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Incrocci R, Monroy Del Toro R, Devitt G, Salimian M, Braich K, Swanson-Mungerson M. Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A) Enhances ATP Production in B Cell Tumors through mTOR and HIF-1α. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3944. [PMID: 38612754 PMCID: PMC11012313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) exists in a latent state in 90% of the world's population and is linked to numerous cancers, such as Burkitt's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. One EBV latency protein, latency membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), is expressed in multiple latency phenotypes. LMP2A signaling has been extensively studied and one target of LMP2A is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Since mTOR has been linked to reprogramming tumor metabolism and increasing levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1α), we hypothesized that LMP2A would increase HIF-1α levels to enhance ATP generation in B lymphoma cell lines. Our data indicate that LMP2A increases ATP generation in multiple Burkitt lymphoma cell lines that were dependent on HIF-1α. Subsequent studies indicate that the addition of the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, blocked the LMP2A-dependent increase in HIF-1α. Further studies demonstrate that LMP2A does not increase HIF-1α levels by increasing HIF-1α RNA or STAT3 activation. In contrast, LMP2A and mTOR-dependent increase in HIF-1α required mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of p70 S6 Kinase and 4E-BP1. These findings implicate the importance of LMP2A in promoting B cell lymphoma survival by increasing ATP generation and identifying potential pharmaceutical targets to treat EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Incrocci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Rosalinda Monroy Del Toro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Grace Devitt
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Melody Salimian
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamaljit Braich
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelle Swanson-Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
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2
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Domma AJ, Henderson LA, Goodrum FD, Moorman NJ, Kamil JP. Human cytomegalovirus attenuates AKT activity by destabilizing insulin receptor substrate proteins. J Virol 2023; 97:e0056323. [PMID: 37754763 PMCID: PMC10617551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00563-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) requires inactivation of AKT to efficiently replicate, yet how AKT is shut off during HCMV infection has remained unclear. We show that UL38, an HCMV protein that activates mTORC1, is necessary and sufficient to destabilize insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), a model insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein. Degradation of IRS proteins in settings of excessive mTORC1 activity is an important mechanism for insulin resistance. When IRS proteins are destabilized, PI3K cannot be recruited to growth factor receptor complexes, and hence, AKT membrane recruitment, a rate limiting step in its activation, fails to occur. Despite its penchant for remodeling host cell signaling pathways, our results reveal that HCMV relies upon a cell-intrinsic negative regulatory feedback loop to inactivate AKT. Given that pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/AKT potently induces HCMV reactivation from latency, our findings also imply that the expression of UL38 activity must be tightly regulated within latently infected cells to avoid spontaneous reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Domma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lauren A. Henderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Felicia D. Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Domma AJ, Goodrum FD, Moorman NJ, Kamil JP. Human cytomegalovirus attenuates AKT activity by destabilizing insulin receptor substrate proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537203. [PMID: 37131605 PMCID: PMC10153195 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway plays crucial roles in cell viability and protein synthesis and is frequently co-opted by viruses to support their replication. Although many viruses maintain high levels of AKT activity during infection, other viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), cause AKT to accumulate in an inactive state. To efficiently replicate, HCMV requires FoxO transcription factors to localize to the infected cell nucleus (Zhang et. al. mBio 2022), a process directly antagonized by AKT. Therefore, we sought to investigate how HCMV inactivates AKT to achieve this. Subcellular fractionation and live cell imaging studies indicated that AKT failed to recruit to membranes upon serum-stimulation of infected cells. However, UV-inactivated virions were unable to render AKT non-responsive to serum, indicating a requirement for de novo viral gene expression. Interestingly, we were able to identify that UL38 (pUL38), a viral activator of mTORC1, is required to diminish AKT responsiveness to serum. mTORC1 contributes to insulin resistance by causing proteasomal degradation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, such as IRS1, which are necessary for the recruitment of PI3K to growth factor receptors. In cells infected with a recombinant HCMV disrupted for UL38 , AKT responsiveness to serum is retained and IRS1 is not degraded. Furthermore, ectopic expression of UL38 in uninfected cells induces IRS1 degradation, inactivating AKT. These effects of UL38 were reversed by the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin. Collectively, our results demonstrate that HCMV relies upon a cell-intrinsic negative feedback loop to render AKT inactive during productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Domma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport Louisiana, USA
| | - Felicia D. Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport Louisiana, USA
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4
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Khalid T, Hasan A, Fatima JE, Faridi SA, Khan AF, Mir SS. Therapeutic role of mTOR inhibitors in control of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2701-2711. [PMID: 36538171 PMCID: PMC9764303 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By the end of 2019, COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan city of China, and through human-human transmission, this virus spread worldwide and became a pandemic. Initial symptoms of the disease include fever, cough, loss of smell, taste, and shortness of breath, but a decrease in the oxygen levels in the body leads, and pneumonia may ultimately lead to the patient's death. However, the symptoms vary from patient to patient. To understand COVID-19 disease pathogenesis, researchers have tried to understand the cellular pathways that could be targeted to suppress viral replication. Thus, this article reviews the markers that could be targeted to inhibit viral replication by inhibiting the translational initiation complex/regulatory kinases and upregulating host autophagic flux that may lead to a reduction in the viral load. The article also highlights that mTOR inhibitors may act as potential inhibitors of viral replication. mTOR inhibitors such as metformin may inhibit the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp's and ORFs with mTORC1, LARP1, and 4E-BP. They may also increase autophagic flux by decreasing protein degradation via inhibition of Skp2, further promoting viral cell death. These events result in cell cycle arrest at G1 by p27, ultimately causing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Khalid
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Adria Hasan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Jamal E Fatima
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Soban Ahmad Faridi
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Ahamad Faiz Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Payaradka R, Ramesh PS, Vyas R, Patil P, Rajendra VK, Kumar M, Shetty V, Devegowda D. Oncogenic viruses as etiological risk factors for head and neck cancers: An overview on prevalence, mechanism of infection and clinical relevance. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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6
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Hong PP, Li C, Niu GJ, Zhao XF, Wang JX. White spot syndrome virus directly activates mTORC1 signaling to facilitate its replication via polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-mediated infection in shrimp. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010808. [PMID: 36067252 PMCID: PMC9481175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway has antiviral functions or is beneficial for viral replication, however, the detail mechanisms by which mTORC1 enhances viral infection remain unclear. Here, we found that proliferation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was decreased after knockdown of mTor (mechanistic target of rapamycin) or injection inhibitor of mTORC1, rapamycin, in Marsupenaeus japonicus, which suggests that mTORC1 is utilized by WSSV for its replication in shrimp. Mechanistically, WSSV infects shrimp by binding to its receptor, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and induces the interaction of its intracellular domain with Calmodulin. Calmodulin then promotes the activation of protein kinase B (AKT) by interaction with the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of AKT. Activated AKT phosphorylates mTOR and results in the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote its downstream effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6Ks), for viral protein translation. Moreover, mTORC1 also phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), which will result in the separation of 4EBP1 from eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) for the translation of viral proteins in shrimp. Our data revealed a novel pathway for WSSV proliferation in shrimp and indicated that mTORC1 may represent a potential clinical target for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative pathogen of white spot disease (WSD) and represents the most destructive viral disease of shrimp. The virus has evolved various strategies to escape from host defenses or exploit host biological pathways for its reproduction. Studies on viral immune-escape mechanisms can provide new strategies for disease prevention and control in shrimp aquaculture. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism, which nucleates two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) with diverse functions at different levels of the signaling pathway. mTORC1 is reported to be exploited by viruses in their reproduction. However, the detail mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified a new mechanism of mTOR being hijacked by WSSV in shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). WSSV infects shrimp by its receptor, pIgR and induces the interaction of the intracellular domain of pIgR with Calmodulin. Calmodulin subsequently promotes the activation of AKT by interaction with the pleckstrin homology domain of the kinase. Activated AKT phosphorylates mTOR and results in the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote its downstream effectors, S6Ks, for viral protein synthesis. Moreover, mTORC1 also phosphorylates 4EBP1, which results in the separation of 4EBP1 from eIF4E for the translation of viral proteins in shrimp. Our study reveals a novel strategy for WSSV proliferation in shrimp and indicates that the components of mTORC1 may represent potential clinical targets for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Hong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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Yang T, You C, Meng S, Lai Z, Ai W, Zhang J. EBV Infection and Its Regulated Metabolic Reprogramming in Nasopharyngeal Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:935205. [PMID: 35846746 PMCID: PMC9283984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.935205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral oncogenes may drive cellular metabolic reprogramming to modulate the normal epithelia cell malignant transformation. Understanding the viral oncogene–mediated signaling transduction dysregulation that involves in metabolic reprogramming may provide new therapeutic targets for virus-associated cancer treatment. Latent EBV infection and expression of viral oncogenes, including latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/2), and EBV-encoded BamH I-A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs (miR-BARTs), have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in altering host cell metabolism to support nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) pathogenesis. Yet, how do EBV infection and its encoded oncogenes facilitated the metabolic shifting and their roles in NPC carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this review, we will focus on delineating how EBV infection and its encoded oncoproteins altered the metabolic reprograming of infected cells to support their malignances. Furthermore, based on the understanding of the host’s metabolic signaling alterations induced by EBV, we will provide a new perspective on the interplay between EBV infection and these metabolic pathways and offering a potential therapeutic intervention strategy in the treatment of EBV-associated malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chanping You
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuhui Meng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengquan Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhang, ; Weipeng Ai,
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhang, ; Weipeng Ai,
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8
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Mullen PJ, Christofk HR. The Metabolic Relationship Between Viral Infection and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070120-090423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are fundamental tools in cancer research. They were used to discover the first oncogenes in the 1970s, and they are now being modified for use as antitumor therapeutics. Key to both of these oncogenic and oncolytic properties is the ability of viruses to rewire host cell metabolism. In this review, we describe how viral oncogenes alter metabolism to increase the synthesis of macromolecules necessary for both viral replication and tumor growth. We then describe how understanding the specific metabolic requirements of virus-infected cells can help guide strategies to improve the efficacy of oncolytic viruses, and we highlight immunometabolism and tumor microenvironment research that could also increase the therapeutic benefits of oncolytic viruses. We also describe how studies describing the therapeutic effects of dietary nutrient restriction in cancer can suggest new avenues for research into antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Mullen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heather R. Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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9
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Iwata S, Tanaka Y. Association of Viral Infection With the Development and Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849120. [PMID: 35280878 PMCID: PMC8914279 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that causes multiple organ damage in women of childbearing age and has a relapsing-remitting course. SLE is caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, however, its underlying triggers remain unknown. Among the environmental factors, the involvement of infections as a trigger for SLE, especially those of viral etiology, has been widely reported. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may put patients at a genetic predisposition to SLE, while the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may play a role as an environmental factor that triggers the development of SLE. It has been suggested that EBV-infected B-cells may become resistant to apoptosis, resulting in the activation, proliferation, and antibody production of autoreactive B-cells, which cause tissue damage in SLE. However, the interaction between the virus and immune cells, as well as the impact of the virus on the differentiation and dysfunction of immune cells, remain unclear. In this review, we focus on the relationship between the development and pathogenesis of SLE and viral infections, as well as the mechanism of SLE exacerbation via activation of immune cells, such as B-cells, based on the latest findings.
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10
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Chakravorty S, Afzali B, Kazemian M. EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059133. [PMID: 36389670 PMCID: PMC9647127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a prevalent virus, infecting >90% of the world's population. This is an oncogenic virus that causes ~200,000 cancer-related deaths annually. It is, in addition, a significant contributor to the burden of autoimmune diseases. Thus, EBV represents a significant public health burden. Upon infection, EBV remains dormant in host cells for long periods of time. However, the presence or episodic reactivation of the virus increases the risk of transforming healthy cells to malignant cells that routinely escape host immune surveillance or of producing pathogenic autoantibodies. Cancers caused by EBV display distinct molecular behaviors compared to those of the same tissue type that are not caused by EBV, presenting opportunities for targeted treatments. Despite some encouraging results from exploration of vaccines, antiviral agents and immune- and cell-based treatments, the efficacy and safety of most therapeutics remain unclear. Here, we provide an up-to-date review focusing on underlying immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutics and vaccines, animal models and emerging technologies to study EBV-associated diseases that may help provide insights for the development of novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, United States
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11
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Leonardi L, Sibéril S, Alifano M, Cremer I, Joubert PE. Autophagy Modulation by Viral Infections Influences Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743780. [PMID: 34745965 PMCID: PMC8569469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process important for balancing cellular homeostasis at critical times in development and/or in response to nutrient stress. This is particularly relevant in tumor model in which autophagy has been demonstrated to have an important impact on tumor behavior. In one hand, autophagy limits tumor transformation of precancerous cells in early stage, and in the other hand, it favors the survival, proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to antitumor therapies in more advanced tumors. This catabolic machinery can be induced by an important variety of extra- and intracellular stimuli. For instance, viral infection has often been associated to autophagic modulation, and the role of autophagy in virus replication differs according to the virus studied. In the context of tumor development, virus-modulated autophagy can have an important impact on tumor cells' fate. Extensive analyses have shed light on the molecular and/or functional complex mechanisms by which virus-modulated autophagy influences precancerous or tumor cell development. This review includes an overview of discoveries describing the repercussions of an autophagy perturbation during viral infections on tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leonardi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sibéril
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Joubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
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12
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Abstract
Cellular activities are finely regulated by numerous signaling pathways to support specific functions of complex life processes. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Each step of viral replication is ultimately governed by the interaction of a virus with its host cells. Because of the demands of viral replication, the nutritional needs of virus-infected cells differ from those of uninfected cells. To improve their chances of survival and replication, viruses have evolved to commandeer cellular processes, including cell metabolism, augmenting these processes to support their needs. This article summarizes recent findings regarding virus-induced alterations to major cellular metabolic pathways focusing on how viruses modulate various signaling cascades to induce these changes. We begin with a general introduction describing the role played by signaling pathways in cellular metabolism. We then discuss how different viruses target these signaling pathways to reprogram host metabolism to favor the viral needs. We highlight the gaps in understanding metabolism-related virus-host interactions and discuss how studying these changes will enhance our understanding of fundamental processes involved in metabolic regulation. Finally, we discuss the potential to harness these processes to combat viral diseases, as well as other diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancers.
