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Williams N, Silva F, Schmolke M. Harnessing host enhancers of SARS-CoV-2 entry as novel targets for antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105951. [PMID: 38945485 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The WHO declared the official end of the SARS-CoV-2 caused public health emergency on May 5th, 2023, after two years in which the virus infected approximately 750 Mio individuals causing estimated up to 7 Mio deaths. Likely, the virus will continue to evolve in the human population as a seasonal respiratory pathogen. To now prevent severe infection outcomes in vulnerable individuals, effective antivirals are urgently needed to complement the protection provided by vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 enters its host cell via ACE2 mediated membrane fusion, either at the plasma membrane, if the protease TMPRSS2 is present or via the endosome, in a cathepsin dependent fashion. A small number of positive regulators of viral uptake were described in the literature, which are potentially useful targets for host directed antiviral therapy or biomarkers indicating increased or diminished susceptibility to infection. We identified here by cell surface proximity ligation novel proteins, required for efficient virion uptake. Importantly, chemical inhibition of one of these factors, SLC3A2, resulted in robust reduction of viral replication, to that achieved with a TMPRSS2 inhibitor. Our screen identified new host dependency factors for SARS-CoV-2 entry, which could be targeted by novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Filo Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Maeda Y, Toyoda M, Kuwata T, Terasawa H, Tokugawa U, Monde K, Sawa T, Ueno T, Matsushita S. Differential Ability of Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to Downregulate ACE2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1353. [PMID: 38279353 PMCID: PMC10816870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and employs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor. Although the expression of ACE2 is crucial for cellular entry, we found that the interaction between ACE2 and the Spike (S) protein in the same cells led to its downregulation through degradation in the lysosomal compartment via the endocytic pathway. Interestingly, the ability of the S protein from previous variants of concern (VOCs) to downregulate ACE2 was variant-dependent and correlated with disease severity. The S protein from the Omicron variant, associated with milder disease, exhibited a lower capacity to downregulate ACE2 than that of the Delta variant, which is linked to a higher risk of hospitalization. Chimeric studies between the S proteins from the Delta and Omicron variants revealed that both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the S2 subunit played crucial roles in the reduced ACE2 downregulation activity observed in the Omicron variant. In contrast, three mutations (L452R/P681R/D950N) located in the RBD, S1/S2 cleavage site, and HR1 domain were identified as essential for the higher ACE2 downregulation activity observed in the Delta variant compared to that in the other VOCs. Our results suggested that dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system due to the ACE2 downregulation activity of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Mako Toyoda
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (M.T.); (T.K.); (T.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (M.T.); (T.K.); (T.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Hiromi Terasawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Umiru Tokugawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Kazuaki Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (M.T.); (T.K.); (T.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (M.T.); (T.K.); (T.U.); (S.M.)
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Gonzales-Viera O, Goldstein T, Duignan P, Eiamcharoen P, Keel MK. California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) lymph-node explant reveals involvement and possible transcriptional regulation of SLAM and nectin-4 during phocine distemper virus infection. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:125-134. [PMID: 37458158 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231186189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a significant cause of mortality for phocid seals; however, the susceptibility of otariids to this virus is poorly understood. The authors used a lymph-node explant culture system from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus, CSL) to investigate: (1) the role of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 in PDV infection and their cellular expression patterns, (2) if PDV induces transcriptional regulation of cell-entry receptors, and (3) the involvement of apoptosis in PDV infection. PDV replicated in the lymph-node explants with peak replication 3 days post-infection (dpi), but the replication was not sustained 4 to 5 dpi. The PDV+ cells co-localized SLAM and nectin-4. These cells expressed IBA1, indicating a histiocytic lineage. Comparison of receptor expression between infected and mock-infected lymph nodes suggested transcriptional downregulation of both receptors during the initial stage of infection and upregulation during the late stage of infection, but the values lack of statistical significance. Cleaved caspase-3+ cells were slightly increased in the infected lymph nodes compared with the mock-infected lymph node from 1 to 4 dpi, but without statistical significance, and a few apoptotic cells co-expressed PDV. The results suggest that lymph-node explants might be an important model to study PDV pathogenesis. CSLs have the potential to be infected with PDV, as they express both cell-entry receptors in histiocytes. The lack of statistical significance in the PDV replication, transcriptional regulation of viral receptors, and changes in apoptosis suggest that although CSL might be infected by PDV, they might be less susceptible than phocid species.
