1
|
Mallimadugula UL, Cruz MA, Vithani N, Zimmerman MI, Bowman GR. The probability of cryptic pocket opening controls functional tradeoffs in filovirus immune evasion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.22.609218. [PMID: 39229186 PMCID: PMC11370563 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.22.609218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Cryptic pockets are of growing interest as potential drug targets. However, it remains unclear whether they contribute to protein function or if they are merely happenstantial features that can easily be evolved away to achieve drug resistance. Here, we explore whether a cryptic pocket in the Interferon Inhibitory Domain (IID) of viral protein 35 (VP35) of Zaire ebolavirus has a functional role. We use simulations and experiments to study the relationship between cryptic pocket opening and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding of the IIDs of two other filoviruses, Reston and Marburg. These homologs have structures nearly identical to Zaire but block different interferon pathways because Marburg IID only binds the backbone, while Zaire and Reston IIDs bind both backbone and blunt ends of dsRNA. We hypothesized that these differences arise from alterations in their pocket dynamics. Simulations and thiol-labeling experiments demonstrate that Reston has a lower probability of opening the cryptic pocket while Marburg has a higher probability than Zaire. Subsequent dsRNA-binding assays with different length substrates suggest that closed conformations preferentially bind dsRNA blunt ends while open conformations prefer binding the backbone. Further, a point mutation that increases the probability of cryptic pocket opening in Reston shows that the open states prefer backbone binding, while a substitution that lowers the probability of pocket opening in Zaire improves binding to blunt ends. These results demonstrate the cryptic pocket controls a functional tradeoff, suggesting cryptic pockets are under selective pressure and may be difficult to evolve away to achieve drug resistance.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu H, Xue Q, Yang F, Cao W, Liu P, Liu X, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 degrades YTHDF2 through autophagy to regulate IRF3 activity for viral replication. Autophagy 2024; 20:1597-1615. [PMID: 38516932 PMCID: PMC11210904 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2330105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), can promote the degradation of host proteins through macroautophagy/autophagy, thereby promoting viral replication. However, the regulatory mechanism between autophagy and innate immune responses is not fully understood during FMDV infection. Here, we found that the host GTPBP4/NOG1 (GTP binding protein 4) is a negative regulator of innate immune responses. GTPBP4 deficiency promotes the antiviral innate immune response, resulting in the ability of GTPBP4 to promote FMDV replication. Meanwhile, GTPBP4-deficient mice are more resistant to FMDV infection. To antagonize the host's antiviral immunity, FMDV structural protein VP1 promotes the expression of GTPBP4, and the 209th site of VP1 is responsible for this effect. Mechanically, FMDV VP1 promotes autophagy during virus infection and interacts with and degrades YTHDF2 (YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F2) in an AKT-MTOR-dependent autophagy pathway, resulting in an increase in GTPBP4 mRNA and protein levels. Increased GTPBP4 inhibits IRF3 binding to the Ifnb/Ifn-β promoter, suppressing FMDV-induced type I interferon production. In conclusion, our study revealed an underlying mechanism of how VP1 negatively regulates innate immunity through the autophagy pathway, which would contribute to understanding the negative regulation of host innate immune responses and the function of GTPBP4 and YTHDF2 during FMDV infection.Abbreviation: 3-MA:3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; ChIP:chromatin immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; dpi: days post-infection; EV71:enterovirus 71; FMDV: foot-and-mouth disease virus; GTPBP4/NOG1: GTPbinding protein 4; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha;hpt:hours post-transfection; IFNB/IFN-β:interferon beta; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; MAP1LC3/LC3:microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondriaantiviral signaling protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR:mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; m6A: N(6)-methyladenosine;qPCR:quantitativePCR; SIRT3:sirtuin 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator ofinterferon response cGAMP interactor 1; siRNA: small interfering RNA;TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TCID50:50% tissue culture infectious doses; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagyactivating kinase 1; UTR: untranslated region; WT: wild type; YTHDF2:YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wickenhagen A, van Tol S, Munster V. Molecular determinants of cross-species transmission in emerging viral infections. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0000123. [PMID: 38912755 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00001-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYSeveral examples of high-impact cross-species transmission of newly emerging or re-emerging bat-borne viruses, such as Sudan virus, Nipah virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, have occurred in the past decades. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing have strengthened ongoing efforts to catalog the global virome, in particular from the multitude of different bat species. However, functional characterization of these novel viruses and virus sequences is typically limited with regard to assessment of their cross-species potential. Our understanding of the intricate interplay between virus and host underlying successful cross-species transmission has focused on the basic mechanisms of entry and replication, as well as the importance of host innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the various roles of the respective molecular mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission using different recent bat-borne viruses as examples. To delineate the crucial cellular and molecular steps underlying cross-species transmission, we propose a framework of overall characterization to improve our capacity to characterize viruses as benign, of interest, or of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Wickenhagen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Sarah van Tol
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shrestha R, Johnson P, Ghimire R, Whitley C, Channappanavar R. Differential TLR-ERK1/2 activity promotes viral ssRNA and dsRNA mimic-induced dysregulated immunity in macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595760. [PMID: 38826464 PMCID: PMC11142249 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
RNA virus induced excessive inflammation and impaired antiviral interferon (IFN-I) responses are associated with severe disease. This innate immune response, also referred to as 'dysregulated immunity,' is caused by viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA) mediated exuberant inflammation and viral protein-induced IFN antagonism. However, key host factors and the underlying mechanism driving viral RNA-mediated dysregulated immunity are poorly defined. Here, using viral ssRNA and dsRNA mimics, which activate toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR3, respectively, we evaluated the role of viral RNAs in causing dysregulated immunity. We show that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with TLR3 and TLR7 agonists induce differential inflammatory and antiviral cytokine response. TLR7 activation triggered a robust inflammatory cytokine/chemokine induction compared to TLR3 activation, whereas TLR3 stimulation induced significantly increased IFN/IFN stimulated gene (ISG) response relative to TLR7 activation. To define the mechanistic basis for dysregulated immunity, we examined cell-surface and endosomal TLR levels and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) activation. We identified a significantly higher cell-surface and endosomal TLR7 expression compared to TLR3, which further correlated with early and robust MAPK (pERK1/2 and p-P38) and NF-kB activation in TLR7-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, blocking EKR1/2, p38, and NF-kB activity reduced TLR3/7-induced inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels, whereas only ERK1/2 inhibition enhanced viral RNA-mimic-induced IFN/ISG responses. Collectively, our results illustrate that high cell surface and endosomal TLR7 expression and robust ERK1/2 activation drive viral ssRNA mimic-induced excessive inflammatory and reduced IFN/ISG responses, and blocking ERK1/2 activity would mitigate viral-RNA/TLR-induced dysregulated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakshya Shrestha
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Paige Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Roshan Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Cody Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng J, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Han W, Chen W. An optimized non-T cell transfection system based on HEK293FT cells for CD3ζ phosphorylation and ubiquitination. J Immunol Methods 2024; 528:113664. [PMID: 38484791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
CD3ζ is part of the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex that plays a critical role in antigen recognition and subsequent T cell activation. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate CD3ζ can provide new insights into the T cell-mediated immune responses. However, it is challenging to deliver exogenous genes into T cells for functional and mechanistic analyses. To this end, we established a non-T cell transfection system based on HEK293FT cells to screen for candidate regulatory proteins. The transfection was optimized using relatively high confluent cultures and the transfection reagent PolyJet™. Pervanadate (PV) treatment sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ, and facilitated the subsequent activation-dependent ubiquitination by E3 ligase Cbl-b in the HEK293FT system. Lck and Zap70 kinases enhanced the levels of phosphorylated CD3ζ in the presence of PV. We compared the effects of E3 ligases and the corresponding adaptor proteins on activation-dependent ubiquitination of CD3ζ in the PV-stimulated cells, and found that Cbl-b was most effective. Taken together, we have demonstrated that a non-T cell transfection system based on PV-treated HEK293FT cells could effectively mimic CD3ζ phosphorylation and ubiquitination and is a promising model for studying the role of CD3ζ signaling in T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zheng
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchuan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiting Cai
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Han
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodríguez-Salazar CA, van Tol S, Mailhot O, Gonzalez-Orozco M, Galdino GT, Warren AN, Teruel N, Behera P, Afreen KS, Zhang L, Juelich TL, Smith JK, Zylber MI, Freiberg AN, Najmanovich RJ, Giraldo MI, Rajsbaum R. Ebola virus VP35 interacts non-covalently with ubiquitin chains to promote viral replication. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002544. [PMID: 38422166 PMCID: PMC10942258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus (EBOV) belongs to a family of highly pathogenic viruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. EBOV replication requires the activity of the viral polymerase complex, which includes the cofactor and Interferon antagonist VP35. We previously showed that the covalent ubiquitination of VP35 promotes virus replication by regulating interactions with the polymerase complex. In addition, VP35 can also interact non-covalently with ubiquitin (Ub); however, the function of this interaction is unknown. Here, we report that VP35 interacts with free (unanchored) K63-linked polyUb chains. Ectopic expression of Isopeptidase T (USP5), which is known to degrade unanchored polyUb chains, reduced VP35 association with Ub and correlated with diminished polymerase activity in a minigenome assay. Using computational methods, we modeled the VP35-Ub non-covalent interacting complex, identified the VP35-Ub interacting surface, and tested mutations to validate the interface. Docking simulations identified chemical compounds that can block VP35-Ub interactions leading to reduced viral polymerase activity. Treatment with the compounds reduced replication of infectious EBOV in cells and in vivo in a mouse model. In conclusion, we identified a novel role of unanchored polyUb in regulating Ebola virus polymerase function and discovered compounds that have promising anti-Ebola virus activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Rodríguez-Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Sarah van Tol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olivier Mailhot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Orozco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriel T. Galdino
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Abbey N. Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Natalia Teruel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Padmanava Behera
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kazi Sabrina Afreen