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13
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Cui X, Snapper CM. Epstein Barr Virus: Development of Vaccines and Immune Cell Therapy for EBV-Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734471. [PMID: 34691042 PMCID: PMC8532523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human tumor virus discovered and is strongly implicated in the etiology of multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Each year EBV associated cancers account for over 200,000 new cases of cancer and cause 150,000 deaths world-wide. EBV is also the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis, and up to 70% of adolescents and young adults in developed countries suffer from infectious mononucleosis. In addition, EBV has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. An EBV prophylactic vaccine that induces neutralizing antibodies holds great promise for prevention of EBV associated diseases. EBV envelope proteins including gH/gL, gB and gp350 play key roles in EBV entry and infection of target cells, and neutralizing antibodies elicited by each of these proteins have shown to prevent EBV infection of target cells and markedly decrease EBV titers in the peripheral blood of humanized mice challenged with lethal dose EBV. Recent studies demonstrated that immunization with the combination of gH/gL, gB and/or gp350 induced markedly increased synergistic EBV neutralizing activity compared to immunization with individual proteins. As previous clinical trials focused on gp350 alone were partially successful, the inclusion of gH/gL and gB in a vaccine formulation with gp350 represents a promising approach of EBV prophylactic vaccine development. Therapeutic EBV vaccines have also been tested clinically with encouraging results. Immunization with various vaccine platforms expressing the EBV latent proteins EBNA1, LMP1, and/or LMP2 promoted specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic responses with anti-tumor activity. The addition of EBV envelope proteins gH/gL, gB and gp350 has the potential to increase the efficacy of a therapeutic EBV vaccine. The immune system plays a critical role in the control of tumors, and immune cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment of cancers. Adoptive T-cell therapy has been successfully used in the prevention and treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and T cell receptor engineered T cell therapy targeting EBV latent proteins LMP1, LMP2 and/or EBNA1 have been in development, with the goal to increase the specificity and efficacy of treatment of EBV associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Cui
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,The Institute for Vaccine Research and Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- The Institute for Vaccine Research and Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Citranvi Biosciences LLC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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14
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Granata S, Carratù P, Stallone G, Zaza G. mTOR-Inhibition and COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Focus on Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710543. [PMID: 34497515 PMCID: PMC8419255 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplant recipients are at high risk of developing severe COVID-19 due to the coexistence of several transplant-related comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes) and chronic immunosuppression. As a consequence, a large part of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have been managed with a reduction of immunosuppression. The mTOR-I, together with antimetabolites, have been often discontinued in order to minimize the risk of pulmonary toxicity and to antagonize pharmacological interaction with antiviral/anti-inflammatory drugs. However, at our opinion, this therapeutic strategy, although justified in kidney transplant recipients with severe COVID-19, should be carefully evaluated in asymptomatic/paucisymptomatic patients in order to avoid the onset of acute allograft rejections, to potentially exploit the mTOR-I antiviral properties, to reduce proliferation of conventional T lymphocytes (which could mitigate the cytokine storm) and to preserve Treg growth/activity which could reduce the risk of progression to severe disease. In this review, we discuss the current literature regarding the therapeutic potential of mTOR-Is in kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Carratù
- Division of Internal Medicine, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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15
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Wang H, Liu J, Zhang Y, Sun L, Zhao M, Luo B. Eukaryotic initiating factor eIF4E is targeted by EBV-encoded miR-BART11-3p and regulates cell cycle and apoptosis in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. Virus Genes 2021; 57:358-368. [PMID: 34146250 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F, a significant complex in the protein translation process. It has been found to be closely related to many human tumors, such as gastric carcinoma. It is known that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) upregulates eIF4E in various ways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, there are very few studies on eIF4E in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. We found that the expression level of eIF4E in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma was lower than other types of gastric carcinoma, and the downregulation of eIF4E could lead to increased apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells, retardation at S phase, and decreased cell migration. The dual luciferase reporter experiment showed that EBV-miR-BART11-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR region of eIF4E, and BART11-3p is the key factor leading to the downregulation of eIF4E. It could provide a new evidence for EBV-regulating host gene to affect the development of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Sandong, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Sandong, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Sandong, PR China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, 308 NingXia Road, Qingdao, 266021, PR China
| | - Menghe Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Sandong, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Sandong, PR China.
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16
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Cirone M. Cancer cells dysregulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation to ensure their survival and proliferation: mimicking them is a smart strategy of gammaherpesviruses. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:500-509. [PMID: 34130564 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1934811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the catalytic subunit of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have common and distinct subunits that mediate separate and overlapping functions. mTORC1 is activated by plenty of nutrients, and the two complexes can be activated by PI3K signaling. mTORC2 acts as an upstream regulator of AKT, and mTORC1 acts as a downstream effector. mTOR signaling integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals, acting as a key regulator of cellular metabolism, growth, and survival. A dysregulated activation of mTOR, as result of PI3K pathway or mTOR regulatory protein mutations or even due to the presence of cellular or viral oncogenes, is a common finding in cancer and represents a central mechanism in cancerogenesis. In the final part of this review, we will focus on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation by the human gammaherpesviruses EBV and KSHV that hijack this pathway to promote their-mediated oncogenic transformation and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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17
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Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Metabolic Control by DNA Tumor Virus-Encoded Proteins. Pathogens 2021; 10:560. [PMID: 34066504 PMCID: PMC8148605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses co-opt a multitude of host cell metabolic processes in order to meet the energy and substrate requirements for successful viral replication. However, due to their limited coding capacity, viruses must enact most, if not all, of these metabolic changes by influencing the function of available host cell regulatory proteins. Typically, certain viral proteins, some of which can function as viral oncoproteins, interact with these cellular regulatory proteins directly in order to effect changes in downstream metabolic pathways. This review highlights recent research into how four different DNA tumor viruses, namely human adenovirus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's associated-sarcoma herpesvirus, can influence host cell metabolism through their interactions with either MYC, p53 or the pRb/E2F complex. Interestingly, some of these host cell regulators can be activated or inhibited by the same virus, depending on which viral oncoprotein is interacting with the regulatory protein. This review highlights how MYC, p53 and pRb/E2F regulate host cell metabolism, followed by an outline of how each of these DNA tumor viruses control their activities. Understanding how DNA tumor viruses regulate metabolism through viral oncoproteins could assist in the discovery or repurposing of metabolic inhibitors for antiviral therapy or treatment of virus-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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18
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Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 2A Downregulates GCNT3 via the TGF-β1/Smad-mTORC1 Signaling Axis. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02481-20. [PMID: 33658337 PMCID: PMC8139646 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02481-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely related to various lymphoid and epithelioid malignancies. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. GCNT3 (core 2β-1,6-acetylglucosaminyltransferase) is a new type of core mucin synthase, and its expression in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is lower than that in EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is a transmembrane protein with tumorigenic transformation properties. Here, we demonstrated that LMP2A inhibited the transcription of GCNT3 by inhibiting Smad2/3 and Smad4. LMP2A restrained the activation of the mTORC1 pathway by inactivating the TGF-β1/Smad pathway and then downregulated GCNT3 expression. The mTORC1-GCNT3 pathway promoted cell proliferation and migration and inhibited G0/G1 cell arrest. Related proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were downstream molecules of the TGF-β1/Smad-mTORC1-GCNT3 pathway. GCNT3 inhibited autophagy by inducing mTORC1 phosphorylation. These findings indicate that targeting the TGF-β1/Smad-mTORC1-GCNT3 axis may represent a novel therapeutic target in GC.ImportanceEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an opportunistic pathogen, and the latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) encoded by EBV plays a key role in ensuring the incubation period of EBV. Glycosylation modification is an important marker of cancer cells, and recent studies have reported that it is related to EBV. Our conclusions provide deeper theoretical support for the role of LMP2A and TGF/Smad-mTORC1-GCNT3 in EBVaGC and help to understand glycosylation abnormalities in cancer. Our results may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of gastric cancer against the TGF/Smad-mTORC1-GCNT3 signaling cascade.
