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Phosphor-IWS1-dependent U2AF2 splicing regulates trafficking of CAR-E-positive intronless gene mRNAs and sensitivity to viral infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1179. [PMID: 34635782 PMCID: PMC8505486 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT-phosphorylated IWS1 promotes Histone H3K36 trimethylation and alternative RNA splicing of target genes, including the U2AF65 splicing factor-encoding U2AF2. The predominant U2AF2 transcript, upon IWS1 phosphorylation block, lacks the RS-domain-encoding exon 2, and encodes a protein which fails to bind Prp19. Here we show that although both U2AF65 isoforms bind intronless mRNAs containing cytoplasmic accumulation region elements (CAR-E), only the RS domain-containing U2AF65 recruits Prp19 and promotes their nuclear export. The loading of U2AF65 to CAR-Elements was RS domain-independent, but RNA PolII-dependent. Virus- or poly(I:C)-induced type I IFNs are encoded by genes targeted by the pathway. IWS1 phosphorylation-deficient cells therefore, express reduced levels of IFNα1/IFNβ1 proteins, and exhibit enhanced sensitivity to infection by multiple cytolytic viruses. Enhanced sensitivity of IWS1-deficient cells to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Reovirus resulted in enhanced apoptotic cell death via caspase activation. Inhibition of this pathway may therefore sensitize cancer cells to oncolytic viruses.
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2
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Nguyen NV, Tran JT, Sanchez DJ. HIV blocks Type I IFN signaling through disruption of STAT1 phosphorylation. Innate Immun 2018; 24:490-500. [PMID: 30282499 PMCID: PMC6513668 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918803674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the modulation of Type I IFN induction of an antiviral state by HIV. IFNs, including IFN-α, are key innate immune cytokines that activate the JAK/STAT pathway leading to the expression of IFN-stimulated genes. IFN-stimulated gene expression establishes the antiviral state, limiting viral infection in IFN-α-stimulated microenvironments. Our previous studies have shown that HIV proteins disrupt the induction of IFN-α by degradation of IFN-β promoter stimulator-1, an adaptor protein for the up-regulation and release of IFN-α into the local microenvironment via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor signaling pathway. However, IFN-α is still released from other sources such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells via TLR-dependent recognition of HIV. Here we report that the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by IFN-α stimulation is disrupted by HIV proteins Vpu and Nef, which both reduce IFN-α induction of STAT1 phosphorylation. Thus, HIV would still be able to avoid antiviral protection induced by IFN-α in the local microenvironment. These findings show that HIV blocks multiple signaling points that would lead to the up-regulation of IFN-stimulated genes, allowing more effective replication in IFN-α-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam V Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western
University of Health Sciences, United States
| | - James T Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western
University of Health Sciences, United States
| | - David Jesse Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western
University of Health Sciences, United States
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3
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Hu YW, Zhang J, Wu XM, Cao L, Nie P, Chang MX. TANK-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) Isoforms Negatively Regulate Type I Interferon Induction by Inhibiting TBK1-IRF3 Interaction and IRF3 Phosphorylation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 29441066 PMCID: PMC5797597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an important serine/threonine-protein kinase that mediates phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, which contributes to induction of type I interferons (IFNs) in the innate antiviral response. In mammals, TBK1 spliced isoform negatively regulates the virus-triggered IFN-β signaling pathway by disrupting the interaction between retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and mitochondria antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). However, it is still unclear whether alternative splicing patterns and the function of TBK1 isoform(s) exist in teleost fish. In this study, we identify two alternatively spliced isoforms of TBK1 from zebrafish, termed TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2. Both TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 contain an incomplete STKc_TBK1 domain. Moreover, the UBL_TBK1_like domain is also missing for TBK1_tv2. TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 are expressed in zebrafish larvae. Overexpression of TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 inhibits RIG-I-, MAVS-, TBK1-, and IRF3-mediated activation of IFN promoters in response to spring viremia of carp virus infection. Also, TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 inhibit expression of IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes induced by MAVS and TBK1. Mechanistically, TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 competitively associate with TBK1 and IRF3 to disrupt the formation of a functional TBK1-IRF3 complex, impeding the phosphorylation of IRF3 mediated by TBK1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TBK1 spliced isoforms are dominant negative regulators in the RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1/IRF3 antiviral pathway by targeting the functional TBK1-IRF3 complex formation. Identification and functional characterization of piscine TBK1 spliced isoforms may contribute to understanding the role of TBK1 expression in innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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4
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Athale S, Banchereau R, Thompson-Snipes L, Wang Y, Palucka K, Pascual V, Banchereau J. Influenza vaccines differentially regulate the interferon response in human dendritic cell subsets. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/382/eaaf9194. [PMID: 28330867 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in the initiation of long-term adaptive immunity during vaccination against influenza. Understanding the early response of human DCs to vaccine exposure is thus essential to determine the nature and magnitude of maturation signals that have been shown to strongly correlate with vaccine effectiveness. In 2009, the H1N1 influenza epidemics fostered the commercialization of the nonadjuvanted monovalent H1N1 California vaccine (MIV-09) to complement the existing nonadjuvanted trivalent Fluzone 2009-2010 vaccine (TIV-09). In retrospective studies, MIV-09 displayed lower effectiveness than TIV-09. We show that TIV-09 induces monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), blood conventional DCs (cDCs), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to express CD80, CD83, and CD86 and secrete cytokines. TIV-09 stimulated the secretion of type I interferons (IFNs) IFN-α and IFN-β and type III IFN interleukin-29 (IL-29) by moDC and cDC subsets. The vaccine also induced the production of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, and the chemokines IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β). Conversely, MIV-09 did not induce the production of type I IFNs in moDCs and blood cDCs. Furthermore, it inhibited the TIV-09-induced secretion of type I IFNs by these DCs. However, both vaccines induced pDCs to secrete type I IFNs, indicating that different influenza vaccines activate distinct molecular signaling pathways in DC subsets. These results suggest that subtypes of nonadjuvanted influenza vaccines trigger immunity through different mechanisms and that the ability of a vaccine to induce an IFN response in DCs may offset the absence of adjuvant and increase vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Athale
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | | | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.,Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA. .,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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5
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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6
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Kumthip K, Yang D, Li NL, Zhang Y, Fan M, Sethuraman A, Li K. Pivotal role for the ESCRT-II complex subunit EAP30/SNF8 in IRF3-dependent innate antiviral defense. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006713. [PMID: 29084253 PMCID: PMC5679654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of interferon (IFN)-regulatory factor-3 (IRF3), characterized by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the latent transcription factor, is central to initiating innate antiviral responses. Whereas much has been learned about the upstream pathways and signaling mechanisms leading to IRF3 activation, how activated IRF3 operates in the nucleus to control transcription of IFNs remains obscure. Here we identify EAP30 (a.k.a, SNF8/VPS22), an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-II subunit, as an essential factor controlling IRF3-dependent antiviral defense. Depletion of EAP30, but not other ESCRT-II subunits, compromised IRF3-dependent induction of type I and III IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and chemokines by double-stranded RNA or viruses. EAP30, however, was dispensable for the induction of inflammatory mediators of strict NF-κB target. Significantly, knockdown of EAP30 also impaired the establishment of an antiviral state against vesicular stomatitis virus and hepatitis C virus, which are of distinct viral families. Mechanistically, EAP30 was not required for IRF3 activation but rather acted at a downstream step. Specifically, a fraction of EAP30 localized within the nucleus, where it formed a complex with IRF3 and its transcriptional co-activator, CREB-binding protein (CBP), in a virus-inducible manner. These interactions promoted IRF3 binding to target gene promoters such as IFN-β, IFN-λ1 and ISG56. Together, our data describe an unappreciated role for EAP30 in IRF3-dependent innate antiviral response in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Darong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan L. Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiyun Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aarti Sethuraman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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7