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry L. Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - María Inés Zylber
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rafael J. Najmanovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maria I. Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu L, Jin J, Wang T, Hu Y, Liu H, Gao T, Dong Q, Jin Y, Li P, Liu Z, Huang Y, Liu X, Cao C. Ebola virus sequesters IRF3 in viral inclusion bodies to evade host antiviral immunity. eLife 2024; 12:RP88122. [PMID: 38285487 PMCID: PMC10945704 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral inclusion bodies (IBs) commonly form during the replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) in infected cells, but their role in viral immune evasion has rarely been explored. Here, we found that interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) or IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε), was recruited and sequestered in viral IBs when the cells were infected by EBOV transcription- and replication-competent virus-like particles (trVLPs). Nucleoprotein/virion protein 35 (VP35)-induced IBs formation was critical for IRF3 recruitment and sequestration, probably through interaction with STING. Consequently, the association of TBK1 and IRF3, which plays a vital role in type I interferon (IFN-I) induction, was blocked by EBOV trVLPs infection. Additionally, IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation induced by Sendai virus or poly(I:C) stimulation were suppressed by EBOV trVLPs. Furthermore, downregulation of STING significantly attenuated VP35-induced IRF3 accumulation in IBs. Coexpression of the viral proteins by which IB-like structures formed was much more potent in antagonizing IFN-I than expression of the IFN-I antagonist VP35 alone. These results suggested a novel immune evasion mechanism by which EBOV evades host innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jing Jin
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hainan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ting Gao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qincai Dong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanwen Jin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zijing Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Huang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cheng Cao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bajrai LH, Almalki AA, Sahoo AK, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. Exploring plant-derived small molecules as inhibitors of Marburg virus RNA binding protein activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38270432 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2306500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The search for antiviral medications is greatly influenced by the hunt for potent inhibitors of viral proteins. To find possible inhibitors of the RNA binding activity of the Marburg virus VP35 protein, we used a thorough in silico drug discovery approach in this investigation. A comprehensive virtual screening process, followed by a detailed MMGBSA analysis, led to the discovery of four potential inhibitory compounds viz. Kudzuisoflavone A, Miquelianin, Rutin, and Protopseudohypericin. They were identified from an extensive library of phytomolecules derived from three medicinal plants: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Hypericum perforatum, and Pueraria montana. In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, all these compounds showed steady binding to the target protein and favourable interactions. Notably, the free binding energies of all the selected compounds were better than the myricetin, a well-known blocker of the VP35 protein of the Ebola virus. Overall, this investigation offers insightful information about the molecular interactions and binding dynamics of the identified inhibitors' binding to the VP35 protein of the Marburg virus. The findings highlight the potential of three particular medicinal plants as sources of key chemicals for the creation of brand-new Marburg virus antiviral drugs. More experimental validation and optimization of the identified inhibitors are necessary in order to transform these findings into effective medicines for treating Marburg virus infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Hussein Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Abdullah Almalki
- Clinical Laboratory Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alsaady IM, Bajrai LH, Alandijany TA, Gattan HS, El-Daly MM, Altwaim SA, Alqawas RT, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. Cheminformatics Strategies Unlock Marburg Virus VP35 Inhibitors from Natural Compound Library. Viruses 2023; 15:1739. [PMID: 37632081 PMCID: PMC10459822 DOI: 10.3390/v15081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus and its close relative, the Marburg virus, both belong to the family Filoviridae and are highly hazardous and contagious viruses. With a mortality rate ranging from 23% to 90%, depending on the specific outbreak, the development of effective antiviral interventions is crucial for reducing fatalities and mitigating the impact of Marburg virus outbreaks. In this investigation, a virtual screening approach was employed to evaluate 2042 natural compounds for their potential interactions with the VP35 protein of the Marburg virus. Average and worst binding energies were calculated for all 20 poses, and compounds that exhibited binding energies <-6 kcal/mol in both criteria were selected for further analysis. Based on binding energies, only six compounds (Estradiol benzoate, INVEGA (paliperidone), Isosilybin, Protopanaxadiol, Permethrin, and Bufalin) were selected for subsequent investigations, focusing on interaction analysis. Among these selected compounds, Estradiol benzoate, INVEGA (paliperidone), and Isosilybin showed strong hydrogen bonds, while the others did not. In this study, the compounds Myricetin, Isosilybin, and Estradiol benzoate were subjected to a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and free binding energy calculation using MM/GBSA analysis. The reference component Myricetin served as a control. Estradiol benzoate exhibited the most stable and consistent root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values, whereas Isosilybin showed significant fluctuations in RMSD. The compound Estradiol benzoate exhibited the lowest ΔG binding free energy (-22.89 kcal/mol), surpassing the control compound's binding energy (-9.29 kcal/mol). Overall, this investigation suggested that Estradiol benzoate possesses favorable binding free energies, indicating a potential inhibitory mechanism against the VP35 protein of the Marburg virus. The study proposes that these natural compounds could serve as a therapeutic option for preventing Marburg virus infection. However, experimental validation is required to further corroborate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isra M. Alsaady
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.A.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena H. Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.A.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.A.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S. Gattan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.A.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M. El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.A.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A. Altwaim
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.A.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf T. Alqawas
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida 201310, India
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.A.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodríguez-Salazar CA, van Tol S, Mailhot O, Galdino G, Teruel N, Zhang L, Warren AN, González-Orozco M, Freiberg AN, Najmanovich RJ, Giraldo MI, Rajsbaum R. Ebola Virus VP35 Interacts Non-Covalently with Ubiquitin Chains to Promote Viral Replication Creating New Therapeutic Opportunities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.14.549057. [PMID: 37503276 PMCID: PMC10369991 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Ebolavirus (EBOV) belongs to a family of highly pathogenic viruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. EBOV replication requires the activity of the viral polymerase complex, which includes the co-factor and Interferon antagonist VP35. We previously showed that the covalent ubiquitination of VP35 promotes virus replication by regulating interactions with the polymerase complex. In addition, VP35 can also interact non-covalently with ubiquitin (Ub); however, the function of this interaction is unknown. Here, we report that VP35 interacts with free (unanchored) K63-linked polyUb chains. Ectopic expression of Isopeptidase T (USP5), which is known to degrade unanchored polyUb chains, reduced VP35 association with Ub and correlated with diminished polymerase activity in a minigenome assay. Using computational methods, we modeled the VP35-Ub non-covalent interacting complex, identified the VP35-Ub interacting surface and tested mutations to validate the interface. Docking simulations identified chemical compounds that can block VP35-Ub interactions leading to reduced viral polymerase activity that correlated with reduced replication of infectious EBOV. In conclusion, we identified a novel role of unanchored polyUb in regulating Ebola virus polymerase function and discovered compounds that have promising anti-Ebola virus activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Rodríguez-Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt, Armenia 630003, Colombia
| | - Sarah van Tol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
| | - Olivier Mailhot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gabriel Galdino
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Natalia Teruel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
| | - Abbey N. Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - María González-Orozco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
| | - Rafael J. Najmanovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - María I. Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas, USA
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xue Q, Zhu Z, Xue Z, Yang F, Cao W, Liu X, Liu H, Zheng H. NOG1 downregulates type I interferon production by targeting phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011511. [PMID: 37410776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of the host's defense, and studying the mechanisms of the negative regulation of interferon (IFN) signaling is important for maintaining the balance of innate immune responses. Here, we found that the host GTP-binding protein 4 (NOG1) is a negative regulator of innate immune responses. Overexpression of NOG1 inhibited viral RNA- and DNA-mediated signaling pathways, and NOG1 deficiency promoted the antiviral innate immune response, resulting in the ability of NOG1 to promote viral replication. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection induced a higher level of IFN-β protein in NOG1 deficient mice. Meanwhile, NOG1-deficient mice were more resistant to VSV and HSV-1 infection. NOG1 inhibited type I IFN production by targeting IRF3. NOG1 was also found to interact with phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to impair its DNA binding activity, thereby downregulating the transcription of IFN-β and downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The GTP binding domain of NOG1 is responsible for this process. In conclusion, our study reveals an underlying mechanism of how NOG1 negatively regulates IFN-β by targeting IRF3, which uncovers a novel role of NOG1 in host innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schwanke H, Gonçalves Magalhães V, Schmelz S, Wyler E, Hennig T, Günther T, Grundhoff A, Dölken L, Landthaler M, van Ham M, Jänsch L, Büssow K, van den Heuvel J, Blankenfeldt W, Friedel CC, Erhard F, Brinkmann MM. The Cytomegalovirus M35 Protein Directly Binds to the Interferon-β Enhancer and Modulates Transcription of Ifnb1 and Other IRF3-Driven Genes. J Virol 2023; 97:e0040023. [PMID: 37289084 PMCID: PMC10308904 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00400-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of type I interferon (IFN) gene expression is among the first lines of cellular defense a virus encounters during primary infection. We previously identified the tegument protein M35 of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as an essential antagonist of this antiviral system, showing that M35 interferes with type I IFN induction downstream of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) activation. Here, we report structural and mechanistic details of M35's function. Determination of M35's crystal structure combined with reverse genetics revealed that homodimerization is a key feature for M35's immunomodulatory activity. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), purified M35 protein specifically bound to the regulatory DNA element that governs transcription of the first type I IFN gene induced in nonimmune cells, Ifnb1. DNA-binding sites of M35 overlapped with the recognition elements of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key transcription factor activated by PRR signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed reduced binding of IRF3 to the host Ifnb1 promoter in the presence of M35. We furthermore defined the IRF3-dependent and the type I IFN signaling-responsive genes in murine fibroblasts by RNA sequencing of metabolically labeled transcripts (SLAM-seq) and assessed M35's global effect on gene expression. Stable expression of M35 broadly influenced the transcriptome in untreated cells and specifically downregulated basal expression of IRF3-dependent genes. During MCMV infection, M35 impaired expression of IRF3-responsive genes aside of Ifnb1. Our results suggest that M35-DNA binding directly antagonizes gene induction mediated by IRF3 and impairs the antiviral response more broadly than formerly recognized. IMPORTANCE Replication of the ubiquitous human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in healthy individuals mostly goes unnoticed but can impair fetal development or cause life-threatening symptoms in immunosuppressed or -deficient patients. Like other herpesviruses, CMV extensively manipulates its hosts and establishes lifelong latent infections. Murine CMV (MCMV) presents an important model system as it allows the study of CMV infection in the host organism. We previously showed that during entry into host cells, MCMV virions release the evolutionary conserved protein M35 protein to immediately dampen the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response induced by pathogen detection. Here, we show that M35 dimers bind to regulatory DNA elements and interfere with recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key cellular factor for antiviral gene expression. Thereby, M35 interferes with expression of type I IFNs and other IRF3-dependent genes, reflecting the importance for herpesviruses to avoid IRF3-mediated gene induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schmelz
