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Chen H, Zhao P, Zhang C, Ming X, Zhang C, Jung YS, Qian Y. Veratramine inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus entry through macropinocytosis by suppressing PI3K/Akt pathway. Virus Res 2024; 339:199260. [PMID: 37923169 PMCID: PMC10661853 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious intestinal disease caused by α-coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). At present, no effective vaccine is available to prevent the disease. Therefore, research for novel antivirals is important. This study aimed to identify the antiviral mechanism of Veratramine (VAM), which actively inhibits PEDV replication with a 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼5 µM. Upon VAM treatment, both PEDV-nucleocapsid (N) protein level and virus titer decreased significantly. The time-of-addition assay results showed that VAM could inhibit PEDV replication by blocking viral entry. Importantly, VAM could inhibit PEDV-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) activity and further suppress micropinocytosis, which is required for PEDV entry. In addition, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 showed anti-PEDV activity by blocking viral entry as well. Taken together, VAM possessed anti-PEDV properties against the entry stage of PEDV by inhibiting the macropinocytosis pathway by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway. VAM could be considered as a lead compound for the development of anti-PEDV drugs and may be used during the viral entry stage of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caisheng Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Ming
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Olety B, Usami Y, Wu Y, Peters P, Göttlinger H. AP-2 Adaptor Complex-Dependent Enhancement of HIV-1 Replication by Nef in the Absence of the Nef/AP-2 Targets SERINC5 and CD4. mBio 2023; 14:e0338222. [PMID: 36622146 PMCID: PMC9973267 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03382-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef hijacks the clathrin adaptor complex 2 (AP-2) to downregulate the viral receptor CD4 and the antiviral multipass transmembrane proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5, which inhibit the infectivity of progeny virions when incorporated. In Jurkat Tag T lymphoid cells lacking SERINC3 and SERINC5, Nef is no longer required for full progeny virus infectivity and for efficient viral replication. However, in MOLT-3 T lymphoid cells, HIV-1 replication remains highly dependent on Nef even in the absence of SERINC3 and SERINC5. Using a knockout (KO) approach, we now show that the Nef-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 replication in MOLT-3 cells does not depend on the Nef-interacting kinases LCK and PAK2. Furthermore, Nef substantially enhanced HIV-1 replication even in triple-KO MOLT-3 cells that simultaneously lacked the three Nef/AP-2 targets, SERINC3, SERINC5, and CD4, and were reconstituted with a Nef-resistant CD4 to permit HIV-1 entry. Nevertheless, the ability of Nef mutants to promote HIV-1 replication in the triple-KO cells correlated strictly with the ability to bind AP-2. In addition, knockdown and reconstitution experiments confirmed the involvement of AP-2. These observations raise the possibility that MOLT-3 cells express a novel antiviral factor that is downregulated by Nef in an AP-2-dependent manner. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 Nef protein hijacks a component of the cellular endocytic machinery called AP-2 to downregulate the viral receptor CD4 and the antiviral cellular membrane proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5. In the absence of Nef, SERINC3 and SERINC5 are taken up into viral particles, which reduces their infectivity. Surprisingly, in a T cell line called MOLT-3, Nef remains crucial for HIV-1 spreading in the absence of SERINC3 and SERINC5. We now show that this effect of Nef also does not depend on the cellular signaling molecules and Nef interaction partners LCK and PAK2. Nef was required for efficient HIV-1 spreading even in triple-knockout cells that completely lacked Nef/AP-2-sensitive CD4, in addition to the Nef/AP-2 targets SERINC3 and SERINC5. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the enhancement of HIV-1 spreading by Nef in the triple-knockout cells remained AP-2 dependent, which suggests the presence of an unknown antiviral factor that is sensitive to Nef/AP-2-mediated downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Olety
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoshiko Usami
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanfei Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Peters
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heinrich Göttlinger
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Vargas B, Boslett J, Yates N, Sluis-Cremer N. Mechanism by Which PF-3758309, a Pan Isoform Inhibitor of p21-Activated Kinases, Blocks Reactivation of HIV-1 Latency. Biomolecules 2023; 13:100. [PMID: 36671485 PMCID: PMC9855626 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The "block and lock" strategy is one approach that might elicit a sterilizing cure for HIV-1 infection. The "block" refers to a compound's ability to inhibit latent HIV-1 proviral transcription, while the "lock" refers to its capacity to induce permanent proviral silencing. We previously identified PF-3758309, a pan-isoform inhibitor of p21-activated kinases (PAKs), as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 latency reversal. The goal of this study was to define the mechanism(s) involved. We found that both 24ST1NLESG cells (a cell line model of HIV-1 latency) and purified CD4+ naïve and central memory T cells express high levels of PAK2 and lower levels of PAK1 and PAK4. Knockdown of PAK1 or PAK2, but not PAK4, in 24ST1NLESG cells resulted in a modest, but statistically significant, decrease in the magnitude of HIV-1 latency reversal. Overexpression of PAK1 significantly increased the magnitude of latency reversal. A phospho-protein array analysis revealed that PF-3758309 down-regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway, which provides the most likely mechanism by which PF-3758309 inhibits latency reversal. Finally, we used cellular thermal shift assays combined with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to ascertain whether PF-3758309 off-target binding contributed to its activity. In 24ST1NLESG cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PF-3758309 bound to mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and protein kinase A; however, knockdown of either of these kinases did not impact HIV-1 latency reversal. Collectively, our study suggests that PAK1 and PAK2 play a key role in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benni Vargas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James Boslett
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nathan Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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4