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Lee B, Ikegame S, Carmichael J, Wells H, Furler R, Acklin J, Chiu HP, Oguntuyo K, Cox R, Patel A, Kowdle S, Stevens C, Eckley M, Zhan S, Lim J, Hashiguchi T, Durigon EL, Schountz T, Epstein J, Plemper R, Daszak P, Anthony S. Zoonotic potential of a novel bat morbillivirus. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021. [PMID: 34611656 PMCID: PMC8491849 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-926789/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bats are significant reservoir hosts for many viruses with zoonotic potential1. SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, and Nipah virus are examples of such viruses that have caused deadly epidemics and pandemics when spilled over from bats into human and animal populations2,3. Careful surveillance of viruses in bats is critical for identifying potential zoonotic pathogens. However, metagenomic surveys in bats often do not result in full-length viral sequences that can be used to regenerate such viruses for targeted characterization4. Here, we identify and characterize a novel morbillivirus from a vespertilionid bat species (Myotis riparius) in Brazil, which we term myotis bat morbillivirus (MBaMV). There are 7 species of morbilliviruses including measles virus (MeV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV)5. All morbilliviruses cause severe disease in their natural hosts6–10, and pathogenicity is largely determined by species specific expression of canonical morbillivirus receptors, CD150/SLAMF111 and NECTIN412. MBaMV used Myotis spp CD150 much better than human and dog CD150 in fusion assays. We confirmed this using live MBaMV that was rescued by reverse genetics. Surprisingly, MBaMV replicated efficiently in primary human myeloid but not lymphoid cells. Furthermore, MBaMV replicated in human epithelial cells and used human NECTIN4 almost as well as MeV. Our results demonstrate the unusual ability of MBaMV to infect and replicate in some human cells that are critical for MeV pathogenesis and transmission. This raises the specter of zoonotic transmission of a bat morbillivirus.
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Yentür SP, Demirbilek V, Gurses C, Baris S, Kuru U, Ayta S, Yapici Z, Adin-Cinar S, Uysal S, Celik Yilmaz G, Onal E, Cokar O, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. Immune alterations in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis reflect an incompetent response to eliminate the measles virus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245077. [PMID: 33411786 PMCID: PMC7790413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) the persistence of measles virus (MeV) may be related to the altered immune response. In this study, cytokine responses of lymphocytes and monocytes were evaluated in SSPE compared to controls with non-inflammatory (NICON) and inflammatory (ICON) diseases. Patients with SSPE (n = 120), 78 patients with ICON and 63 patients with NICON were included in this study. Phenotypes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been analyzed by flow cytometry. CD3 and CD28, and S. aureus Cowan strain I (SAC) stimulated and unstimulated cells were cultured and IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IL-23 were detected in supernatants by ELISA. MeV peptides were used for MeV-specific stimulation and IFN-γ secretion of PBMC was measured by ELISPOT. Spontaneous and stimulated secretions of IL-10 were lower in SSPE compared to both control groups. T cell stimulation induced lower IFN-γ production than ICON group, but higher IL-2 than NICON group in SSPE. Stimulated PBMC produced lower IL-12p70 in SSPE and had decreased CD46 on the cell surface, suggesting the interaction with the virus. IFN-γ responses against MeV peptides were not prominent and similar to NICON patients. The immune response did not reveal an inflammatory activity to eliminate the virus in SSPE patients. Even IL-10 production was diminished implicating that the response is self-limited in controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel P. Yentür
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veysi Demirbilek
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Candan Gurses
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Kuru
- Department of Pediatrics, Bayrampasa State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semih Ayta
- Department of Neurology, Haseki State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suzan Adin-Cinar
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Uysal
- Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulden Celik Yilmaz
- Department of Microbiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Onal
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Cokar
- Department of Neurology, Haseki State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Host Cellular Receptors for the Peste des Petits Ruminant Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080729. [PMID: 31398809 PMCID: PMC6723671 DOI: 10.3390/v11080729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminant (PPR) is an important transboundary, OIE-listed contagious viral disease of primarily sheep and goats caused by the PPR virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The mortality rate is 90–100%, and the morbidity rate may reach up to 100%. PPR is considered economically important as it decreases the production and productivity of livestock. In many endemic poor countries, it has remained an obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture. Hence, proper control measures have become a necessity to prevent its rapid spread across the world. For this, detailed information on the pathogenesis of the virus and the virus host interaction through cellular receptors needs to be understood clearly. Presently, two cellular receptors; signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and Nectin-4 are known for PPRV. However, extensive information on virus interactions with these receptors and their impact on host immune response is still required. Hence, a thorough understanding of PPRV receptors and the mechanism involved in the induction of immunosuppression is crucial for controlling PPR. In this review, we discuss PPRV cellular receptors, viral host interaction with cellular receptors, and immunosuppression induced by the virus with reference to other Morbilliviruses.