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- Cellular Proteome Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteome Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Konrad Büssow
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joop van den Heuvel
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Caroline C. Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Letafati A, Salahi Ardekani O, Karami H, Soleimani M. Ebola virus disease: A narrative review. Microb Pathog 2023:106213. [PMID: 37355146 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD), which is also referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a highly contagious and frequently lethal sickness caused by the Ebola virus. In 1976, the disease emerged in two simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Subsequently, it has caused intermittent outbreaks in several African nations. The virus is primarily spread via direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected individual or animal. EVD is distinguished by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and hemorrhage. The outbreak of EVD in West Africa in 2014-2016 emphasized the need for effective control and prevention measures. Despite advancements and the identification of new treatments for EVD, the primary approach to treatment continues to be centered around providing supportive care. Early detection and supportive care can enhance the likelihood of survival. This includes intravenous fluids, electrolyte replacement, and treatment of secondary infections. Experimental therapies, for instance, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs, have shown promising results in animal studies and some clinical trials. Some African countries have implemented the use of vaccines developed for EVD, but their effectiveness and long-term safety are still being studied. This article provides an overview of the history, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and Ebola coinfection, as well as highlights the ongoing research efforts to develop effective treatments and vaccines to combat this deadly virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Salahi Ardekani
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hassan Karami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Soleimani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramanathan P, Tigabu B, Santos RI, Ilinykh PA, Kuzmina N, Vogel OA, Thakur N, Ahmed H, Wu C, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Bukreyev A. Ebolavirus Species-Specific Interferon Antagonism Mediated by VP24. Viruses 2023; 15:1075. [PMID: 37243162 PMCID: PMC10222226 DOI: 10.3390/v15051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Ebolavirus genus demonstrate a marked differences in pathogenicity in humans with Ebola (EBOV) being the most pathogenic, Bundibugyo (BDBV) less pathogenic, and Reston (RESTV) is not known to cause a disease in humans. The VP24 protein encoded by members of the Ebolavirus genus blocks type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling through interaction with host karyopherin alpha nuclear transporters, potentially contributing to virulence. Previously, we demonstrated that BDBV VP24 (bVP24) binds with lower affinities to karyopherin alpha proteins relative to EBOV VP24 (eVP24), and this correlated with a reduced inhibition in IFN-I signaling. We hypothesized that modification of eVP24-karyopherin alpha interface to make it similar to bVP24 would attenuate the ability to antagonize IFN-I response. We generated a panel of recombinant EBOVs containing single or combinations of point mutations in the eVP24-karyopherin alpha interface. Most of the viruses appeared to be attenuated in both IFN-I-competent 769-P and IFN-I-deficient Vero-E6 cells in the presence of IFNs. However, the R140A mutant grew at reduced levels even in the absence of IFNs in both cell lines, as well as in U3A STAT1 knockout cells. Both the R140A mutation and its combination with the N135A mutation greatly reduced the amounts of viral genomic RNA and mRNA suggesting that these mutations attenuate the virus in an IFN-I-independent attenuation. Additionally, we found that unlike eVP24, bVP24 does not inhibit interferon lambda 1 (IFN-λ1), interferon beta (IFN-β), and ISG15, which potentially explains the lower pathogenicity of BDBV relative to EBOV. Thus, the VP24 residues binding karyopherin alpha attenuates the virus by IFN-I-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bersabeh Tigabu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rodrigo I. Santos
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Olivia A. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Naveen Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hamza Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Escudero-Pérez B, Lawrence P, Castillo-Olivares J. Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156758. [PMID: 37153606 PMCID: PMC10158532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abir MH, Rahman T, Das A, Etu SN, Nafiz IH, Rakib A, Mitra S, Emran TB, Dhama K, Islam A, Siyadatpanah A, Mahmud S, Kim B, Hassan MM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Marburg virus. Virulence 2022; 13:609-633. [PMID: 35363588 PMCID: PMC8986239 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2054760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) has been a major concern since 1967, with two major outbreaks occurring in 1998 and 2004. Infection from MARV results in severe hemorrhagic fever, causing organ dysfunction and death. Exposure to fruit bats in caves and mines, and human-to-human transmission had major roles in the amplification of MARV outbreaks in African countries. The high fatality rate of up to 90% demands the broad study of MARV diseases (MVD) that correspond with MARV infection. Since large outbreaks are rare for MARV, clinical investigations are often inadequate for providing the substantial data necessary to determine the treatment of MARV disease. Therefore, an overall review may contribute to minimizing the limitations associated with future medical research and improve the clinical management of MVD. In this review, we sought to analyze and amalgamate significant information regarding MARV disease epidemics, pathophysiology, and management approaches to provide a better understanding of this deadly virus and the associated infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Silvia Naznin Etu
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Bonlgee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Flórez-Álvarez L, de Souza EE, Botosso VF, de Oliveira DBL, Ho PL, Taborda CP, Palmisano G, Capurro ML, Pinho JRR, Ferreira HL, Minoprio P, Arruda E, de Souza Ferreira LC, Wrenger C, Durigon EL. Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1040093. [PMID: 36386719 PMCID: PMC9640979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) pose a threat to global public health owing to the emergence and re-emergence of highly fatal diseases. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by these viruses are mostly characterized by an acute febrile syndrome with coagulation abnormalities and generalized hemorrhage that may lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Currently, the events underlying the viral pathogenicity associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome still underexplored. In this minireview, we address the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying VHFs pathogenesis and discuss the available development of preventive and therapeutic options to treat these infections. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of HFVs to cause worldwide emergencies along with factors that favor their spread beyond their original niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Virology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil,Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eurico Arruda
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Carsten Wrenger, ; Edison Luiz Durigon,
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Carsten Wrenger, ; Edison Luiz Durigon,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Acharya D, Reis R, Volcic M, Liu G, Wang MK, Chia BS, Nchioua R, Groß R, Münch J, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer KMJ, Gack MU. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling primes RIG-I-like receptor activation. Cell 2022; 185:3588-3602.e21. [PMID: 36113429 PMCID: PMC9680832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The current dogma of RNA-mediated innate immunity is that sensing of immunostimulatory RNA ligands is sufficient for the activation of intracellular sensors and induction of interferon (IFN) responses. Here, we report that actin cytoskeleton disturbance primes RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) activation. Actin cytoskeleton rearrangement induced by virus infection or commonly used reagents to intracellularly deliver RNA triggers the relocalization of PPP1R12C, a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), from filamentous actin to cytoplasmic RLRs. This allows dephosphorylation-mediated RLR priming and, together with the RNA agonist, induces effective RLR downstream signaling. Genetic ablation of PPP1R12C impairs antiviral responses and enhances susceptibility to infection with several RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, picornavirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Our work identifies actin cytoskeleton disturbance as a priming signal for RLR-mediated innate immunity, which may open avenues for antiviral or adjuvant design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Acharya
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rebecca Reis
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - GuanQun Liu
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - May K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Shao Chia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Avatar Mice Underscore the Role of the T Cell-Dendritic Cell Crosstalk in Ebola Virus Disease and Reveal Mechanisms of Protection in Survivors. J Virol 2022; 96:e0057422. [PMID: 36073921 PMCID: PMC9517696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a complex infectious disease characterized by high inflammation, multiorgan failure, the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and coagulation abnormalities. Evidence accumulated over the last 2 decades indicates that, during fatal EVD, the infection of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and the dysregulation of T cell immunity preclude a successful transition between innate and adaptive immunity, which constitutes a key disease checkpoint. In order to better understand the contribution of the APC-T cell crosstalk to EVD pathophysiology, we have developed avatar mice transplanted with human, donor-specific APCs and T cells. Here, we show that the transplantation of T cells and APCs from Ebola virus (EBOV)-naive individuals into avatar mice results in severe disease and death and that this phenotype is dependent on T cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MCH) recognition. Conversely, avatar mice were rescued from death induced by EBOV infection after the transplantation of both T cells and plasma from EVD survivors. These results strongly suggest that protection from EBOV reinfection requires both cellular and humoral immune memory responses. IMPORTANCE The crosstalk between dendritic cells and T cells marks the transition between innate and adaptive immune responses, and it constitutes an important checkpoint in EVD. In this study, we present a mouse avatar model in which T cell and dendritic cell interactions from a specific donor can be studied during EVD. Our findings indicate that T cell receptor-major histocompatibility complex-mediated T cell-dendritic cell interactions are associated with disease severity, which mimics the main features of severe EVD in these mice. Resistance to an EBOV challenge in the model was achieved via the transplantation of both survivor T cells and plasma.