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Boisson B, Puel A, Picard C, Casanova JL. Human IκBα Gain of Function: a Severe and Syndromic Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:397-412. [PMID: 28597146 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Germline heterozygous gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of NFKBIA, encoding IκBα, cause an autosomal dominant (AD) form of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID). Fourteen unrelated patients have been reported since the identification of the first case in 2003. All mutations enhanced the inhibitory activity of IκBα, by preventing its phosphorylation on serine 32 or 36 and its subsequent degradation. The mutation certainly or probably occurred de novo in 13 patients, whereas it was inherited from a parent with somatic mosaicism in one patient. Eleven mutations, belonging to two groups, were identified: (i) missense mutations affecting S32, S36, or neighboring residues (8 mutations, 11 patients) and (ii) nonsense mutations upstream from S32 associated with the reinitiation of translation downstream from S36 (3 mutations, 3 patients). Thirteen patients had developmental features of EDA, the severity and nature of which differed between cases. All patient cells tested displayed impaired NF-κB-mediated responses to the stimulation of various surface receptors involved in cell-intrinsic (fibroblasts), innate (monocytes), and adaptive (B and T cells) immunity, including TLRs, IL-1Rs, TNFRs, TCR, and BCR. All patients had profound B-cell deficiency. Specific immunological features, found in some, but not all patients, included a lack of peripheral lymph nodes, lymphocytosis, dysfunctional α/β T cells, and a lack of circulating γ/δ T cells. The patients had various pyogenic, mycobacterial, fungal, and viral severe infections. Patients with a missense mutation tended to display more severe phenotypes, probably due to higher levels of GOF proteins. In the absence of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), this condition cause death before the age of 1 year (one child). Two survivors have been on prophylaxis (at 9 and 22 years). Six children died after HSCT. Five survived, four of whom have been on prophylaxis (3 to 21 years post HSCT), whereas one has been well with no prophylaxis. Heterozygous GOF mutations in IκBα underlie a severe and syndromic immunodeficiency, the interindividual variability of which might partly be ascribed to the dichotomy of missense and nonsense mutations, and the hematopoietic component of which can be rescued by HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA. .,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France. .,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Study Center for Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Recombinant Isfahan Virus and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vectors Provide Durable, Multivalent, Single-Dose Protection against Lethal Alphavirus Challenge. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01729-16. [PMID: 28148802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01729-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The demonstrated clinical efficacy of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine vector has stimulated the investigation of additional serologically distinct Vesiculovirus vectors as therapeutic and/or prophylactic vaccine vectors to combat emerging viral diseases. Among these viral threats are the encephalitic alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), which have demonstrated potential for natural disease outbreaks, yet no licensed vaccines are available in the event of an epidemic. Here we report the rescue of recombinant Isfahan virus (rISFV) from genomic cDNA as a potential new vaccine vector platform. The rISFV genome was modified to attenuate virulence and express the VEEV and EEEV E2/E1 surface glycoproteins as vaccine antigens. A single dose of the rISFV vaccine vectors elicited neutralizing antibody responses and protected mice from lethal VEEV and EEEV challenges at 1 month postvaccination as well as lethal VEEV challenge at 8 months postvaccination. A mixture of rISFV vectors expressing the VEEV and EEEV E2/E1 glycoproteins also provided durable, single-dose protection from lethal VEEV and EEEV challenges, demonstrating the potential for a multivalent vaccine formulation. These findings were paralleled in studies with an attenuated form of rVSV expressing the VEEV E2/E1 glycoproteins. Both the rVSV and rISFV vectors were attenuated by using an approach that has demonstrated safety in human trials of an rVSV/HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccines based on either of these vaccine vector platforms may present a safe and effective approach to prevent alphavirus-induced disease in humans.IMPORTANCE This work introduces rISFV as a novel vaccine vector platform that is serologically distinct and phylogenetically distant from VSV. The rISFV vector has been attenuated by an approach used for an rVSV vector that has demonstrated safety in clinical studies. The vaccine potential of the rISFV vector was investigated in a well-established alphavirus disease model. The findings indicate the feasibility of producing a safe, efficacious, multivalent vaccine against the encephalitic alphaviruses VEEV and EEEV, both of which can cause fatal disease. This work also demonstrates the efficacy of an attenuated rVSV vector that has already demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in multiple HIV-1 phase I clinical studies. The absence of serological cross-reactivity between rVSV and rISFV and their phylogenetic divergence within the Vesiculovirus genus indicate potential for two stand-alone vaccine vector platforms that could be used to target multiple bacterial and/or viral agents in successive immunization campaigns or as heterologous prime-boost agents.
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9
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Minter MR, Moore Z, Zhang M, Brody KM, Jones NC, Shultz SR, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Deletion of the type-1 interferon receptor in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice preserves cognitive function and alters glial phenotype. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:72. [PMID: 27400725 PMCID: PMC4940712 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuro-inflammatory response is evident in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet the precise mechanisms by which neuro-inflammation influences the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain poorly understood. Type-1 interferons (IFNs) are master regulators of innate immunity and have been implicated in multiple CNS disorders, however their role in AD progression has not yet been fully investigated. Hence, we generated APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice lacking the type-1 IFN alpha receptor-1 (IFNAR1, APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 x IFNAR1−/−) aged to 9 months to investigate the role of type-1 IFN signaling in a well-validated model of AD. APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 x IFNAR1−/− mice displayed a modest reduction in Aβ monomer levels, despite maintenance of plaque deposition. This finding correlated with partial rescue of spatial learning and memory impairments in the Morris water maze in comparison to APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. Q-PCR identified a reduced type-1 IFN response and modulated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 x IFNAR1−/− mice compared to APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry displayed enhanced astrocyte reactivity but attenuated microgliosis surrounding amyloid plaque deposits in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 x IFNAR1−/− mice in comparison to APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. These APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 x IFNAR1−/− microglial populations demonstrated an anti-inflammatory phenotype that was confirmed in vitro by soluble Aβ1-42 treatment of IFNAR1−/− primary glial cultures. Our findings suggest that modulating neuro-inflammatory responses by suppressing type-1 IFN signaling may provide therapeutic benefit in AD.
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10
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Lopušná K, Benkóczka T, Lupták J, Matúšková R, Lukáčiková Ľ, Ovečková I, Režuchová I. Murine gammaherpesvirus targets type I IFN receptor but not type III IFN receptor early in infection. Cytokine 2016; 83:158-170. [PMID: 27152708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response represents a primary line of defense against invading viral pathogens. Since epithelial cells are the primary site of gammaherpesvirus replication during infection in vivo and there are no information on activity of IFN-III signaling against gammaherpesviruses in this cell type, in present study, we evaluated the expression profile and virus-host interactions in mouse mammary epithelial cell (NMuMG) infected with three strains of murine gammaherpesvirus, MHV-68, MHV-72 and MHV-4556. Studying three strains of murine gammaherpesvirus, which differ in nucleotide sequence of some structural and non-structural genes, allowed us to compare the strain-dependent interactions with host organism. Our results clearly demonstrate that: (i) MHV-68, MHV-72 and MHV-4556 differentially interact with intracellular signaling and dysregulate IFN signal transduction; (ii) MHV-68, MHV-72 and MHV-4556 degrade type I IFN receptor in very early stages of infection (2-4hpi), but not type III IFN receptor; (iii) type III IFN signaling might play a key role in antiviral defense of epithelial cells in early stages of murine gammaherpesvirus replication; (iv) NMuMG cells are an appropriate model for study of not only type I IFN signaling, but also type III IFN signaling pathway. These findings are important for better understanding of individual virus-host interactions in lytic as well as in persistent gammaherpesvirus replication and help us to elucidate IFN-III function in early events of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Lopušná
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Tímea Benkóczka
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Jakub Lupták
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Radka Matúšková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomíra Lukáčiková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingrid Ovečková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingeborg Režuchová
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic.
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11
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Persistence in Murine Macrophages Impairs IFN-β Response but Not Synthesis. Viruses 2015; 7:5361-74. [PMID: 26501312 PMCID: PMC4632387 DOI: 10.3390/v7102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferon (IFN-I) production is an early response to viral infection and pathogenic viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade this cellular defense. Some viruses can establish and maintain persistent infections by altering the IFN-I signaling pathway. Here, we studied IFN-I synthesis and response in an in vitro model of persistent infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in a murine macrophage-like cell line. In this model, interferon regulatory factor 3 was constitutively active and located at nuclei of persistently infected cells, inducing expression of IFN-beta mRNA and protein. However, persistently infected macrophages did not respond in an autocrine manner to the secreted-IFN-beta or to recombinant-IFN-beta, since phosphorylated-STAT1 was not detected by western blot and transcription of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) Mx1 and ISG56 was not induced. Treatment of non-infected macrophages with supernatants from persistently infected cells induced STAT1 phosphorylation and ISGs expression, mediated by the IFN-I present in the supernatants, because blocking the IFN-I receptor inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation. Results suggest that the lack of autocrine response to IFN-I by the host cell may be one mechanism for maintenance of RSV persistence. Furthermore, STAT1 phosphorylation and ISGs expression induced in non-infected cells by supernatants from persistently infected macrophages suggest that RSV persistence may trigger a proinflammatory phenotype in non-infected cells as part of the pathogenesis of RSV infection.
