, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have also assisted in identifying the pathogenic features of ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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48
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Green PL. HTLV-1 p30II: selective repressor of gene expression. Retrovirology 2004; 1:40. [PMID: 15563375 PMCID: PMC543446 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and is implicated in a variety of lymphocyte-mediated disorders. HTLV-1 pX ORF II encodes two proteins, p13II and p30II whose roles are beginning to be defined in the virus life cycle. Previous studies indicate the importance of these viral proteins in the ability of the virus to maintain viral loads and persist in an animal model of HTLV-1 infection. Intriguing new studies indicate that p30II is a multifunctional regulator that differentially modulates CREB and Tax-responsive element-mediated transcription through its interaction with CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 and specifically binds and represses tax/rex mRNA nuclear export. A new study characterized the role of p30II in regulation of cellular gene expression using comprehensive human gene arrays. Interestingly, p30II is an overall repressor of cellular gene expression, while selectively favoring the expression of regulatory gene pathways important to T lymphocytes. These new findings suggest that HTLV-1, which is associated with lymphoproliferative diseases, uses p30II to selectively repress cellular and viral gene expression to favor the survival of cellular targets ultimately resulting in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Michael B, Nair AM, Hiraragi H, Shen L, Feuer G, Boris-Lawrie K, Lairmore MD. Human T lymphotropic virus type-1 p30II alters cellular gene expression to selectively enhance signaling pathways that activate T lymphocytes. Retrovirology 2004; 1:39. [PMID: 15560845 PMCID: PMC538277 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a deltaretrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and is implicated in a variety of lymphocyte-mediated disorders. HTLV-1 contains both regulatory and accessory genes in four pX open reading frames. pX ORF-II encodes two proteins, p13II and p30II, which are incompletely defined in the virus life cycle or HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Proviral clones of the virus with pX ORF-II mutations diminish the ability of the virus to maintain viral loads in vivo. Exogenous expression of p30II differentially modulates CREB and Tax-responsive element-mediated transcription through its interaction with CREB-binding protein/p300 and represses tax/rex RNA nuclear export. Results Herein, we further characterized the role of p30II in regulation of cellular gene expression, using stable p30II expression system employing lentiviral vectors to test cellular gene expression with Affymetrix U133A arrays, representing ~33,000 human genes. Reporter assays in Jurkat T cells and RT-PCR in Jurkat and primary CD4+ T-lymphocytes were used to confirm selected gene expression patterns. Our data reveals alterations of interrelated pathways of cell proliferation, T-cell signaling, apoptosis and cell cycle in p30II expressing Jurkat T cells. In all categories, p30II appeared to be an overall repressor of cellular gene expression, while selectively increasing the expression of certain key regulatory genes. Conclusions We are the first to demonstrate that p30II, while repressing the expression of many genes, selectively activates key gene pathways involved in T-cell signaling/activation. Collectively, our data suggests that this complex retrovirus, associated with lymphoproliferative diseases, relies upon accessory gene products to modify cellular environment to promote clonal expansion of the virus genome and thus maintain proviral loads in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindhu Michael
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Safety Assessment, Merck &Co., Inc. WP45-224, West Point PA 19486, USA
| | - Amrithraj M Nair
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Safety Assessment, Merck &Co., Inc. WP45-224, West Point PA 19486, USA
| | - Hajime Hiraragi
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Statistics, College of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gerold Feuer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Kathleen Boris-Lawrie
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael D Lairmore
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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50
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Abstract
Human retroviruses, such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1, encode accessory proteins, which regulate viral pathogenesis. The p12 protein of HTLV-1 is encoded from the pX-I open reading frame, and is critical for efficient virus replication in rabbits. Although dispensable for infection, replication, and immortalization of activated lymphocytes in culture, p12 expression is important for infection of quiescent lymphocytes. Similar to HTLV-1 p12, Nef is important for virus infectivity in SIV animal models. We questioned whether p12 could replace Nef in HIV-1, and reconstitute virus replication in culture. We found that p12 could complement for effects of Nef on HIV-1 infection of Magi-CCR5 cells or macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tsukahara
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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