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu X, Liu H, Ye G, Xue M, Yu H, Feng C, Zhou Q, Liu X, Zhang L, Jiao S, Weng C, Huang L. African swine fever virus pE301R negatively regulates cGAS-STING signaling pathway by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of IRF3. Vet Microbiol 2022; 274:109556. [PMID: 36099692 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). ASFV infects domestic pigs with the mortality rate approaching 100 % at acute stage of infection. The cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral responses are wildly accepted that cGAS acts as DNA sensor for sensing of viral DNA during DNA virus infection. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying negatively regulation of cGAS-STING signaling and type I IFN (IFN-I) production by ASFV proteins are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ASFV pE301R antagonize the activities of IFN-β-, NF-κB-, ISRE-luciferase (Luc) reporters-induced by cGAS-STING in a dose dependent manner. Consistent with these results, the mRNA levels of Ifnb1, Isg15, Isg56 are attenuated by ASFV pE301R. Furthermore, ASFV pE301R executes its inhibitory function at the downstream of IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation. Mechanistically, pE301R interacts with IRF3 via its amino acid (aa) 1-200 region, resulting in inhibition of the nuclear translocation of IRF3 induced by cGAMP and poly(dA:dT). Overall, our findings reveal that pE301R acts as a negatively regulator to inhibit IFN-I production and to subvert host antiviral innate immunity during ASFV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Guangqiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengdi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Huibin Yu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06511, CT, USA
| | - Chunying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xuemin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Longfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shuang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Galão RP, Wilson H, Schierhorn KL, Debeljak F, Bodmer BS, Goldhill D, Hoenen T, Wilson SJ, Swanson CM, Neil SJD. TRIM25 and ZAP target the Ebola virus ribonucleoprotein complex to mediate interferon-induced restriction. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010530. [PMID: 35533151 PMCID: PMC9119685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes highly pathogenic disease in primates. Through screening a library of human interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), we identified TRIM25 as a potent inhibitor of EBOV transcription-and-replication-competent virus-like particle (trVLP) propagation. TRIM25 overexpression inhibited the accumulation of viral genomic and messenger RNAs independently of the RNA sensor RIG-I or secondary proinflammatory gene expression. Deletion of TRIM25 strongly attenuated the sensitivity of trVLPs to inhibition by type-I interferon. The antiviral activity of TRIM25 required ZAP and the effect of type-I interferon was modulated by the CpG dinucleotide content of the viral genome. We find that TRIM25 interacts with the EBOV vRNP, resulting in its autoubiquitination and ubiquitination of the viral nucleoprotein (NP). TRIM25 is recruited to incoming vRNPs shortly after cell entry and leads to dissociation of NP from the vRNA. We propose that TRIM25 targets the EBOV vRNP, exposing CpG-rich viral RNA species to restriction by ZAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pedro Galão
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina L. Schierhorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Franka Debeljak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca S. Bodmer
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Goldhill
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chad M. Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Tol S, Kalveram B, Ilinykh PA, Ronk A, Huang K, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Bharaj P, Hage A, Atkins C, Giraldo MI, Wakamiya M, Gonzalez-Orozco M, Warren AN, Bukreyev A, Freiberg AN, Rajsbaum R. Ubiquitination of Ebola virus VP35 at lysine 309 regulates viral transcription and assembly. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010532. [PMID: 35533195 PMCID: PMC9119628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) VP35 is a polyfunctional protein involved in viral genome packaging, viral polymerase function, and host immune antagonism. The mechanisms regulating VP35's engagement in different functions are not well-understood. We previously showed that the host E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM6 ubiquitinates VP35 at lysine 309 (K309) to facilitate virus replication. However, how K309 ubiquitination regulates the function of VP35 as the viral polymerase co-factor and the precise stage(s) of the EBOV replication cycle that require VP35 ubiquitination are not known. Here, we generated recombinant EBOVs encoding glycine (G) or arginine (R) mutations at VP35/K309 (rEBOV-VP35/K309G/-R) and show that both mutations prohibit VP35/K309 ubiquitination. The K309R mutant retains dsRNA binding and efficient type-I Interferon (IFN-I) antagonism due to the basic residue conservation. The rEBOV-VP35/K309G mutant loses the ability to efficiently antagonize the IFN-I response, while the rEBOV-VP35/K309R mutant's suppression is enhanced. The replication of both mutants was significantly attenuated in both IFN-competent and -deficient cells due to impaired interactions with the viral polymerase. The lack of ubiquitination on VP35/K309 or TRIM6 deficiency disrupts viral transcription with increasing severity along the transcriptional gradient. This disruption of the transcriptional gradient results in unbalanced viral protein production, including reduced synthesis of the viral transcription factor VP30. In addition, lack of ubiquitination on K309 results in enhanced interactions with the viral nucleoprotein and premature nucleocapsid packaging, leading to dysregulation of virus assembly. Overall, we identified a novel role of VP35 ubiquitination in coordinating viral transcription and assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Tol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adam Ronk
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leopoldo Aguilera-Aguirre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preeti Bharaj
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adam Hage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria I. Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Orozco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Abbey N. Warren
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cruz MA, Frederick TE, Mallimadugula UL, Singh S, Vithani N, Zimmerman MI, Porter JR, Moeder KE, Amarasinghe GK, Bowman GR. A cryptic pocket in Ebola VP35 allosterically controls RNA binding. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2269. [PMID: 35477718 PMCID: PMC9046395 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions are often considered difficult drug targets because the surfaces involved lack obvious druggable pockets. Cryptic pockets could present opportunities for targeting these interactions, but identifying and exploiting these pockets remains challenging. Here, we apply a general pipeline for identifying cryptic pockets to the interferon inhibitory domain (IID) of Ebola virus viral protein 35 (VP35). VP35 plays multiple essential roles in Ebola's replication cycle but lacks pockets that present obvious utility for drug design. Using adaptive sampling simulations and machine learning algorithms, we predict VP35 harbors a cryptic pocket that is allosterically coupled to a key dsRNA-binding interface. Thiol labeling experiments corroborate the predicted pocket and mutating the predicted allosteric network supports our model of allostery. Finally, covalent modifications that mimic drug binding allosterically disrupt dsRNA binding that is essential for immune evasion. Based on these results, we expect this pipeline will be applicable to other proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas E Frederick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Upasana L Mallimadugula
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Neha Vithani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Maxwell I Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Justin R Porter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katelyn E Moeder
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. A Detailed Overview of Immune Escape, Antibody Escape, Partial Vaccine Escape of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Emerging Variants With Escape Mutations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801522. [PMID: 35222380 PMCID: PMC8863680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations, having the immune escape property. Simultaneously, the vaccination drive against this virus is in progress worldwide. However, vaccine evasion has been noted by some of the newly emerging variants. Our review provides an overview of the emerging variants' immune escape and vaccine escape ability. We have illustrated a broad view related to viral evolution, variants, and immune escape ability. Subsequently, different immune escape approaches of SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed. Different innate immune escape strategies adopted by the SARS-CoV-2 has been discussed like, IFN-I production dysregulation, cytokines related immune escape, immune escape associated with dendritic cell function and macrophages, natural killer cells and neutrophils related immune escape, PRRs associated immune evasion, and NLRP3 inflammasome associated immune evasion. Simultaneously we have discussed the significant mutations related to emerging variants and immune escape, such as mutations in the RBD region (N439K, L452R, E484K, N501Y, K444R) and other parts (D614G, P681R) of the S-glycoprotein. Mutations in other locations such as NSP1, NSP3, NSP6, ORF3, and ORF8 have also been discussed. Finally, we have illustrated the emerging variants' partial vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA/Oxford-AstraZeneca/BBIBP-CorV/ZF2001/Moderna mRNA/Johnson & Johnson vaccine) escape ability. This review will help gain in-depth knowledge related to immune escape, antibody escape, and partial vaccine escape ability of the virus and assist in controlling the current pandemic and prepare for the next.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
A Journey into the Clinical Relevance of Heme Oxygenase 1 for Human Inflammatory Disease and Viral Clearance: Why Does It Matter on the COVID-19 Scene? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020276. [PMID: 35204159 PMCID: PMC8868141 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, is involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, exerting a cytoprotective role by its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. HO-1 and its end products, biliverdin, carbon monoxide and free iron (Fe2+), confer cytoprotection against inflammatory and oxidative injury. Additionally, HO-1 exerts antiviral properties against a diverse range of viral infections by interfering with replication or activating the interferon (IFN) pathway. Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are characterized by systemic hyperinflammation, which, in some cases, leads to severe or fatal symptoms as a consequence of respiratory failure, lung and heart damage, kidney failure, and nervous system complications. This review summarizes the current research on the protective role of HO-1 in inflammatory diseases and against a wide range of viral infections, positioning HO-1 as an attractive target to ameliorate clinical manifestations during COVID-19.