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Liu X, Xu M, Li P, Zhang W, Zeng LH, Yang Y, Yang G. Roles of lncRNAs in the transcription regulation of HIV-1. Biomed J 2022; 45:580-593. [PMID: 35364293 PMCID: PMC9486250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) is a class of RNA molecules that are more than 200bp but cannot be translated into proteins. More and more studies have proved that lncRNA plays a crucial role in various biological functions and disease processes, including virus infection. It's worth noting that studies have also shown that lncRNAs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), one of the lethal virus that can destroy immune system. Although lncRNA-mediated gene regulation involves a variety of mechanisms, such as transcription regulation, translation regulation, protein modification, and the formation of RNA-protein complexes, in this review, we primarily focus on the role of lncRNAs in HIV-1 transcription regulation, which is one of the most important mechanisms that control the activation and development of HIV-1. This review also briefly summarizes the latest research progress of lncRNAs related to HIV-1 infection and its potential application in HIV-1 therapy. Although there are antiretroviral drugs that interfere with the function of HIV-1 virus-encoded proteins, this treatment for the HIV-1 virus is limited by its ability to produce drug resistance. Hence, a further understanding of HIV-1 transcription regulation by lncRNAs might help develop non-traditional antiviral therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhu Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Yadong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Geng Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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De Martini W, Rahman R, Ojegba E, Jungwirth E, Macias J, Ackerly F, Fowler M, Cottrell J, Chu T, Chang SL. Kinases: Understanding Their Role in HIV Infection. WORLD JOURNAL OF AIDS 2019; 9:142-160. [PMID: 32257606 PMCID: PMC7118713 DOI: 10.4236/wja.2019.93011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs currently on the market primarily target proteins encoded by specific viruses. The drawback of these drugs is that they lack antiviral mechanisms that account for resistance or viral mutation. Thus, there is a pressing need for researchers to explore and investigate new therapeutic agents with other antiviral strategies. Viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) alter canonical signaling pathways to create a favorable biochemical environment for infectivity. We used Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to review the function of several cellular kinases and the resulting perturbed signaling pathways during HIV infection such as NF-κB signaling. These host cellular kinases such as ADK, PKR, MAP3K11 are involved during HIV infection at various stages of the life cycle. Additionally IPA analysis indicated that these modified host cellular kinases are known to have interactions with each other especially AKT1, a serine/threonine kinase involved in multiple pathways. We present a list of cellular host kinases and other proteins that interact with these kinases. This approach to understanding the relationship between HIV infection and kinase activity may introduce new drug targets to arrest HIV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William De Martini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Roksana Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Eduvie Ojegba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Emily Jungwirth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Jasmine Macias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Frederick Ackerly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Mia Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Tinchun Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, NJ, USA
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Mailler E, Waheed AA, Park SY, Gershlick DC, Freed EO, Bonifacino JS. The autophagy protein ATG9A promotes HIV-1 infectivity. Retrovirology 2019; 16:18. [PMID: 31269971 PMCID: PMC6607583 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nef is a multifunctional accessory protein encoded by HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV that plays critical roles in viral pathogenesis, contributing to viral replication, assembly, budding, infectivity and immune evasion, through engagement of various host cell pathways. RESULTS To gain a better understanding of the role of host proteins in the functions of Nef, we carried out tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry analysis, and identified over 70 HIV-1 Nef-interacting proteins, including the autophagy-related 9A (ATG9A) protein. ATG9A is a transmembrane component of the machinery for autophagy, a catabolic process in which cytoplasmic components are degraded in lysosomal compartments. Pulldown experiments demonstrated that ATG9A interacts with Nef from not only HIV-1 and but also SIV (cpz, smm and mac). However, expression of HIV-1 Nef had no effect on the levels and localization of ATG9A, and on autophagy, in the host cells. To investigate a possible role for ATG9A in virus replication, we knocked out ATG9A in HeLa cervical carcinoma and Jurkat T cells, and analyzed virus release and infectivity. We observed that ATG9A knockout (KO) had no effect on the release of wild-type (WT) or Nef-defective HIV-1 in these cells. However, the infectivity of WT virus produced from ATG9A-KO HeLa and Jurkat cells was reduced by ~ fourfold and eightfold, respectively, relative to virus produced from WT cells. This reduction in infectivity was independent of the interaction of Nef with ATG9A, and was not due to reduced incorporation of the viral envelope (Env) glycoprotein into the virus. The loss of HIV-1 infectivity was rescued by pseudotyping HIV-1 virions with the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that ATG9A promotes HIV-1 infectivity in an Env-dependent manner. The interaction of Nef with ATG9A, however, is not required for Nef to enhance HIV-1 infectivity. We speculate that ATG9A could promote infectivity by participating in either the removal of a factor that inhibits infectivity or the incorporation of a factor that enhances infectivity of the viral particles. These studies thus identify a novel host cell factor implicated in HIV-1 infectivity, which may be amenable to pharmacologic manipulation for treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mailler
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Abdul A Waheed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sang-Yoon Park
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric O Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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RNAi-Mediated Depletion of Poxvirus Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31240674 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9593-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) allows for transient, targeted depletion of cellular or viral proteins. Previously, small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens targeting cellular factors successfully identified several host genes that are required for VACV infection, and other viruses such as HIV. In this chapter, we outline how RNAi can be adapted to unravel the functions of poxvirus genes, using a 96-well format. Additionally, we describe two different high-throughput methods (flow cytometry and automated microscopy) to assess infection levels of an engineered VACV that encodes a fluorescent reporter protein under an early and/or late viral gene promoter.