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Naaman H, Rabinski T, Yizhak A, Mizrahi S, Avni YS, Taube R, Rager B, Weinstein Y, Rall G, Gopas J, Ofir R. Measles Virus Persistent Infection of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2019; 20:17-26. [PMID: 29412740 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2017.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found that the measles virus (MV) can infect human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Wild-type MV strains generally use human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM; CD150) as a cellular receptor, while vaccine strains such as the Edmonston strain can use both CD150 and CD46 as receptors. It is not yet known how early in the embryonal differentiation stages these receptors are expressed. We established two hiPSCs (BGU-iPSCs and EMF-iPSCs) which express CD46 and CD150. Both cell types can be infected by MV to form persistent, noncytopathic cell lines that release infectious MV particles. Following MV persistent infection, BGU-iPSCs and EMF-iPSCs remain pluripotent and can differentiate in vitro into the three germ layers. This includes cells expressing the neuronal differentiation markers: NF68 and miRNA-124. Since the MV does not integrate into the cell's genome, it can be utilized as a vehicle to systematically introduce genes into iPSC, to dissect and to define factors regulating lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Naaman
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tatiana Rabinski
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel .,2 Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Avi Yizhak
- 3 Department of Surgery A, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Solly Mizrahi
- 3 Department of Surgery A, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonat Shemer Avni
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel .,4 Department of Clinical Virology, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ran Taube
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Bracha Rager
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yacov Weinstein
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Glenn Rall
- 5 Fox Chase Cancer Center , Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob Gopas
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel .,6 Department of Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rivka Ofir
- 1 The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel .,2 Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel
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Wang W, Feng W, Li D, Liu S, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Fu Q, Yan L, Zheng W, Li M, Zheng X. Fusion and hemagglutinin proteins of canine distemper virus promote osteoclast formation through NF-κB dependent and independent mechanisms. Exp Cell Res 2019; 378:171-181. [PMID: 30880029 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Paget's disease (PD) features abnormal osteoclasts (OC) which sharply increase in number and size and then intensely induce bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to determine the direct effects of canine distemper virus (CDV) and its fusion protein and hemagglutinin protein (F + H) on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) induced OC formation in vitro. Immunofluorescence assay, OC morphological and functional detection, intracellular signaling pathway detection, Real-time PCR analysis and ELISA were applied in this study. Immunofluorescence assay provided the conclusive proof that CDV can infect and replicate in RAW264.7 mouse monocyte cell line, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their further fused OC. Both CDV and F + H significantly promoted OC formation and bone resorption ability induced by RANKL. Meanwhile, intracellular signaling transduction analysis revealed CDV and F + H specifically upregulated the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) induced by RANKL, respectively. Furthermore, without RANKL stimulation, both CDV and F + H slightly induced OC-like cells formation in RAW264.7 cell line even in the presence of NF-κB inhibitor. F + H upregulate OC differentiation and activity through modulation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and induce OC precursor cells merging dependent on the function of glycoproteins themselves. These results meant that F and H proteins play a pivotal role in CDV supporting OC formation. Moreover, this work further provide a new research direction that F and H proteins in CDV should be considered as a trigger during the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianyun Fu
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Yan
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minqi Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Delpeut S, Sisson G, Black KM, Richardson CD. Measles Virus Enters Breast and Colon Cancer Cell Lines through a PVRL4-Mediated Macropinocytosis Pathway. J Virol 2017; 91:e02191-16. [PMID: 28250131 PMCID: PMC5411587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02191-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is a member of the family Paramixoviridae that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease but has emerged as a promising oncolytic platform. Previous studies of MeV entry focused on the identification of cellular receptors. However, the endocytic and trafficking pathways utilized during MeV entry remain poorly described. The contribution of each endocytic pathway has been examined in cells that express the MeV receptors SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule) and PVRL4 (poliovirus receptor-like 4) (nectin-4). Recombinant MeVs expressing either firefly luciferase or green fluorescent protein together with a variety of inhibitors were used. The results showed that MeV uptake was dynamin independent in the Vero.hPVRL4, Vero.hSLAM, and PVRL4-positive MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. However, MeV infection was blocked by 5-(N-ethyl-N-propyl)amiloride (EIPA), the hallmark inhibitor of macropinocytosis, as well as inhibitors of actin polymerization. By using phalloidin staining, MeV entry was shown to induce actin rearrangements and the formation of membrane ruffles accompanied by transient elevated fluid uptake. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) demonstrated that MeV enters both Vero.hPVRL4 and Vero.hSLAM cells in a PAK1-independent manner using a macropinocytosis-like pathway. In contrast, MeV entry into MCF7 human breast cancer cells relied upon Rac1 and its effector PAK1 through a PVRL4-mediated macropinocytosis pathway. MeV entry into DLD-1 colon and HTB-20 breast cancer cells also appeared to use the same pathway. Overall, these findings provide new insight into the life cycle of MeV, which could lead to therapies that block virus entry or methods that improve the uptake of MeV by cancer cells during oncolytic therapy.IMPORTANCE In the past decades, measles virus (MeV) has emerged as a promising oncolytic platform. Previous studies concerning MeV entry focused mainly on the identification of putative receptors for MeV. Nectin-4 (PVRL4) was recently identified as the epithelial cell receptor for MeV. However, the specific endocytic and trafficking pathways utilized during MeV infections are poorly documented. In this study, we demonstrated that MeV enters host cells via a dynamin-independent and actin-dependent endocytic pathway. Moreover, we show that MeV gains entry into MCF7, DLD-1, and HTB-20 cancer cells through a PVRL4-mediated macropinocytosis pathway and identified the typical cellular GTPase and kinase involved. Our findings provide new insight into the life cycle of MeV, which may lead to the development of therapies that block the entry of the virus into the host cell or alternatively promote the uptake of oncolytic MeV into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Delpeut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gary Sisson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Karen M Black