Collapse
|
26
|
Razzuoli E, Armando F, De Paolis L, Ciurkiewicz M, Amadori M. The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects. Pathogens 2022; 11:175. [PMID: 35215119 PMCID: PMC8875149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- National Network of Veterinary Immunology (RNIV), Via Istria 3, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yamaoka S, Ebihara H. Pathogenicity and Virulence of Ebolaviruses with Species- and Variant-specificity. Virulence 2021; 12:885-901. [PMID: 33734027 PMCID: PMC7993122 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1898169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), belonging to the species Zaire ebolavirus in the genus Ebolavirus, causes a severe febrile illness in humans with case fatality rates (CFRs) up to 90%. While there have been six virus species classified, which each have a single type virus in the genus Ebolavirus, CFRs of ebolavirus infections vary among viruses belonging to each distinct species. In this review, we aim to define the ebolavirus species-specific virulence on the basis of currently available laboratory and experimental findings. In addition, this review will also cover the variant-specific virulence of EBOV by referring to the unique biological and pathogenic characteristics of EBOV variant Makona, a new EBOV variant isolated from the 2013-2016 EBOV disease outbreak in West Africa. A better definition of species-specific and variant-specific virulence of ebolaviruses will facilitate our comprehensive knowledge on genus Ebolavirus biology, leading to the development of therapeutics against well-focused pathogenic mechanisms of each Ebola disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Functional Importance of Hydrophobic Patches on the Ebola Virus VP35 IFN-Inhibitory Domain. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112316. [PMID: 34835122 PMCID: PMC8618116 DOI: 10.3390/v13112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral protein 35 (VP35) of Ebola virus (EBOV) is a multifunctional protein that mainly acts as a viral polymerase cofactor and an interferon antagonist. VP35 interacts with the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and double-stranded RNA for viral RNA transcription/replication and inhibition of type I interferon (IFN) production, respectively. The C-terminal portion of VP35, which is termed the IFN-inhibitory domain (IID), is important for both functions. To further identify critical regions in this domain, we analyzed the physical properties of the surface of VP35 IID, focusing on hydrophobic patches, which are expected to be functional sites that are involved in interactions with other molecules. Based on the known structural information of VP35 IID, three hydrophobic patches were identified on its surface and their biological importance was investigated using minigenome and IFN-β promoter-reporter assays. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that some of the amino acid substitutions that were predicted to disrupt the hydrophobicity of the patches significantly decreased the efficiency of viral genome replication/transcription due to reduced interaction with NP, suggesting that the hydrophobic patches might be critical for the formation of a replication complex through the interaction with NP. It was also found that the hydrophobic patches were involved in the IFN-inhibitory function of VP35. These results highlight the importance of hydrophobic patches on the surface of EBOV VP35 IID and also indicate that patch analysis is useful for the identification of amino acid residues that directly contribute to protein functions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Silva JMF, Nagata T, Melo FL, Elena SF. Heterogeneity in the Response of Different Subtypes of Drosophila melanogaster Midgut Cells to Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2284. [PMID: 34835089 PMCID: PMC8623525 DOI: 10.3390/v13112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers the possibility to monitor both host and pathogens transcriptomes at the cellular level. Here, public scRNA-seq datasets from Drosophila melanogaster midgut cells were used to compare the differences in replication strategy and cellular responses between two fly picorna-like viruses, Thika virus (TV) and D. melanogaster Nora virus (DMelNV). TV exhibited lower levels of viral RNA accumulation but infected a higher number of cells compared to DMelNV. In both cases, viral RNA accumulation varied according to cell subtype. The cellular heat shock response to TV and DMelNV infection was cell-subtype- and virus-specific. Disruption of bottleneck genes at later stages of infection in the systemic response, as well as of translation-related genes in the cellular response to DMelNV in two cell subtypes, may affect the virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João M. F. Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
| | - Fernando L. Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (J.M.F.S.); (T.N.); (F.L.M.)
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Structural and Functional Aspects of Ebola Virus Proteins. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101330. [PMID: 34684279 PMCID: PMC8538763 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), member of genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, have a non-segmented, single-stranded RNA that contains seven genes: (a) nucleoprotein (NP), (b) viral protein 35 (VP35), (c) VP40, (d) glycoprotein (GP), (e) VP30, (f) VP24, and (g) RNA polymerase (L). All genes encode for one protein each except GP, producing three pre-proteins due to the transcriptional editing. These pre-proteins are translated into four products, namely: (a) soluble secreted glycoprotein (sGP), (b) Δ-peptide, (c) full-length transmembrane spike glycoprotein (GP), and (d) soluble small secreted glycoprotein (ssGP). Further, shed GP is released from infected cells due to cleavage of GP by tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme (TACE). This review presents a detailed discussion on various functional aspects of all EBOV proteins and their residues. An introduction to ebolaviruses and their life cycle is also provided for clarity of the available analysis. We believe that this review will help understand the roles played by different EBOV proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. It will help in targeting significant protein residues for therapeutic and multi-protein/peptide vaccine development.
Collapse
|
31
|
African Swine Fever Virus E120R Protein Inhibits Interferon Beta Production by Interacting with IRF3 To Block Its Activation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0082421. [PMID: 34190598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00824-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a devastating disease of swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The pathogenesis of the disease remains largely unknown, leaving the spread of the disease uncontrolled in many countries and regions. Here, we identified E120R, a structural protein of ASFV, as a key virulence factor and late-phase-expressed protein of the virus. E120R revealed an activity to suppress the host antiviral response through blocking beta interferon (IFN-β) production, and the amino acids (aa) at sites 72 and 73 (amino acids 72-73) in the C-terminal domain were essential for this function. E120R interacted with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and interfered with the recruitment of IRF3 to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which in turn suppressed IRF3 phosphorylation, decreasing interferon production. A recombinant mutant ASFV was further constructed to confirm the claimed mechanism. The ASFV lacking the complete E120R region could not be rescued, whereas the virus could tolerate the deletion of the 72nd and 73rd residues in E120R (ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa). ASFV E120R with the two-amino-acid deletion failed to interact with IRF3 during ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa infection, and the viral infection activated IRF3 phosphorylation highly and induced more robust type I interferon production than its parental ASFV. An unbiased transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression also confirmed that considerably more IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were detected in ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) than in wild-type ASFV-infected PAMs. Together, our findings have identified a novel mechanism evolved by ASFV to inhibit the host antiviral response, and they provide a new target for guiding the development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine. IMPORTANCE African swine fever is a highly contagious animal disease affecting the pig industry worldwide, which has brought enormous economic losses. Infection by the causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), causes severe immunosuppression during viral infection, contributing to serious clinical manifestations. Therefore, identification of the viral proteins involved in immunosuppression is critical for ASFV vaccine design and development. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that E120R protein, a structural protein of ASFV, played an important role in suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and type I interferon production by binding to IRF3 and blocking the recruitment of IRF3 to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Deletion of the crucial binding sites in E120R critically increased the interferon response during ASFV infection. This study explored a novel antagonistic mechanism of ASFV, which is critical for guiding the development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccines.