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Biswal J, Jayaprakash P, Suresh Kumar R, Venkatraman G, Poopandi S, Rangasamy R, Jeyaraman J. Identification of Pak1 inhibitors using water thermodynamic analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:13-31. [PMID: 30661460 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1567393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (Paks) play an integral component in various cellular diverse processes. The full activation of Pak is dependent upon several serine residues present in the N-terminal region, a threonine present at the activation loop, and finally the phosphorylation of these residues ensure the complete activation of Pak1. The present study deals with the identification of novel potent candidates of Pak1 using computational methods as anti-cancer compounds. A diverse energy based pharmacophore (e-pharmacophore) was developed using four co-crystal inhibitors of Pak1 having pharmacophore features of 5 (DRDRR), 6 (DRHADR), and 7 (RRARDRP and DRRDADH) hypotheses. These models were used for rigorous screening against e-molecule database. The obtained hits were filtered using ADME/T and molecular docking to identify the high affinity binders. These hits were subjected to hierarchical clustering using dendritic fingerprint inorder to identify structurally diverse molecules. The diverse hits were scored against generated water maps to obtain WM/MM ΔG binding energy. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory calculations were performed on the final hits to understand the stability of the complexes. Five structurally diverse novel Pak1 inhibitors (4835785, 32198676, 32407813, 76038049, and 32945545) were obtained from virtual screening, water thermodynamics and WM/MM ΔG binding energy. All hits revealed similar mode of binding pattern with the hinge region residues replacing the unstable water molecules in the binding site. The obtained novel hits could be used as a platform to design potent drugs that could be experimentally tested against cancer patients having increased Pak1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Biswal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block Alagappa University, Karaikudi Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prajisha Jayaprakash
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block Alagappa University, Karaikudi Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rayala Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics College of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saritha Poopandi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block Alagappa University, Karaikudi Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghu Rangasamy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block Alagappa University, Karaikudi Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyakanthan Jeyaraman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block Alagappa University, Karaikudi Tamil Nadu, India
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John Von Freyend S, Kwok-Schuelein T, Netter HJ, Haqshenas G, Semblat JP, Doerig C. Subverting Host Cell P21-Activated Kinase: A Case of Convergent Evolution across Pathogens. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6020017. [PMID: 28430160 PMCID: PMC5488651 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to not only escape from the immune systems of their hosts, but also to directly exploit a variety of host factors to facilitate the infection process. One such strategy is to subvert host cell signalling pathways to the advantage of the pathogen. Recent research has highlighted that the human serine/threonine kinase PAK, or p21-activated kinase, is a central component of host-pathogen interactions in many infection systems involving viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic pathogens. PAK paralogues are found in most mammalian tissues, where they play vital roles in a wide range of functions. The role of PAKs in cell proliferation and survival, and their involvement in a number of cancers, is of great interest in the context of drug discovery. In this review we discuss the latest insights into the surprisingly central role human PAK1 plays for the infection by such different infectious disease agents as viruses, bacteria, and parasitic protists. It is our intention to open serious discussion on the applicability of PAK inhibitors for the treatment, not only of neoplastic diseases, which is currently the primary objective of drug discovery research targeting these enzymes, but also of a wide range of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona John Von Freyend
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Terry Kwok-Schuelein
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Hans J Netter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Gholamreza Haqshenas
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Christian Doerig
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Booiman T, Loukachov VV, van Dort KA, van ’t Wout AB, Kootstra NA. DYRK1A Controls HIV-1 Replication at a Transcriptional Level in an NFAT Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144229. [PMID: 26641855 PMCID: PMC4979971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription of the HIV-1 provirus is regulated by both viral and host proteins and is very important in the context of viral latency. In latently infected cells, viral gene expression is inhibited as a result of the sequestration of host transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. RESULTS In our present study we analyzed the effect of host factor dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) on HIV-1 replication. We show that DYRK1A controls HIV-1 replication by regulating provirus transcription. Downregulation or inhibition of DYRK1A increased LTR-driven transcription and viral replication in cell lines and primary PBMC. Furthermore, inhibition of DYRK1A resulted in reactivation of latent HIV-1 provirus to a similar extent as two commonly used broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors. We observed that DYRK1A regulates HIV-1 transcription via the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) by promoting its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Therefore, inhibition of DYRK1A results in increased nuclear levels of NFAT and increased NFAT binding to the viral LTR and thus increasing viral transcription. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that host factor DYRK1A plays a role in the regulation of viral transcription and latency. Therefore, DYRK1A might be an attractive candidate for therapeutic strategies targeting the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Booiman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir V. Loukachov
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel A. van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angélique B. van ’t Wout
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Neuroinflammation-Induced Interactions between Protease-Activated Receptor 1 and Proprotein Convertases in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3684-700. [PMID: 26283733 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00764-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertases (PCs) furin, PC5, PACE4, and PC7 cleave secretory proteins after basic residues, including the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp160) and Vpr. We evaluated the abundance of PC mRNAs in postmortem brains of individuals exhibiting HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), likely driven by neuroinflammation and neurotoxic HIV proteins (e.g., envelope and Vpr). Concomitant with increased inflammation-related gene expression (interleukin-1β [IL-1β]), the mRNA levels of the above PCs are significantly increased, together with those of the proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), an inflammation-associated receptor that is cleaved by thrombin at ProArg41↓ (where the down arrow indicates the cleavage location), and potentially by PCs at Arg41XXXXArg46↓. The latter motif in PAR1, but not its R46A mutant, drives its interactions with PCs. Indeed, PAR1 upregulation leads to the inhibition of membrane-bound furin, PC5B, and PC7 and inhibits gp160 processing and HIV infectivity. Additionally, a proximity ligation assay revealed that furin and PC7 interact with PAR1. Reciprocally, increased furin expression reduces the plasma membrane abundance of PAR1 by trapping it in the trans-Golgi network. Furthermore, soluble PC5A/PACE4 can target/disarm cell surface PAR1 through cleavage at Arg46↓. PACE4/PC5A decreased calcium mobilization induced by thrombin stimulation. Our data reveal a new PC-PAR1-interaction pathway, which offsets the effects of HIV-induced neuroinflammation, viral infection, and potentially the development of HAND.
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Abstract
The discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the elucidation of the mechanisms by which they affect different disease states are providing researchers with a better understanding of a wide array of disease pathways. Moreover, lncRNAs are presenting themselves as both unique diagnostic biomarkers as well as novel targets against which to develop new therapeutics. Here we will explore the intricate network of non-coding RNAs associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Non-coding RNAs derived from both the human host as well as those from HIV itself are emerging as important regulatory elements. We discuss here the various mechanisms through which both small and long non-coding RNAs impact viral replication, pathogenesis and disease progression. Given the lack of an effective vaccine or cure for HIV and the scale of the current pandemic, a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between non-coding RNAs and HIV will support the development of innovative strategies for the treatment of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sheena M Saayman
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Recent strategies and progress in identifying host factors involved in virus replication. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:79-88. [PMID: 26112615 PMCID: PMC7185747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are completely dependent on their host cells for the successful production of progeny viruses. At each stage of the viral life cycle an intricate interplay between virus and host takes place with the virus aiming to usurp the host cell for its purposes and the host cell trying to block the intruder from propagation. In recent years these interactions have been studied on a global level by systems biology approaches, such as RNA interference screens, transcriptomic or proteomic methodologies, and exciting new insights into the pathogen-host relationship have been revealed. In this review, we summarize the available data, give examples for important findings from such studies and point out current limitations and potential future directions.