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Matassov D, Marzi A, Latham T, Xu R, Ota-Setlik A, Feldmann F, Geisbert JB, Mire CE, Hamm S, Nowak B, Egan MA, Geisbert TW, Eldridge JH, Feldmann H, Clarke DK. Vaccination With a Highly Attenuated Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector Protects Against Challenge With a Lethal Dose of Ebola Virus. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S443-51. [PMID: 26109675 PMCID: PMC4564554 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) pseudotypes expressing Ebolavirus glycoproteins (GPs) in place of the VSV G protein demonstrated protection of nonhuman primates from lethal homologous Ebolavirus challenge. Those pseudotype vectors contained no additional attenuating mutations in the rVSV genome. Here we describe rVSV vectors containing a full complement of VSV genes and expressing the Ebola virus (EBOV) GP from an additional transcription unit. These rVSV vectors contain the same combination of attenuating mutations used previously in the clinical development pathway of an rVSV/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine. One of these rVSV vectors (N4CT1-EBOVGP1), which expresses membrane-anchored EBOV GP from the first position in the genome (GP1), elicited a balanced cellular and humoral GP-specific immune response in mice. Guinea pigs immunized with a single dose of this vector were protected from any signs of disease following lethal EBOV challenge, while control animals died in 7–9 days. Subsequently, N4CT1-EBOVGP1 demonstrated complete, single-dose protection of 2 macaques following lethal EBOV challenge. A single sham-vaccinated macaque died from disease due to EBOV infection. These results demonstrate that highly attenuated rVSV vectors expressing EBOV GP may provide safer alternatives to current EBOV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rong Xu
- Department of Immunology, Profectus BioSciences, Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ayuko Ota-Setlik
- Department of Immunology, Profectus BioSciences, Tarrytown, New York
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | | | | | - Michael A Egan
- Department of Immunology, Profectus BioSciences, Tarrytown, New York
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - John H Eldridge
- Department of Virology and Vaccine Vectors Department of Immunology, Profectus BioSciences, Tarrytown, New York
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13
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Wulan WN, Heydet D, Walker EJ, Gahan ME, Ghildyal R. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of nucleocapsid proteins of enveloped RNA viruses. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:553. [PMID: 26082769 PMCID: PMC4451415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most viruses with non-segmented single stranded RNA genomes complete their life cycle in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, despite undergoing replication in the cytoplasm, the structural proteins of some of these RNA viruses localize to the nucleus at specific times in the virus life cycle, primarily early in infection. Limited evidence suggests that this enhances successful viral replication by interfering with or inhibiting the host antiviral response. Nucleocapsid proteins of RNA viruses have a well-established, essential cytoplasmic role in virus replication and assembly. Intriguingly, nucleocapsid proteins of some RNA viruses also localize to the nucleus/nucleolus of infected cells. Their nuclear function is less well understood although significant advances have been made in recent years. This review will focus on the nucleocapsid protein of cytoplasmic enveloped RNA viruses, including their localization to the nucleus/nucleolus and function therein. A greater understanding of the nuclear localization of nucleocapsid proteins has the potential to enhance therapeutic strategies as it can be a target for the development of live-attenuated vaccines or antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu N Wulan
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia ; Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia
| | - Deborah Heydet
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia
| | - Erin J Walker
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia
| | - Michelle E Gahan
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia ; Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia
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14
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Hu S, Hosey KL, Derbigny WA. Analyses of the pathways involved in early- and late-phase induction of IFN-beta during C. muridarum infection of oviduct epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119235. [PMID: 25798928 PMCID: PMC4370658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the IFN-β secreted by Chlamydia muridarum-infected murine oviduct epithelial cells (OE cells) was mostly dependent on the TLR3 signaling pathway. To further characterize the mechanisms of IFN-β synthesis during Chlamydia infection of OE cells in vitro, we utilized specific inhibitory drugs to clarify the roles of IRF3 and NF-κB on both early- and late-phase C. muridarum infections. Our results showed that the pathways involved in the early-phase of IFN-β production were distinct from that in the late-phase of IFN-β production. Disruption of IRF3 activation using an inhibitor of TBK-1 at early-phase Chlamydia infection had a significant impact on the overall synthesis of IFN-β; however, disruption of IRF3 activation at late times during infection had no effect. Interestingly, inhibition of NF-κB early during Chlamydia infection also had a negative effect on IFN-β production; however, its impact was not significant. Our data show that the transcription factor IRF7 was induced late during Chlamydia infection, which is indicative of a positive feedback mechanism of IFN-β synthesis late during infection. In contrast, IRF7 appears to play little or no role in the early synthesis of IFN-β during Chlamydia infection. Finally, we demonstrate that antibiotics that target chlamydial DNA replication are much more effective at reducing IFN-β synthesis during infection versus antibiotics that target chlamydial transcription. These results provide evidence that early- and late-phase IFN-β production have distinct signaling pathways in Chlamydia-infected OE cells, and suggest that Chlamydia DNA replication might provide a link to the currently unknown chlamydial PAMP for TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishun Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kristen L. Hosey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wilbert A. Derbigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kim TH, Lee HK. Innate immune recognition of respiratory syncytial virus infection. BMB Rep 2015; 47:184-91. [PMID: 24568879 PMCID: PMC4163887 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.4.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory infection in infants and young children. Severe clinical manifestation of RSV infection is a bronchiolitis, which is common in infants under six months of age. Recently, RSV has been recognized as an important cause of respiratory infection in older populations with cardiovascular morbidity or immunocompromised patients. However, neither a vaccine nor an effective antiviral therapy is currently available. Moreover, the interaction between the host immune system and the RSV pathogen during an infection is not well understood. The innate immune system recognizes RSV through multiple mechanisms. The first innate immune RSV detectors are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and nucleotide-biding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). The following is a review of studies associated with various PRRs that are responsible for RSV virion recognition and subsequent induction of the antiviral immune response during RSV infection. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(4): 184-191]
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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16
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Cytosolic access of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: critical impact of phagosomal acidification control and demonstration of occurrence in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004650. [PMID: 25658322 PMCID: PMC4450080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses efficient
strategies to evade the eradication by professional phagocytes, involving—as
recently confirmed—escape from phagosomal confinement. While
Mtb determinants, such as the ESX-1 type VII secretion system,
that contribute to this phenomenon are known, the host cell factors governing this
important biological process are yet unexplored. Using a newly developed
flow-cytometric approach for Mtb, we show that macrophages
expressing the phagosomal bivalent cation transporter Nramp-1, are much less
susceptible to phagosomal rupture. Together with results from the use of the
phagosome acidification inhibitor bafilomycin, we demonstrate that restriction of
phagosomal acidification is a prerequisite for mycobacterial phagosomal rupture and
cytosolic contact. Using different in vivo approaches including an
enrichment and screen for tracking rare infected phagocytes carrying the CD45.1
hematopoietic allelic marker, we here provide first and unique evidence of M.
tuberculosis-mediated phagosomal rupture in mouse spleen and lungs and in
numerous phagocyte types. Our results, linking the ability of restriction of
phagosome acidification to cytosolic access, provide an important conceptual advance
for our knowledge on host processes targeted by Mtb evasion
strategies. The intracellular fate of the agent of the human tuberculosis agent in phagocytes is
a question of great biological relevance. Among the mycobacterial survival
strategies, the escape of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from phagosomes
has been subject of scientific debate for a long time. However, technically improved
methods recently reinforced the occurrence of this phenomenon. Here, we focused on
the host factors involved in phagosomal rupture and provide first and singular
evidence of M. tuberculosis-mediated phagosomal
rupture in vivo in mouse lungs and inside the granuloma. We show
that partial blockage of phagosomal acidification, induced by mycobacteria, is a
prerequisite for efficient vacuolar breakage by M.
tuberculosis and link maturation arrest, cytosolic contact and
the corresponding immune responses. From our results we conclude that vacuolar
breakage induced by M. tuberculosis is not an
ex vivo artifact of cell cultures, but an important process that
occurs inside infected phagocytes within organs during several days that strongly
determines the outcome of infection with this key pathogen.