Collapse
|
32
|
Srivastava S, Abraham PR, Mukhopadhyay S. Aptamers: An Emerging Tool for Diagnosis and Therapeutics in Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:656421. [PMID: 34277465 PMCID: PMC8280756 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.656421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been plaguing human civilization for centuries, and currently around one-third of the global population is affected with TB. Development of novel intervention tools for early diagnosis and therapeutics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is the main thrust area in today's scenario. In this direction global efforts were made to use aptamers, the chemical antibodies as tool for TB diagnostics and therapeutics. This review describes the various aptamers introduced for targeting M.tb and highlights the need for development of novel aptamers to selectively target virulent proteins of M.tb for vaccine and anti-TB drugs. The objective of this review is to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic application of aptamers used for tuberculosis. The discovery of aptamers, SELEX technology, different types of SELEX development processes, DNA and RNA aptamers reported for diseases and pathogenic agents as well have also been described in detail. But the emphasis of this review is on the development of aptamers which can block the function of virulent mycobacterial components for developing newer TB vaccine candidates and/or drug targets. Aptamers designed to target M.tb cell wall proteins, virulent factors, secretory proteins, or combination could orchestrate advanced diagnosis and therapeutic measures for tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Philip Raj Abraham
- Unit of OMICS, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Q, Peng C, Yang M, Huang F, Duan X, Wang S, Cheng H, Yang H, Zhao H, Qin Q. Single-cell RNA-seq landscape midbrain cell responses to red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009665. [PMID: 34185811 PMCID: PMC8241073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is an acute and serious fish disease caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV) which has been reported massive mortality in more than fifty teleost species worldwide. VNN causes damage of necrosis and vacuolation to central nervous system (CNS) cells in fish. It is difficult to identify the specific type of cell targeted by NNV, and to decipher the host immune response because of the functional diversity and highly complex anatomical and cellular composition of the CNS. In this study, we found that the red spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) mainly attacked the midbrain of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). We conducted single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the midbrain of healthy and RGNNV-infected fish and identified 35 transcriptionally distinct cell subtypes, including 28 neuronal and 7 non-neuronal cell types. An evaluation of the subpopulations of immune cells revealed that macrophages were enriched in RGNNV-infected fish, and the transcriptional profiles of macrophages indicated an acute cytokine and inflammatory response. Unsupervised pseudotime analysis of immune cells showed that microglia transformed into M1-type activated macrophages to produce cytokines to reduce the damage to nerve tissue caused by the virus. We also found that RGNNV targeted neuronal cell types was GLU1 and GLU3, and we found that the key genes and pathways by which causes cell cytoplasmic vacuoles and autophagy significant enrichment, this may be the major route viruses cause cell death. These data provided a comprehensive transcriptional perspective of the grouper midbrain and the basis for further research on how viruses infect the teleost CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengqi Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhuo Duan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huitao Cheng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huirong Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihong Zhao
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QQ)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QQ)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rai KR, Shrestha P, Yang B, Chen Y, Liu S, Maarouf M, Chen JL. Acute Infection of Viral Pathogens and Their Innate Immune Escape. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:672026. [PMID: 34239508 PMCID: PMC8258165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.672026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections can cause rampant disease in human beings, ranging from mild to acute, that can often be fatal unless resolved. An acute viral infection is characterized by sudden or rapid onset of disease, which can be resolved quickly by robust innate immune responses exerted by the host or, instead, may kill the host. Immediately after viral infection, elements of innate immunity, such as physical barriers, various phagocytic cells, group of cytokines, interferons (IFNs), and IFN-stimulated genes, provide the first line of defense for viral clearance. Innate immunity not only plays a critical role in rapid viral clearance but can also lead to disease progression through immune-mediated host tissue injury. Although elements of antiviral innate immunity are armed to counter the viral invasion, viruses have evolved various strategies to escape host immune surveillance to establish successful infections. Understanding complex mechanisms underlying the interaction between viruses and host’s innate immune system would help develop rational treatment strategies for acute viral infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of acute infections caused by viral pathogens and highlight broad immune escape strategies exhibited by viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kul Raj Rai
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Prasha Shrestha
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bincai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Maarouf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dolnik O, Gerresheim GK, Biedenkopf N. New Perspectives on the Biogenesis of Viral Inclusion Bodies in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infections. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061460. [PMID: 34200781 PMCID: PMC8230417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by negative strand RNA viruses (NSVs) induce the formation of viral inclusion bodies (IBs) in the host cell that segregate viral as well as cellular proteins to enable efficient viral replication. The induction of those membrane-less viral compartments leads inevitably to structural remodeling of the cellular architecture. Recent studies suggested that viral IBs have properties of biomolecular condensates (or liquid organelles), as have previously been shown for other membrane-less cellular compartments like stress granules or P-bodies. Biomolecular condensates are highly dynamic structures formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Key drivers for LLPS in cells are multivalent protein:protein and protein:RNA interactions leading to specialized areas in the cell that recruit molecules with similar properties, while other non-similar molecules are excluded. These typical features of cellular biomolecular condensates are also a common characteristic in the biogenesis of viral inclusion bodies. Viral IBs are predominantly induced by the expression of the viral nucleoprotein (N, NP) and phosphoprotein (P); both are characterized by a special protein architecture containing multiple disordered regions and RNA-binding domains that contribute to different protein functions. P keeps N soluble after expression to allow a concerted binding of N to the viral RNA. This results in the encapsidation of the viral genome by N, while P acts additionally as a cofactor for the viral polymerase, enabling viral transcription and replication. Here, we will review the formation and function of those viral inclusion bodies upon infection with NSVs with respect to their nature as biomolecular condensates.
Collapse
|
36
|
Deinhardt-Emmer S, Jäckel L, Häring C, Böttcher S, Wilden JJ, Glück B, Heller R, Schmidtke M, Koch M, Löffler B, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase by Pictilisib Blocks Influenza Virus Propagation in Cells and in Lungs of Infected Mice. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060808. [PMID: 34072389 PMCID: PMC8228449 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections are considered to cause severe diseases of the respiratory tract. Beyond mild symptoms, the infection can lead to respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Occurrence of resistant seasonal and pandemic strains against the currently licensed antiviral medications points to the urgent need for new and amply available anti-influenza drugs. Interestingly, the virus-supportive function of the cellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) suggests that this signaling module may be a potential target for antiviral intervention. In the sense of repurposing existing drugs for new indications, we used Pictilisib, a known PI3K inhibitor to investigate its effect on IV infection, in mono-cell-culture studies as well as in a human chip model. Our results indicate that Pictilisib is a potent inhibitor of IV propagation already at early stages of infection. In a murine model of IV pneumonia, the in vitro key findings were verified, showing reduced viral titers as well as inflammatory response in the lung after delivery of Pictilisib. Our data identified Pictilisib as a promising drug candidate for anti-IV therapies that warrant further studying. These results further led to the conclusion that the repurposing of previously approved substances represents a cost-effective and efficient way for development of novel antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-E.); (C.E.); Tel.: +49-(0)3641-9393640 (S.D.-E.); +49-(0)3641-9395700 (C.E.)
