1
|
Kong Z, Chen X, Gong L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Guan K, Yao W, Kang Y, Lu X, Zhang Y, Du Y, Sun A, Zhuang G, Zhao J, Wan B, Zhang G. Pseudorabies virus tegument protein US2 antagonizes antiviral innate immunity by targeting cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1403070. [PMID: 39015575 PMCID: PMC11250390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1403070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The cGAS-STING axis-mediated type I interferon pathway is a crucial strategy for host defense against DNA virus infection. Numerous evasion strategies developed by the pseudorabies virus (PRV) counteract host antiviral immunity. To what extent PRV-encoded proteins evade the cGAS-STING signaling pathway is unknown. Methods Using US2 stably expressing cell lines and US2-deficient PRV model, we revealed that the PRV tegument protein US2 reduces STING protein stability and downregulates STING-mediated antiviral signaling. Results To promote K48-linked ubiquitination and STING degradation, US2 interacts with the LBD structural domain of STING and recruits the E3 ligase TRIM21. TRIM21 deficiency consistently strengthens the host antiviral immune response brought on by PRV infection. Additionally, US2-deficient PRV is less harmful in mice. Conclusions Our study implies that PRV US2 inhibits IFN signaling by a new mechanism that selectively targets STING while successfully evading the host antiviral response. As a result, the present study reveals a novel strategy by which PRV evades host defense and offers explanations for why the Bartha-K61 classical vaccine strain failed to offer effective defense against PRV variant strains in China, indicating that US2 may be a key target for developing gene-deficient PRV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Kong
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lele Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanzi Yao
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Kang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Proteomic Comparison of Three Wild-Type Pseudorabies Virus Strains and the Attenuated Bartha Strain Reveals Reduced Incorporation of Several Tegument Proteins in Bartha Virions. J Virol 2022; 96:e0115822. [PMID: 36453884 PMCID: PMC9769387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs. Driven by the large economic losses associated with PRV infection, several vaccines and vaccine programs have been developed. To this day, the attenuated Bartha strain, generated by serial passaging, represents the golden standard for PRV vaccination. However, a proteomic comparison of the Bartha virion to wild-type (WT) PRV virions is lacking. Here, we present a comprehensive mass spectrometry-based proteome comparison of the attenuated Bartha strain and three commonly used WT PRV strains: Becker, Kaplan, and NIA3. We report the detection of 40 structural and 14 presumed nonstructural proteins through a combination of data-dependent and data-independent acquisition. Interstrain comparisons revealed that packaging of the capsid and most envelope proteins is largely comparable in-between all four strains, except for the envelope protein pUL56, which is less abundant in Bartha virions. However, distinct differences were noted for several tegument proteins. Most strikingly, we noted a severely reduced incorporation of the tegument proteins IE180, VP11/12, pUS3, VP22, pUL41, pUS1, and pUL40 in Bartha virions. Moreover, and likely as a consequence, we also observed that Bartha virions are on average smaller and more icosahedral compared to WT virions. Finally, we detected at least 28 host proteins that were previously described in PRV virions and noticed considerable strain-specific differences with regard to host proteins, arguing that the potential role of packaged host proteins in PRV replication and spread should be further explored. IMPORTANCE The pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine strain Bartha-an attenuated strain created by serial passaging-represents an exceptional success story in alphaherpesvirus vaccination. Here, we used mass spectrometry to analyze the Bartha virion composition in comparison to three established WT PRV strains. Many viral tegument proteins that are considered nonessential for viral morphogenesis were drastically less abundant in Bartha virions compared to WT virions. Interestingly, many of the proteins that are less incorporated in Bartha participate in immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses. In addition, we observed a reduced size and more icosahedral morphology of the Bartha virions compared to WT PRV. Given that the Bartha vaccine strain elicits potent immune responses, our findings here suggest that differences in protein packaging may contribute to its immunogenicity. Further exploration of these observations could aid the development of efficacious vaccines against other alphaherpesvirus vaccines such as HSV-1/2 or EHV-1.