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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11
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Doi T, Kwon HJ, Honda T, Sato H, Yoneda M, Kai C. Measles virus induces persistent infection by autoregulation of viral replication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37163. [PMID: 27883010 PMCID: PMC5121633 DOI: 10.1038/srep37163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural infection with measles virus (MV) establishes lifelong immunity. Persistent infection with MV is likely involved in this phenomenon, as non-replicating protein antigens never induce such long-term immunity. Although MV establishes stable persistent infection in vitro and possibly in vivo, the mechanism by which this occurs is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MV changes the infection mode from lytic to non-lytic and evades the innate immune response to establish persistent infection without viral genome mutation. We found that, in the persistent phase, the viral RNA level declined with the termination of interferon production and cell death. Our analysis of viral protein dynamics shows that during the establishment of persistent infection, the nucleoprotein level was sustained while the phosphoprotein and large protein levels declined. The ectopic expression of nucleoprotein suppressed viral replication, indicating that viral replication is self-regulated by nucleoprotein accumulation during persistent infection. The persistently infected cells were able to produce interferon in response to poly I:C stimulation, suggesting that MV does not interfere with host interferon responses in persistent infection. Our results may provide mechanistic insight into the persistent infection of this cytopathic RNA virus that induces lifelong immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Doi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kwon
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Yoneda
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Kai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Geekiyanage H, Galanis E. MiR-31 and miR-128 regulates poliovirus receptor-related 4 mediated measles virus infectivity in tumors. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1387-1403. [PMID: 27507538 PMCID: PMC5100694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic measles virus strains are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials, as a promising novel oncolytic platform. Poliovirus receptor-related 4 (PVRL4) was recently identified as a potent measles virus (MV) receptor; however, its regulation is not yet understood. Increased levels of PVRL4 protein were observed in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nuclei of glioblastoma, breast and ovarian tumor clinical samples with no significant change in PVRL4 mRNA levels in glioblastoma and breast cancer compared with their corresponding control samples, suggesting that PVRL4 is likely post-transcriptionally regulated. Therefore, we sought to investigate the potential role of miRNAs in PVRL4 regulation and thus MV infectivity. We demonstrated that miR-31 and miR-128 can bind to the 3'UTR of PVRL4 and decrease PVRL4 levels while anti-miR-31/128 increase PVRL4 levels suggesting that PVRL4 is miRNA targeted. Furthermore, miR-31/128 expression levels were down-regulated in glioblastoma and breast tumor samples and showed significant negative correlations with PVRL4 levels. Infection with an MV strain that exclusively utilizes PVRL4 as its receptor showed that over-expression of miR-31/128 decreases MV infectivity while inhibition of the respective miRNAs via anti-miRs increase MV infectivity and reduce tumor size in mouse xenograft models of glioblastoma, breast and ovarian cancer. Additionally, miR-128 levels showed significant correlations with MV infection and in vivo anti-tumor effect, while MV infection increased miR-31 expression and thereby contributed to the observed decrease in PVRL4 levels. This study suggests that PVRL4 is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-128 and miR-31 and harbors possible miRNA targets that could modulate MV infectivity and in turn enhance MV based oncolytic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosha Geekiyanage
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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Adu-Gyamfi E, Kim LS, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA. Flexibility of the Head-Stalk Linker Domain of Paramyxovirus HN Glycoprotein Is Essential for Triggering Virus Fusion. J Virol 2016; 90:9172-81. [PMID: 27489276 PMCID: PMC5044854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01187-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Paramyxoviridae comprise a large family of enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with significant economic and public health implications. For nearly all paramyxoviruses, infection is initiated by fusion of the viral and host cell plasma membranes in a pH-independent fashion. Fusion is orchestrated by the receptor binding protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN; also called H or G depending on the virus type) protein and a fusion (F) protein, the latter undergoing a major refolding process to merge the two membranes. Mechanistic details regarding the coupling of receptor binding to F activation are not fully understood. Here, we have identified the flexible loop region connecting the bulky enzymatically active head and the four-helix bundle stalk to be essential for fusion promotion. Proline substitution in this region of HN of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and Newcastle disease virus HN abolishes cell-cell fusion, whereas HN retains receptor binding and neuraminidase activity. By using reverse genetics, we engineered recombinant PIV5-EGFP viruses with mutations in the head-stalk linker region of HN. Mutations in this region abolished virus recovery and infectivity. In sum, our data suggest that the loop region acts as a "hinge" around which the bulky head of HN swings to-and-fro to facilitate timely HN-mediate F-triggering, a notion consistent with the stalk-mediated activation model of paramyxovirus fusion. IMPORTANCE Paramyxovirus fusion with the host cell plasma membrane is essential for virus infection. Membrane fusion is orchestrated via interaction of the receptor binding protein (HN, H, or G) with the viral fusion glycoprotein (F). Two distinct models have been suggested to describe the mechanism of fusion: these include "the clamp" and the "provocateur" model of activation. By using biochemical and reverse genetics tools, we have obtained strong evidence in favor of the HN stalk-mediated activation of paramyxovirus fusion. Specifically, our data strongly support the notion that the short linker between the head and stalk plays a role in "conformational switching" of the head group to facilitate F-HN interaction and triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Lori S Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Abstract
The family Paramyxoviridae includes many viruses that significantly affect human and animal health. An essential step in the paramyxovirus life cycle is viral entry into host cells, mediated by virus-cell membrane fusion. Upon viral entry, infection results in expression of the paramyxoviral glycoproteins on the infected cell surface. This can lead to cell-cell fusion (syncytia formation), often linked to pathogenesis. Thus membrane fusion is essential for both viral entry and cell-cell fusion and an attractive target for therapeutic development. While there are important differences between viral-cell and cell-cell membrane fusion, many aspects are conserved. The paramyxoviruses generally utilize two envelope glycoproteins to orchestrate membrane fusion. Here, we discuss the roles of these glycoproteins in distinct steps of the membrane fusion process. These findings can offer insights into evolutionary relationships among Paramyxoviridae genera and offer future targets for prophylactic and therapeutic development.