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17
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Lai KY, Ng WYG, Cheng FF. Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:43. [PMID: 25699183 PMCID: PMC4334593 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) epidemic is spiraling out of control in West Africa. Human EBOV hemorrhagic fever has a case fatality rate of up to 90%. The EBOV is classified as a biosafety level 4 pathogen and is considered a category A agent of bioterrorism by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with no approved therapies and vaccines available for its treatment apart from supportive care. Although several promising therapeutic agents and vaccines against EBOV are undergoing the Phase I human trial, the current epidemic might be outpacing the speed at which drugs and vaccines can be produced. Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. We have reviewed currently available therapeutic agents that have been shown to be effective in suppressing the proliferation of the EBOV in cell cultures or animal studies. Most of the therapeutic agents in this review are directed against non-mutable targets of the host, which is independent of viral mutation. These medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of other diseases. They are available and stockpileable for immediate use. They may also have a complementary role to those therapeutic agents under development that are directed against the mutable targets of the EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yiu Lai
- />Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, B6, 30 Gascoigne Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wing Yiu George Ng
- />Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, B6, 30 Gascoigne Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Fan Fanny Cheng
- />Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, Kowloon, Hong Kong SARChina
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18
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Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Reddy J. Intricacies of cardiac damage in coxsackievirus B3 infection: implications for therapy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:330-339. [PMID: 25449464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in humans, and myocarditis is one predominant cause of heart failure in young adults. Patients affected with myocarditis can develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a common reason for heart transplantation, which to date is the only viable option for combatting DCM. Myocarditis/DCM patients show antibodies to coxsackievirus B (CVB)3 and cardiac antigens, suggesting a role for CVB-mediated autoimmunity in the disease pathogenesis; however, a direct causal link remains to be determined clinically. Experimentally, myocarditis can be induced in susceptible strains of mice using the human isolates of CVB3, and the disease pathogenesis of postinfectious myocarditis resembles that of human disease, making the observations made in animals relevant to humans. In this review, we discuss the complex nature of CVB3-induced myocarditis as it relates to the damage caused by both the virus and the host's response to infection. Based on recent data we obtained in the mouse model of CVB3 infection, we provide evidence to suggest that CVB3 infection accompanies the generation of cardiac myosin-specific CD4 T cells that can transfer the disease to naïve recipients. The therapeutic implications of these observations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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19
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Neurovirulence and immunogenicity of attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses in nonhuman primates. J Virol 2014; 88:6690-701. [PMID: 24696472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03441-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In previous work, a prototypic recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana serotype (rVSIV) vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env antigens protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) from disease following challenge with an HIV-1/SIV recombinant (SHIV). However, when tested in a stringent NHP neurovirulence (NV) model, this vector was not adequately attenuated for clinical evaluation. For the work described here, the prototypic rVSIV vector was attenuated by combining specific G protein truncations with either N gene translocations or mutations (M33A and M51A) that ablate expression of subgenic M polypeptides, by incorporation of temperature-sensitive mutations in the N and L genes, and by deletion of the VSIV G gene to generate a replicon that is dependent on trans expression of G protein for in vitro propagation. When evaluated in a series of NHP NV studies, these attenuated rVSIV variants caused no clinical disease and demonstrated a very significant reduction in neuropathology compared to wild-type VSIV and the prototypic rVSIV vaccine vector. In spite of greatly increased in vivo attenuation, some of the rVSIV vectors elicited cell-mediated immune responses that were similar in magnitude to those induced by the much more virulent prototypic vector. These data demonstrate novel approaches to the rational attenuation of VSIV NV while retaining vector immunogenicity and have led to identification of an rVSIV N4CT1gag1 vaccine vector that has now successfully completed phase I clinical evaluation. IMPORTANCE The work described in this article demonstrates a rational approach to the attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus neurovirulence. The major attenuation strategy described here will be most likely applicable to other members of the Rhabdoviridae and possibly other families of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. These studies have also enabled the identification of an attenuated, replication-competent rVSIV vector that has successfully undergone its first clinical evaluation in humans. Therefore, these studies represent a major milestone in the development of attenuated rVSIV, and likely other vesiculoviruses, as a new vaccine platform(s) for use in humans.
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20
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Chinnakannan SK, Holzer B, Bernardo BS, Nanda SK, Baron MD. Different functions of the common P/V/W and V-specific domains of rinderpest virus V protein in blocking IFN signalling. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:44-51. [PMID: 24158397 PMCID: PMC3917061 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.056739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The V proteins of paramyxoviruses are composed of two evolutionarily distinct domains, the N-terminal 75 % being common to the viral P, V and W proteins, and not highly conserved between viruses, whilst the remaining 25 % consists of a cysteine-rich V-specific domain, which is conserved across almost all paramyxoviruses. There is evidence supporting a number of different functions of the V proteins of morbilliviruses in blocking the signalling pathways of type I and II IFNs, but it is not clear which domains of V are responsible for which activities and whether all these activities are required for effective blockade of IFN signalling. We have shown here that the two domains of rinderpest virus V protein have distinct functions: the N-terminal domain acted to bind STAT1, whilst the C-terminal V-specific domain interacted with the IFN receptor-associated kinases Jak1 and Tyk2. Effective blockade of IFN signalling required the intact V protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Holzer
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Sambit K Nanda
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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21
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Srithayakumar V, Sribalachandran H, Rosatte R, Nadin-Davis SA, Kyle CJ. Innate immune responses in raccoons after raccoon rabies virus infection. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:16-25. [PMID: 24085257 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.053942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic wildlife diseases pose significant health risks not only to their primary vectors but also to humans and domestic animals. Rabies is a lethal encephalitis caused by rabies virus (RV). This RNA virus can infect a range of terrestrial mammals but each viral variant persists in a particular reservoir host. Active management of these host vectors is needed to minimize the negative impacts of this disease, and an understanding of the immune response to RV infection aids strategies for host vaccination. Current knowledge of immune responses to RV infection comes primarily from rodent models in which an innate immune response triggers activation of several genes and signalling pathways. It is unclear, however, how well rodent models represent the immune response of natural hosts. This study investigates the innate immune response of a primary host, the raccoon, to a peripheral challenge using the raccoon rabies virus (RRV). The extent and temporal course of this response during RRV infection was analysed using genes predicted to be upregulated during infection (IFNs; IFN regulatory factors; IL-6; Toll like receptor-3; TNF receptor). We found that RRV activated components of the innate immune system, with changes in levels of transcripts correlated with presence of viral RNA. Our results suggest that natural reservoirs of rabies may not mimic the immune response triggered in rodent models, highlighting the need for further studies of infection in primary hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vythegi Srithayakumar
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre, DNA Building, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada.,Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rick Rosatte
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife Research and Development Section, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Susan A Nadin-Davis
- Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kyle
- Forensic Science Department, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada.,Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre, DNA Building, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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22
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Vesicular stomatitis virus variants selectively infect and kill human melanomas but not normal melanocytes. J Virol 2013; 87:6644-59. [PMID: 23552414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03311-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic malignant melanoma remains one of the most therapeutically challenging forms of cancer. Here we test replication-competent vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) on 19 primary human melanoma samples and compare these infections with those of normal human melanocyte control cells. Even at a low viral concentration, we found a strong susceptibility to viral oncolysis in over 70% of melanomas. In contrast, melanocytes displayed strong resistance to virus infection and showed complete protection by interferon. Several recombinant VSVs were compared, and all infected and killed most melanomas with differences in the time course with increasing rates of melanoma infection, as follows: VSV-CT9-M51 < VSV-M51 < VSV-G/GFP < VSV-rp30. VSV-rp30 sequencing revealed 2 nonsynonymous mutations at codon positions P126 and L223, both of which appear to be required for the enhanced phenotype. VSV-rp30 showed effective targeting and infection of multiple subcutaneous and intracranial melanoma xenografts in SCID mice after tail vein virus application. Sequence analysis of mutations in the melanomas used revealed that BRAF but not NRAS gene mutation status was predictive for enhanced susceptibility to infection. In mouse melanoma models with specific induced gene mutations including mutations of the Braf, Pten, and Cdkn2a genes, viral infection correlated with the extent of malignant transformation. Similar to human melanocytes, mouse melanocytes resisted VSV-rp30 infection. This study confirms the general susceptibility of the majority of human melanoma types for VSV-mediated oncolysis.