Collapse
|
3
|
The Attenuated Pseudorabies Virus Vaccine Strain Bartha Hyperactivates Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by Generating Large Amounts of Cell-Free Virus in Infected Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0219921. [PMID: 35604216 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02199-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a porcine alphaherpesvirus and the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease. Successful eradication campaigns against PRV have largely relied on the use of potent PRV vaccines. The live attenuated Bartha strain, which was produced by serial passaging in cell culture, represents one of the hallmark PRV vaccines. Despite the robust protection elicited by Bartha vaccination, very little is known about the immunogenicity of the Bartha strain. Previously, we showed that Bartha-infected epithelial cells trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to produce much higher levels of type I interferons than cells infected with wild-type PRV. Here, we show that this Bartha-induced pDC hyperactivation extends to other important cytokines, including interleukin-12/23 (IL-12/23) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) but not IL-6. Moreover, Bartha-induced pDC hyperactivation was found to be due to the strongly increased production of extracellular infectious virus (heavy particles [H-particles]) early in infection of epithelial cells, which correlated with a reduced production of noninfectious light particles (L-particles). The Bartha genome is marked by a large deletion in the US region affecting the genes encoding US7 (gI), US8 (gE), US9, and US2. The deletion of the US2 and gE/gI genes was found to be responsible for the observed increase in extracellular virus production by infected epithelial cells and the resulting increased pDC activation. The deletion of gE/gI also suppressed L-particle production. In conclusion, the deletion of US2 and gE/gI in the genome of the PRV vaccine strain Bartha results in the enhanced production of extracellular infectious virus in infected epithelial cells and concomitantly leads to the hyperactivation of pDC. IMPORTANCE The pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine strain Bartha has been and still is critical in the eradication of PRV in numerous countries. However, little is known about how this vaccine strain interacts with host cells and the host immune system. Here, we report the surprising observation that Bartha-infected epithelial porcine cells rapidly produce increased amounts of extracellular infectious virus compared to wild-type PRV-infected cells, which in turn potently stimulate porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). We found that this phenotype depends on the deletion of the genes encoding US2 and gE/gI. We also found that Bartha-infected cells secrete fewer pDC-inhibiting light particles (L-particles), which appears to be caused mainly by the deletion of the genes encoding gE/gI. These data generate novel insights into the interaction of the successful Bartha vaccine with epithelial cells and pDC and may therefore contribute to the development of vaccines against other (alphaherpes)viruses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Grabowska K, Wąchalska M, Graul M, Rychłowski M, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Lipińska AD. Alphaherpesvirus gB Homologs Are Targeted to Extracellular Vesicles, but They Differentially Affect MHC Class II Molecules. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040429. [PMID: 32290097 PMCID: PMC7232241 DOI: 10.3390/v12040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is one of the best-documented extracellular vesicle (EVs)-incorporated viral proteins. Regarding the sequence and structure conservation between gB homologs, we asked whether bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV)-encoded gB share the property of herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1) gB to be trafficked to EVs and affect major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. Our data highlight some conserved and differential features of the three gBs. We demonstrate that mature, fully processed BoHV-1 and PRV gBs localize to EVs isolated from constructed stable cell lines and EVs-enriched fractions from virus-infected cells. gB also shares the ability to co-localize with CD63 and MHC II in late endosomes. However, we report here a differential effect of the HSV-1, BoHV-1, and PRV glycoprotein on the surface MHC II levels, and MHC II loading to EVs in stable cell lines, which may result from their adverse ability to bind HLA-DR, with PRV gB being the most divergent. BoHV-1 and HSV-1 gB could retard HLA-DR exports to the plasma membrane. Our results confirm that the differential effect of gB on MHC II may require various mechanisms, either dependent on its complex formation or on inducing general alterations to the vesicular transport. EVs from virus-infected cells also contained other viral glycoproteins, like gD or gE, and they were enriched in MHC II. As shown for BoHV-1 gB- or BoHV-1-infected cell-derived vesicles, those EVs could bind anti-virus antibodies in ELISA, which supports the immunoregulatory potential of alphaherpesvirus gB.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ata EB, Zaghawa A, Ghazy AA, Elsify A, Abdelrahman K, Kasem S, Nayel M. Development and characterization of ORF68 negative equine herpes virus type-1, Ab4p strain. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:121-131. [PMID: 30165189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen, which infects horses worldwide with high morbidity but low mortality rates. The respiratory disorders and abortions are the most common indicators. Ab4p (an abortigenic and paralytic virus) is one of the most important and virulent strains. The development and functional characterization of the open reading frame-68 (ORF68) negative EHV-1 Ab4p mutants and an assessment of their roles in the infection at the cellular level were the main targets of the current study. Escherichia coli DH10β containing the Ab4p bacterial artificial chromosome (pAb4pBAC) and Red/ET expression vector were used to develop different ORF68 mutants. Multi-step growth kinetic experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the growth properties of the constructed mutant viruses. Growth of the Ab4pΔORF68 showed the lowest titer, compared to the Ab4pΔORF68R, Ab4pΔORF68R non-sense, and the parent Ab4p viruses without any significant difference (P > 0.05). The growth of the mutant