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Abdullah H, Brankin B, Brady C, Cosby SL. Wild-type measles virus infection upregulates poliovirus receptor-related 4 and causes apoptosis in brain endothelial cells by induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:681-96. [PMID: 23771216 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31829a26b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small numbers of brain endothelial cells (BECs) are infected in children with neurologic complications of measles virus (MV) infection. This may provide a mechanism for virus entry into the central nervous system, but the mechanisms are unclear. Both in vitro culture systems and animal models are required to elucidate events in the endothelium. We compared the ability of wild-type (WT), vaccine, and rodent-adapted MV strains to infect, replicate, and induce apoptosis in human and murine brain endothelial cells (HBECs and MBECs, respectively). Mice also were infected intracerebrally. All MV stains productively infected HBECs and induced the MV receptor PVRL4. Efficient WT MV production also occurred in MBECs. Extensive monolayer destruction associated with activated caspase 3 staining was observed in HBECs and MBECs, most markedly with WT MV. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), but not Fas ligand, was induced by MV infection. Treatment of MBECs with supernatants from MV-infected MBEC cultures with an anti-TRAIL antibody blocked caspase 3 expression and monolayer destruction. TRAIL was also expressed in the endothelium and other cell types in infected murine brains. This is the first demonstration that infection of low numbers of BECs with WT MV allows efficient virus production, induction of TRAIL, and subsequent widespread apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani'ah Abdullah
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity (HA, CB, SLC), School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK; and School of Biological Sciences (BB), Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Noyce RS, Bondre DG, Ha MN, Lin LT, Sisson G, Tsao MS, Richardson CD. Tumor cell marker PVRL4 (nectin 4) is an epithelial cell receptor for measles virus. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002240. [PMID: 21901103 PMCID: PMC3161989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine and laboratory adapted strains of measles virus can use CD46 as a receptor to infect many human cell lines. However, wild type isolates of measles virus cannot use CD46, and they infect activated lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages via the receptor CD150/SLAM. Wild type virus can also infect epithelial cells of the respiratory tract through an unidentified receptor. We demonstrate that wild type measles virus infects primary airway epithelial cells grown in fetal calf serum and many adenocarcinoma cell lines of the lung, breast, and colon. Transfection of non-infectable adenocarcinoma cell lines with an expression vector encoding CD150/SLAM rendered them susceptible to measles virus, indicating that they were virus replication competent, but lacked a receptor for virus attachment and entry. Microarray analysis of susceptible versus non-susceptible cell lines was performed, and comparison of membrane protein gene transcripts produced a list of 11 candidate receptors. Of these, only the human tumor cell marker PVRL4 (Nectin 4) rendered cells amenable to measles virus infections. Flow cytometry confirmed that PVRL4 is highly expressed on the surfaces of susceptible lung, breast, and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Measles virus preferentially infected adenocarcinoma cell lines from the apical surface, although basolateral infection was observed with reduced kinetics. Confocal immune fluorescence microscopy and surface biotinylation experiments revealed that PVRL4 was expressed on both the apical and basolateral surfaces of these cell lines. Antibodies and siRNA directed against PVRL4 were able to block measles virus infections in MCF7 and NCI-H358 cancer cells. A virus binding assay indicated that PVRL4 was a bona fide receptor that supported virus attachment to the host cell. Several strains of measles virus were also shown to use PVRL4 as a receptor. Measles virus infection reduced PVRL4 surface expression in MCF7 cells, a property that is characteristic of receptor-associated viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Noyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWK Health Sciences Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel G. Bondre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWK Health Sciences Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael N. Ha
- IWK Health Sciences Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWK Health Sciences Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gary Sisson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWK Health Sciences Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher D. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWK Health Sciences Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
Measles is an important cause of child mortality that has a seemingly paradoxical interaction with the immune system. In most individuals, the immune response is successful in eventually clearing measles virus (MV) infection and in establishing life-long immunity. However, infection is also associated with persistence of viral RNA and several weeks of immune suppression, including loss of delayed type hypersensitivity responses and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. The initial T-cell response includes CD8+ and T-helper 1 CD4+ T cells important for control of infectious virus. As viral RNA persists, there is a shift to a T-helper 2 CD4+ T-cell response that likely promotes B-cell maturation and durable antibody responses but may suppress macrophage activation and T-helper 1 responses to new infections. Suppression of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation can be induced by lymphocyte infection with MV or by lymphocyte exposure to a complex of the hemagglutinin and fusion surface glycoproteins without infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) are susceptible to infection and can transmit infection to lymphocytes. MV-infected DCs are unable to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte reaction and can induce lymphocyte unresponsiveness through expression of MV glycoproteins. Thus, multiple factors may contribute both to measles-induced immune suppression and to the establishment of durable protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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19
