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Verma A, Anand A, Satapathy P, Gaidhane AM, Zahiruddin QS, Sanker V. The Emerging Concern of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Humans. Asia Pac J Public Health 2024; 36:301-302. [PMID: 38353464 DOI: 10.1177/10105395241230753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Verma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Hapur, India
| | - Ayush Anand
- Department of Internal Medicine, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Prakasini Satapathy
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Abhay M Gaidhane
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Global Health Academy, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India
| | - Quazi Syed Zahiruddin
- South Asia Infant Feeding Research Network (SAIFRN), Division of Evidence Synthesis, Global Consortium of Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India
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2
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Wei J, Ho G, Masliah E, Hashimoto M. Differential involvement of amyloidogenic evolvability in oligodendropathies; Multiple Sclerosis and Multiple System Atrophy. Prion 2023; 17:29-34. [PMID: 36785484 PMCID: PMC9928476 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2023.2172912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are both characterized by impaired oligodendrocytes (OLs), the aetiological relevance remains obscure. Given inherent stressors affecting OLs, the objective of the present study was to discuss the possible role of amyloidogenic evolvability (aEVO) in these conditions. Hypothetically, in aEVO, protofibrils of amyloidogenic proteins (APs), including β-synuclein and β-amyloid, might form in response to diverse stressors in parental brain. Subsequently, the AP protofibrils might be transmitted to offspring via germ cells in a prion-like fashion. By virtue of the stress information conferred by protofibrillar APs, the OLs in offspring's brain might be more resilient to forthcoming stressors, perhaps reducing MS risk. aEVO could be comparable to a gene for the inheritance of acquired characteristics. On the contrary, during ageing, MSA risk is increased through antagonistic pleiotropy. Consistently, the expression levels of APs are reduced in MS, but are increased in MSA compared to controls. Furthermore, β-synuclein, the non-amyloidogenic homologue of β-synuclein, might exert a buffering effect on aEVO, and abnormal β-synuclein could also increase MS and MSA disease activity. Collectively, a better understanding of the role of aEVO in the OL diseases might lead to novel interventions for such chronic degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China,CONTACT Jianshe Wei Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Gilbert Ho
- Pacific Center for Neurological Disease (PCND) Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan,Makoto Hashimoto Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo156-0057
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3
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Gallardo MJ, Delgado FO. Animal prion diseases: A review of intraspecies transmission. Open Vet J 2021; 11:707-723. [PMID: 35070868 PMCID: PMC8770171 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative, transmissible, and fatal disorders that affect several animal species. The causative agent, prion, is a misfolded isoform of normal cellular prion protein, which is found in cells with higher concentration in the central nervous system. This review explored the sources of infection and different natural transmission routes of animal prion diseases in susceptible populations. Chronic wasting disease in cervids and scrapie in small ruminants are prion diseases capable of maintaining themselves in susceptible populations through horizontal and vertical transmission. The other prion animal diseases can only be transmitted through food contaminated with prions. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only animal prion disease considered zoonotic. However, due to its inability to transmit within a population, it could be controlled. The emergence of atypical cases of scrapie and BSE, even the recent report of prion disease in camels, demonstrates the importance of understanding the transmission routes of prion diseases to take measures to control them and to assess the risks to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Julián Gallardo
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Oscar Delgado
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Facultad de Cs. Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Argentina
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4
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Hashimoto M, Ho G, Takamatsu Y, Wada R, Sugama S, Waragai M, Masliah E, Takenouchi T. Understanding Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease from a viewpoint of amyloidogenic evolvability. Prion 2021; 14:1-8. [PMID: 32375593 PMCID: PMC7219431 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1761514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease (CJD), the most common human prion disorder, is frequently accompanied by ageing-associated neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Although cross-seeding of amyloidogenic proteins (APs), including amyloid β and α-synuclein, may be critical in the co-morbidity of neurodegenerative disorders, the direct interaction of APs with prion protein (PrP), the central molecule involved in the pathogenesis of CJD, is unlikely. Currently, the nature of this biological interaction and its significance remain obscure. In this context, the objective of the present study is to discuss such interactions from the perspective of amyloidogenic evolvability, a putative function of APs. Hypothetically, both hereditary- and sporadic CJD might be attributed to the role of PrP in evolvability against multiple stressors, such as physical stresses relevant to concussions, which might be manifest through the antagonistic pleiotropy mechanism in ageing. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that PrP- and other APs evolvability may negatively regulate each other. Provided that increased APs evolvability might be beneficial for acquired CJD in young adults, a dose-reduction of α-synuclein, a natural inhibitor of αS aggregation, might be therapeutically effective in upregulating APs evolvability. Collectively, a better understanding of amyloidogenic evolvability may lead to the development of novel therapies for CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Gilbert Ho
- PCND Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway, CA, USA
| | - Yoshiki Takamatsu
- Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Ryoko Wada
- Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Waragai
- Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Bravo-Risi F, Soto P, Eckland T, Dittmar R, Ramírez S, Catumbela CSG, Soto C, Lockwood M, Nichols T, Morales R. Detection of CWD prions in naturally infected white-tailed deer fetuses and gestational tissues by PMCA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18385. [PMID: 34526562 PMCID: PMC8443553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environmental fomites. Other mechanisms of propagation such as vertical and maternal transmissions have also been suggested using naturally and experimentally infected animals. Here, we describe the detection of CWD prions in naturally-infected, farmed white-tailed deer (WTD) fetal tissues using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Prion seeding activity was identified in a variety of gestational and fetal tissues. Future studies should demonstrate if prions present in fetuses are at sufficient quantities to cause CWD after birth. This data confirms previous findings in other animal species and furthers vertical transmission as a relevant mechanism of CWD dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Bravo-Risi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.128, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paulina Soto
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.128, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Thomas Eckland
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.128, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Santiago Ramírez
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.128, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Celso S G Catumbela
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.128, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.128, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Tracy Nichols
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.128, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
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6
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Detection of Pathognomonic Biomarker PrP Sc and the Contribution of Cell Free-Amplification Techniques to the Diagnosis of Prion Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030469. [PMID: 32204429 PMCID: PMC7175149 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical manifestation of which can resemble other promptly evolving neurological maladies. Therefore, the unequivocal ante-mortem diagnosis is highly challenging and was only possible by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the brain at necropsy. Although surrogate biomarkers of neurological damage have become invaluable to complement clinical data and provide more accurate diagnostics at early stages, other neurodegenerative diseases show similar alterations hindering the differential diagnosis. To solve that, the detection of the pathognomonic biomarker of disease, PrPSc, the aberrantly folded isoform of the prion protein, could be used. However, the amounts in easily accessible tissues or body fluids at pre-clinical or early clinical stages are extremely low for the standard detection methods. The solution comes from the recent development of in vitro prion propagation techniques, such as Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real Time-Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), which have been already applied to detect minute amounts of PrPSc in different matrixes and make early diagnosis of prion diseases feasible in a near future. Herein, the most relevant tissues and body fluids in which PrPSc has been detected in animals and humans are being reviewed, especially those in which cell-free prion propagation systems have been used with diagnostic purposes.
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7
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Rivera NA, Brandt AL, Novakofski JE, Mateus-Pinilla NE. Chronic Wasting Disease In Cervids: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:123-139. [PMID: 31632898 PMCID: PMC6778748 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s197404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that affects members of the cervidae family. The infectious agent is a misfolded isoform (PrPSC) of the host prion protein (PrPC). The replication of PrPSC initiates a cascade of developmental changes that spread from cell to cell, individual to individual, and that for some TSEs, has crossed the species barrier. CWD can be transmitted horizontally and vertically, and it is the only TSE that affects free-ranging wildlife. While other TSEs are under control and even declining, infection rates of CWD continue to grow and the disease distribution continues to expand in North America and around the world. Since the first reported case in 1967, CWD has spread infecting captive and free-ranging cervids in 26 states in the US, 3 Canadian provinces, 3 European countries and has been found in captive cervids in South Korea. CWD causes considerable ecologic, economic and sociologic impact, as this is a 100% fatal highly contagious infectious disease, with no treatment or cure available. Because some TSEs have crossed the species barrier, the zoonotic potential of CWD is a concern for human health and continues to be investigated. Here we review the characteristics of the CWD prion protein, mechanisms of transmission and the role of genetics. We discuss the characteristics that contribute to prevalence and distribution. We also discuss the impact of CWD and review the management strategies that have been used to prevent and control the spread of CWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelda A Rivera
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Adam L Brandt
- Division of Natural Sciences, St. Norbert College, De Pere, WI, USA
| | - Jan E Novakofski
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nohra E Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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8