viruses was almost similar across the cell types, but viruses growth was more efficient in FHK cells as judged by the number of the obtained virus particles. The plaque size of Ab4pΔORF68 was significantly (40%) smaller than those of Ab4p (P < 0.01), Ab4pΔORF68R, and Ab4pΔORF68R non-sense viruses which confirmed the importance of ORF68 protein in the cell-to-cell transmission of EHV-1. Subcellular localization of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) ORF68 gene fusion product showed late expression with intranuclear localization of the transfected cells while immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) localized it at the nucleus and nuclear membranes of the infected cells. Hence, it could be concluded that ORF68 protein may not be essential for EHV-1 Ab4p growth but plays a crucial role in virus penetration and transmission at the cellular level. Therefore, the generated EHV-1 ORF68 negative mutant could be a prospective candidate for the development of a vaccine marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emad Beshir Ata
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Zaghawa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt
| | - Alaa A Ghazy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abdelrahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt
| | - Samy Kasem
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, El-Geish street, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lyu C, Wang S, Sun M, Tang Y, Peng J, Tian Z, Cai X. Deletion of pseudorabies virus US2 gene enhances viral titers in a porcine cerebral cortex primary culture system. Virus Genes 2018. [PMID: 29541931 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic virus with the ability to infect peripheral sensory ganglia. The transport of PRV from the peripheral to the central nervous system can cause lethal encephalitis in young piglets. However, the pathogenicity of PRV in the cerebral cortex remains poorly understood. In the present study, we developed a porcine cerebral cortex primary culture system (PCCS) using cerebral cortex tissue dissected from a 3-day-old piglet to investigate the pathogenicity of wild-type (WT) and US2 deleted (ΔUS2) PRV in the CNS in vitro. Immunofluorescence assays revealed cell bodies and neurites as the cellular locations infected by PRV. Growth kinetic analysis showed a persistent increase in WT and ΔUS2 viral titers in PCCS from 4 to 24 h post infection (hpi), thus indicating that US2 deletion did not disrupt viral growth. However, the mean plaque size was significantly higher in ΔUS2 PRV than in WT PRV in infected Vero cells. The viral titers and DNA levels of ΔUS2 PRV were significantly higher at 8 hpi than at 4 hpi, whereas those of WT showed no significant difference between the two time points in PCCS. Morphological investigation revealed induction of massive amounts of bouton-like swellings (varicosities) along the axon shaft in both WT and ΔUS2 PRV-infected neurons in the PCCS. Our data suggest that PRV US2 gene deletion enhances viral titers in PCCS but does not affect the varicosities induced by the viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marakasova ES, Eisenhaber B, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber F, Baranova A. Prenylation of viral proteins by enzymes of the host: Virus-driven rationale for therapy with statins and FT/GGT1 inhibitors. Bioessays 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute; Agency for Science; Technology and Research Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute; Agency for Science; Technology and Research Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University Singapore; Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute; Agency for Science; Technology and Research Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University Singapore; Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Ancha Baranova
- School of Systems Biology; George Mason University; Fairfax VA USA
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dhama K, Kumar N, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Kumar MA, Palanivelu M, Shabbir MZ, Malik YS, Singh RK. Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) - a comprehensive update. Vet Q 2017; 37:57-80. [PMID: 28320263 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1298885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck virus enteritis (DVE), also called duck plague, is one of the major contagious and fatal diseases of ducks, geese and swan. It is caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV)/Anatid herpesvirus-1 of the genus Mardivirus, family Herpesviridae, and subfamily Alpha-herpesvirinae. Of note, DVE has worldwide distribution, wherein migratory waterfowl plays a crucial role in its transmission within and between continents. Furthermore, horizontal and/ or vertical transmission plays a significant role in disease spread through oral-fecal discharges. Either of sexes from varying age groups of ducks is vulnerable to DVE. The disease is characterized by sudden death, vascular damage and subsequent internal hemorrhage, lesions in lymphoid organs, digestive mucosal eruptions, severe diarrhea and degenerative lesions in parenchymatous organs. Huge economic losses are connected with acute nature of the disease, increased morbidity and mortality (5%-100%), condemnations of carcasses, decreased egg production and hatchability. Although clinical manifestations and histopathology can provide preliminary diagnosis, the confirmatory diagnosis involves virus isolation and detection using serological and molecular tests. For prophylaxis, both live-attenuated and killed vaccines are being used in broiler and breeder ducks above 2 weeks of age. Since DEV is capable of becoming latent as well as shed intermittently, recombinant subunit and DNA vaccines either alone or in combination (polyvalent) are being targeted for its benign prevention. This review describes DEV, epidemiology, transmission, the disease (DVE), pathogenesis, and advances in diagnosis, vaccination and antiviral agents/therapies along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- b National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Center on Equines , Hisar , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- d Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Palanivelu