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23
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Wells G, Addington-Hall M, Malur AG. Mutations within the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV 3) C protein affect viral replication and host interferon induction. Virus Res 2012; 167:385-90. [PMID: 22634035 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV 3) encodes a multifunctional C protein that is capable of inhibiting viral replication and counteracting the host interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. We recently demonstrated that the C protein is phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo and mutations within the phosphorylation sites exhibit differential inhibitory activities in vitro. In this study, we report for the first time the successful recovery of mutant HPIV 3 viruses containing mutations within the C protein. Three mutant viruses, Cm-1, Cm-3 and Cm-4, harboring individual mutations of S7, S47T48 and S81 residues, respectively, were examined for their replication profiles and their ability to abrogate host IFN induction. Viral transcription was similar for all viruses; however Cm-3 displayed a relatively higher replication. Infection of cells with Cm-1 and Cm-3 led to the activation of IFN regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF-3) and subsequent increase in IFN-β mRNA levels as determined by immunofluorescence assay and RT-PCR analyses, respectively. Moreover, Cm-3 was able to partially resist the interferon induced antiviral state in Vero cells. Taken together, these results suggest that mutations within the C protein differentially affect viral replication and host interferon induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Wells
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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24
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Potent systemic therapy of multiple myeloma utilizing oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus coding for interferon-β. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:443-50. [PMID: 22522623 PMCID: PMC3380174 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma secreting B-cells disseminated in the bone marrow. Successful utilization of oncolytic virotherapy for myeloma treatment requires a systemically administered virus that selectively destroys disseminated myeloma cells in an immune-competent host. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing Interferon-β (IFNβ) is a promising new oncolytic agent that exploits tumor-associated defects in innate immune signaling pathways to specifically destroy cancer cells. We demonstrate here that a single, intravenous dose of VSV-IFNβ specifically destroys subcutaneous and disseminated 5TGM1 myeloma in an immune competent myeloma model. VSV-IFN treatment significantly prolonged survival in mice bearing orthotopic myeloma. Viral murine IFNβ expression further delayed myeloma progression and significantly enhanced survival compared to VSV expressing human IFNβ. Evaluation of VSV-IFNβ oncolytic activity in human myeloma cell lines and primary patient samples confirmed myeloma specific oncolytic activity but revealed variable susceptibility to VSV-IFNβ oncolysis. The results indicate that VSV-IFNβ is a potent, safe oncolytic agent that can be systemically administered to effectively target and destroy disseminated myeloma in immune competent mice. IFNβ expression improves cancer specificity and enhances VSV therapeutic efficacy against disseminated myeloma. These data show VSV-IFNβ to be a promising vector for further development as a potential therapy for treatment of Multiple myeloma.
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dsRNA binding characterization of full length recombinant wild type and mutants Zaire ebolavirus VP35. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:354-63. [PMID: 22289166 PMCID: PMC7114247 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola viruses (EBOVs) VP35 protein is a multifunctional major virulence factor involved in EBOVs replication and evasion of the host immune system. EBOV VP35 is an essential component of the viral RNA polymerase, it is a key participant of the nucleocapsid assembly and it inhibits the innate immune response by antagonizing RIG-I like receptors through its dsRNA binding function and, hence, by suppressing the host type I interferon (IFN) production. Insights into the VP35 dsRNA recognition have been recently revealed by structural and functional analysis performed on its C-terminus protein. We report the biochemical characterization of the Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) full-length recombinant VP35 (rVP35)–dsRNA binding function. We established a novel in vitro magnetic dsRNA binding pull down assay, determined the rVP35 optimal dsRNA binding parameters, measured the rVP35 equilibrium dissociation constant for heterologous in vitro transcribed dsRNA of different length and short synthetic dsRNA of 8 bp, and validated the assay for compound screening by assessing the inhibitory ability of auryntricarboxylic acid (IC50 value of 50 μg/mL). Furthermore, we compared the dsRNA binding properties of full length wt rVP35 with those of R305A, K309A and R312A rVP35 mutants, which were previously reported to be defective in dsRNA binding-mediated IFN inhibition, showing that the latter have measurably increased Kd values for dsRNA binding and modified migration patterns in mobility shift assays with respect to wt rVP35. Overall, these results provide the first characterization of the full-length wt and mutants VP35–dsRNA binding functions.
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Gerlier D, Lyles DS. Interplay between innate immunity and negative-strand RNA viruses: towards a rational model. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:468-90, second page of table of contents. [PMID: 21885681 PMCID: PMC3165544 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a new class of cytosolic receptors recognizing viral RNA, called the RIG-like receptors (RLRs), has revolutionized our understanding of the interplay between viruses and host cells. A tremendous amount of work has been accumulating to decipher the RNA moieties required for an RLR agonist, the signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the innate immunity orchestrated by type I interferon (IFN), the cellular and viral regulators of this pathway, and the viral inhibitors of the innate immune response. Previous reviews have focused on the RLR signaling pathway and on the negative regulation of the interferon response by viral proteins. The focus of this review is to put this knowledge in the context of the virus replication cycle within a cell. Likewise, there has been an expansion of knowledge about the role of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of viral infection. As a consequence, some discrepancies have arisen between the current models of cell-intrinsic innate immunity and current knowledge of virus biology. This holds particularly true for the nonsegmented negative-strand viruses (Mononegavirales), which paradoxically have been largely used to build presently available models. The aim of this review is to bridge the gap between the virology and innate immunity to favor the rational building of a relevant model(s) describing the interplay between Mononegavirales and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gerlier
- INSERM U758, CERVI, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Abstract
Powerful transneuronal tracing technologies exploit the ability of some neurotropic viruses to travel across neuronal pathways and to function as self-amplifying markers. Rabies virus is the only viral tracer that is entirely specific, as it propagates exclusively between connected neurons by strictly unidirectional (retrograde) transneuronal transfer, allowing for the stepwise identification of neuronal connections of progressively higher order. Transneuronal tracing studies in primates and rodent models prior to the development of clinical disease have provided valuable information on rabies pathogenesis. We have shown that rabies virus propagation occurs at chemical synapses but not via gap junctions or cell-to-cell spread. Infected neurons remain viable, as they can express their neurotransmitters and cotransport other tracers. Axonal transport occurs at high speed, and all populations of the same synaptic order are infected simultaneously regardless of their neurotransmitters, synaptic strength, and distance, showing that rabies virus receptors are ubiquitously distributed within the CNS. Conversely, in the peripheral nervous system, rabies virus receptors are present only on motor endplates and motor axons, since uptake and transneuronal transmission to the CNS occur exclusively via the motor route, while sensory and autonomic endings are not infected. Infection of sensory and autonomic ganglia requires longer incubation times, as it reflects centrifugal propagation from the CNS to the periphery, via polysynaptic connections from sensory and autonomic neurons to the initially infected motoneurons. Virus is recovered from end organs only after the development of rabies because anterograde spread to end organs is likely mediated by passive diffusion, rather than active transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ugolini
- Neurobiologie et Développement, UPR3294 CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Comparison of innate immune responses to pathogenic and putative non-pathogenic hantaviruses in vitro. Virus Res 2011; 160:367-73. [PMID: 21820021 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are human pathogens that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. The mechanisms accounting for the differences in virulence between pathogenic and non-pathogenic hantaviruses are not well known. We have examined the pathogenesis of different hantavirus groups by comparing the innate immune responses induced in the host cell following infection by pathogenic (Sin Nombre, Hantaan, and Seoul virus) and putative non-pathogenic (Prospect Hill, Tula, and Thottapalayam virus) hantaviruses. Pathogenic hantaviruses were found to replicate more efficiently in interferon-competent A549 cells than putative non-pathogenic hantaviruses. The former also suppressed the expression of the interferon-β and myxovirus resistance protein genes, while the transcription level of both genes increased rapidly within 24 h post-infection in the latter. In addition, the induction level of interferon correlated with the activation level of interferon regulatory factor-3. Taken together, these results suggest that the observed differences are correlated with viral pathogenesis and further indicate that pathogenic and putative non-pathogenic hantaviruses differ in terms of early interferon induction via activation of the interferon regulatory factor-3 in infected host cells.