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O'Connor JT, Byrne JP, More SJ, Blake M, McGrath G, Tratalos JA, Mcelroy MC, Kiernan P, Canty MJ, O'Brien-Lynch C, Griffin JM. Using an epidemiological framework and bovine spongiform encephalopathy investigation questionnaire to investigate suspect bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases: an example from a bovine spongiform encephalopathy case in Ireland in 2015. Vet Rec 2018; 182:168. [PMID: 29122979 PMCID: PMC5870463 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In several EU member states, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases have been identified in cattle born after the reinforced ban (BARB cases), for reasons that are not entirely clear. Epidemiological investigation of these cases has proved challenging. The European Food Safety Authority recently recommended the collection of a predefined set of epidemiological data from BSE suspects and confirmed BSE cases to aid future investigations. In this study, we present an epidemiological framework and BSE investigation questionnaire to aid the investigation of suspect BSE cases, and illustrate its application during the investigation of a BSE case in Ireland in 2015. It is recommended that the framework and questionnaire are used concurrently: the framework provides structure and focus, whereas the questionnaire (with 135 questions) aids data collection. The framework focuses on confirmation and discrimination, estimating the date and location of exposure, and determining the method/source of exposure. The BSE case in Ireland in 2015 was a BARB case born in 2010. It was identified with classical BSE at an authorised knackery as part of Ireland's targeted active surveillance programme for BSE. No definitive source of infection with the BSE agent could be attributed in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarlath T O'Connor
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Justin P Byrne
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Blake
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie A Tratalos
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maire C Mcelroy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Paul Kiernan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Mary J Canty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Chris O'Brien-Lynch
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Navan, Ireland
| | - John M Griffin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
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9
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Mabbott NA. How do PrP Sc Prions Spread between Host Species, and within Hosts? Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040060. [PMID: 29186791 PMCID: PMC5750584 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are sub-acute neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and some domestic and free-ranging animals. Infectious prion agents are considered to comprise solely of abnormally folded isoforms of the cellular prion protein known as PrPSc. Pathology during prion disease is restricted to the central nervous system where it causes extensive neurodegeneration and ultimately leads to the death of the host. The first half of this review provides a thorough account of our understanding of the various ways in which PrPSc prions may spread between individuals within a population, both horizontally and vertically. Many natural prion diseases are acquired peripherally, such as by oral exposure, lesions to skin or mucous membranes, and possibly also via the nasal cavity. Following peripheral exposure, some prions accumulate to high levels within the secondary lymphoid organs as they make their journey from the site of infection to the brain, a process termed neuroinvasion. The replication of PrPSc prions within secondary lymphoid organs is important for their efficient spread to the brain. The second half of this review describes the key tissues, cells and molecules which are involved in the propagation of PrPSc prions from peripheral sites of exposure (such as the lumen of the intestine) to the brain. This section also considers how additional factors such as inflammation and aging might influence prion disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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10
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Infectious Prions in the Pregnancy Microenvironment of Chronic Wasting Disease-Infected Reeves' Muntjac Deer. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00501-17. [PMID: 28539446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00501-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence exists for the presence of infectious agents at the maternal-fetal interface, often with grave outcomes to the developing fetus (i.e., Zika virus, brucella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma). While less studied, pregnancy-related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) have been implicated in several species, including humans. Our previous work has shown that prions can be transferred from mother to offspring, resulting in the development of clinical TSE disease in offspring born to muntjac dams infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD) (1). We further demonstrated protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA)-competent prions within the female reproductive tract and in fetal tissues harvested from CWD experimentally and naturally exposed cervids (1, 2). To assess whether the PMCA-competent prions residing at the maternal-fetal interface were infectious and to determine if the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) methodology may enhance our ability to detect amyloid fibrils within the pregnancy microenvironment, we employed a mouse bioassay and RT-QuIC. In this study, we have demonstrated RT-QuIC seeding activity in uterus, placentome, ovary, and amniotic fluid but not in allantoic fluids harvested from CWD-infected Reeves' muntjac dams showing clinical signs of infection (clinically CWD-infected) and in some placentomes from pre-clinically CWD-infected dams. Prion infectivity was confirmed within the uterus, amniotic fluid, and the placentome, the semipermeable interface that sustains the developing fetus, of CWD-infected dams. This is the first report of prion infectivity within the cervid pregnancy microenvironment, revealing a source of fetal CWD exposure prior to the birthing process, maternal grooming, or encounters with contaminated environments.IMPORTANCE The facile dissemination of chronic wasting disease within captive and free-range cervid populations has led to questions regarding the transmission dynamics of this disease. Direct contact with infected animals and indirect contact with infectious prions in bodily fluids and contaminated environments are suspected to explain the majority of this transmission. A third mode of transmission, from mother to offspring, may be underappreciated. The presence of pregnancy-related prion infectivity within the uterus, amniotic fluid, and the placental structure reveals that the developing fetus is exposed to a source of prions long before exposure to the infectious agent during and after the birthing process or via contact with contaminated environments. These findings have impact on our current concept of CWD disease transmission.