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- e Quality Operations Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- f Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- g ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Comparison of Pathogenicity-Related Genes in the Current Pseudorabies Virus Outbreak in China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7783. [PMID: 28798304 PMCID: PMC5552686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a pandemic of pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant strains in China. Despite extensive research on PRV variant strains in the past two years, few studies have investigated PRV pathogenicity-related genes. To determine which gene(s) is/are linked to PRV virulence, ten putative virulence genes were knocked out using clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology. The pathogenicity of these mutants was evaluated in a mouse model. Our results demonstrated that of the ten tested genes, the thymidine kinase (TK) and glycoprotein M (gM) knockout mutants displayed significantly reduced virulence. However, mutants of other putative virulence genes, such as glycoprotein E (gE), glycoprotein I (gI), Us2, Us9, Us3, glycoprotein G (gG), glycoprotein N (gN) and early protein 0 (EP0), did not exhibit significantly reduced virulence compared to that of the wild-type PRV. To our knowledge, this study is the first to compare virulence genes from the current pandemic PRV variant strain. This study will provide a valuable reference for scientists to design effective live attenuated vaccines in the future.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pronin AV, Danilov LL, Narovlyansky AN, Sanin AV. Plant polyisoprenoids and control of cholesterol level. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:31-9. [PMID: 23995915 PMCID: PMC3898360 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of plant polyisoprenoids (polyprenols and polyprenyl phosphates) to diminish the levels of serum cholesterol affecting its biosynthetic pathway are highlighted here. Possible mechanism of such process is discussed. It is also noted that polyisoprenoids can prevent toxic injuries of the liver and restore disturbed hepatic functions. The possibility of polyprenyl phosphates to reveal at the same time anti-inflammatory action suppressing lipoxygenase activity and lowering the levels of proinflammatory cytokines will be illustrated. Attention will be focused on the potential usefulness of plant polyisoprenoids in the course of prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. High efficiency for combined use of polyprenyl phosphate and β-sitosterol, which leads to substantial enhancement of the ability to overcome hypercholesterolemia versus the individual constituents will be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Pronin
- N. F. Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wei S, Liu X, Ma B, Wu Y, Liu Y, Gao M, Fu P, Wang J. The US2 protein is involved in the penetration and cell-to-cell spreading of DEVin vitro. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:1005-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshi Wei
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yihan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Peifen Fu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Glycoproteins gE and gI are required for efficient KIF1A-dependent anterograde axonal transport of alphaherpesvirus particles in neurons. J Virol 2013; 87:9431-40. [PMID: 23804637 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01317-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses, including pseudorabies virus (PRV), spread directionally within the nervous systems of their mammalian hosts. Three viral membrane proteins are required for efficient anterograde-directed spread of infection in neurons, including Us9 and a heterodimer composed of the glycoproteins gE and gI. We previously demonstrated that the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A mediates anterograde-directed transport of viral particles in axons of cultured peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons. The PRV Us9 protein copurifies with KIF1A, recruiting the motor to transport vesicles, but at least one unidentified additional viral protein is necessary for this interaction. Here we show that gE/gI are required for efficient anterograde transport of viral particles in axons by mediating the interaction between Us9 and KIF1A. In the absence of gE/gI, viral particles containing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Us9 are assembled in the cell body but are not sorted efficiently into axons. Importantly, we found that gE/gI are necessary for efficient copurification of KIF1A with Us9, especially at early times after infection. We also constructed a PRV recombinant that expresses a functional gE-GFP fusion protein and used affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry to identify gE-interacting proteins. Several viral and host proteins were found to associate with gE-GFP. Importantly, both gI and Us9, but not KIF1A, copurified with gE-GFP. We propose that gE/gI are required for efficient KIF1A-mediated anterograde transport of viral particles because they indirectly facilitate or stabilize the interaction between Us9 and KIF1A.
Collapse
|
13
|
The Us2 gene product of herpes simplex virus 2 is a membrane-associated ubiquitin-interacting protein. J Virol 2013; 87:9590-603. [PMID: 23785212 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00994-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Us2 gene encodes a tegument protein that is conserved in most members of the Alphaherpesvirinae. Previous studies on the pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us2 ortholog indicated that it is prenylated, associates with membranes, and spatially regulates the enzymatic activity of the MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase ERK (extracellular signal-related kinase) through direct binding and sequestration of ERK at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Here we present an analysis of the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) Us2 ortholog and demonstrate that, like PRV Us2, HSV-2 Us2 is a virion component and that, unlike PRV Us2, it does not interact with ERK in yeast two-hybrid assays. HSV-2 Us2 lacks prenylation signals and other canonical membrane-targeting motifs yet is tightly associated with detergent-insoluble membranes and localizes predominantly to recycling endosomes. Experiments to identify cellular proteins that facilitate HSV-2 Us2 membrane association were inconclusive; however, these studies led to the identification of HSV-2 Us2 as a ubiquitin-interacting protein, providing new insight into the functions of HSV-2 Us2.