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Virtue ER, Marsh GA, Baker ML, Wang LF. Interferon production and signaling pathways are antagonized during henipavirus infection of fruit bat cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22488. [PMID: 21811620 PMCID: PMC3139658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for a spectrum of infectious zoonotic diseases including the recently emerged henipaviruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses). Henipaviruses have been observed both naturally and experimentally to cause serious and often fatal disease in many different mammal species, including humans. Interestingly, infection of the flying fox with henipaviruses occurs in the absence of clinical disease. The extreme variation in the disease pattern between humans and bats has led to an investigation into the effects of henipavirus infection on the innate immune response in bat cell lines. We report that henipavirus infection does not result in the induction of interferon expression, and the viruses also inhibit interferon signaling. We also confirm that the interferon production and signaling block in bat cells is not due to differing viral protein expression levels between human and bat hosts. This information, in addition to the known lack of clinical signs in bats following henipavirus infection, suggests that bats control henipavirus infection by an as yet unidentified mechanism, not via the interferon response. This is the first report of henipavirus infection in bat cells specifically investigating aspects of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Virtue
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ugolini G. Advances in viral transneuronal tracing. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 194:2-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gori Savellini G, Weber F, Terrosi C, Habjan M, Martorelli B, Cusi MG. Toscana virus induces interferon although its NSs protein reveals antagonistic activity. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:71-9. [PMID: 20861320 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.025999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is a phlebotomus-transmitted virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and causes widespread infections in humans; about 30 % of these cases result in aseptic meningitis. In the present study, it was shown that TOSV is an inducer of beta interferon (IFN-β), although its non-structural protein (NSs) could inhibit the induction of IFN-β if expressed in a heterologous context. A recombinant Rift Valley fever virus expressing the TOSV NSs could suppress IFN-β expression in infected cells. Moreover, in cells expressing NSs protein from a cDNA plasmid, IFN-β transcripts were not inducible by poly(I : C). Unlike other members of the family Bunyaviridae, TOSV appears to express an NSs protein that is a weak antagonist of IFN induction. Characterization of the interaction of TOSV with the IFN system will help our understanding of virus-host cell interactions and may explain why the pathogenesis of this disease is mostly mild in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Manuse MJ, Parks GD. TLR3-dependent upregulation of RIG-I leads to enhanced cytokine production from cells infected with the parainfluenza virus SV5. Virology 2010; 397:231-41. [PMID: 19948350 PMCID: PMC2813885 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we address the role of RIG-I and TLR3 in differential cytokine responses against Simian Virus 5 (SV5) and two distinct cytokine inducing SV5 mutants. IFN-beta and IL-6 secretion was induced by infection with P/V-CPI-, an SV5 mutant with P/V substitutions, and were reduced by either siRNA-mediated knockdown of RIG-I expression or by expression of a dsRNA-binding protein. TLR3 overexpression did not alter cytokine secretion induced by P/V-CPI- or by Le-(U5C, A14G), an SV5 promoter mutant. TLR3 signaling by addition of exogenously added dsRNA was not blocked by WT SV5 or either SV5 mutant. Unexpectedly, TLR3 activation in infected cells led to enhanced IL-8 secretion, which correlated with increased RIG-I expression. Dominant negative RIG-I and TRIF supported a model whereby TLR3 activation upregulates RIG-I expression and in turn hypersensitizes cells to RIG-I-mediated cytokine secretion. Implications for crosstalk between different innate immunity pathways in mounting antiviral responses to paramyxoviruses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Manuse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1064
| | - Griffith D. Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1064
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Cárdenas WB. Evasion of the interferon-mediated antiviral response by filoviruses. Viruses 2010; 2:262-282. [PMID: 21994610 PMCID: PMC3185555 DOI: 10.3390/v2010262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of the filoviruses are recognized as some of the most lethal viruses affecting human and non-human primates. The only two genera of the Filoviridae family, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV), comprise the main etiologic agents of severe hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in central Africa, with case fatality rates ranging from 25 to 90%. Fatal outcomes have been associated with a late and dysregulated immune response to infection, very likely due to the virus targeting key host immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) that are necessary to mediate effective innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite major progress in the development of vaccine candidates for filovirus infections, a licensed vaccine or therapy for human use is still not available. During the last ten years, important progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of filovirus pathogenesis. Several lines of evidence implicate the impairment of the host interferon (IFN) antiviral innate immune response by MARV or EBOV as an important determinant of virulence. In vitro and in vivo experimental infections with recombinant Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV), the best characterized filovirus, demonstrated that the viral protein VP35 plays a key role in inhibiting the production of IFN-α/β. Further, the action of VP35 is synergized by the inhibition of cellular responses to IFN-α/β by the minor matrix viral protein VP24. The dual action of these viral proteins may contribute to an efficient initial virus replication and dissemination in the host. Noticeably, the analogous function of these viral proteins in MARV has not been reported. Because the IFN response is a major component of the innate immune response to virus infection, this chapter reviews recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of IFN-mediated antiviral evasion by filovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington B Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina, FIMCM, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 via Perimetral, Apartado 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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35
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Franka R, Wu X, Jackson FR, Velasco-Villa A, Palmer DP, Henderson H, Hayat W, Green DB, Blanton JD, Greenberg L, Rupprecht CE. Rabies virus pathogenesis in relationship to intervention with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 27:7149-55. [PMID: 19925945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in vaccine development in the past century the mechanisms behind immune responses elicited by rabies biologics or via natural infection remain largely unknown. In this study, we compared protection elicited by standard, early, or delayed prophylaxis with a reduced number of vaccine doses using inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. Two-month-old Syrian hamsters, 4-week-old ICR mice or adult rhesus macaques were inoculated with canine rabies virus variants. Thereafter, prophylaxis was initiated 6h, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days post-exposure (p.e.). One or several doses of inactivated (HDCV), or reverse genetically attenuated (live), or gamma-irradiated (inactivated)-ERAG333 vaccines were administered intramuscularly. The dynamics of virus spread were measured over time in the rodent models. Rabies virus reached the spinal cord at day 4 and brain at day 6 p.e. All hamsters succumbed in groups in which live ERAG333 was delayed until days 5 and 6 p.e. However, 78%, 44%, 56% and 22% of hamsters survived when one dose of live ERAG333 was administered 6h, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days p.e., respectively. Similarly, 67% survived when inactivated ERAG333 was administered at 24h p.e. All hamsters succumbed when standard prophylaxis (the Essen regimen) was delayed until days 3-6, but 67% and 33% of hamsters survived when PEP began 1 or 2 days p.e., respectively. Macaques were protected by one dose of attenuated ERAG333 at 24h p.e. The highly attenuated (live) and inactivated ERAG333 vaccines elicited potent protective immune responses, even when prophylaxis initiation was delayed. When 2-5 doses of commercial vaccine and HRIG were administered according to the Essen scheme, 89-100% of the animals survived. Reduced vaccine schedules provided efficacious intervention, regardless of the total number of vaccine doses administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Franka
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Role for the paramyxovirus genomic promoter in limiting host cell antiviral responses and cell killing. J Virol 2009; 83:9057-67. [PMID: 19587032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01055-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The parainfluenza virus simian virus 5 (SV5) is a poor inducer of innate immune responses. In contrast, the naturally occurring SV5 variant Wake Forest parainfluenza virus (WF-PIV) activates the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and beta interferon (IFN-beta). Comparison of SV5 and WF-PIV genome sequences revealed nine nucleotide differences within the viral genomic promoter, including two substitutions (U5C and A14G) in the most highly conserved 3'-end promoter element. To test the consequences of these promoter variations, a recombinant SV5 mutant [Le-(U5C, A14G)] was engineered to harbor the two WF-PIV genomic promoter substitutions in an otherwise wild-type (WT) SV5 background. Human lung epithelial cells infected with the Le-(U5C, A14G) mutant had higher rates of viral protein synthesis and levels of mRNA than cells infected with WT SV5, but levels of genomic RNA were not changed. Unlike WT SV5, the Le-(U5C, A14G) mutant was a potent inducer of interleukin-6 and IFN-beta synthesis, despite expressing a functional V protein antagonist. Cytokine responses to Le-(U5C, A14G) infection were reduced either by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or after infection of cells that were engineered to express the reovirus sigma3 double-stranded RNA-binding protein. Le-(U5C, A14G) induced cytopathic effects not seen with WT SV5, and the extent of cell killing correlated with elevated levels of viral F protein and cell-cell fusion. Our results support a model whereby the SV5 promoter has evolved to function at an attenuated level in order to limit (i) synthesis of aberrant RNAs which induce RIG-I-mediated responses and (ii) overproduction of mRNA for potentially toxic gene products, such as the F protein. Control of genomic promoter activity may be particularly important for viruses such as SV5, that express a V protein targeting mda-5 but do not encode antagonists such as the paramyxovirus C proteins, that specifically target RIG-I.