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Measles virus selectively blind to signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM; CD150) is attenuated and induces strong adaptive immune responses in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2010; 84:3413-20. [PMID: 20071568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02304-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM; CD150) is the immune cell receptor for measles virus (MV). To assess the importance of the SLAM-MV interactions for virus spread and pathogenesis, we generated a wild-type IC-B MV selectively unable to recognize human SLAM (SLAM-blind). This virus differs from the fully virulent wild-type IC-B strain by a single arginine-to-alanine substitution at amino acid 533 of the attachment protein hemagglutinin and infects cells through SLAM about 40 times less efficiently than the isogenic wild-type strain. Ex vivo, this virus infects primary lymphocytes at low levels regardless of SLAM expression. When a group of six rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was inoculated intranasally with the SLAM-blind virus, no clinical symptoms were documented. Only one monkey had low-level viremia early after infection, whereas all the hosts in the control group had high viremia levels. Despite minimal, if any, viremia, all six hosts generated neutralizing antibody titers close to those of the control monkeys while MV-directed cellular immunity reached levels at least as high as in wild-type-infected monkeys. These findings prove formally that efficient SLAM recognition is necessary for MV virulence and pathogenesis. They also suggest that the selectively SLAM-blind wild-type MV can be developed into a vaccine vector.
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Smith EC, Popa A, Chang A, Masante C, Dutch RE. Viral entry mechanisms: the increasing diversity of paramyxovirus entry. FEBS J 2010; 276:7217-27. [PMID: 19878307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The paramyxovirus family contains established human pathogens such as the measles virus and human respiratory syncytial virus, as well as emerging pathogens including the Hendra and Nipah viruses and the recently identified human metapneumovirus. Two major envelope glycoproteins, the attachment protein and the fusion protein, promote the processes of viral attachment and virus-cell membrane fusion required for entry. Although common mechanisms of fusion protein proteolytic activation and the mechanism of membrane fusion promotion have been shown in recent years, considerable diversity exists in the family relating to receptor binding and the potential mechanisms of fusion triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett C Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
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Masilamani M, Peruzzi G, Borrego F, Coligan JE. Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of human natural killer cell receptors. Traffic 2009; 10:1735-44. [PMID: 19719476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in the defense against viral infections and tumor development. NK cell function is primarily regulated by the sum of signals from a broad array of activation and inhibitory receptors. Key to generating the input level of either activating or inhibitory signals is the maintenance of receptor expression levels on the cell surface. Although the mechanisms of endocytosis and trafficking for some cell surface receptors, such as transferrin receptor and certain immune receptors, are very well known, that is not the situation for receptors expressed by NK cells. Recent studies have uncovered that endocytosis and trafficking routes characteristic for specific activation and inhibitory receptors can regulate the functional responses of NK cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of receptor endocytosis and trafficking, and integrate this with our current understanding of NK cell receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Masilamani
- The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Funke S, Schneider IC, Glaser S, Mühlebach MD, Moritz T, Cattaneo R, Cichutek K, Buchholz CJ. Pseudotyping lentiviral vectors with the wild-type measles virus glycoproteins improves titer and selectivity. Gene Ther 2009; 16:700-5. [PMID: 19212424 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We pseudotyped HIV-1 vectors with cytoplasmic tail-truncated envelope glycoproteins of a wild-type (WT) measles virus (MV). The particles entered the lymphatic cells exclusively through the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, CD150), whereas particles pseudotyped with the MV vaccine strain glycoproteins also recognized the ubiquitous membrane cofactor protein (CD46) as receptor and had less specific cell entry. MV(WT)-HIV vectors reached titers of 10(8) t.u. ml(-1), which were up to 10-fold higher than those of MV(Vac)-HIV vectors, and discriminated between SLAM-positive and SLAM-negative cells, also in mixed cell cultures. As these vectors transduce primary human cells more efficiently than vesicular stomatitis virus-G pseudotyped vectors do, they are promising candidates for gene transfer to human lymphocytes and certain epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Funke