Collapse
|
14
|
Blanc M, Hsieh W, Robertson K, Kropp K, Forster T, Shui G, Lacaze P, Watterson S, Griffiths S, Spann N, Meljon A, Talbot S, Krishnan K, Covey D, Wenk M, Craigon M, Ruzsics Z, Haas J, Angulo A, Griffiths W, Glass C, Wang Y, Ghazal P. The transcription factor STAT-1 couples macrophage synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol to the interferon antiviral response. Immunity 2013; 38:106-18. [PMID: 23273843 PMCID: PMC3556782 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the sterol metabolic network participates in the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. However, the molecular mechanisms linking IFN with the sterol network and the identity of sterol mediators remain unknown. Here we report a cellular antiviral role for macrophage production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β,25-diol, 25HC) as a component of the sterol metabolic network linked to the IFN response via Stat1. By utilizing quantitative metabolome profiling of all naturally occurring oxysterols upon infection or IFN-stimulation, we reveal 25HC as the only macrophage-synthesized and -secreted oxysterol. We show that 25HC can act at multiple levels as a potent paracrine inhibitor of viral infection for a broad range of viruses. We also demonstrate, using transcriptional regulatory-network analyses, genetic interventions and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments that Stat1 directly coupled Ch25h regulation to IFN in macrophages. Our studies describe a physiological role for 25HC as a sterol-lipid effector of an innate immune pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Kevin A. Robertson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Kai A. Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Steven Watterson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Samantha J. Griffiths
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nathanael J. Spann
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna Meljon
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Simon Talbot
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63011, USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63011, USA
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Marie Craigon
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Zsolts Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Genzentrum, Feodor Lynen Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ana Angulo
- Facultad de Medicina, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Analysis of viral and cellular factors influencing herpesvirus-induced nuclear envelope breakdown. J Virol 2012; 86:6512-21. [PMID: 22491460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00068-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus nucleocapsids are translocated from their assembly site in the nucleus to the cytosol by acquisition of a primary envelope at the inner nuclear membrane which subsequently fuses with the outer nuclear membrane. This transport through the nuclear envelope requires homologs of the conserved herpesviral pUL31 and pUL34 proteins which form the nuclear egress complex (NEC). In its absence, 1,000-fold less virus progeny is produced. We isolated a UL34-negative mutant of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), PrV-ΔUL34Pass, which regained replication competence after serial passages in cell culture by inducing nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) (B. G. Klupp, H. Granzow, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 85:8285-8292, 2011). To test whether this phenotype is unique, passaging experiments were repeated with a UL31 deletion mutant. After 60 passages, the resulting PrV-ΔUL31Pass replicated similarly to wild-type PrV. Ultrastructural analyses confirmed escape from the nucleus via NEBD, indicating an inherent genetic disposition in herpesviruses. To identify the mutated viral genes responsible for this phenotype, the genome of PrV-ΔUL34Pass was sequenced and compared to the genomes of parental PrV-Ka and PrV-ΔUL34. Targeted sequencing of PrV-ΔUL31Pass disclosed congruent mutations comprising genes encoding tegument proteins (pUL49, pUL46, pUL21, pUS2), envelope proteins (gI, pUS9), and protease pUL26. To investigate involvement of cellular pathways, different inhibitors of cellular kinases were tested. While induction of apoptosis or inhibition of caspases had no specific effect on the passaged mutants, roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and U0126, an inhibitor of MEK1/2, specifically impaired replication of the passaged mutants, indicating involvement of mitosis-related processes in herpesvirus-induced NEBD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, has a complex multilayered extracellular virion that is structurally conserved among other herpesviruses. PRV virions contain a double-stranded DNA genome within a proteinaceous capsid surrounded by the tegument, a layer of viral and cellular proteins. The envelope layer, which encloses the capsid and tegument, contains viral transmembrane proteins anchored in a phospholipid bilayer. The viral and host proteins contained within virions execute important functions during viral spread and pathogenesis, but a detailed understanding of the composition of PRV virions has been lacking. In this report, we present the first comprehensive proteomic characterization of purified PRV virions by mass spectrometry using two complementary approaches. To exclude proteins present in the extracellular medium that may nonspecifically associate with virions, we also analyzed virions treated with proteinase K and samples prepared from mock-infected cells. Overall, we identified 47 viral proteins associated with PRV virions, 40 of which were previously localized to the capsid, tegument, and envelope layers using traditional biochemical approaches. Additionally, we identified seven viral proteins that were previously undetected in virions, including pUL8, pUL20, pUL32, pUL40 (RR2), pUL42, pUL50 (dUTPase), and Rsp40/ICP22. Furthermore, although we did not enrich for posttranslational modifications, we detected phosphorylation of four virion proteins: pUL26, pUL36, pUL46, and pUL48. Finally, we identified 48 host proteins associated