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19
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Garcia G, Sharma A, Ramaiah A, Sen C, Purkayastha A, Kohn DB, Parcells MS, Beck S, Kim H, Bakowski MA, Kirkpatrick MG, Riva L, Wolff KC, Han B, Yuen C, Ulmert D, Purbey PK, Scumpia P, Beutler N, Rogers TF, Chatterjee AK, Gabriel G, Bartenschlager R, Gomperts B, Svendsen CN, Betz UAK, Damoiseaux RD, Arumugaswami V. Antiviral drug screen identifies DNA-damage response inhibitor as potent blocker of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108940. [PMID: 33784499 PMCID: PMC7969873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has currently precipitated the COVID-19 global health crisis. We developed a medium-throughput drug-screening system and identified a small-molecule library of 34 of 430 protein kinase inhibitors that were capable of inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect in human epithelial cells. These drug inhibitors are in various stages of clinical trials. We detected key proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways mTOR-PI3K-AKT, ABL-BCR/MAPK, and DNA-damage response that are critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A drug-protein interaction-based secondary screen confirmed compounds, such as the ATR kinase inhibitor berzosertib and torin2 with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Berzosertib exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in multiple cell types and blocked replication at the post-entry step. Berzosertib inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-1 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as well. Our study highlights key promising kinase inhibitors to constrain coronavirus replication as a host-directed therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 and beyond as well as provides an important mechanism of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arun Sharma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chandani Sen
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arunima Purkayastha
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark S Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heeyoung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malina A Bakowski
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melanie G Kirkpatrick
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen C Wolff
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandon Han
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constance Yuen
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Prabhat K Purbey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip Scumpia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; UC San Diego Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Robert D Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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20
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Howe MK, Dowdell K, Kuehn HS, Li Q, Hart GT, Garabedian D, Liepshutz K, Hsu AP, Su H, Niemela JE, Stoddard JL, Uzel G, Shereck E, Schulz L, Feldman T, Rosenzweig SD, Long EO, Dropulic L, Cohen JI. Patients With Natural Killer (NK) Cell Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Have Immature NK Cells and Hyperactivation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and STAT1 Pathways. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1170-1179. [PMID: 32386415 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) presents with high levels of viral genomes in blood and tissue infiltration with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive lymphocytes. The pathogenesis of CAEBV is poorly understood. METHODS We evaluated 2 patients with natural killer (NK) cell CAEBV and studied their NK cell phenotype and signaling pathways in cells. RESULTS Both patients had increased numbers of NK cells, EBV predominantly in NK cells, and immature NK cells in the blood. Both patients had increased phosphorylation of Akt, S6, and STAT1 in NK cells, and increased total STAT1. Treatment of 1 patient with sirolimus reduced phosphorylation of S6 in T and B cells, but not in NK cells and did not reduce levels of NK cells or EBV DNA in the blood. Treatment of both patients' cells with JAK inhibitors in vitro reduced phosphorylated STAT1 to normal. Patients with T- or B-cell CAEBV had increased phosphorylation of Akt and S6 in NK cells, but no increase in total STAT1. CONCLUSIONS The increase in phosphorylated Akt, S6, and STAT1, as well as immature NK cells describe a new phenotype for NK cell CAEBV. The reduction of STAT1 phosphorylation in their NK cells with JAK inhibitors suggests a novel approach to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Howe
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kennichi Dowdell
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qingxue Li
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Hart
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Doreen Garabedian
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Liepshutz
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hua Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Stoddard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan Shereck
- Doembecker Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Laura Schulz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Providence Alaska Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Tatyana Feldman
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lesia Dropulic
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Galeano-Piedrahita E, Rico AMM, Suárez ACR, Walter AL. Cutaneous smooth muscle tumors associated with Epstein-Barr virus in an adult patient with HIV. An Bras Dermatol 2021; 96:184-187. [PMID: 33627249 PMCID: PMC8007489 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors are an uncommon neoplasm that occurs in immunosuppressed patients of any age. Usually, it presents as multifocal tumors mainly in the spinal cord, epidural region, gastrointestinal tract and liver, upper respiratory tract and skin, the latest with few cases reported in the literature and related with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The authors present the first case of a Colombian adult patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection and multifocal Epstein Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors in the skin and epidural region, confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies.
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22
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PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in gastric cancer: Epigenetics and beyond. Life Sci 2020; 262:118513. [PMID: 33011222 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways involved in normal cellular processes. Its aberrant activation modulates autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and metastasis in many human cancers. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some infections as well as epigenetic regulatory mechanisms can control PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In this review, we focused on the role of this pathway in gastric cancer development, prognosis, and metastasis, with an emphasis on epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and post-transcriptional modulations through non-coding RNAs fluctuations as well as H. pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infections. Finally, we reviewed different molecular targets and therapeutic agents in clinical trials as a potential strategy for gastric cancer treatment through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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23
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Shindiapina P, Ahmed EH, Mozhenkova A, Abebe T, Baiocchi RA. Immunology of EBV-Related Lymphoproliferative Disease in HIV-Positive Individuals. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1723. [PMID: 33102204 PMCID: PMC7556212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) can directly cause lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), including AIDS-defining lymphomas such as Burkitt’s lymphoma and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The prevalence of EBV in HL and NHL is elevated in HIV-positive individuals compared with the general population. Rates of incidence of AIDS-defining cancers have been declining in HIV-infected individuals since initiation of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) use in 1996. However, HIV-infected persons remain at an increased risk of cancers related to infections with oncogenic viruses. Proposed pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-related cancers include decreased immune surveillance, decreased ability to suppress infection-related oncogenic processes and a state of chronic inflammation marked by alteration of the cytokine profile and expanded numbers of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with down-regulated co-stimulatory molecules and increased expression of markers of senescence in the setting of treated HIV infection. Here we discuss the cooperation of EBV-infected B cell- and environment-associated factors that may contribute to EBV-related lymphomagenesis in HIV-infected individuals. Environment-derived lymphomagenic factors include impaired host adaptive and innate immune surveillance, cytokine dysregulation and a pro-inflammatory state observed in the setting of chronic, cART-treated HIV infection. B cell factors include distinctive EBV latency patterns and host protein expression in HIV-associated LPD, as well as B cell-stimulating factors derived from HIV infection. We review the future directions for expanding therapeutic approaches in targeting the viral and immune components of EBV LPD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Shindiapina
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elshafa H Ahmed
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anna Mozhenkova
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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24
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Epstein Barr Virus-associated Pediatric Neoplasms. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.94371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Wang LW, Wang Z, Ersing I, Nobre L, Guo R, Jiang S, Trudeau S, Zhao B, Weekes MP, Gewurz BE. Epstein-Barr virus subverts mevalonate and fatty acid pathways to promote infected B-cell proliferation and survival. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008030. [PMID: 31518366 PMCID: PMC6760809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with multiple human malignancies. EBV drives B-cell proliferation, which contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple lymphomas. Yet, knowledge of how EBV subverts host biosynthetic pathways to transform resting lymphocytes into activated lymphoblasts remains incomplete. Using a temporal proteomic dataset of EBV primary human B-cell infection, we identified that cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways were amongst the most highly EBV induced. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) and MYC each had important roles in cholesterol and fatty acid pathway induction. Unexpectedly, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor chemical epistasis experiments revealed that mevalonate pathway production of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), rather than cholesterol, was necessary for EBV-driven B-cell outgrowth, perhaps because EBV upregulated the low-density lipoprotein receptor in newly infected cells for cholesterol uptake. Chemical and CRISPR genetic analyses highlighted downstream GGPP roles in EBV-infected cell small G protein Rab activation. Rab13 was highly EBV-induced in an EBNA3-dependent manner and served as a chaperone critical for latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 and 2A trafficking and target gene activation in newly infected and in lymphoblastoid B-cells. Collectively, these studies identify highlight multiple potential therapeutic targets for prevention of EBV-transformed B-cell growth and survival. EBV, the first human tumor virus identified, persistently infects >95% of adults worldwide. Upon infection of small, resting B-lymphocytes, EBV establishes a state of viral latency, where viral oncoproteins and non-coding RNAs activate host pathways to promote rapid B-cell proliferation. EBV’s growth-transforming properties are closely linked to the pathogenesis of multiple immunoblastic lymphomas, particularly in immunosuppressed hosts. While EBV oncogenes important for B-cell transformation have been identified, knowledge remains incomplete of how these EBV factors remodel cellular metabolism, a hallmark of human cancers. Using a recently established proteomic map of EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation, we found that EBV induces biosynthetic pathways that convert acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) into isoprenoids, steroids, terpenoids, cholesterol, and long-chain fatty acids. Viral nuclear antigens cooperated with EBV-activated host transcription factors to upregulate rate-limiting enzymes of these biosynthetic pathways. The isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was identified as a key product of the EBV-induced mevalonate pathway. Our studies highlighted GGPP roles in Rab protein activation, and Rab13 was identified as a highly EBV-upregulated GTPase critical for LMP1 and LMP2A trafficking and signaling. These studies identify multiple EBV-induced metabolic enzymes important for B-cell transformation, including potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei Wang