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11
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Selariu A, Powers JG, Nalls A, Brandhuber M, Mayfield A, Fullaway S, Wyckoff CA, Goldmann W, Zabel MM, Wild MA, Hoover EA, Mathiason CK. In utero transmission and tissue distribution of chronic wasting disease-associated prions in free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3444-3455. [PMID: 26358706 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of disease-associated prions in tissues and bodily fluids of chronic wasting disease (CWD)-infected cervids has received much investigation, yet little is known about mother-to-offspring transmission of CWD. Our previous work demonstrated that mother-to-offspring transmission is efficient in an experimental setting. To address the question of relevance in a naturally exposed free-ranging population, we assessed maternal and fetal tissues derived from 19 elk dam-calf pairs collected from free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk from north-central Colorado, a known CWD endemic region. Conventional immunohistochemistry identified three of 19 CWD-positive dams, whereas a more sensitive assay [serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA)] detected CWD prion seeding activity (PrPCWD) in 15 of 19 dams. PrPCWD distribution in tissues was widespread, and included the central nervous system (CNS), lymphoreticular system, and reproductive, secretory, excretory and adipose tissues. Interestingly, five of 15 sPMCA-positive dams showed no evidence of PrPCWD in either CNS or lymphoreticular system, sites typically assessed in diagnosing CWD. Analysis of fetal tissues harvested from the 15 sPMCA-positive dams revealed PrPCWD in 80 % of fetuses (12 of 15), regardless of gestational stage. These findings demonstrated that PrPCWD is more abundant in peripheral tissues of CWD-exposed elk than current diagnostic methods suggest, and that transmission of prions from mother to offspring may contribute to the efficient transmission of CWD in naturally exposed cervid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Selariu
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jenny G Powers
- National Park Service, Biological Resources Division, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy Nalls
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Monica Brandhuber
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amber Mayfield
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephenie Fullaway
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christy A Wyckoff
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark M Zabel
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret A Wild
- National Park Service, Biological Resources Division, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward A Hoover
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Colorado State University, Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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12
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Nalls AV, McNulty E, Powers J, Seelig DM, Hoover C, Haley NJ, Hayes-Klug J, Anderson K, Stewart P, Goldmann W, Hoover EA, Mathiason CK. Mother to offspring transmission of chronic wasting disease in reeves' muntjac deer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71844. [PMID: 23977159 PMCID: PMC3743758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The horizontal transmission of prion diseases has been well characterized in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk and scrapie of sheep, and has been regarded as the primary mode of transmission. Few studies have monitored the possibility of vertical transmission occurring within an infected mother during pregnancy. To study the potential for and pathway of vertical transmission of CWD in the native cervid species, we used a small cervid model-the polyestrous breeding, indoor maintainable, Reeves' muntjac deer-and determined that the susceptibility and pathogenesis of CWD in these deer reproduce that in native mule and white-tailed deer. Moreover, we demonstrate here that CWD prions are transmitted from doe to fawn. Maternal CWD infection also appears to result in lower percentage of live birth offspring. In addition, evolving evidence from protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assays on fetal tissues suggest that covert prion infection occurs in utero. Overall, our findings demonstrate that transmission of prions from mother to offspring can occur, and may be underestimated for all prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy V. Nalls
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jenny Powers
- Biological Resource Management Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Clare Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Haley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Hayes-Klug
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kelly Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paula Stewart
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A. Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Candace K. Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy induces misfolding of alleged prion-resistant species cellular prion protein without altering its pathobiological features. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7778-86. [PMID: 23637170 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0244-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions were responsible for an unforeseen epizootic in cattle which had a vast social, economic, and public health impact. This was primarily because BSE prions were found to be transmissible to humans. Other species were also susceptible to BSE either by natural infection (e.g., felids, caprids) or in experimental settings (e.g., sheep, mice). However, certain species closely related to humans, such as canids and leporids, were apparently resistant to BSE. In vitro prion amplification techniques (saPMCA) were used to successfully misfold the cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) of these allegedly resistant species into a BSE-type prion protein. The biochemical and biological properties of the new prions generated in vitro after seeding rabbit and dog brain homogenates with classical BSE were studied. Pathobiological features of the resultant prion strains were determined after their inoculation into transgenic mice expressing bovine and human PrP(C). Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE. This study provides a sound basis for risk assessment regarding prion diseases in purportedly resistant species.