with PRV virions, many of which have known functions in important cellular pathways such as intracellular signaling, mRNA translation and processing, cytoskeletal dynamics, and membrane organization. This analysis extends previous work aimed at determining the composition of herpesvirus virions and provides novel insights critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying PRV entry, assembly, egress, spread, and pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jarosinski KW, Osterrieder N. Further analysis of Marek's disease virus horizontal transmission confirms that U(L)44 (gC) and U(L)13 protein kinase activity are essential, while U(S)2 is nonessential. J Virol 2010; 84:7911-6. [PMID: 20484497 PMCID: PMC2897598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00433-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes a devastating disease in chickens characterized by the development of lymphoblastoid tumors in multiple organs and is transmitted from the skin of infected chickens. We have previously reported that the U(S)2, U(L)44 (glycoprotein C [gC]), and U(L)13 genes are essential for horizontal transmission of MDV in gain-of-function studies using an a priori spread-deficient virus that was based on an infectious clone from the highly virulent RB-1B virus (pRB-1B). To precisely determine the importance of each individual gene in the process of chicken-to-chicken transmission, we used the transmission-restored clone that readily transmits horizontally and mutated each individual gene in loss-of-function experiments. Two independent U(S)2-negative mutants transmitted horizontally, eliminating U(S)2 as being essential for the process. In contrast, the absence of gC expression or mutating the invariant lysine essential for U(L)13 kinase activity abolished horizontal spread of MDV between chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Jarosinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pseudorabies virus tegument protein Us2 recruits the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) to membranes through interaction with the ERK common docking domain. J Virol 2010; 84:8398-408. [PMID: 20554783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00794-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us2 protein binds to the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and inhibits the activation of ERK nuclear targets by sequestering cytoplasmic ERK on cellular membranes. Utilizing a series of Us2 truncations, we determined that the minimal portion of Us2 required for interaction with ERK is contained within its amino-terminal 214 amino acids. The loss of the ability of Us2 to bind to ERK in coimmunoprecipitation experiments was accompanied by a failure of Us2 to form oligomers, raising the possibility that higher-order Us2 structures are required for ERK interaction. To map the Us2 interaction site on ERK, we introduced mutations into the region of ERK that interacts with the ERK kinase, MEK, or into the common docking (CD) domain that mediates interactions with many ERK substrates. ERK carrying mutations within the MEK binding region maintained the ability to bind Us2, whereas ERK carrying mutations within the CD domain did not. Furthermore, the ERK CD domain was required for the Us2-mediated recruitment of ERK to membranes. Taken together, these findings suggest that Us2 regulates ERK activity by spatially restricting ERK localization and also by interfering with select ERK-substrate interactions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Shen CJ, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Guo YF, Zhao LC, Wen M, Xie W, Xin HY, Zhu DK. Identification and characterization of the duck enteritis virus UL51 gene. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1061-9. [PMID: 19517212 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the UL51 gene of other alphaherpesviruses, the duck enteritis virus (DEV) UL51 gene contains ten conserved motifs and has a close evolutionary relationship with members of the genus Mardivirus. The DEV UL51 gene product was identified using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against a 6-His-UL51 fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli as a 34-kDa protein. Western blotting and RT-(real time) PCR analysis of DEV-infected cells showed that the protein was produced at the late stage of infection and that its production was highly dependent on viral DNA synthesis, suggesting that the gene should be classified as gamma2 class. Analysis of extracellular virions revealed that the protein was a component of extracellular mature DEV virions. Indirect immunofluorescence studies localized most of the protein to the juxtanuclear region. These results will provide a basis for further functional analysis of the gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Juan Shen
- Avian Diseases Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Comparison of the pseudorabies virus Us9 protein with homologs from other veterinary and human alphaherpesviruses. J Virol 2009; 83:6978-86. [PMID: 19420087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00598-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 is a small, tail-anchored (TA) membrane protein that is essential for axonal sorting of viral structural proteins and is highly conserved among other members of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily. We cloned the Us9 homologs from two human pathogens, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as well as two veterinary pathogens, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and fused them to enhanced green fluorescent protein to examine their subcellular localization and membrane topology. Akin to PRV Us9, all of the Us9 homologs localized to the trans-Golgi network and had a type II membrane topology (typical of TA proteins). Furthermore, we examined whether any of the Us9 homologs could compensate for the loss of PRV Us9 in anterograde, neuron-to-cell spread of infection in a compartmented chamber system. EHV-1 and BHV-1 Us9 were able to fully compensate for the loss of PRV Us9, whereas VZV and HSV-1 Us9 proteins were unable to functionally replace PRV Us9 when they were expressed in a PRV background.