- Graduate Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ina Ersing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Trudeau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Graduate Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu R, Tang W, Tang D, Li Y, Bian L, Li Y. EBV-associated myoid tumor with lipoblast-like cells in a patient with normal immunity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2733-2742. [PMID: 31934105 PMCID: PMC6949543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
EBV-associated myoid tumor (EBVMT) comprises a specific group of soft tissue tumors with divergent histologic appearances, which typically occur in immunocompromised patients. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous reported of EBVMT in patients with normal immunity. EBVMT with lipoblast-like cells (EBVMT-LIC) is an extremely rare variant of EBVMT. Here, a male patient with normal immunity and EBVMT-LIC is presented. Comprehensive EBV latency expression pattern and tumorigenesis molecular analyses are performed to detail the pathologic features of this disease. Our patient was a 14-year-old who suffered from Burkitt's lymphoma 6 years ago and got complete remission for 5 years. At his last visit, he presented with pain and weakness in arms and legs. Subsequent MRI revealed an extramedullary mass at the cervical areas. CT-guided resection was then performed and comprehensive histopathologic examination was conducted. We found a haemangiopericytoma-like pattern with EBER-positive lipoblasts exist in this neoplasm and these features were in accordance with the diagnosis of EBVMT-LIC. Also, the EBV type I latency pattern was observed and the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway and Bcl-2 overexpression were found to be involved in the tumorigenesis of EBVMT-LIC. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that EBVMT can occur in patients with normal immunity. EBV could achieve a latency type I pattern and may promote the development of EBVMT by activation of Akt/mTOR pathway and Bcl-2 overexpression. The role of chronic latent EBV infection in the development of EBVMT may be more important than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohao Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong High Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Department of Research and Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Danxia Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong High Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong High Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Bian
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong High Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong High Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, P. R. China
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27
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Yun SM, Kim YS, Hur DY. LMP1 and 2A Induce the Expression of Nrf2 Through Akt Signaling Pathway in Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed B Cells. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:775-783. [PMID: 30909091 PMCID: PMC6434054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2, which regulates the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective enzymes, contributes to cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy. Nrf2 is also dysregulated in many cancers such as lung, head and neck, and breast cancers, but its role in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–transformed B cells is still not understood. Here, we investigated EBV infection-induced Nrf2 activation in B cells by analyzing translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus. In addition, we confirmed expression of the target genes in response to increased Nrf2 activation in EBV-transformed B cells. We demonstrated that knockdown of LMP1 and 2A blocks the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus and reduces ROS production in EBV-transformed B cells. Further, we showed that inhibition of Akt prevents Nrf2 activation. Moreover, knockdown of Nrf2 induces apoptotic cell death in EBV-transformed B cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Nrf2 promotes proliferation of EBV-transformed B cells through the EBV-related proteins LMP1 and 2A and Akt signaling, implicating Nrf2 as a potential molecular target for EBV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Yun
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seok Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
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Xiang T, Lin YX, Ma W, Zhang HJ, Chen KM, He GP, Zhang X, Xu M, Feng QS, Chen MY, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Feng L. Vasculogenic mimicry formation in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5009. [PMID: 30479336 PMCID: PMC6258759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and approximately 10% of gastric cancers, termed EBVaGC, represent 80% of all EBV-related malignancies. However, the exact role of EBV in epithelial cancers remains elusive. Here, we report that EBV functions in vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Epithelial cancer cells infected with EBV develop tumor vascular networks that correlate with tumor growth, which is different from endothelial-derived angiogenic vessels and is VEGF-independent. Mechanistically, activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling cascade, which is partly mediated by LMP2A, is responsible for EBV-induced VM formation. Both xenografts and clinical samples of NPC and EBVaGC exhibit VM histologically, which are correlated with AKT and HIF-1α activation. Furthermore, although anti-VEGF monotherapy shows limited effects, potent synergistic antitumor activities are achieved by combination therapy with VEGF and HIF-1α-targeted agents. Our findings suggest that EBV creates plasticity in epithelial cells to express endothelial phenotype and provides a novel EBV-targeted antitumor strategy. EBV latent infection contributes to the pathogenesis of epithelial malignancies by inducing angiogenesis. Here, the authors show EBV promotes vasculogenic mimicry in EBV associated epithelial cancers via AKT/HIF-1α pathway and combination therapy of HIF-1α and VEGF reduces tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xiang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, No. 421 Hospital of PLA, 510318, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xin Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Jiong Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Ming Chen
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Ping He
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Feng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China.
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29
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Chi PI, Huang WR, Chiu HC, Li JY, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Avian reovirus σA-modulated suppression of lactate dehydrogenase and upregulation of glutaminolysis and the mTOC1/eIF4E/HIF-1α pathway to enhance glycolysis and the TCA cycle for virus replication. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12946. [PMID: 30156372 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy source for many types of viruses for facilitating virus replication. This is the first report to demonstrate that the structural protein σA of avian reovirus (ARV) functions as an activator of cellular energy. Three cellular factors, isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 subunit beta (IDH3B), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (vATPase) co-immunoprecipitated with ARV σA and were identified by 2D-LC/MS/MS. ARV enhances glycolytic flux through upregulation of glycolytic enzymes. Increased ATP levels in both ARV-infected and σA-transfected cells were observed by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based genetically encoded indicator, Ateams. Furthermore, σA upregulates IDH3B and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) to promote glutaminolysis, activating HIF-1α. Both HIF-1α level and viral yield in IDH3B-depleted and glutamine-deprived cells, and inhibition of glutaminolysis was significantly reduced. The σAR155/273A mutant loses its ability to enter the nucleolus, impairing its ability to regulate glycolysis. In addition, we have identified the conserved untranslated regions (UTR) of the 5'- and 3'-termini of the ARV genome segments that are required for viral protein synthesis in an ATP-dependent manner. Deletion of either the 5'- or 3'-UTR impaired viral protein synthesis. Knockdown of σA reduced the ATP level and significantly decreased virus yield, suggesting that σA enhances ATP formation to promote virus replication. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into σA-modulated suppression of LDHA and activation of IDH3B and GDH to activate the mTORC1/eIF4E/HIF-1α pathways to upregulate glycolysis and the TCA cycle for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-I Chi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chuan Chiu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Yi Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brent L Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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30
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Vrzalikova K, Ibrahim M, Nagy E, Vockerodt M, Perry T, Wei W, Woodman C, Murray P. Co-Expression of the Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Membrane Proteins and the Pathogenesis of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090285. [PMID: 30149502 PMCID: PMC6162670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in the tumour cells of a subset of patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), yet the contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of these tumours remains only poorly understood. The EBV genome in virus-associated cHL expresses a limited subset of genes, restricted to the non-coding Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) and viral miRNA, as well as only three virus proteins; the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1), and the two latent membrane proteins, known as LMP1 and LMP2, the latter of which has two isoforms, LMP2A and LMP2B. LMP1 and LMP2A are of particular interest because they are co-expressed in tumour cells and can activate cellular signalling pathways, driving aberrant cellular transcription in infected B cells to promote lymphomagenesis. This article seeks to bring together the results of recent studies of the latent membrane proteins in different B cell systems, including experiments in animal models as well as a re-analysis of our own transcriptional data. In doing so, we summarise the potentially co-operative and antagonistic effects of the LMPs that are relevant to B cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Vrzalikova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-414-4021
| | - Maha Ibrahim
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Martina Vockerodt
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tracey Perry
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S102HQ, UK
| | - Ciaran Woodman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Paul Murray