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Thiel L, Diederich S, Erbar S, Pfaff D, Augustin HG, Maisner A. Ephrin-B2 expression critically influences Nipah virus infection independent of its cytoplasmic tail. Virol J 2008; 5:163. [PMID: 19108727 PMCID: PMC2628893 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell entry and cell-to-cell spread of the highly pathogenic Nipah virus (NiV) requires binding of the NiV G protein to cellular ephrin receptors and subsequent NiV F-mediated fusion. Since expression levels of the main NiV entry receptor ephrin-B2 (EB2) are highly regulated in vivo to fulfill the physiological functions in axon guidance and angiogenesis, the goal of this study was to determine if changes in the EB2 expression influence NiV infection. Results Surprisingly, transfection of increasing EB2 plasmid concentrations reduced cell-to-cell fusion both in cells expressing the NiV glycoproteins and in cells infected with NiV. This effect was attributed to the downregulation of the NiV glycoproteins from the cell surface. In addition to the influence on cell-to-cell fusion, increased EB2 expression significantly reduced the total amount of NiV-infected cells, thus interfered with virus entry. To determine if the negative effect of elevated EB2 expression on virus entry is a result of an increased EB2 signaling, receptor function of a tail-truncated and therefore signaling-defective ΔcEB2 was tested. Interestingly, ΔcEB2 fully functioned as NiV entry and fusion receptor, and overexpression also interfered with virus replication. Conclusion Our findings clearly show that EB2 signaling does not account for the striking negative impact of elevated receptor expression on NiV infection, but rather that the ratio between the NiV envelope glycoproteins and surface receptors critically influence cell-to-cell fusion and virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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The herpes simplex virus receptor nectin-1 is down-regulated after trans-interaction with glycoprotein D. Virology 2008; 373:98-111. [PMID: 18076965 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry, membrane fusion occurs either on the cell surface or after virus endocytosis. In both cases, binding of glycoprotein D (gD) to a receptor such as nectin-1 or HVEM is required. In this study, we co-cultured cells expressing gD with nectin-1 expressing cells to investigate the effects of gD on nectin-1 at cell contacts. After overnight co-cultures with gD expressing cells, there was a down-regulation of nectin-1 in B78H1-C10, SY5Y, A431 and HeLa cells, which HSV enters by endocytosis. In contrast, on Vero cells, which HSV enters at the plasma membrane, nectin-1 was not down-regulated. Further analysis of B78H1-derived cells showed that nectin-1 down-regulation corresponds to the ability of gD to bind nectin-1 and is achieved by internalization and low-pH-dependent degradation of nectin-1. Moreover, gD is necessary for virion internalization in B78H1 cells expressing nectin-1. These data suggest that the determinants of gD-mediated internalization of nectin-1 may direct HSV to an endocytic pathway during entry.
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Chapter 4 Receptor Interactions, Tropism, and Mechanisms Involved in Morbillivirus‐Induced Immunomodulation. Adv Virus Res 2008; 71:173-205. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Piskin AK, Akpinar P, Muftuoglu S, Anlar B. Signaling lymphocyte activating molecule (SLAM) expression in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Brain Dev 2007; 29:439-42. [PMID: 17208401 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activating molecule (SLAM) is a receptor for measles virus which also has immunomodulatory activity. We analyzed SLAM expression in mononuclear cells (MNC) of patients with SSPE (n=7) and control subjects (n=7) from the same population. Native 10% PAGE analysis in cell and brain tissue extracts followed by Western blotting using monoclonal anti-human SLAM showed four types of bands. Differences in the type and amount of SLAM expression were observed between SSPE and control cases. Lymphocytes of SSPE patients showed two types of SLAM bands in comparison to only one in control lymphocytes. Stimulation of cells with lipopolysaccharide (80 u/ml) and concanavalin A (1 microg/ml) in vitro led to the appearance of a second isoform in both groups. Brain homogenates of SSPE patients (n=2) displayed all four types of SLAM isoforms at significantly higher levels than those of control brains (n=2). Our results show native PAGE enables the detection of all SLAM isotypes. The expression of SLAM is increased in lymphocytes, monocytes, and brain tissues of SSPE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kevser Piskin
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Turkey
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Sandusky MM, Messmer B, Watzl C. Regulation of 2B4 (CD244)-mediated NK cell activation by ligand-induced receptor modulation. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:3268-76. [PMID: 17111350 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activity can be stimulated by different surface receptors. 2B4 is a member of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-related receptor family and is important for stimulating human NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Here we show that stimulation of human NK cells by antibody-mediated 2B4 cross-linking or incubation with target cells expressing the 2B4 ligand CD48 results in a strong down-modulation of 2B4 surface expression. This down-modulation is observed in NK cell lines, purified human NK cells and NK cell clones, and is accompanied by an internalization of 2B4. The modulation of 2B4 is dependent on the activity of Src-family kinases, but independent of PI3 K activity or actin polymerization. Inhibitory receptors can interfere with 2B4-mediated signals and NK cell activation. However, co-engagement of inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors has no influence on the down-modulation of 2B4. This suggests that the modulation of 2B4 expression is independent of inhibitory receptors. The lower surface expression of 2B4 after ligand-induced down-modulation results in reduced 2B4-mediated NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. The modulation of activating surface receptors may therefore be another mechanism for the fine-tuning of NK cell activity and may lead to the adaptation of NK cell cytotoxicity in tissues with high ligand expression.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina M Sandusky