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Virtue ER, Marsh GA, Wang LF. Paramyxoviruses infecting humans: the old, the new and the unknown. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:537-54. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the emergence of Hendra virus in Australia in 1994, paramyxoviruses were considered to be a taxonomic group of ubiquitous pathogens, consisting primarily of Biosafety Level 2 agents, which possessed narrow host ranges and often caused only mild or preventable diseases in humans and animals. In recent years, a number of Paramyxoviridae members have emerged, including previously unrecognized human pathogens and highly pathogenic zoonoses. The recent emergence of paramyxoviruses in humans suggests that there is an increased incidence of zoonotic transmission between wildlife, livestock and human hosts. This article explores the current body of scientific knowledge, disease burden and knowledge of reservoirs of these emerging paramyxoviruses and provides a comparative review of both older and emerging viruses that have been shown to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Virtue
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, VIC, Australia and, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease and, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PO Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia, and, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease and, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Chambers R, Takimoto T. Host specificity of the anti-interferon and anti-apoptosis activities of parainfluenza virus P/C gene products. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1906-1915. [PMID: 19423549 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) and Sendai virus (SeV) are highly homologous in structure and sequence, whilst maintaining distinct host ranges. These viruses express accessory proteins from their P/C gene that are known to have activities against innate immunity. The accessory proteins expressed from the P/C gene of these viruses are different. In addition to the nested set of C proteins, SeV expresses V protein from edited P mRNA, which is not expressed by HPIV-1. This study evaluated the host specificity and role of the P/C gene products in anti-interferon (IFN) and anti-apoptosis activity by characterizing a recombinant SeV, rSeVhP, in which the SeV P/C gene was replaced with that of HPIV-1. Unlike SeV, rSeVhP infection strongly activated IFN regulatory transcription factor (IRF)-3 and nuclear factor-kappaB, resulting in an increased level of IFN-beta induction compared with SeV in murine cells. In contrast, activation of IRF-3 was not observed in rSeVhP-infected human A549 cells. rSeVhPSV, which expressed SeV V protein from an inserted gene in rSeVhP, induced less IFN-beta than rSeVhP, suggesting that V contributes to the suppression of IFN production in murine cells. Furthermore, rSeVhP induced apoptotic cell death in murine but not in A549 cells. These data indicate the functional difference in P/C gene products from SeV and HPIV-1 in antagonizing IFN induction and apoptosis, which is likely to be one of the major factors for pathogenicity in specific hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raychel Chambers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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A conserved domain in the leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus is required for proper subcellular localization and function. J Virol 2008; 83:1800-10. [PMID: 19052079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02112-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The leader proteinase (L(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is involved in antagonizing the innate immune response by blocking the expression of interferon (IFN) and by reducing the immediate-early induction of IFN-beta mRNA and IFN-stimulated genes. In addition to its role in shutting off cap-dependent host mRNA translation, L(pro) is associated with the degradation of the p65/RelA subunit of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Bioinformatics analysis suggests that L(pro) contains a SAP (for SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS) domain, a protein structure associated in some cases with the nuclear retention of molecules involved in transcriptional control. We have introduced a single or a double mutation in conserved amino acid residues contained within this domain of L(pro). Although three stable mutant viruses were obtained, only the double mutant displayed an attenuated phenotype in cell culture. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis showed that L(pro) subcellular distribution is altered in cells infected with the double mutant virus. Interestingly, nuclear p65/RelA staining disappeared from wild-type (WT) FMDV-infected cells but not from double mutant virus-infected cells. Consistent with these results, NF-kappaB-dependent transcription was not inhibited in cells infected with double mutant virus in contrast to cells infected with WT virus. However, degradation of the translation initiation factor eIF-4G was very similar for both the WT and the double mutant viruses. Since L(pro) catalytic activity was demonstrated to be a requirement for p65/RelA degradation, our results indicate that mutation of the SAP domain reveals a novel separation-of-function activity for FMDV L(pro).
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Collet B, Bain N, Prevost S, Besinque G, McBeath A, Snow M, Collins C. Isolation of an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT1 gene: kinetics of expression upon ISAV or IPNV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:861-867. [PMID: 18996723 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Collet
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
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Llorente MT, Taylor IA, López-Viñas E, Gomez-Puertas P, Calder LJ, García-Barreno B, Melero JA. Structural properties of the human respiratory syncytial virus P protein: evidence for an elongated homotetrameric molecule that is the smallest orthologue within the family of paramyxovirus polymerase cofactors. Proteins 2008; 72:946-58. [PMID: 18300250 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The oligomeric state and the hydrodynamic properties of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) phosphoprotein (P), a known cofactor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L), and a trypsin-resistant fragment (X) that includes its oligomerization domain were analyzed by sedimentation equilibrium and velocity using analytical ultracentrifugation. The results obtained demonstrate that both P and fragment X are homotetrameric with elongated shapes, consistent with electron micrographs of the purified P protein in which thin rod-like molecules of approximately 12.5 +/- 1.0 nm in length were observed. A new chymotrypsin resistant fragment (Y*) included in fragment X has been identified and purified by gel filtration chromatography. Fragment Y* may represent a minimal version of the P oligomerization domain. Thermal denaturation curves based on circular dichroism data of P protein showed a complex behavior. In contrast, melting data generated for fragments X and particularly fragment Y* showed more homogeneous transitions indicative of simpler structures. A three-dimensional model of X and Y* fragments was built based on the atomic structure of the P oligomerization domain of the related Sendai virus, which is in good agreement with the experimental data. This model will be an useful tool to make rational mutations and test the role of specific amino acids in the oligomerization and functional properties of the HRSV P protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Llorente
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Bartlett EJ, Hennessey M, Skiadopoulos MH, Schmidt AC, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Pickles RJ. Role of interferon in the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 1 wild type and mutant viruses in human ciliated airway epithelium. J Virol 2008; 82:8059-70. [PMID: 18524813 PMCID: PMC2519580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02263-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory disease in the upper and lower airways. An in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (HAE), a useful tool for studying respiratory virus-host interactions, was used in this study to show that HPIV1 selectively infects ciliated cells within the HAE and that progeny virus is released from the apical surface with little apparent gross cytopathology. In HAE, type I interferon (IFN) is induced following infection with an HPIV1 mutant expressing defective C proteins with an F170S amino acid substitution, rHPIV1-C(F170S), but not following infection with wild-type HPIV1. IFN induction coincided with a 100- to 1,000-fold reduction in virus titer, supporting the hypothesis that the HPIV1 C proteins are critical for the inhibition of the innate immune response. Two recently characterized live attenuated HPIV1 vaccine candidates expressing mutant C proteins were also evaluated in HAE. The vaccine candidates, rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Y942A) and rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Delta1710-11), which contain temperature-sensitive (ts) attenuating (att) and non-ts att mutations, were highly restricted in growth in HAE at permissive (32 degrees C) and restrictive (37 degrees C) temperatures. The viruses grew slightly better at 37 degrees C than at 32 degrees C, and rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Y942A) was less attenuated than rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Delta1710-11). The level of replication in HAE correlated with that previously observed for African green monkeys, suggesting that the HAE model has potential as a tool for the preclinical evaluation of HPIV1 vaccines, although how these in vitro data will correlate with vaccine virus replication in seronegative human subjects remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmalene J Bartlett
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2007, USA
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Cattaneo R, Miest T, Shashkova EV, Barry MA. Reprogrammed viruses as cancer therapeutics: targeted, armed and shielded. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:529-40. [PMID: 18552863 PMCID: PMC3947522 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Virotherapy is currently undergoing a renaissance, based on our improved understanding of virus biology and genetics and our better knowledge of many different types of cancer. Viruses can be reprogrammed into oncolytic vectors by combining three types of modification: targeting, arming and shielding. Targeting introduces multiple layers of cancer specificity and improves safety and efficacy; arming occurs through the expression of prodrug convertases and cytokines; and coating with polymers and the sequential usage of different envelopes or capsids provides shielding from the host immune response. Virus-based therapeutics are beginning to find their place in cancer clinical practice, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MayoClinic, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Dinwiddie DL, Harrod KS. Human Metapneumovirus Inhibits IFN-α Signaling through Inhibition of STAT1 Phosphorylation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 38:661-70. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0285oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Xagorari A, Chlichlia K. Toll-like receptors and viruses: induction of innate antiviral immune responses. Open Microbiol J 2008; 2:49-59. [PMID: 19088911 PMCID: PMC2593046 DOI: 10.2174/1874285800802010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of antiviral innate immune responses depends on a family of innate immune receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR mediate the antiviral immune responses by recognizing virus infection, activating signaling pathways and inducing the production of antiviral cytokines and chemokines. ssRNA and dsRNA viruses can be recognized by TLR7/8 and TLR3, respectively. TLR receptors are also involved in the recognition of viruses containing genomes rich in CpG DNA motifs as well as envelope glycoproteins. Cytoplasmic recognition of dsRNA by RNA helicases such as RIG-I and MDA5 provides another means of recognizing viral nucleic acid. In order to counteract the innate host immune system viruses evolved mechanisms that block recognition and signaling through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs and RNA helicases. Recently, TLR agonists represent a promising approach for the treatment of infectious diseases. This review will focus on the current knowledge of TLR-mediated immune responses to several viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Xagorari