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Ehresman JS, Ahmed AK, Palsgrove DN, Pennington Z, Goodwin CR, Sciubba DM. Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor involving the spine of an HIV-infected patient: Case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 52:145-150. [PMID: 29605279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within the last two decades, there have been multiple reports of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumors in immunocompromised patients. This includes HIV-infected patients, post-transplant patients, and patients with congenital defects of their immune systems. Here we report the case of a 24-year-old African American female with congenital HIV presenting with progressive lower extremity weakness, constipation, aching pain in her shoulders, and subcostal anesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large circumferential lesion extending from T1-T3 and a smaller left paraspinal lesion at C6-C7. The T1-T3 mass was excised via a right-sided costotransversectomy with laminectomy and fusion from T1-T3. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was started postoperatively, and adjuvant radiotherapy was initiated but patient was lost to follow-up. Surgical pathology demonstrated a smooth muscle tumor diffuse nuclear positivity for EBV-encoded small RNA 1 by in situ hybridization. Although eight studies have reported HIV patients with EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors of the spine, to the author's knowledge, this is the first review comprised solely of patients with spinal involvement with the addition of our patient case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Ehresman
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - A Karim Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Doreen N Palsgrove
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Zachary Pennington
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
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32
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Marampon F, Antinozzi C, Corinaldesi C, Vannelli GB, Sarchielli E, Migliaccio S, Di Luigi L, Lenzi A, Crescioli C. The phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor tadalafil regulates lipidic homeostasis in human skeletal muscle cell metabolism. Endocrine 2018; 59:602-613. [PMID: 28786077 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tadalafil seems to ameliorate insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in humans. We have previously reported that tadalafil targets human skeletal muscle cells with an insulin (I)-like effect. We aim to evaluate in human fetal skeletal muscle cells after tadalafil or I: (i) expression profile of I-regulated genes dedicated to cellular energy control, glycolitic activity or microtubule formation/vesicle transport, as GLUT4, PPARγ, HK2, IRS-1, KIF1C, and KIFAP3; (ii) GLUT4, Flotillin-1, and Caveolin-1 localization, all proteins involved in energy-dependent cell trafficking; (iii) activation of I-targeted paths, as IRS-1, PKB/AKT, mTOR, P70/S6K. Free fatty acids intracellular level was measured. Sildenafil or a cGMP synthetic analog were used for comparison; PDE5 and PDE11 gene expression was evaluated in human fetal skeletal muscle cells. METHODS RTq-PCR, PCR, western blot, free fatty acid assay commercial kit, and lipid stain non-fluorescent assay were used. RESULTS Tadalafil upregulated I-targeted investigated genes with the same temporal pattern as I (GLUT4, PPARγ, and IRS-1 at 3 h; HK2, KIF1C, KIFAP3 at 12 h), re-localized GLUT4 in cell sites positively immune-decorated for Caveolin-1 and Flotillin-1, suggesting the involvement of lipid rafts, induced specific residue phosphorylation of IRS-1/AKT/mTOR complex in association with free fatty acid de novo synthesis. Sildenafil or GMP analog did not affect GLUT4 trafficking or free fatty acid levels. CONCLUSION In human fetal skeletal muscle cells tadalafil likely favors energy storage by modulating lipid homeostasis via IRS-1-mediated mechanisms, involving activation of I-targeted genes and intracellular cascade related to metabolic control. Those data provide some biomolecular evidences explaining, in part, tadalafil-induced favorable control of human metabolism shown by clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marampon
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - C Antinozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - C Corinaldesi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - L Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
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33
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Kaymaz Y, Oduor CI, Yu H, Otieno JA, Ong'echa JM, Moormann AM, Bailey JA. Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type-Specific Differences. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 15:563-576. [PMID: 28465297 PMCID: PMC5471630 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is the most common pediatric cancer in malaria-endemic equatorial Africa and nearly always contains Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), unlike sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL) that occurs with a lower incidence in developed countries. Given these differences and the variable clinical presentation and outcomes, we sought to further understand pathogenesis by investigating transcriptomes using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) from multiple primary eBL tumors compared with sBL tumors. Within eBL tumors, minimal expression differences were found based on: anatomical presentation site, in-hospital survival rates, and EBV genome type, suggesting that eBL tumors are homogeneous without marked subtypes. The outstanding difference detected using surrogate variable analysis was the significantly decreased expression of key genes in the immunoproteasome complex (PSMB9/β1i, PSMB10/β2i, PSMB8/β5i, and PSME2/PA28β) in eBL tumors carrying type 2 EBV compared with type 1 EBV. Second, in comparison with previously published pediatric sBL specimens, the majority of the expression and pathway differences was related to the PTEN/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and was correlated most strongly with EBV status rather than geographic designation. Third, common mutations were observed significantly less frequently in eBL tumors harboring EBV type 1, with mutation frequencies similar between tumors with EBV type 2 and without EBV. In addition to the previously reported genes, a set of new genes mutated in BL, including TFAP4, MSH6, PRRC2C, BCL7A, FOXO1, PLCG2, PRKDC, RAD50, and RPRD2, were identified. Overall, these data establish that EBV, particularly EBV type 1, supports BL oncogenesis, alleviating the need for certain driver mutations in the human genome. IMPLICATIONS Genomic and mutational analyses of Burkitt lymphoma tumors identify key differences based on viral content and clinical outcomes suggesting new avenues for the development of prognostic molecular biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Kaymaz
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Cliff I Oduor
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Juliana A Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Pircher C, Schneeberger S, Boesmueller C, Agaimy A, Zoller H, Bale R, Henninger B, Mayer G, Neuwirt H. A rare case of Epstein-Barr virus-associated hepatosplenic smooth muscle tumors after kidney transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e12860. [PMID: 29427352 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A 27-year old caucasian male was diagnosed 2.7 years after kidney transplantation with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumors in liver and spleen. The reduction in immunosuppression and conversion from tacrolimus to sirolimus did not lead to a regression of the tumors. Additionally, the patient developed a cellular rejection of his renal allograft, which was successfully treated. A combined approach with stereotactic radiofrequency ablation (SRFA) and surgical resection was effective in the treatment of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pircher
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Boesmueller
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - H Zoller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Bale
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Henninger
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Neuwirt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Teow SY, Yap HY, Peh SC. Epstein-Barr Virus as a Promising Immunotherapeutic Target for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treatment. J Pathog 2017; 2017:7349268. [PMID: 29464124 PMCID: PMC5804410 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7349268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen that infects more than 90% of global human population. EBV primarily targets B-lymphocytes and epithelial cells while some of them infect monocyte/macrophage, T-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs). EBV infection does not cause death by itself but the infection has been persistently associated with certain type of cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Recent findings have shown promise on targeting EBV proteins for cancer therapy by immunotherapeutic approach. Some studies have also shown the success of adopting EBV-based therapeutic vaccines for the prevention of EBV-associated cancer particularly on NPC. In-depth investigations are in progress to refine the current therapeutic and vaccination strategies. In present review, we discuss the highly potential EBV targets for NPC immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccine development as well as addressing the underlying challenges in the process of bringing the therapy and vaccination from the bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yeang Teow
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hooi-Yeen Yap
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Suat-Cheng Peh
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Sunway Medical Centre, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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36
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Can NT, Grenert JP, Vohra P. Concomitant Epstein-Barr Virus-associated smooth muscle tumor and granulomatous inflammation of the liver. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1306-1309. [PMID: 28756985 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus-associated smooth muscle tumor (EBV-SMT) is a rare mesenchymal tumor typically seen in immunocompromised patients. Here, we report a case of EBV-SMT and associated granulomatous inflammation in the liver of a 32-year-old man with history of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). To our knowledge, an association of these two lesions has not been previously reported. We review the literature and discuss pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and immunohistochemical (IHC) stains helpful for the diagnosis of this rare entity. Finally, we consider possible explanations for the concomitant presence of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Thuy Can
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James P Grenert
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Poonam Vohra
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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37
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Ersing I, Nobre L, Wang LW, Soday L, Ma Y, Paulo JA, Narita Y, Ashbaugh CW, Jiang C, Grayson NE, Kieff E, Gygi SP, Weekes MP, Gewurz BE. A Temporal Proteomic Map of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Replication in B Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1479-1493. [PMID: 28514666 PMCID: PMC5446956 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication contributes to multiple human diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B cell lymphomas, and oral hairy leukoplakia. We performed systematic quantitative analyses of temporal changes in host and EBV proteins during lytic replication to gain insights into virus-host interactions, using conditional Burkitt lymphoma models of type I and II EBV infection. We quantified profiles of >8,000 cellular and 69 EBV proteins, including >500 plasma membrane proteins, providing temporal views of the lytic B cell proteome and EBV virome. Our approach revealed EBV-induced remodeling of cell cycle, innate and adaptive immune pathways, including upregulation of the complement cascade and proteasomal degradation of the B cell receptor complex, conserved between EBV types I and II. Cross-comparison with proteomic analyses of human cytomegalovirus infection and of a Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immunoevasin identified host factors targeted by multiple herpesviruses. Our results provide an important resource for studies of EBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Ersing
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Liang Wei Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Virology Program, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yijie Ma
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yohei Narita