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Rudolph J, Crawford JJ, Hoeflich KP, Wang W. Inhibitors of p21-activated kinases (PAKs). J Med Chem 2014; 58:111-29. [PMID: 25415869 DOI: 10.1021/jm501613q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases plays important roles in cytoskeletal organization, cellular morphogenesis, and survival, and members of this family have been implicated in many diseases including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. Owing to their large and flexible ATP binding cleft, PAKs, particularly group I PAKs (PAK1, -2, and -3), are difficult to drug; hence, few PAK inhibitors with satisfactory kinase selectivity and druglike properties have been reported to date. Examples are a recently discovered group II PAK (PAK4, -5, -6) selective inhibitor series based on a benzimidazole core, a group I PAK selective series based on a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-one core, and an allosteric dibenzodiazepine PAK1 inhibitor series. Only one compound, an aminopyrazole based pan-PAK inhibitor, entered clinical trials but did not progress beyond phase I trials. Clinical proof of concept for pan-group I, pan-group II, or PAK isoform selective inhibition has yet to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Rudolph
- Discovery Chemistry, and ‡Structural Biology, Genentech , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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16
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Abstract
Eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral pathogens are known to interfere with signaling pathways of their host to promote their own survival and proliferation. Here, we present selected examples of modulation of PAK activity in human cells by both intracellular and extracellular pathogens, focusing on one eukaryotic pathogen, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, two Gram-negative bacteria (Helicobacter pylori and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and two viruses belonging to distinct groups, the lentivirus HIV and the orthomyxovirus Influenza virus A.
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Yamamoto M, Onogi H, Kii I, Yoshida S, Iida K, Sakai H, Abe M, Tsubota T, Ito N, Hosoya T, Hagiwara M. CDK9 inhibitor FIT-039 prevents replication of multiple DNA viruses. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3479-88. [PMID: 25003190 DOI: 10.1172/jci73805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of antiviral drugs is currently available; however, drug-resistant viruses have begun to emerge and represent a potential public health risk. Here, we explored the use of compounds that inhibit or interfere with the action of essential host factors to prevent virus replication. In particular, we focused on the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, FIT-039, which suppressed replication of a broad spectrum of DNA viruses through inhibition of mRNA transcription. Specifically, FIT-039 inhibited replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human adenovirus, and human cytomegalovirus in cultured cells, and topical application of FIT-039 ointment suppressed skin legion formation in a murine HSV-1 infection model. FIT-039 did not affect cell cycle progression or cellular proliferation in host cells. Compared with the general CDK inhibitor flavopiridol, transcriptome analyses of FIT-039-treated cells revealed that FIT-039 specifically inhibited CDK9. Given at concentrations above the inhibitory concentration, FIT-039 did not have a cytotoxic effect on mammalian cells. Importantly, administration of FIT-039 ameliorated the severity of skin lesion formation in mice infected with an acyclovir-resistant HSV-1, without noticeable adverse effects. Together, these data indicate that FIT-039 has potential as an antiviral agent for clinical therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Acyclovir/pharmacology
- Adenoviruses, Human/drug effects
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/toxicity
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytomegalovirus/drug effects
- Cytomegalovirus/physiology
- DNA Viruses/drug effects
- DNA Viruses/genetics
- DNA Viruses/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/toxicity
- Pyridines/chemistry
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/toxicity
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcriptome/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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18
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Saunders DN, Falkenberg KJ, Simpson KJ. High-throughput approaches to measuring cell death. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:591-601. [PMID: 24890217 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is integral to developmental and disease processes, and high-throughput screening (HTS) has been instrumental both for understanding biological mechanisms underlying cell death and for discovering novel therapeutic agents targeting these pathways. The various cell death modalities and their distinctive morphological and biochemical features have led to the development of a staggering variety of assays to measure these features, many of which have been adapted to HTS format. Although not all cell death assays are readily amenable to a high-throughput format, the potential power of HTS assays and increasing accessibility to associated technology make it likely that new approaches will continue to emerge. In particular, many recent studies in this field have used multiplex assays and high-content imaging to measure several features concurrently. Here, we discuss a broad array of considerations for designing HTS cell death assays, including some common challenges and pitfalls. We aim to provide a framework for deciding the most appropriate biological readouts, assay strategy and mode, workflow, controls, validation, and bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren N Saunders
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Katrina J Falkenberg
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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19
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Sargeant DP, Deverasetty S, Strong CL, Alaniz IJ, Bartlett A, Brandon NR, Brooks SB, Brown FA, Bufi F, Chakarova M, David RP, Dobritch KM, Guerra HP, Hedden MW, Kumra R, Levitt KS, Mathew KR, Matti R, Maza DQ, Mistry S, Novakovic N, Pomerantz A, Portillo J, Rafalski TF, Rathnayake VR, Rezapour N, Songao S, Tuggle SL, Yousif S, Dorsky DI, Schiller MR. The HIVToolbox 2 web system integrates sequence, structure, function and mutation analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98810. [PMID: 24886930 PMCID: PMC4041786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is enormous interest in studying HIV pathogenesis for improving the treatment of patients with HIV infection. HIV infection has become one of the best-studied systems for understanding how a virus can hijack a cell. To help facilitate discovery, we previously built HIVToolbox, a web system for visual data mining. The original HIVToolbox integrated information for HIV protein sequence, structure, functional sites, and sequence conservation. This web system has been used for almost 40,000 searches. We report improvements to HIVToolbox including new functions and workflows, data updates, and updates for ease of use. HIVToolbox2, is an improvement over HIVToolbox with new functions. HIVToolbox2 has new functionalities focused on HIV pathogenesis including drug-binding sites, drug-resistance mutations, and immune epitopes. The integrated, interactive view enables visual mining to generate hypotheses that are not readily revealed by other approaches. Most HIV proteins form multimers, and there are posttranslational modification and protein-protein interaction sites at many of these multimerization interfaces. Analysis of protease drug binding sites reveals an anatomy of drug resistance with different types of drug-resistance mutations regionally localized on the surface of protease. Some of these drug-resistance mutations have a high prevalence in specific HIV-1 M subtypes. Finally, consolidation of Tat functional sites reveals a hotspot region where there appear to be 30 interactions or posttranslational modifications. A cursory analysis with HIVToolbox2 has helped to identify several global patterns for HIV proteins. An initial analysis with this tool identifies homomultimerization of almost all HIV proteins, functional sites that overlap with multimerization sites, a global drug resistance anatomy for HIV protease, and specific distributions of some DRMs in specific HIV M subtypes. HIVToolbox2 is an open-access web application available at [http://hivtoolbox2.bio-toolkit.com].