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14
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Vidal E, Tortosa R, Marco P, Fondevila D, Rabanal RM, Torres JM, Pumarola M. Late stage cathepsin C, CXCL13 and Ki-67 overexpression correlate with regional neuropathology in a BSE transgenic murine model. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:22-32. [PMID: 22789860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A DNA microarray-based gene expression analysis study was performed with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) transgenic mice. Several genes were found to be overexpressed including the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin C, the chemokine CXCL13 and a number of genes related to cellular proliferation. The brains from terminal stage, BSE inoculated, 'bovinized', transgenic mice were subjected to immunohistochemistry with antibodies against these two proteins and Ki-67, a cell proliferation marker, to assess the biological relevance of the gene expression changes. Differential expression of cathepsin C and CXCL13 proteins and increased expression of Ki-67 was observed. These changes were localized to areas of deposition of PrP(res) and spongiform change and to areas showing an astroglial and microglial response. These findings suggest that these proteins are involved in the mechanisms leading to the establishment of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vidal
- Priocat Laboratory, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Garza MC, Fernández-Borges N, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Castilla J, Monleón E. Detection of PrPres in genetically susceptible fetuses from sheep with natural scrapie. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27525. [PMID: 22194786 PMCID: PMC3237407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy with a wide PrPres dissemination in many non-neural tissues and with high levels of transmissibility within susceptible populations. Mechanisms of transmission are incompletely understood. It is generally assumed that it is horizontally transmitted by direct contact between animals or indirectly through the environment, where scrapie can remain infectious for years. In contrast, in utero vertical transmission has never been demonstrated and has rarely been studied. Recently, the use of the protein misfolding cyclic amplification technique (PMCA) has allowed prion detection in various tissues and excretions in which PrPres levels have been undetectable by traditional assays. The main goal of this study was to detect PrPres in fetal tissues and the amniotic fluid from natural scrapie infected ewes using the PMCA technique. Six fetuses from three infected pregnant ewes in an advanced clinical stage of the disease were included in the study. From each fetus, amniotic fluid, brain, spleen, ileo-cecal valve and retropharyngeal lymph node samples were collected and analyzed using Western blotting and PMCA. Although all samples were negative using Western blotting, PrPres was detected after in vitro amplification. Our results represent the first time the biochemical detection of prions in fetal tissues, suggesting that the in utero transmission of scrapie in natural infected sheep might be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Garza
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías Espongiformes Transmisibles y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías Espongiformes Transmisibles y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías Espongiformes Transmisibles y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías Espongiformes Transmisibles y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Producció Animal, Universitat de Lleida, LLeida, Spain
- * E-mail:
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16
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Muringai V, Goddard E, Aubeeluck A. Consumers' understanding and concerns about bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): comparison among Canadian, American, and Japanese consumers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:1592-1608. [PMID: 22043916 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.618986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In spite of much analysis of the impact of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) on consumer perceptions and meat purchases, there has been little explicit analysis of the level of BSE knowledge. In this study the role of knowledge about BSE was examined in Canada, the United States, and Japan. In addition, the level of knowledge was linked to human health concerns regarding BSE and whether there is agreement with paying a premium for beef with BSE animal tests. From a public policy perspective, understanding whether higher or lower knowledge is linked to public concern and desire for market intervention might help in the design of risk communication in any future animal disease outbreak. Should lack of knowledge about the disease be related to a public desire for market intervention (animal testing, for example), then an increase in detailed information about how humans might contract the disease might change public pressure for intervention. As compared to U.S. and Canadian respondents, Japanese respondents are more knowledgeable regarding the ways in which humans might be exposed to the human variant of BSE (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, vCJD) and are more concerned about the disease. However, U.S. respondents are more willing to pay a premium for beef tested to ensure that it will not result in vCJD. Japanese respondents who are more knowledgeable about BSE are more concerned about the risk of BSE to human health. In Canada, subjects who are more knowledgeable about the ways in which humans attain vCJD are less concerned about the risk of BSE to human health. Knowledge of the ways in which humans develop vCJD does not significantly influence concerns about the risk of BSE to human health in the United States or willingness to pay for BSE-tested beef in any of the three countries. The links between knowledge and concerns about BSE and between knowledge and agreement with paying premiums for BSE-tested beef were estimated for each country using ordered probit regressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Muringai