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Camille W Ashbaugh
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chang Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Elliott Kieff
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Virology Program, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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38
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Kaymaz Y, Oduor CI, Yu H, Otieno JA, Ong'echa JM, Moormann AM, Bailey JA. Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type-Specific Differences. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:563-576. [PMID: 28465297 PMCID: PMC5471630 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0305-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is the most common pediatric cancer in malaria-endemic equatorial Africa and nearly always contains Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), unlike sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL) that occurs with a lower incidence in developed countries. Given these differences and the variable clinical presentation and outcomes, we sought to further understand pathogenesis by investigating transcriptomes using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) from multiple primary eBL tumors compared with sBL tumors. Within eBL tumors, minimal expression differences were found based on: anatomical presentation site, in-hospital survival rates, and EBV genome type, suggesting that eBL tumors are homogeneous without marked subtypes. The outstanding difference detected using surrogate variable analysis was the significantly decreased expression of key genes in the immunoproteasome complex (PSMB9/β1i, PSMB10/β2i, PSMB8/β5i, and PSME2/PA28β) in eBL tumors carrying type 2 EBV compared with type 1 EBV. Second, in comparison with previously published pediatric sBL specimens, the majority of the expression and pathway differences was related to the PTEN/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and was correlated most strongly with EBV status rather than geographic designation. Third, common mutations were observed significantly less frequently in eBL tumors harboring EBV type 1, with mutation frequencies similar between tumors with EBV type 2 and without EBV. In addition to the previously reported genes, a set of new genes mutated in BL, including TFAP4, MSH6, PRRC2C, BCL7A, FOXO1, PLCG2, PRKDC, RAD50, and RPRD2, were identified. Overall, these data establish that EBV, particularly EBV type 1, supports BL oncogenesis, alleviating the need for certain driver mutations in the human genome. IMPLICATIONS Genomic and mutational analyses of Burkitt lymphoma tumors identify key differences based on viral content and clinical outcomes suggesting new avenues for the development of prognostic molecular biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Kaymaz
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Cliff I Oduor
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Juliana A Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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39
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Abstract
Immunodeficient individuals are prone to develop a number of opportunistic infections and unique neoplasms. Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor is an uncommon neoplasm associated with immunodeficiency. It has been described in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, in the posttransplant setting, and in those with congenital immunodeficiency. Different anatomic sites can be involved by Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor, and even multiple locations can contain these unique lesions within the same patient. The presence of variable numbers of intratumoral lymphocytes and primitive round cell areas are the unique defining features for this tumor. Histopathologic features may vary considerably in terms of cellular atypia, mitotic activity, and necrosis, with no correlation to the clinical behavior. Demonstration of Epstein-Barr virus infection by in situ hybridization within tumor cell remains critical for the diagnosis. The mechanism for Epstein-Barr virus infection of progenitor cells and neoplastic transformation has been an area of interest and conjecture. Different treatment strategies are proposed according to underlying disease status. This paper reviews the clinicopathologic features of this uncommon neoplasm with detailed discussion of the role of Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dekate
- From the Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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EBV Infection and Glucose Metabolism in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:75-90. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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Huang L, Yang M, Yuan Y, Li X, Kuang E. Niclosamide inhibits lytic replication of Epstein-Barr virus by disrupting mTOR activation. Antiviral Res 2016; 138:68-78. [PMID: 27939840 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the oncogenic γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) cause several severe malignancies in humans. Inhibition of the lytic replication of EBV and KSHV eliminates the reservoir of persistent infection and transmission, consequently preventing the occurrence of diseases from the sources of infection. Antiviral drugs are limited in controlling these viral infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate that niclosamide, an old anthelmintic drug, inhibits mTOR activation during EBV lytic replication. Consequently, niclosamide effectively suppresses EBV lytic gene expression, viral DNA lytic replication and virion production in EBV-infected lymphoma cells and epithelial cells. Niclosamide exhibits cytotoxicity toward lymphoma cells and induces irreversible cell cycle arrest in lytically EBV-infected cells. The ectopic overexpression of mTOR reverses the inhibition of niclosamide in EBV lytic replication. Similarly, niclosamide inhibits KSHV lytic replication. Thus, we conclude that niclosamide is a promising candidate for chemotherapy against the acute occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases of oncogenic γ-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengtian Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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42
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Le Sage V, Cinti A, Amorim R, Mouland AJ. Adapting the Stress Response: Viral Subversion of the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060152. [PMID: 27231932 PMCID: PMC4926172 DOI: 10.3390/v8060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of gene expression, translation and various metabolic processes. Multiple extracellular (growth factors) and intracellular (energy status) molecular signals as well as a variety of stressors are integrated into the mTOR pathway. Viral infection is a significant stress that can activate, reduce or even suppress the mTOR signaling pathway. Consequently, viruses have evolved a plethora of different mechanisms to attack and co-opt the mTOR pathway in order to make the host cell a hospitable environment for replication. A more comprehensive knowledge of different viral interactions may provide fruitful targets for new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Sage
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Alessandro Cinti
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
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43
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Keating R, McGargill MA. mTOR Regulation of Lymphoid Cells in Immunity to Pathogens. Front Immunol 2016; 7:180. [PMID: 27242787 PMCID: PMC4862984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to pathogens exists as a fine balance between promoting activation and expansion of effector cells, while simultaneously limiting normal and aberrant responses. These seemingly opposing functions are kept in check by immune regulators. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that senses nutrient availability and, in turn, regulates cell metabolism, growth, and survival accordingly. mTOR plays a pivotal role in facilitating immune defense against invading pathogens by regulating the differentiation, activation, and effector functions of lymphoid cells. Here, we focus on the emerging and sometimes contradictory roles of mTOR in orchestrating lymphoid cell-mediated host immune responses to pathogens. A thorough understanding of how mTOR impacts lymphoid cells in pathogen defense will provide the necessary base for developing therapeutic interventions for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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44
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Abstract
Herpesviral mRNAs are produced and translated by cellular machinery, rendering them susceptible to the network of regulatory events that impact translation. In response, these viruses have evolved to infiltrate and hijack translational control pathways as well as to integrate specialized host translation strategies into their own repertoire. They are robust systems to dissect mechanisms of mammalian translational regulation and continue to offer insight into cis-acting mRNA features that impact assembly and activity of the translation apparatus. Here, I discuss recent advances revealing the extent to which the three herpesvirus subfamilies regulate both host and viral translation, thereby dramatically impacting the landscape of protein synthesis in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt A Glaunsinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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45
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Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Protein 2-Independent Activation of mTORC1 by Human Cytomegalovirus pUL38. J Virol 2015; 89:7625-35. [PMID: 25972538 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01027-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) controls cell growth and anabolic metabolism and is a critical host factor activated by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) for successful infection. The multifunctional HCMV protein pUL38 previously has been reported to activate mTORC1 by binding to and antagonizing tuberous sclerosis complex protein 2 (TSC2) (J. N. Moorman et al., Cell Host Microbe 3:253-262, 2008, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2008.03.002). pUL38 also plays a role in blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death during HCMV infection. In this study, we showed that a mutant pUL38 lacking the N-terminal 24 amino acids (pHA-UL3825-331) was fully functional in suppressing cell death during infection. Interestingly, pHA-UL3825-331 lost the ability to interact with TSC2 but retained the ability to activate mTORC1, although to a lesser extent than full-length pHA-UL38. Recombinant virus expressing pHA-UL3825-331 replicated with ∼10-fold less efficiency than the wild-type virus at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), but it grew similarly well at a high MOI, suggesting an MOI-dependent importance of pUL38-TSC2 interaction in supporting virus propagation. Site-directed mutational analysis identified a TQ motif at amino acid residues 23 and 24 as critical for pUL38 interaction with TSC2. Importantly, when expressed in isolation, the TQ/AA substitution mutant pHA-UL38 TQ/AA was capable of activating mTORC1 just like pHA-UL3825-331. We also created TSC2-null U373-MG cell lines by CRISPR genome editing and showed that pUL38 was capable of further increasing mTORC1 activity in TSC2-null cells. Therefore, this study identified the residues important for pUL38-TSC2 interaction and demonstrated that pUL38 can activate mTORC1 in both TSC2-dependent and -independent manners. IMPORTANCE HCMV, like other viruses, depends exclusively on its host cell to propagate. Therefore, it has developed methods to protect against host stress responses and to usurp cellular processes to complete its life cycle. mTORC1 is believed to be important for virus replication, and HCMV maintains high mTORC1 activity despite the stressful cellular environment associated with infection. mTORC1 inhibitors suppressed HCMV replication in vitro and reduced the incidence of HCMV reactivation in transplant recipients. We demonstrated that mTORC1 was activated by HCMV protein pUL38 in both TSC2-dependent and TSC2-independent manners. The pUL38-independent mode of mTORC1 activation also has been reported. These novel findings suggest the evolution of sophisticated approaches whereby HCMV activates mTORC1, indicating its importance in the biology and pathogenesis of HCMV.