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Sargeant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Deverasetty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Christy L. Strong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Izua J. Alaniz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Alexandria Bartlett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Brandon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Steven B. Brooks
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Frederick A. Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Flaviona Bufi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Monika Chakarova
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Roxanne P. David
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Karlyn M. Dobritch
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Horacio P. Guerra
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Hedden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Rma Kumra
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kelvy S. Levitt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kiran R. Mathew
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Ray Matti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Dorothea Q. Maza
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sabyasachy Mistry
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Nemanja Novakovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Austin Pomerantz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Josue Portillo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Rafalski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Viraj R. Rathnayake
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Noura Rezapour
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sarah Songao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sean L. Tuggle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sandy Yousif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - David I. Dorsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martin R. Schiller
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Maruta H. Herbal therapeutics that block the oncogenic kinase PAK1: a practical approach towards PAK1-dependent diseases and longevity. Phytother Res 2013; 28:656-72. [PMID: 23943274 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over 35 years research on PAKs, RAC/CDC42(p21)-activated kinases, comes of age, and in particular PAK1 has been well known to be responsible for a variety of diseases such as cancer (mainly solid tumors), Alzheimer's disease, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and other viral/bacterial infections, inflammatory diseases (asthma and arthritis), diabetes (type 2), neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, learning disability, autism, etc. Although several distinct synthetic PAK1-blockers have been recently developed, no FDA-approved PAK1 blockers are available on the market as yet. Thus, patients suffering from these PAK1-dependent diseases have to rely on solely a variety of herbal therapeutics such as propolis and curcumin that block PAK1 without affecting normal cell growth. Furthermore, several recent studies revealed that some of these herbal therapeutics significantly extend the lifespan of nematodes (C. elegans) and fruit flies (Drosophila), and PAK1-deficient worm lives longer than the wild type. Here, I outline mainly pathological phenotypes of hyper-activated PAK1 and a list of herbal therapeutics that block PAK1, but cause no side (harmful) effect on healthy people or animals.
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21
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Chan CP, Siu YT, Kok KH, Ching YP, Tang HMV, Jin DY. Group I p21-activated kinases facilitate Tax-mediated transcriptional activation of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 long terminal repeats. Retrovirology 2013; 10:47. [PMID: 23622267 PMCID: PMC3651266 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis. HTLV-1 encodes transactivator protein Tax that interacts with various cellular factors to modulate transcription and other biological functions. Additional cellular mediators of Tax-mediated transcriptional activation of HTLV-1 long terminal repeats (LTR) remain to be identified and characterized. Results In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of group I p21-activated kinases (Paks) in Tax-induced LTR activation. Both wild-type and kinase-dead mutants of Pak3 were capable of potentiating the activity of Tax to activate LTR transcription. The effect of Paks on the LTR was attributed to the N-terminal regulatory domain and required the action of CREB, CREB-regulating transcriptional coactivators (CRTCs) and p300/CREB-binding protein. Paks physically associated with Tax and CRTCs. Paks were recruited to the LTR in the presence of Tax. siRNAs against either Pak1 or Pak3 prevented the interaction of Tax with CRTC1 and the recruitment of Tax to the LTR. These siRNAs also inhibited LTR-dependent transcription in HTLV-1-transformed MT4 cells and in cells transfected with an infectious clone of HTLV-1. Conclusion Group I Paks augment Tax-mediated transcriptional activation of HTLV-1 LTR in a kinase-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ping Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Markle TJ, Philip M, Brockman MA. HIV-1 Nef and T-cell activation: a history of contradictions. Future Virol 2013; 8. [PMID: 24187576 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef is a multifunctional viral protein that contributes to higher plasma viremia and more rapid disease progression. Nef appears to accomplish this, in part, through modulation of T-cell activation; however, the results of these studies over the past 25 years have been inconsistent. Here, the history of contradictory observations related to HIV-1 Nef and its ability to modulate T-cell activation is reviewed, and recent reports that may help to explain Net's apparent ability to both inhibit and activate T cells are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J Markle
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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siRNA Genome Screening Approaches to Therapeutic Drug Repositioning. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:124-60. [PMID: 24275945 PMCID: PMC3816683 DOI: 10.3390/ph6020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bridging high-throughput screening (HTS) with RNA interference (RNAi) has allowed for rapid discovery of the molecular basis of many diseases, and identification of potential pathways for developing safe and effective treatments. These features have identified new host gene targets for existing drugs paving the pathway for therapeutic drug repositioning. Using RNAi to discover and help validate new drug targets has also provided a means to filter and prioritize promising therapeutics. This review summarizes these approaches across a spectrum of methods and targets in the host response to pathogens. Particular attention is given to the utility of drug repurposing utilizing the promiscuous nature of some drugs that affect multiple molecules or pathways, and how these biological pathways can be targeted to regulate disease outcome.