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Dept. of Hematology/BMT, Gen. Hospital G. Papanikolaou, 57010 Exochi, Thes-saloniki, Greece
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Capraro GA, Johnson JB, Kock ND, Parks GD. Virus growth and antibody responses following respiratory tract infection of ferrets and mice with WT and P/V mutants of the paramyxovirus Simian Virus 5. Virology 2008; 376:416-28. [PMID: 18456301 PMCID: PMC2574746 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
P/V gene substitutions convert the non-cytopathic paramyxovirus Simian Virus 5 (SV5), which is a poor inducer of host cell responses in human tissue culture cells, into a mutant (P/V-CPI−) that induces high levels of apoptosis, interferon (IFN)-beta, and proinflammatory cytokines. However, the effect of SV5-P/V gene mutations on virus growth and adaptive immune responses in animals has not been determined. Here, we used two distinct animal model systems to test the hypothesis that SV5-P/V mutants which are more potent activators of innate responses in tissue culture will also elicit higher antiviral antibody responses. In mouse cells, in vitro studies identified a panel of SV5-P/V mutants that ranged in their ability to limit IFN responses. Intranasal infection of mice with these WT and P/V mutant viruses elicited equivalent anti-SV5 IgG responses at all doses tested, and viral titers recovered from the respiratory tract were indistinguishable. In primary cultures of ferret lung fibroblasts, WT rSV5 and P/V-CPI− viruses had phenotypes similar to those established in human cell lines, including differential induction of IFN secretion, IFN signaling and apoptosis. Intranasal infection of ferrets with a low dose of WT rSV5 elicited ~ 500 fold higher anti-SV5 serum IgG responses compared to the P/V-CPI− mutant, and this correlated with overall higher viral titers for the WT virus in tracheal tissues. There was a dose-dependent increase in antibody response to infection of ferrets with P/V-CPI−, but not with WT rSV5. Together our data indicate that WT rSV5 and P/V mutants can elicit distinct innate and adaptive immunity phenotypes in the ferret animal model system, but not in the mouse system. We present a model for the effect of P/V gene substitutions on SV5 growth and immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Capraro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1064, USA
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Randall RE, Goodbourn S. Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1-47. [PMID: 18089727 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However, viruses can still replicate and cause disease in vivo, because they have some strategy for at least partially circumventing the IFN response. We reviewed this topic in 2000 [Goodbourn, S., Didcock, L. & Randall, R. E. (2000). J Gen Virol 81, 2341-2364] but, since then, a great deal has been discovered about the molecular mechanisms of the IFN response and how different viruses circumvent it. This information is of fundamental interest, but may also have practical application in the design and manufacture of attenuated virus vaccines and the development of novel antiviral drugs. In the first part of this review, we describe how viruses activate the IFN system, how IFNs induce transcription of their target genes and the mechanism of action of IFN-induced proteins with antiviral action. In the second part, we describe how viruses circumvent the IFN response. Here, we reflect upon possible consequences for both the virus and host of the different strategies that viruses have evolved and discuss whether certain viruses have exploited the IFN response to modulate their life cycle (e.g. to establish and maintain persistent/latent infections), whether perturbation of the IFN response by persistent infections can lead to chronic disease, and the importance of the IFN system as a species barrier to virus infections. Lastly, we briefly describe applied aspects that arise from an increase in our knowledge in this area, including vaccine design and manufacture, the development of novel antiviral drugs and the use of IFN-sensitive oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Randall
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stephen Goodbourn
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Trottier MD, Lyles DS, Reiss CS. Peripheral, but not central nervous system, type I interferon expression in mice in response to intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus infection. J Neurovirol 2008; 13:433-45. [PMID: 17994428 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701460565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is critical for resistance of mice to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Wild type (wt) VSV infection did not induce type I IFN production in vitro or in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice; however IFN-beta was detected in lungs, spleen, and serum within 24 h. The M protein mutant VSV, T1026R1 (also referred to as M51R), induced type I IFN production in vitro and in the CNS, with poor expression in spleens. In addition, VSV T1026R1 was not pathogenic to mice after intranasal infection, illustrating the importance of IFN in controlling VSV replication in the CNS. Experiments with chemical sympathectomy, sRAGE, and neutralizing antibody to VSV were performed to investigate the mechanism(s) utilized for induction of peripheral IFN; neither sRAGE infusion nor chemical sympathectomy had an effect on peripheral IFN production. In contrast, administration of neutralizing antibody (Ab) readily blocked the response. Infectious VSV was transiently present in lungs and spleens at 24 h post infection. The results are consistent with VSV traffic from the olfactory neuroepithelium to peripheral lymphoid organs hematogenously or via lymphatic circulation. These results suggest that VSV replicates to high titers in the brains of mice because of the lack of IFN production in the CNS after intranasal VSV infection. In contrast, replication of VSV in peripheral organs is controlled by the production of large amounts of IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Trottier
- Biology Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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de Los Santos T, Diaz-San Segundo F, Grubman MJ. Degradation of nuclear factor kappa B during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. J Virol 2007; 81:12803-15. [PMID: 17881445 PMCID: PMC2169123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01467-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the leader proteinase (L(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) interferes with the innate immune response by blocking the translation of interferon (IFN) protein and by reducing the immediate-early induction of beta IFN mRNA and IFN-stimulated genes. Here, we report that L(pro) regulates the activity of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Analysis of NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression in BHK-21 cells demonstrated that infection with wild-type (WT) virus has an inhibitory effect compared to infection with a genetically engineered mutant lacking the leader coding region. The expression of endogenous NF-kappaB-dependent genes tumor necrosis factor alpha and RANTES is also reduced in WT virus-infected primary porcine cells. This inhibitory effect is neither the result of a decrease in the level of the mRNA of p65/RelA, a subunit of NF-kappaB, nor a block on the nuclear translocation of p65/RelA, but instead appears to be a consequence of the degradation of accumulated p65/RelA. Viral L(pro) is localized to the nucleus of infected cells, and there is a correlation between the translocation of L(pro) and the decrease in the amount of nuclear p65/RelA. By using a recombinant cardiovirus expressing L(pro), we demonstrate that the disappearance of p65/RelA takes place in the absence of any other FMDV product. The observation that L(pro) disrupts the integrity of NF-kappaB suggests a global mechanism by which FMDV antagonizes the cellular innate immune and inflammatory responses to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, NAA, USDA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Dillon PJ, Parks GD. Role for the phosphoprotein P subunit of the paramyxovirus polymerase in limiting induction of host cell antiviral responses. J Virol 2007; 81:11116-27. [PMID: 17686837 PMCID: PMC2045556 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01360-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Six amino acid substitutions in the shared N-terminal region of the P subunit of the viral polymerase and the accessory V protein convert the noncytopathic paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5), which is a poor inducer of host cell responses, into a P/V mutant (P/V-CPI-) that induces high levels of apoptosis, interferon-beta (IFN-beta), and proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we addressed the question of whether these new mutant phenotypes are due to the presence of an altered P protein or of an altered V protein or of both proteins. By the use of the P/V-CPI- mutant as a backbone, new mutant viruses were engineered to express the wild-type (WT) V protein (+V-wt) or WT P protein (+P-wt) from an additional gene inserted between the HN and L genes. In human epithelial cell lines, the +V-wt virus showed reduced activation of apoptosis and lower secretion of IFN-beta and proinflammatory cytokines compared to the parental P/V-CPI- virus. The presence of a V protein lacking the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (corresponding to the SV5 I protein) did not reduce these host cell responses to P/V-CPI- infection. Unexpectedly, the +P-wt virus, which expressed a WT P subunit of the viral polymerase, also induced much lower levels of host cell responses than the parental P/V-CPI- mutant. For both +V-wt and +P-wt viruses, reduced levels of IFN-beta synthesis correlated with reduced IRF-3 dimerization and nuclear localization of IRF-3 and NF-kappaB, suggesting that the WT P and V proteins acted at an early stage in antiviral pathways. Host cell responses induced by the various P/V mutants directly correlated with levels of viral mRNA accumulation but not with steady-state levels of genomic RNA. Our results support the hypothesis that WT P and V proteins limit induction of antiviral responses by controlling the production of key viral inducers. A model is presented for the mechanism by which both the P subunit of the viral polymerase and the V accessory protein contribute to the ability of a paramyxovirus to limit activation of antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Dillon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1064, USA
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