Collapse
|
21
|
Molecular analysis of US10, S3, and US2 in duck enteritis virus. Virus Genes 2009; 38:243-8. [PMID: 19130202 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 4554-bp fragment was amplified from the DEV C-KCE vaccine strain by single oligonucleotide nested polymerase chain reaction with partially known sequences for the DEV US1 and US10 genes. Three open reading frames containing the genes encoding US10, S3, and US2 were predicted using the Editseq program (DNAStar). The S3 and US2 genes have the same transcription orientation but are oriented head-to-head with respect to US10. The promoters and polyadenylation signals were predicted. Two poly A sequences were predicted in S3, but none were predicted in US2. These results provide partial sequence of US region for the physical map of the DEV genome. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the DEV C-KCE strain is more closely related to Mardivirus in the alphaherpesvirus subfamily of the Herpesviridae.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lyman MG, Curanovic D, Enquist LW. Targeting of pseudorabies virus structural proteins to axons requires association of the viral Us9 protein with lipid rafts. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000065. [PMID: 18483549 PMCID: PMC2361720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 protein plays a central role in targeting viral capsids and glycoproteins to axons of dissociated sympathetic neurons. As a result, Us9 null mutants are defective in anterograde transmission of infection in vivo. However, it is unclear how Us9 promotes axonal sorting of so many viral proteins. It is known that the glycoproteins gB, gC, gD and gE are associated with lipid raft microdomains on the surface of infected swine kidney cells and monocytes, and are directed into the axon in a Us9-dependent manner. In this report, we determined that Us9 is associated with lipid rafts, and that this association is critical to Us9-mediated sorting of viral structural proteins. We used infected non-polarized and polarized PC12 cells, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line that acquires many of the characteristics of sympathetic neurons in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). In these cells, Us9 is highly enriched in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). Moreover, reducing the affinity of Us9 for lipid rafts inhibited anterograde transmission of infection from sympathetic neurons to epithelial cells in vitro. We conclude that association of Us9 with lipid rafts is key for efficient targeting of structural proteins to axons and, as a consequence, for directional spread of PRV from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neurons and cells of the mammalian nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G. Lyman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dusica Curanovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mukhopadhyay A, Lee GE, Wilson DW. The amino terminus of the herpes simplex virus 1 protein Vhs mediates membrane association and tegument incorporation. J Virol 2006; 80:10117-27. [PMID: 17005689 PMCID: PMC1617289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00744-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) is a poorly understood process involving multiple redundant interactions between large number of tegument and envelope proteins. We have previously shown (G. E. Lee, G. A. Church, and D. W. Wilson, J. Virol. 77:2038-2045, 2003) that the virion host shutoff (Vhs) tegument protein is largely insoluble in HSV-infected cells and is also stably associated with membranes. Here we demonstrate that both insolubility and stable membrane binding are stimulated during the course of an HSV infection. Furthermore, we have found that the amino-terminal 42 residues of Vhs are sufficient to mediate membrane association and tegument incorporation when fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. Particle incorporation correlates with sorting to cytoplasmic punctate structures that may correspond to sites of HSV assembly. We conclude that the amino terminus of Vhs mediates targeting to sites of HSV assembly and to the viral tegument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang WH, Chen CW, Wu HL, Chen PJ. Post-translational modification of delta antigen of hepatitis D virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 307:91-112. [PMID: 16903222 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29802-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) genome has only one open reading frame, which encodes the viral small delta antigen. After RNA editing, the same open reading frame is extended 19 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus and encodes the large delta antigen. These two viral proteins escort the HDV genome through different cellular compartments for the complicated phases of replication, transcription and, eventually, the formation of progeny virions. To orchestrate these events, the delta antigens have to take distinct cues to traffic to the right compartments and make correct molecular contacts. In eukaryotes, post-translational modification (PTM) is a major mechanism of dictating the multiple functions of a single protein. Multiple PTMs, including phosphorylation, isoprenylation, acetylation, and methylation, have been identified on hepatitis delta antigens. In this chapter we review these PTMs and discuss their functions in regulating and coordinating the life cycle of HDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W H Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lyman MG, Randall JA, Calton CM, Banfield BW. Localization of ERK/MAP kinase is regulated by the alphaherpesvirus tegument protein Us2. J Virol 2006; 80:7159-68. [PMID: 16809321 PMCID: PMC1489020 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different viruses activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway during infection and require ERK activation for the efficient execution of their replication programs. Despite these findings, no virus-encoded proteins have been identified that directly modulate ERK activities. In an effort to determine the function of a conserved alphaherpesvirus structural protein called Us2, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library derived from NIH 3T3 cells and identified ERK as a Us2-interacting protein. Our studies indicate that Us2 binds to ERK in virus-infected