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Dziuba N, Ferguson MR, O'Brien WA, Sanchez A, Prussia AJ, McDonald NJ, Friedrich BM, Li G, Shaw MW, Sheng J, Hodge TW, Rubin DH, Murray JL. Identification of cellular proteins required for replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1329-39. [PMID: 22404213 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular proteins are essential for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and may serve as viable new targets for treating infection. Using gene trap insertional mutagenesis, a high-throughput approach based on random inactivation of cellular genes, candidate genes were found that limit virus replication when mutated. Disrupted genes (N=87) conferring resistance to lytic infection with several viruses were queried for an affect on HIV-1 replication by utilizing small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens in TZM-bl cells. Several genes regulating diverse pathways were found to be required for HIV-1 replication, including DHX8, DNAJA1, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, HAP1, KALRN, UBA3, UBE2E3, and VMP1. Candidate genes were independently tested in primary human macrophages, toxicity assays, and/or Tat-dependent β-galactosidase reporter assays. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that several host factors present in this study participate in canonical pathways and functional processes implicated in prior genome-wide studies. However, the genes presented in this study did not share identity with those found previously. Novel antiviral targets identified in this study should open new avenues for mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Dziuba
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Monique R. Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - William A. O'Brien
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Zirus, Inc., Buford, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anthony Sanchez
- Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew J. Prussia
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Institute for Drug Discovery (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Brian M. Friedrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Michael W. Shaw
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jinsong Sheng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Donald H. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Research Medicine, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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Crawford JJ, Hoeflich KP, Rudolph J. p21-Activated kinase inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:293-310. [PMID: 22404134 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.668758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases is activated by binding to the small (p21) GTP-binding proteins Cdc42 and Rac. The PAK family plays important roles in cytoskeletal organisation, cellular morphogenesis and survival, and members of this family have been implicated in a wide range of diseases including cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders and arthritis. AREAS COVERED The present review seeks to summarise recent (up to 2011) reports of small-molecule inhibitors of p21-activated kinases. Where patent applications describe activity against a broad range of kinases and no information was provided specifically on PAK inhibition, these are excluded from this review. In patents considered to be relevant, exemplary compounds were selected and highlighted based on their representation of the chemical matter claimed, potencies, structural features and subsequent disclosure of their properties. Selected information from non-patent literature was also included. EXPERT OPINION A considerable amount of research has been devoted over the past 15 years to exploring the role of PAKs in a wide range of diseases, with a focus on oncology. Published PAK inhibitors are still comparatively rare and few exhibit satisfactory kinase selectivity and 'drug-like' properties. A key question is which profile, pan-PAK, group selective or isoform selective, holds the most promise from both therapeutic and safety standpoints. To investigate this question, isoform-selective, as well as kinome-selective, PAK inhibitor tool compounds will be needed. Pfizer was the first company to progress a PAK inhibitor (pan-PAK) to clinical development; it is expected that, despite the difficulties, other PAK inhibitors will soon follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Crawford
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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26
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Chan PM, Manser E. PAKs in Human Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:171-87. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Friedrich BM, Dziuba N, Li G, Endsley MA, Murray JL, Ferguson MR. Host factors mediating HIV-1 replication. Virus Res 2011; 161:101-14. [PMID: 21871504 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) infection is the leading cause of death worldwide in adults attributable to infectious diseases. Although the majority of infections are in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, HIV-1 is also a major health concern in most countries throughout the globe. While current antiretroviral treatments are generally effective, particularly in combination therapy, limitations exist due to drug resistance occurring among the drug classes. Traditionally, HIV-1 drugs have targeted viral proteins, which are mutable targets. As cellular genes mutate relatively infrequently, host proteins may prove to be more durable targets than viral proteins. HIV-1 replication is dependent upon cellular proteins that perform essential roles during the viral life cycle. Maraviroc is the first FDA-approved antiretroviral drug to target a cellular factor, HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5, and serves to intercept viral-host protein-protein interactions mediating entry. Recent large-scale siRNA and shRNA screens have revealed over 1000 candidate host factors that potentially support HIV-1 replication, and have implicated new pathways in the viral life cycle. These host proteins and cellular pathways may represent important targets for future therapeutic discoveries. This review discusses critical cellular factors that facilitate the successive steps in HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Friedrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0435, United States.
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Genovesio A, Kwon YJ, Windisch MP, Kim NY, Choi SY, Kim HC, Jung S, Mammano F, Perrin V, Boese AS, Casartelli N, Schwartz O, Nehrbass U, Emans N. Automated Genome-Wide Visual Profiling of Cellular Proteins Involved in HIV Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:945-58. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111415521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide RNAi screens have identified >842 human genes that affect the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cycle. The list of genes implicated in infection differs between screens, and there is minimal overlap. A reason for this variance is the interdependence of HIV infection and host cell function, producing a multitude of indirect or pleiotropic cellular effects affecting the viral infection during RNAi screening. To overcome this, the authors devised a 15-dimensional phenotypic profile to define the viral infection block induced by CD4 silencing in HeLa cells. They demonstrate that this phenotypic profile excludes nonspecific, RNAi-based side effects and viral replication defects mediated by silencing of housekeeping genes. To achieve statistical robustness, the authors used automatically annotated RNAi arrays for seven independent genome-wide RNAi screens. This identified 56 host genes, which reliably reproduced CD4-like phenotypes upon HIV infection. The factors include 11 known HIV interactors and 45 factors previously not associated with HIV infection. As proof of concept, the authors confirmed that silencing of PAK1, Ku70, and RNAseH2A impaired HIV replication in Jurkat cells. In summary, multidimensional, visual profiling can identify genes required for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Institut Pasteur-Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neil Emans