- Department of Rural Economy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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17
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Gough KC, Maddison BC. Prion transmission: prion excretion and occurrence in the environment. Prion 2010; 4:275-82. [PMID: 20948292 DOI: 10.4161/pri.4.4.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases range from being highly infectious, for example scrapie and CWD, which show facile transmission between susceptible individuals, to showing negligible horizontal transmission, such as BSE and CJD, which are spread via food or iatrogenically, respectively. Scrapie and CWD display considerable in vivo dissemination, with PrP(Sc) and infectivity being found in a range of peripheral tissues. This in vivo dissemination appears to facilitate the recently reported excretion of prion through multiple routes such as from skin, feces, urine, milk, nasal secretions, saliva and placenta. Furthermore, excreted scrapie and CWD agent is detected within environmental samples such as water and on the surfaces of inanimate objects. The cycle of "uptake of prion from the environment--widespread in vivo prion dissemination--prion excretion--prion persistence in the environment" is likely to explain the facile transmission and maintenance of these diseases within wild and farmed populations over many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Gough
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK.
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18
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Notari S, Moleres FJ, Hunter SB, Belay ED, Schonberger LB, Cali I, Parchi P, Shieh WJ, Brown P, Zaki S, Zou WQ, Gambetti P. Multiorgan detection and characterization of protease-resistant prion protein in a case of variant CJD examined in the United States. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8765. [PMID: 20098730 PMCID: PMC2808239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a prion disease thought to be acquired by the consumption of prion-contaminated beef products. To date, over 200 cases have been identified around the world, but mainly in the United Kingdom. Three cases have been identified in the United States; however, these subjects were likely exposed to prion infection elsewhere. Here we report on the first of these subjects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Neuropathological and genetic examinations were carried out using standard procedures. We assessed the presence and characteristics of protease-resistant prion protein (PrP(res)) in brain and 23 other organs and tissues using immunoblots performed directly on total homogenate or following sodium phosphotungstate precipitation to increase PrP(res) detectability. The brain showed a lack of typical spongiform degeneration and had large plaques, likely stemming from the extensive neuronal loss caused by the long duration (32 months) of the disease. The PrP(res) found in the brain had the typical characteristics of the PrP(res) present in vCJD. In addition to the brain and other organs known to be prion positive in vCJD, such as the lymphoreticular system, pituitary and adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal tract, PrP(res) was also detected for the first time in the dura mater, liver, pancreas, kidney, ovary, uterus, and skin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that the number of organs affected in vCJD is greater than previously realized and further underscore the risk of iatrogenic transmission in vCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Notari
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Francisco J. Moleres
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ermias D. Belay
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schonberger
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ignazio Cali
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Piero Parchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Universita' di Bologna, Italy
| | - Wun-Ju Shieh
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Sherif Zaki
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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19
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Costa C, Tortosa R, Vidal E, Padilla D, Torres JM, Ferrer I, Pumarola M, Bassols A. Central nervous system extracellular matrix changes in a transgenic mouse model of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet J 2009; 182:306-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Gough KC, Baker CA, Taema M, Maddison BC. In vitro amplification of prions from milk in the detection of subclinical infections. Prion 2009; 3:236-9. [PMID: 19949303 DOI: 10.4161/pri.3.4.10425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions can be amplified by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) from the milk of a high proportion of apparently healthy, scrapie exposed sheep with PRNP genotypes not previously associated with high disease penetrance. These data strongly suggest the widespread presence of subclinical scrapie infections within scrapie-exposed flocks containing sheep with a range of susceptible PRNP genotypes. These data also lead to the hypothesis that similar subclinical disease states may be common for other animal and human prion diseases. Furthermore, the application of sPMCA to milk provides a method to detect such subclinical disease. Here, we describe the high level amplification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from both ovine and bovine origin, a methodology that will facilitate the detection of any prions secreted within bovine and ovine milk during subclinical and clinical BSE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Gough
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.