cells, mediates the incorporation of ERK into the virion, and inhibits the activation of ERK nuclear substrates. The association of Us2 with ERK leads to the sequestration of ERK at the plasma membrane and to a perinuclear vesicular compartment, thereby keeping ERK out of the nucleus. Us2 can bind to activated ERK, and the data suggest that Us2 does not inhibit ERK enzymatic activity. The treatment of cells with U0126, a specific inhibitor of ERK activation, resulted in a substantial delay in the release of virus from infected cells that was more pronounced with a virus deleted for Us2 than with parental and repaired strains, suggesting that both ERK and Us2 activities are required for efficient virus replication. This study highlights an additional complexity to the activation of ERK by viruses, namely, that localization of active ERK can be altered by virus-encoded proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G Lyman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Mail Stop 8333, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, 80045, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
del Rio T, DeCoste CJ, Enquist LW. Actin is a component of the compensation mechanism in pseudorabies virus virions lacking the major tegument protein VP22. J Virol 2005; 79:8614-9. [PMID: 15956602 PMCID: PMC1143708 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8614-8619.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a major component of the pseudorabies virus tegument, VP22 is not required for PRV replication, virulence, or neuroinvasion (T. del Rio, H. C. Werner, and L. W. Enquist, J. Virol. 76:774-782, 2002). In the absence of VP22, tegument assembly compensates in a limited fashion with increased incorporation of cellular actin. Infection of epithelial cell lines expressing fluorescent actin fusion proteins resulted in the incorporation of filamentous and nonfilamentous actin into individual virions that were predominately light, noninfectious particles. We conclude that cellular actin is incorporated in the tegument of wild-type virions and is part of a compensation mechanism for VP22-null virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T del Rio
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1014, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ch'ng TH, Enquist LW. Efficient axonal localization of alphaherpesvirus structural proteins in cultured sympathetic neurons requires viral glycoprotein E. J Virol 2005; 79:8835-46. [PMID: 15994777 PMCID: PMC1168755 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8835-8846.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein E (gE) is a type I viral membrane protein that facilitates the anterograde spread of viral infection from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. In animal models, a gE-null mutant infection spreads inefficiently from presynaptic neurons to postsynaptic neurons (anterograde spread of infection). However, the retrograde spread of infection from post- to presynaptic neurons remains unaffected. Here we show that gE is required for wild-type localization of viral structural proteins in axons of infected neurons. During a gE-null PRV infection, a subset of viral glycoproteins, capsids, and tegument proteins enter and localize to the axon inefficiently. This defect is most obvious in the distal axon and growth cones. However, axonal entry and localization of other viral membrane proteins and endogenous cellular proteins remains unaffected. Neurons infected with gE-null mutants produce wild-type levels of viral structural proteins and infectious virions in the cell body. Our results indicate that reduced axonal targeting of viral structural proteins is a compelling explanation for the lack of anterograde spread in neural circuits following infection by a gE-null mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Ch'ng
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schumacher D, Tischer BK, Trapp S, Osterrieder N. The protein encoded by the US3 orthologue of Marek's disease virus is required for efficient de-envelopment of perinuclear virions and involved in actin stress fiber breakdown. J Virol 2005; 79:3987-97. [PMID: 15767401 PMCID: PMC1061555 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.3987-3997.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) encodes a protein exhibiting high amino acid similarity to the US3 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 and the gene 66 product of varicella-zoster virus. The MDV US3 orthologue was replaced with a kanamycin resistance gene in the infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clone BAC20. After transfection of US3-negative BAC20 DNA (20DeltaUS3), the resulting recombinant 20DeltaUS3 virus exhibited markedly reduced growth kinetics. Virus titers on chicken embryo cells were reduced by approximately 10-fold, and plaque sizes were significantly smaller (65% reduction) compared to parental BAC20 virus. The defect of the US3-negative MDV was completely restored in a revertant virus (20US3*) expressing a US3 protein with a carboxy-terminal FLAG tag. Electron microscopical studies revealed that the defect of the 20DeltaUS3 mutant to efficiently spread from cell to cell was concomitant with an accumulation in the perinuclear space of primarily enveloped virions in characteristic vesicles containing several virus particles, which resulted in reduced numbers of particles in the cytoplasm. The formation of these vesicles was not observed in cells infected with either parental BAC20 virus or the 20US3* revertant virus. The role of the MDV US3 protein in actin stress fiber breakdown was investigated by visualizing actin with phalloidin-Alexa 488 after infection or transfection of a US3 expression plasmid. Addition of the actin-depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D to cells transfected or infected with BAC20 resulted in complete inhibition of plaque formation with as little as 50 nM of the drug, while concentrations of nocodazole as high as 50 microM only had a relatively minor effect on MDV plaque formation. The results indicated that the MDV US3 serine-threonine protein kinase is transiently involved in MDV-mediated stress fiber breakdown and that polymerization of actin, but not microtubules, plays an important role in MDV cell-to-cell spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schumacher
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|