- Institut Pasteur-Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Olivieri KC, Mukerji J, Gabuzda D. Nef-mediated enhancement of cellular activation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary T cells is dependent on association with p21-activated kinase 2. Retrovirology 2011; 8:64. [PMID: 21819585 PMCID: PMC3169461 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef is an important determinant of lentiviral pathogenicity that contributes to disease progression by enhancing viral replication and other poorly understood mechanisms. Nef mediates diverse functions including downmodulation of cell surface CD4 and MHC Class I, enhancement of viral infectivity, and enhancement of T cell activation. Nef interacts with a multiprotein signaling complex that includes Src family kinases, Vav1, CDC42, and activated PAK2 (p21-activated kinase 2). Although previous studies have attempted to identify a biological role for the Nef-PAK2 signaling complex, the importance of this complex and its constituent proteins in Nef function remains unclear. Results Here, we show that Nef mutants defective for PAK2-association, but functional for CD4 and MHC Class I downmodulation and infectivity enhancement, are also defective for the ability to enhance viral replication in primary T cells that are infected and subsequently activated by sub-maximal stimuli (1 μg/ml PHA-P). In contrast, these Nef mutants had little or no effect on HIV-1 replication in T cells activated by stronger stimuli (2 μg/ml PHA-P or anti-CD3/CD28-coated beads). Viruses bearing wild-type Nefs, but not Nef mutants defective for PAK2 association, enhanced NFAT and IL2 receptor promoter activity in Jurkat cells. Moreover, expression of wild-type Nefs, but not mutant Nefs defective for PAK2 association, was sufficient to enhance responsiveness of primary CD4 and CD8 T cells to activating stimuli in Nef-expressing and bystander cells. siRNA knockdown of PAK2 in Jurkat cells reduced NFAT activation induced by anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation both in the presence and absence of Nef, and expression of a PAK2 dominant mutant inhibited Nef-mediated enhancement of CD25 expression. Conclusion Nef-mediated enhancement of cellular activation and viral replication in primary T cells is dependent on PAK2 and on the strength of the activating stimuli, and correlates with the ability of Nef to associate with PAK2. PAK2 is likely to play a role in Nef-mediated enhancement of viral replication and immune activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Olivieri
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Federico M. HIV-protease inhibitors block the replication of both vesicular stomatitis and influenza viruses at an early post-entry replication step. Virology 2011; 417:37-49. [PMID: 21620431 PMCID: PMC7111985 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitors of HIV-1 protease (PIs) have been designed to block the activity of the viral aspartyl-protease. However, it is now accepted that this family of inhibitors can also affect the activity of cell proteases. Since the replication of many virus species requires the activity of host cell proteases, investigating the effects of PIs on the life cycle of viruses other than HIV would be of interest. Here, the potent inhibition induced by saquinavir and nelfinavir on the replication of both vesicular stomatitis and influenza viruses is described. These are unrelated enveloped RNA viruses infecting target cells upon endocytosis and intracellular fusion. The PI-induced inhibition was apparently a consequence of a block at the level of the fusion between viral envelope and endosomal membranes. These findings would open the way towards the therapeutic use of PIs against enveloped RNA viruses other than HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Federico
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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31
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De la Mota-Peynado A, Chernoff J, Beeser A. Identification of the atypical MAPK Erk3 as a novel substrate for p21-activated kinase (Pak) activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13603-11. [PMID: 21317288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.181743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The class I p21-activated kinases (Pak1-3) regulate many essential biological processes, including cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cellular transformation. Although many Pak substrates, including elements of MAPK signaling cascades, have been identified, it is likely that additional substrates remain to be discovered. Identification of such substrates, and determination of the consequences of their phosphorylation, is essential for a better understanding of class I Pak activity. To identify novel class I Pak substrates, we used recombinant Pak2 to screen high density protein microarrays. This approach identified the atypical MAPK Erk3 as a potential Pak2 substrate. Solution-based in vitro kinase assays using recombinant Erk3 confirmed the protein microarray results, and phospho-specific antisera identified serine 189, within the Erk3 activation loop, as a site directly phosphorylated by Pak2 in vitro. Erk3 protein is known to shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and we showed that selective inhibition of class I Pak kinase activity in cells promoted increased nuclear accumulation of Erk3. Pak inhibition in cells additionally reduced the extent of Ser(189) phosphorylation and inhibited the formation of Erk3-Prak complexes. Collectively, our results identify the Erk3 protein as a novel class I Pak substrate and further suggest a role for Pak kinase activity in atypical MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina De la Mota-Peynado
- Division of Biology and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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32
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Maruta H. Effective neurofibromatosis therapeutics blocking the oncogenic kinase PAK1. Drug Discov Ther 2011; 5:266-78. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2011.v5.6.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Although viruses are simple in structure and composition, their interactions with host cells are complex. Merely to gain entry, animal viruses make use of a repertoire of cellular processes that involve hundreds of cellular proteins. Although some viruses have the capacity to penetrate into the cytosol directly through the plasma membrane, most depend on endocytic uptake, vesicular transport through the cytoplasm, and delivery to endosomes and other intracellular organelles. The internalization may involve clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), macropinocytosis, caveolar/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, or a variety of other still poorly characterized mechanisms. This review focuses on the cell biology of virus entry and the different strategies and endocytic mechanisms used by animal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Mercer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Biochemistry, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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34
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Arhel N, Kirchhoff F. Host proteins involved in HIV infection: New therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:313-21. [PMID: 20018238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Arhel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 81089 Ulm, Germany.
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35
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Identification of host factors involved in borna disease virus cell entry through a small interfering RNA functional genetic screen. J Virol 2010; 84:3562-75. [PMID: 20071576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02274-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV), the prototypic member of the Bornaviridae family, within the order Mononegavirales, is highly neurotropic and constitutes an important model system for the study of viral persistence in the central nervous system (CNS) and associated disorders. The virus surface glycoprotein (G) has been shown to direct BDV cell entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis, but the mechanisms governing cell tropism and propagation of BDV within the CNS are unknown. We developed a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screening to identify cellular genes and pathways that specifically contribute to BDV G-mediated cell entry. Our screen relied on silencing-mediated increased survival of cells infected with rVSVDeltaG*/BDVG, a cytolytic recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing BDV G that mimics the cell tropism and entry pathway of bona fide BDV. We identified 24 cellular genes involved in BDV G-mediated cell entry. Identified genes are known to participate in a broad range of distinct cellular functions, revealing a complex process associated with BDV cell entry. The siRNA-based screening strategy we have developed should be applicable to identify cellular genes contributing to cell entry mediated by surface G proteins of other viruses.