| | - Laura Jäckel
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Clio Häring
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Sarah Böttcher
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Janine J. Wilden
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Brigitte Glück
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Regine Heller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirijam Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-E.); (C.E.); Tel.: +49-(0)3641-9393640 (S.D.-E.); +49-(0)3641-9395700 (C.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Misasi J, Sullivan NJ. Immunotherapeutic strategies to target vulnerabilities in the Ebolavirus glycoprotein. Immunity 2021; 54:412-436. [PMID: 33691133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa and the subsequent outbreaks of 2018-2020 in Equator and North Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo illustrate the public health challenges of emerging and reemerging viruses. EVD has a high case fatality rate with a rapidly progressing syndrome of fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding diathesis. Recently, two monoclonal-antibody-based therapies received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, and there are several other passive immunotherapies that hold promise as therapeutics against other species of Ebolavirus. Here, we review concepts needed to understand mechanisms of action, present an expanded schema to define additional sites of vulnerability on the viral glycoprotein, and review current antibody-based therapeutics. The concepts described are used to gain insights into the key characteristics that represent functional targets for immunotherapies against Zaire Ebolavirus and other emerging viruses within the Ebolavirus genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Misasi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vaughn LS, Chukwurah E, Patel RC. Opposite actions of two dsRNA-binding proteins PACT and TRBP on RIG-I mediated signaling. Biochem J 2021; 478:493-510. [PMID: 33459340 PMCID: PMC7919947 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An integral aspect of innate immunity is the ability to detect foreign molecules of viral origin to initiate antiviral signaling via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). One such receptor is the RNA helicase retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-I), which detects and is activated by 5'triphosphate uncapped double stranded RNA (dsRNA) as well as the cytoplasmic viral mimic dsRNA polyI:C. Once activated, RIG-I's CARD domains oligomerize and initiate downstream signaling via mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), ultimately inducing interferon (IFN) production. Another dsRNA binding protein PACT, originally identified as the cellular protein activator of dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), is known to enhance RIG-I signaling in response to polyI:C treatment, in part by stimulating RIG-I's ATPase and helicase activities. TAR-RNA-binding protein (TRBP), which is ∼45% homologous to PACT, inhibits PKR signaling by binding to PKR as well as by sequestration of its' activators, dsRNA and PACT. Despite the extensive homology and similar structure of PACT and TRBP, the role of TRBP has not been explored much in RIG-I signaling. This work focuses on the effect of TRBP on RIG-I signaling and IFN production. Our results indicate that TRBP acts as an inhibitor of RIG-I signaling in a PACT- and PKR-independent manner. Surprisingly, this inhibition is independent of TRBP's post-translational modifications that are important for other signaling functions of TRBP, but TRBP's dsRNA-binding ability is essential. Our work has major implications on viral susceptibility, disease progression, and antiviral immunity as it demonstrates the regulatory interplay between PACT and TRBP IFN production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Vaughn
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210
| | | | - Rekha C Patel
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
[The latest research findings on Ebola virus]. Uirusu 2021; 71:137-150. [PMID: 37245976 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.71.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
013-2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak was the largest EVD outbreak ever documented that started earlier in Guinea and later widely spread throughout West Africa, ending up a total of > 28,000 human infections. In this review, we outline research findings on Ebola virus (EBOV) variant Makona, a new EBOV variant isolated from the 2013-2016 EVD outbreak, and introduce the unique biological and pathogenic characteristics of Makona variant. We also discuss about the relevance of persistent infection of EBOV in EVD survivors with resurgence of EVD outbreak in Guinea in 2021. Moreover, this review covers a recent case report of EVD relapse and deliberates new interpretations of EBOV biology and EVD outbreak.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kotliar D, Lin AE, Logue J, Hughes TK, Khoury NM, Raju SS, Wadsworth MH, Chen H, Kurtz JR, Dighero-Kemp B, Bjornson ZB, Mukherjee N, Sellers BA, Tran N, Bauer MR, Adams GC, Adams R, Rinn JL, Melé M, Schaffner SF, Nolan GP, Barnes KG, Hensley LE, McIlwain DR, Shalek AK, Sabeti PC, Bennett RS. Single-Cell Profiling of Ebola Virus Disease In Vivo Reveals Viral and Host Dynamics. Cell 2020; 183:1383-1401.e19. [PMID: 33159858 PMCID: PMC7707107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes epidemics with high mortality yet remains understudied due to the challenge of experimentation in high-containment and outbreak settings. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics and CyTOF-based single-cell protein quantification to characterize peripheral immune cells during EBOV infection in rhesus monkeys. We obtained 100,000 transcriptomes and 15,000,000 protein profiles, finding that immature, proliferative monocyte-lineage cells with reduced antigen-presentation capacity replace conventional monocyte subsets, while lymphocytes upregulate apoptosis genes and decline in abundance. By quantifying intracellular viral RNA, we identify molecular determinants of tropism among circulating immune cells and examine temporal dynamics in viral and host gene expression. Within infected cells, EBOV downregulates STAT1 mRNA and interferon signaling, and it upregulates putative pro-viral genes (e.g., DYNLL1 and HSPA5), nominating pathways the virus manipulates for its replication. This study sheds light on EBOV tropism, replication dynamics, and elicited immune response and provides a framework for characterizing host-virus interactions under maximum containment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Kotliar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Aaron E Lin
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Travis K Hughes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nadine M Khoury
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Siddharth S Raju
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marc H Wadsworth
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan R Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bonnie Dighero-Kemp
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zach B Bjornson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Brian A Sellers
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Nancy Tran
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew R Bauer
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gordon C Adams
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John L Rinn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Marta Melé
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Stephen F Schaffner
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - David R McIlwain
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li Y, Renner DM, Comar CE, Whelan JN, Reyes HM, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Truitt R, Tan LH, Dong B, Alysandratos KD, Huang J, Palmer JN, Adappa ND, Kohanski MA, Kotton DN, Silverman RH, Yang W, Morrisey E, Cohen NA, Weiss SR. SARS-CoV-2 induces double-stranded RNA-mediated innate immune responses in respiratory epithelial derived cells and cardiomyocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32995797 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.24.312553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are adept at evading host antiviral pathways induced by viral double-stranded RNA, including interferon (IFN) signaling, oligoadenylate synthetase-ribonuclease L (OAS-RNase L), and protein kinase R (PKR). While dysregulated or inadequate IFN responses have been associated with severe coronavirus infection, the extent to which the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 activates or antagonizes these pathways is relatively unknown. We found that SARS-CoV-2 infects patient-derived nasal epithelial cells, present at the initial site of infection, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar type 2 cells (iAT2), the major cell type infected in the lung, and cardiomyocytes (iCM), consistent with cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19 disease. Robust activation of IFN or OAS-RNase L is not observed in these cell types, while PKR activation is evident in iAT2 and iCM. In SARS-CoV-2 infected Calu-3 and A549 ACE2 lung-derived cell lines, IFN induction remains relatively weak; however activation of OAS-RNase L and PKR is observed. This is in contrast to MERS-CoV, which effectively inhibits IFN signaling as well as OAS-RNase L and PKR pathways, but similar to mutant MERS-CoV lacking innate immune antagonists. Remarkably, both OAS-RNase L and PKR are activated in MAVS knockout A549 ACE2 cells, demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 can induce these host antiviral pathways despite minimal IFN production. Moreover, increased replication and cytopathic effect in RNASEL knockout A549 ACE2 cells implicates OAS-RNase L in restricting SARS-CoV-2. Finally, while SARS-CoV-2 fails to antagonize these host defense pathways, which contrasts with other coronaviruses, the IFN signaling response is generally weak. These host-virus interactions may contribute to the unique pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Significance SARS-CoV-2 emergence in late 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic that has had devastating effects on human health and the economy. Early innate immune responses are essential for protection against virus invasion. While inadequate innate immune responses are associated with severe COVID-19 diseases, understanding of the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host antiviral pathways is minimal. We have characterized the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infections in relevant respiratory tract derived cells and cardiomyocytes and found that SARS-CoV-2 activates two antiviral pathways, oligoadenylate synthetase-ribonuclease L (OAS-RNase L), and protein kinase R (PKR), while inducing minimal levels of interferon. This in contrast to MERS-CoV which inhibits all three pathways. Activation of these pathways may contribute to the distinctive pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
42
|
Jain S, Khaiboullina SF, Baranwal M. Immunological Perspective for Ebola Virus Infection and Various Treatment Measures Taken to Fight the Disease. Pathogens 2020; 9:E850. [PMID: 33080902 PMCID: PMC7603231 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses, discovered in 1976, belongs to the Filoviridae family, which also includes Marburg and Lloviu viruses. They are negative-stranded RNA viruses with six known species identified to date. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of Zaire ebolavirus species and can cause the Ebola virus disease (EVD), an emerging zoonotic disease that results in homeostatic imbalance and multi-organ failure. There are three EBOV outbreaks documented in the last six years resulting in significant morbidity (> 32,000 cases) and mortality (> 13,500 deaths). The potential factors contributing to the high infectivity of this virus include multiple entry mechanisms, susceptibility of the host cells, employment of multiple immune evasion mechanisms and rapid person-to-person transmission. EBOV infection leads to cytokine storm, disseminated intravascular coagulation, host T cell apoptosis as well as cell mediated and humoral immune response. In this review, a concise recap of cell types targeted by EBOV and EVD symptoms followed by detailed run-through of host innate and adaptive immune responses, virus-driven regulation and their combined effects contributing to the disease pathogenesis has been presented. At last, the vaccine and drug development initiatives as well as challenges related to the management of infection have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
PRV-encoded UL13 protein kinase acts as an antagonist of innate immunity by targeting IRF3-signaling pathways. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108860. [PMID: 33045632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a porcine alphaherpesvirus, causes neurological disorders and reproductive failure in swine. It is capable of avoiding host antiviral responses, resulting in viral latency in infected animals. The mechanisms by which many PRV proteins help the virus to evade immune surveillance are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the PRV protein kinase, UL13, inhibits the IFN-β signaling pathway by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) for ubiquitination and degradation. PRV with mutant of UL13 is impaired in its ability to hinder IRF3 and interferon-β (IFN-β) activation, and has significantly less pathogenesis in mice that wild-type PRV. Our findings reveal an as yet undescribed mechanism utilized by PRV to evade host immune responses. PRV UL13 is a potential target for attenuated vaccines and antiviral drugs.