- Institute for Immunology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sawatsky B, Grolla A, Kuzenko N, Weingartl H, Czub M. Inhibition of henipavirus infection by Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein occurs without cell-surface downregulation of ephrin-B2 or ephrin-B3. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:582-591. [PMID: 17251577 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are newly identified members of the family Paramyxoviridae and have been classified in the new genus Henipavirus based on unique genetic characteristics distinct from other paramyxoviruses. Transgenic cell lines were generated that expressed either the attachment protein (G) or the fusion protein (F) of NiV. Functional expression of NiV F and G was verified by complementation with the corresponding glycoprotein, which resulted in the development of syncytia. When exposed to NiV and HeV, expression of NiV G in Crandall feline kidney cells resulted in a qualitative inhibition of both cytopathic effect (CPE) and cell death by both viruses. RT-PCR analysis of surviving exposed cells showed a complete absence of viral positive-sense mRNA and genomic negative-sense viral RNA. Cells expressing NiV G were also unable to fuse with cells co-expressing NiV F and G in a fluorescent fusion inhibition assay. Cell-surface staining for the cellular receptors for NiV and HeV (ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3) indicated that they were located on the surface of cells, regardless of NiV G expression or infection by NiV. These results indicated that viral interference can be established for henipaviruses and requires only the expression of the attachment protein, G. Furthermore, it was found that this interference probably occurs at the level of virus entry, as fusion was not observed in cells expressing NiV G. Finally, expression of NiV G by either transient transfection or NiV infection did not alter the cell-surface levels of the two known viral receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevan Sawatsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Allen Grolla
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Nina Kuzenko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Hana Weingartl
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Markus Czub
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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Xu Q, Zhang P, Hu C, Liu X, Qi Y, Liu Y. Identification of Amino Acid Residues Involved in the Interaction between Measles Virus Haemagglutin (MVH) and Its Human Cell Receptor(Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule, SLAM). BMB Rep 2006; 39:406-11. [PMID: 16889684 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.4.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM; also known as CD150) is a newly identified cellular receptor for measles virus (MV). The interaction between MV Haemagglutin (MVH) and SLAM is an initial step for MV entry. We have identified several novel SLAM binding sites at residues S429, T436 and H437 of MVH protein and MVH mutants in these residues dramatically decrease the ability to interaction with the cell surface SLAM and fail to coprecipitation with SLAM in vivo as well as malfunction in syncytium formation. At the same time, K58, S59 and H61 of SLAM was also identified to be critical for MVH and SLAM binding. Further, these residues may be useful targets for the development of measles therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
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Welstead GG, Iorio C, Draker R, Bayani J, Squire J, Vongpunsawad S, Cattaneo R, Richardson CD. Measles virus replication in lymphatic cells and organs of CD150 (SLAM) transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16415-20. [PMID: 16260741 PMCID: PMC1283432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505945102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A transgenic mouse containing the complete human SLAM (hSLAM/CD150) gene, including its endogenous promoter for transcription, was generated by using human genomic DNA cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome. hSLAM, the primary receptor for measles viruses (MV), was expressed on activated B, T, and dendritic cells with an expression profile equivalent to that of humans. We demonstrated that hSLAM(+) cells obtained from the transgenic mouse, including activated B, T, and dendritic cells, were susceptible to MV infection in a receptor-dependent manner. Evidence was provided for transient infection in the nasal lymph nodes of hSLAM(+) mice after intranasal inoculation. Virus was rapidly cleared without signs of secondary replication. To improve the efficiency of MV production, the hSLAM(+) mice were bred with mice having a Stat1-deficient background. These mice were more susceptible to MV infection and produced more virus particles. After intranasal and intraperitoneal inoculation of these mice with MV, infections of the thymus, spleen, nasal, mesenteric, and leg lymph nodes were detected. Upon necropsy, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen were apparent. Flow cytometric analysis showed that abnormally large numbers of mature neutrophils and natural killer cells caused the splenomegaly. The hSLAM transgenic mouse constitutes an improved rodent model for studying the interaction of MV with immune cells that more accurately reflects the infection pattern found in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grant Welstead
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5C 2C8
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