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46
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Liu X, Cohen JI. The role of PI3K/Akt in human herpesvirus infection: From the bench to the bedside. Virology 2015; 479-480:568-77. [PMID: 25798530 PMCID: PMC4424147 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway regulates several key cellular functions including protein synthesis, cell growth, glucose metabolism, and inflammation. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to manipulate this signaling pathway to ensure successful virus replication. The human herpesviruses undergo both latent and lytic infection, but differ in cell tropism, growth kinetics, and disease manifestations. Herpesviruses express multiple proteins that target the PI3K/Akt cell signaling pathway during the course of their life cycle to facilitate viral infection, replication, latency, and reactivation. Rare human genetic disorders with mutations in either the catalytic or regulatory subunit of PI3K that result in constitutive activation of the protein predispose to severe herpesvirus infections as well as to virus-associated malignancies. Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway or its downstream proteins using drugs already approved for other diseases can block herpesvirus lytic infection and may reduce malignancies associated with latent herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- XueQiao Liu
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Tsang CM, Tsao SW. The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virol Sin 2015; 30:107-21. [PMID: 25910483 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV episomes are detected in almost all NPC cells. The role of EBV in NPC pathogenesis has long been postulated but remains enigmatic. In contrast to infection of B lymphocytes, EBV infection does not directly transform nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into proliferative clones with malignant potential. EBV infection of normal pharyngeal epithelial cells is predominantly lytic in nature. Genetic alterations in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelium, in combination with inflammatory stimulation in the nasopharyngeal mucosa, presumably play essential roles in the establishment of a latent EBV infection in infected nasopharyngeal epithelial cells during the early development of NPC. Establishment of latent EBV infection in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and expression of latent viral genes, including the BART transcripts and BART-encoded microRNAs, are crucial features of NPC. Expression of EBV genes may drive further malignant transformation of premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into cancer cells. The difficulties involved in the establishment of NPC cell lines and the progressive loss of EBV epsiomes in NPC cells propagated in culture strongly implicate the contribution of host stromal components to the growth of NPC cells in vivo and maintenance of EBV in infected NPC cells. Defining the growth advantages of EBV-infected NPC cells in vivo will lead to a better understanding of the contribution of EBV infection in NPC pathogenesis, and may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Jossen J, Chu J, Hotchkiss H, Wistinghausen B, Iyer K, Magid M, Kamath A, Roayaie S, Arnon R. Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors in children following solid organ transplantation: a review. Pediatr Transplant 2015; 19:235-43. [PMID: 25572657 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
EBV-SMT are a rare entity following organ transplantation. Given the rarity of the tumor, there is no standard approach to diagnosis and treatment. A literature search identified 28 reported cases of EBV-SMT in addition to our own experience with one case. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing data regarding pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Jossen
- Pediatrics & Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Tsao SW, Tsang CM, To KF, Lo KW. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in epithelial malignancies. J Pathol 2015; 235:323-33. [PMID: 25251730 PMCID: PMC4280676 DOI: 10.1002/path.4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The close association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection with non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinomas and a subset of gastric carcinomas suggests that EBV infection is a crucial event in these cancers. The difficulties encountered in infecting and transforming primary epithelial cells in experimental systems suggest that the role of EBV in epithelial malignancies is complex and multifactorial in nature. Genetic alterations in the premalignant epithelium may support the establishment of latent EBV infection, which is believed to be an initiation event. Oncogenic properties have been reported in multiple EBV latent genes. The BamH1 A rightwards transcripts (BARTs) and the BART-encoded microRNAs (miR-BARTs) are highly expressed in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies and may induce malignant transformation. However, enhanced proliferation may not be the crucial function of EBV infection in epithelial malignancies, at least in the early stages of cancer development. EBV-encoded gene products may confer anti-apoptotic properties and promote the survival of infected premalignant epithelial cells harbouring genetic alterations. Multiple EBV-encoded microRNAs have been reported to have immune evasion functions. Genetic alterations in host cells, as well as inflammatory stroma, could modulate the expression of EBV genes and alter the growth properties of infected premalignant epithelial cells, encouraging their selection during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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The E3 ubiquitin ligase ARIH1 protects against genotoxic stress by initiating a 4EHP-mediated mRNA translation arrest. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1254-68. [PMID: 25624349 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01152-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response signaling is crucial for genome maintenance in all organisms and is corrupted in cancer. In an RNA interference (RNAi) screen for (de)ubiquitinases and sumoylases modulating the apoptotic response of embryonic stem (ES) cells to DNA damage, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase/ISGylase, ariadne homologue 1 (ARIH1). Silencing ARIH1 sensitized ES and cancer cells to genotoxic compounds and ionizing radiation, irrespective of their p53 or caspase-3 status. Expression of wild-type but not ubiquitinase-defective ARIH1 constructs prevented sensitization caused by ARIH1 knockdown. ARIH1 protein abundance increased after DNA damage through attenuation of proteasomal degradation that required ATM signaling. Accumulated ARIH1 associated with 4EHP, and in turn, this competitive inhibitor of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) underwent increased nondegradative ubiquitination upon DNA damage. Genotoxic stress led to an enrichment of ARIH1 in perinuclear, ribosome-containing regions and triggered 4EHP association with the mRNA 5' cap as well as mRNA translation arrest in an ARIH1-dependent manner. Finally, restoration of DNA damage-induced translation arrest in ARIH1-depleted cells by means of an eIF2 inhibitor was sufficient to reinstate resistance to genotoxic stress. These findings identify ARIH1 as a potent mediator of DNA damage-induced translation arrest that protects stem and cancer cells against genotoxic stress.
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