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21
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Abstract
The potential spread of prion infectivity in secreta is a crucial concern for prion disease transmission. Here, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) allowed the detection of prions in milk from clinically affected animals as well as scrapie-exposed sheep at least 20 months before clinical onset of disease, irrespective of the immunohistochemical detection of protease-resistant PrP(Sc) within lymphoreticular and central nervous system tissues. These data indicate the secretion of prions within milk during the early stages of disease progression and a role for milk in prion transmission. Furthermore, the application of sPMCA to milk samples offers a noninvasive methodology to detect scrapie during preclinical/subclinical disease.
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22
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Risks of transmitting ruminant spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) by semen and embryo transfer techniques. Theriogenology 2008; 70:725-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Konold T, Moore SJ, Bellworthy SJ, Simmons HA. Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:14. [PMID: 18397513 PMCID: PMC2374774 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of scrapie infection increases with increased duration and proximity of contact between sheep at lambing. Scrapie infectivity has not been detected in milk but cellular prion protein, the precursor of disease-associated prion protein PrPd, has been found in milk from ruminants. To determine whether milk is able to transmit scrapie, 18 lambs with a prion protein genotype associated with high susceptibility to scrapie (VRQ/VRQ) were fed milk from twelve scrapie-affected ewes of the same genotype, and 15 VRQ/VRQ sheep reared on scrapie-free dams served as controls. Results Three lambs fed milk from scrapie-affected ewes were culled due to intercurrent diseases at 43, 44 and 105 days of age respectively, and PrPd was detected in the distal ileum of the first two lambs, whilst PrPd was not found in lymphoreticular tissues in the third lamb. A control lamb, housed in a separate pen and culled at 38 days of age, was also negative for PrPd in a range of tissues. Samples of recto-anal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue collected from the remaining 15 live lambs at seven months of age (between five to seven months after mixing) were positive for PrPd in the scrapie milk recipients, whereas PrPd was not detected in the remaining 14 controls at that time. A subsequent sample collected from control lambs revealed PrPd accumulation in two of five lambs eight months after mixing with scrapie milk recipients suggestive of an early stage of infection via lateral transmission. By contrast, the control sheep housed in the same building but not mixed with the scrapie milk recipients were still negative for PrPd. Conclusion The presence of PrPd in distal ileum and rectal mucosa indicates transmission of scrapie from ewe to lamb via milk (or colostrum) although it is not yet clear if such cases would go on to develop clinical disease. The high level of infection in scrapie-milk recipients revealed by rectal mucosal testing at approximately seven months of age may be enhanced or supplemented by intra-recipient infection as these lambs were mixed together after feeding with milk from scrapie-affected ewes and we also observed lateral transmission from these animals to lambs weaned from scrapie-free ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Neuropathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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24
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Didier A, Gebert R, Dietrich R, Schweiger M, Gareis M, Märtlbauer E, Amselgruber WM. Cellular prion protein in mammary gland and milk fractions of domestic ruminants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:841-4. [PMID: 18325321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows that PrP(c) is expressed in the mammary gland and milk fractions of domestic ruminants in a species-specific manner. By applying immunohistochemistry, Western blot and ELISA, clear expression differences between bovine, ovine and caprine mammary gland, skimmed milk, acid whey and cream could be demonstrated, the highest relative PrP(c) levels being associated with the cream fraction. In the bovine gland PrP(c) was preferentially detectable at the basolateral surface of mammary gland epithelial cells, whereas in ovine and caprine samples the prion protein was more homogeneously distributed. Moreover, in ovine and caprine bovine mammary gland epithelial cells, apocrine secretory vesicles were strongly stained. Ovine and caprine milk proved to contain PrP(c) in all fractions with an additional truncated form at 12kDa in Western blot. This truncated isoform is the predominate one in caprine acid whey. These results support the hypothesis that the apocrine secretion mode of milk fat globules is a major way of PrP(c) transport into the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Didier
- Chair for Hygiene and Technology of Milk, Ludwig Maximilians University, Schoenleutnerstrasse 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Van Soom A, Imberechts H, Delahaut P, Thiry E, Van Roy V, Walravens K, Roels S, Saegerman C. Sanitary control in bovine embryo transfer How far should we go? A review. Vet Q 2007; 29:2-17. [PMID: 17471787 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2007.9695223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo transfer is a globally executed technique which, when properly done, has both economic and sanitary advantages. International guidelines are available to prevent infection of the embryo with pathogens, both originating from the donor animals as from the environment. This manuscript describes the bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and prions that are of major concern in the context of embryo transfer in cattle. In addition, the actual scientific knowledge on these pathogens is evaluated in terms of the current international and national guidelines and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Soom
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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26