Collapse
|
44
|
Portela Sousa C, Brites C. Immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of interferons type I and type III. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:428-433. [PMID: 32866437 PMCID: PMC7448817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scarce information on the human immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and on the exacerbated inflammatory reaction observed in severe COVID-19 cases. OBJECTIVE To review the available evidence on the role of interferons type I and type III to SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS We reviewed the available published evidence on the role of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as recent publications on characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19, and their relationship with interferons type I and type III. RESULTS The available data indicates that immune response plays an important role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune dysregulation can significantly modify the clinical outcomes of affected patients. In addition, the evidence suggests that IFN type I and III can play an important role in controlling viremia and modulating the immune response in COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Due to their central role in immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, IFN type I and III could be considered for treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caciane Portela Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Parasitologia e Microbiologia, Teresina, PI, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The Intrinsically Disordered W Protein Is Multifunctional during Henipavirus Infection, Disrupting Host Signalling Pathways and Nuclear Import. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081913. [PMID: 32824665 PMCID: PMC7465373 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah and Hendra viruses are highly pathogenic, zoonotic henipaviruses that encode proteins that inhibit the host’s innate immune response. The W protein is one of four products encoded from the P gene and binds a number of host proteins to regulate signalling pathways. The W protein is intrinsically disordered, a structural attribute that contributes to its diverse host protein interactions. Here, we review the role of W in innate immune suppression through inhibition of both pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways and interferon (IFN)-responsive signalling. PRR stimulation leading to activation of IRF-3 and IFN release is blocked by henipavirus W, and unphosphorylated STAT proteins are sequestered within the nucleus of host cells by W, thereby inhibiting the induction of IFN stimulated genes. We examine the critical role of nuclear transport in multiple functions of W and how specific binding of importin-alpha (Impα) isoforms, and the 14-3-3 group of regulatory proteins suggests further modulation of these processes. Overall, the disordered nature and multiple functions of W warrant further investigation to understand henipavirus pathogenesis and may reveal insights aiding the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in different cellular functions. Of special interest are their roles in innate immunity, inflammation, and virus replication. We discuss novel roles of TRIM proteins during virus infections that lead to increased pathogenicity. Recent Findings TRIM proteins regulate different antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways, mostly by promoting ubiquitination of important factors including pattern recognition receptors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors that are involved in type I interferon and NF-κB pathways. Therefore, viruses have developed mechanisms to target TRIMs for immune evasion. New evidence is emerging indicating that viruses have the ability to directly use TRIMs and the ubiquitination process to enhance the viral replication cycle and cause increased pathogenesis. A new report on TRIM7 also highlights the potential pro-viral role of TRIMs via ubiquitination of viral proteins and suggests a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination of virus envelope protein may provide determinants of tissue and species tropism. Summary TRIM proteins have important functions in promoting host defense against virus infection; however, viruses have adapted to evade TRIM-mediated immune responses and can hijack TRIMs to ultimately increase virus pathogenesis. Only by understanding specific TRIM-virus interactions and by using more in vivo approaches can we learn how to harness TRIM function to develop therapeutic approaches to reduce virus pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ivanov A, Ramanathan P, Parry C, Ilinykh PA, Lin X, Petukhov M, Obukhov Y, Ammosova T, Amarasinghe GK, Bukreyev A, Nekhai S. Global phosphoproteomic analysis of Ebola virions reveals a novel role for VP35 phosphorylation-dependent regulation of genome transcription. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2579-2603. [PMID: 31562565 PMCID: PMC7101265 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe human disease with a high case fatality rate. The balance of evidence implies that the virus circulates in bats. The molecular basis for host-viral interactions, including the role for phosphorylation during infections, is largely undescribed. To address this, and to better understand the biology of EBOV, the phosphorylation of EBOV proteins was analyzed in virions purified from infected monkey Vero-E6 cells and bat EpoNi/22.1 cells using high-resolution mass spectrometry. All EBOV structural proteins were detected with high coverage, along with phosphopeptides. Phosphorylation sites were identified in all viral structural proteins. Comparison of EBOV protein phosphorylation in monkey and bat cells showed only partial overlap of phosphorylation sites, with shared sites found in NP, VP35, and VP24 proteins, and no common sites in the other proteins. Three-dimensional structural models were built for NP, VP35, VP40, GP, VP30 and VP24 proteins using available crystal structures or by de novo structure prediction to elucidate the potential role of the phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation of one of the identified sites in VP35, Thr-210, was demonstrated to govern the transcriptional activity of the EBOV polymerase complex. Thr-210 phosphorylation was also shown to be important for VP35 interaction with NP. This is the first study to compare phosphorylation of all EBOV virion proteins produced in primate versus bat cells, and to demonstrate the role of VP35 phosphorylation in the viral life cycle. The results uncover a novel mechanism of EBOV transcription and identify novel targets for antiviral drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Ivanov
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, 2201 Georgia Ave., N.W., Suite 321D, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77574-0609, USA
| | - Christian Parry
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, 2201 Georgia Ave., N.W., Suite 321D, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77574-0609, USA
| | - Xionghao Lin
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, 2201 Georgia Ave., N.W., Suite 321D, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
- College of Dentistry, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Michael Petukhov
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Russian Nuclear Physics Institute Named After B. P. Konstantinov, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, 188300, Russia
- Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies Named After A. M. Granov, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Yuri Obukhov
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, 2201 Georgia Ave., N.W., Suite 321D, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Tatiana Ammosova
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, 2201 Georgia Ave., N.W., Suite 321D, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77574-0609, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77574-0609, USA.
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas, Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77574-0609, USA.
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, 2201 Georgia Ave., N.W., Suite 321D, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The Andes Orthohantavirus NSs Protein Antagonizes the Type I Interferon Response by Inhibiting MAVS Signaling. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00454-20. [PMID: 32321811 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00454-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small messenger RNA (SmRNA) of the Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV), a rodent-borne member of the Hantaviridae family of viruses of the Bunyavirales order, encodes a multifunctional nucleocapsid (N) protein and for a nonstructural (NSs) protein of unknown function. We have previously shown the expression of the ANDV-NSs, but only in infected cell cultures. In this study, we extend our early findings by confirming the expression of the ANDV-NSs protein in the lungs of experimentally infected golden Syrian hamsters. Next, we show, using a virus-free system, that the ANDV-NSs protein antagonizes the type I interferon (IFN) induction pathway by suppressing signals downstream of the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and upstream of TBK1. Consistent with this observation, the ANDV-NSs protein antagonized mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS)-induced IFN-β, NF-κB, IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IFN-sensitive response element (ISRE) promoter activity. Results demonstrate that ANDV-NSs binds to MAVS in cells without disrupting the MAVS-TBK-1 interaction. However, in the presence of the ANDV-NSs ubiquitination of MAVS is reduced. In summary, this study provides evidence showing that the ANDV-NSs protein acts as an antagonist of the cellular innate immune system by suppressing MAVS downstream signaling by a yet not fully understand mechanism. Our findings reveal new insights into the molecular regulation of the hosts' innate immune response by the Andes orthohantavirus.IMPORTANCE Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) is endemic in Argentina and Chile and is the primary etiological agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in South America. ANDV is distinguished from other hantaviruses by its unique ability to spread from person to person. In a previous report, we identified a novel ANDV protein, ANDV-NSs. Until now, ANDV-NSs had no known function. In this new study, we established that ANDV-NSs acts as an antagonist of cellular innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, hindering the cellular antiviral response during infection. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms used by ANDV to establish its infection.
Collapse
|
49
|
Identification of interferon-stimulated genes that attenuate Ebola virus infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2953. [PMID: 32528005 PMCID: PMC7289892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The West Africa Ebola outbreak was the largest outbreak ever recorded, with over 28,000 reported infections; this devastating epidemic emphasized the need to understand the mechanisms to counteract virus infection. Here, we screen a library of nearly 400 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) against a biologically contained Ebola virus and identify several ISGs not previously known to affect Ebola virus infection. Overexpression of the top ten ISGs attenuates virus titers by up to 1000-fold. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that three ISGs interfere with virus entry, six affect viral transcription/replication, and two inhibit virion formation and budding. A comprehensive study of one ISG (CCDC92) that shows anti-Ebola activity in our screen reveals that CCDC92 can inhibit viral transcription and the formation of complete virions via an interaction with the viral protein NP. Our findings provide insights into Ebola virus infection that could be exploited for the development of therapeutics against this virus. Here, Kuroda et al. screen a library of nearly 400 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and identify several ISGs that inhibit Ebola virus entry, viral transcription/replication, or virion formation. The study provides insights into interactions between Ebola and the host cells.
Collapse
|
50
|
Fanunza E, Frau A, Corona A, Tramontano E. Insights into Ebola Virus VP35 and VP24 Interferon Inhibitory Functions and their Initial Exploitation as Drug Targets. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:362-374. [PMID: 30468131 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666181123145540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Upon viral infection, the interferon (IFN) system triggers potent antiviral mechanisms limiting viral growth and spread. Hence, to sustain their infection, viruses evolved efficient counteracting strategies to evade IFN control. Ebola virus (EBOV), member of the family Filoviridae, is one of the most virulent and deadly pathogen ever faced by humans. The etiological agent of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), EBOV can be undoubtedly considered the perfect example of a powerful inhibitor of the host organism immune response activation. Particularly, the efficacious suppression of the IFN cascade contributes to disease progression and severity. Among the EBOVencoded proteins, the Viral Proteins 35 (VP35) and 24 (VP24) are responsible for the EBOV extreme virulence, representing the core of such inhibitory function through which EBOV determines its very effective shield to the cellular immune defenses. VP35 inhibits the activation of the cascade leading to IFN production, while VP24 inhibits the activation of the IFN-stimulated genes. A number of studies demonstrated that both VP35 and VP24 is validated target for drug development. Insights into the structural characteristics of VP35 and VP24 domains revealed crucial pockets exploitable for drug development. Considered the lack of therapy for EVD, restoring the immune activation is a promising approach for drug development. In the present review, we summarize the importance of VP35 and VP24 proteins in counteracting the host IFN cellular response and discuss their potential as druggable viral targets as a promising approach toward attenuation of EBOV virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fanunza
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Aldo Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.,Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Council, Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|