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Maddison BC, Whitelam GC, Gough KC. Cellular prion protein in ovine milk. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 353:195-9. [PMID: 17174270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein, PrP(C), is essential for the development of prion diseases where it is considered to be a substrate for the formation of the disease-associated conformer, PrP(Sc). In sheep, PrP(C) is abundant in neuronal tissue and is also found at lower concentrations in a range of non-neuronal tissues, including mammary gland. Here, we demonstrate the presence of soluble PrP(C) in the non-cellular, non-lipid fraction of clarified ovine milk. Compared with brain-derived PrP(C), ovine milk PrP(C) displays an increased electrophoretic mobility. Ovine milk PrP(C) is mainly present as three species that differ in the extent of their N-linked glycosylation, with glycoform profiles varying among animals. Similar PrP(C) species are also present in fresh and commercial homogenised/pasteurised bovine milk, with additional N-terminal PrP(C) fragments detectable in ruminant milk and commercial milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C Maddison
- ADAS UK, Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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27
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Everest SJ, Thorne LT, Hawthorn JA, Jenkins R, Hammersley C, Ramsay AM, Hawkins SA, Venables L, Flynn L, Sayers R, Kilpatrick J, Sach A, Hope J, Jackman R. No abnormal prion protein detected in the milk of cattle infected with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2433-2441. [PMID: 16847140 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk specimens were collected from lactating cows that had previously been challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-infected brain at 4–6 months of age. One group of 10 animals received a single oral dose of 100 g, a second group received 1 g and the third was made up of unexposed controls. The cows were inseminated artificially, and calved at approximately 2 years of age and annually thereafter. Milking was done within the first week following calving and at 10-weekly intervals during the lactation period. Specimens were centrifuged to obtain a fraction enriched for somatic cells and these fractions were analysed for disease-associated, abnormal prion protein (PrPBSE) by using a modified commercial BSE ELISA and a different confirmatory assay. No abnormal prion protein has so far been identified in the cell fraction of milk from cattle incubating BSE by using these methods at their limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Everest
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Leigh T Thorne
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jeremy A Hawthorn
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Russell Jenkins
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Clare Hammersley
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Andrew M Ramsay
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephen A Hawkins
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lindsay Venables
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Linda Flynn
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Robin Sayers
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Amanda Sach
- ADAS Defra Drayton, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire CV37 9RQ, UK
| | - James Hope
- VLA Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Roy Jackman
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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28
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Didier A, Dietrich R, Steffl M, Gareis M, Groschup MH, Müller-Hellwig S, Märtlbauer E, Amselgruber WM. Cellular Prion Protein in the Bovine Mammary Gland Is Selectively Expressed in Active Lactocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:1255-61. [PMID: 16864892 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6880.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a highly conserved glycoprotein with a still enigmatic physiological function. It is mainly expressed in the central nervous system but accumulating data suggest that PrPc is also found in a broad spectrum of non-neuronal tissue. Here we investigated the cell-type-related PrPc expression in the bovine mammary gland by using immunohistochemistry (IHC), ELISA, Western blot, and real-time RT-PCR. Specific immunostaining of serial sections revealed that PrPc is selectively localized in mammary gland epithelial cells. Particularly strong expression was found at the basolateral surface of those cells showing active secretion. Results obtained by RT-PCR and ELISA complemented IHC findings. No correlation was found between the level of PrPc expression and other parameters such as age of the animals under study or stage of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Didier
- Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 35 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is one of several diseases known collectively as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and caused by prions, which are nonconventional infectious agents. The risk of human infection by exposure to a TSE agent is generally considered to be low, because of the species barrier. However, the prions causing BSE in cattle are able to cross the species barrier easily. The appearance of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) after human exposure to BSE prions has highlighted the possible impacts of this infection on human health. Today, a major concern is that the number of BSE cases in many European countries, including the emerging eastern European countries of the EU, is growing. A further concern now emerging is the possibility that BSE could spread to other livestock species, such as sheep or goats. This paper provides an overview of BSE transmission and its potential implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Eugenia Herva
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Maria Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the usefulness of somatic cell counts for safety of milk and milk derived products from goats. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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