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36
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Van den Broeke C, Radu M, Chernoff J, Favoreel HW. An emerging role for p21-activated kinases (Paks) in viral infections. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:160-9. [PMID: 20071173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated protein kinases (Paks) are cytosolic serine/threonine protein kinases that act as effectors for small (p21) GTPases of the Cdc42 and Rac families. It has long been established that Paks play a major role in a host of vital cellular functions such as proliferation, survival and motility, and abnormal Pak function is associated with a number of human diseases. Here, we discuss emerging evidence that these enzymes also play a major role in the entry, replication and spread of many important pathogenic human viruses, including HIV. Careful assessment of the potential role of Paks in antiviral immunity will be pivotal to evaluate thoroughly the potential of agents that inhibit Pak as a new class of anti-viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Van den Broeke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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37
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Monette A, Ajamian L, López-Lastra M, Mouland AJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induces the cytoplasmic retention of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 by disrupting nuclear import: implications for HIV-1 gene expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31350-62. [PMID: 19737937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.048736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) co-opts host proteins and cellular machineries to its advantage at every step of the replication cycle. Here we show that HIV-1 enhances heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 expression and promotes the relocalization of hnRNP A1 to the cytoplasm. The latter was dependent on the nuclear export of the unspliced viral genomic RNA (vRNA) and to alterations in the abundance and localization of the FG-repeat nuclear pore glycoprotein p62. hnRNP A1 and vRNA remain colocalized in the cytoplasm supporting a post-nuclear function during the late stages of HIV-1 replication. Consistently, we show that hnRNP A1 acts as an internal ribosomal entry site trans-acting factor up-regulating internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation initiation of the HIV-1 vRNA. The up-regulation and cytoplasmic retention of hnRNP A1 by HIV-1 would ensure abundant expression of viral structural proteins in cells infected with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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38
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Abstract
Basic research in the field of molecular biology led to the discovery of the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) in Caenorhabditis elegans in 1998. RNAi is now widely appreciated as an important gene control mechanism in mammals, and several RNAi-based gene-silencing applications have already been used in clinical trials. In this review I will discuss RNAi approaches to inhibit the pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), which establishes a chronic infection that would most likely require a durable gene therapy approach. Viruses, such as HIV-1, are particularly difficult targets for RNAi attack because they mutate frequently, which allows viral escape by mutation of the RNAi target sequence. Combinatorial RNAi strategies are required to prevent viral escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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39
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Abstract
As obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses rely on host-cell functions for most aspects of their replication cycle. This is born out during entry, when most viruses that infect vertebrate and insect cells exploit the endocytic activities of the host cell to move into the cytoplasm. Viruses belonging to vaccinia, adeno, picorna and other virus families have been reported to take advantage of macropinocytosis, an endocytic mechanism normally involved in fluid uptake. The virus particles first activate signalling pathways that trigger actin-mediated membrane ruffling and blebbing. Usually, this is followed by the formation of large vacuoles (macropinosomes) at the plasma membrane, internalization of virus particles and penetration by the viruses or their capsids into the cytosol through the limiting membrane of the macropinosomes. We review the molecular machinery involved in macropinocytosis and describe what is known about its role in virus entry.
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40
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Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) can be employed as a potent antiviral mechanism. OBJECTIVE To discuss RNAi approaches to target pathogenic human viruses causing acute or chronic infections, in particular RNAi gene therapy against HIV-1. METHODS A review of relevant literature. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The future of antiviral RNAi therapeutics is very promising. RNAi was discovered only a decade ago, and although we are still in the early days, the first clinical trials are already ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Berkhout
- Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Alphaherpesvirus US3-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is mediated by group A p21-activated kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8707-12. [PMID: 19435845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900436106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The US3 protein is a viral serine/threonine kinase that is conserved among all members of the Alphaherpesvirinae. The US3 protein of different alphaherpesviruses causes dramatic alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, such as the disassembly of actin stress fibers and formation of cell projections, which have been associated with increased intercellular virus spread. Here, we find that inhibiting group A p21-activated kinases (PAKs), which are key regulators in Cdc42/Rac1 Rho GTPase signaling pathways, impairs US3-mediated actin alterations. By using PAK1(-/-) and PAK2(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), we show that US3-mediated stress fiber disassembly requires PAK2, whereas US3-mediated cell projection formation mainly is mediated by PAK1, also indicating that PAK1 and PAK2 can have different biological effects on the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, US3 was found to bind and phosphorylate group A PAKs. Lack of group A PAKs in MEFs was correlated with inefficient virus spread. Thus, US3 induces its effect on the actin cytoskeleton via group A PAKs.
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42
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Demestre M, Messerli SM, Celli N, Shahhossini M, Kluwe L, Mautner V, Maruta H. CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester)-based propolis extract (Bio 30) suppresses the growth of human neurofibromatosis (NF) tumor xenografts in mice. Phytother Res 2009; 23:226-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Chen M, Du Q, Zhang HY, Wang X, Liang Z. High-throughput screening using siRNA (RNAi) libraries. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 7:281-91. [PMID: 17489735 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has become one of the most important research tools in functional genomics analysis ever since the discovery of the phenomenon. The robustness of the method has enabled construction of RNAi libraries in the forms of long double-stranded RNA or short-interfering RNA that can cover the whole or significant parts of the genomes of different organisms. Over the last few years, such libraries have been used in different high-throughput formats to establish functional links between genes and phenotypes. In this review, available RNAi library resources and application of these strategic tools will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Chen
- Chinese Human Genome Center Beijing, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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44
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Busschots K, De Rijck J, Christ F, Debyser Z. In search of small molecules blocking interactions between HIV proteins and intracellularcofactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:21-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b810306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA
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46
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Abstract
Therapeutic options against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continue to expand with the development of new drugs and new therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, management of HIV-1 infected individuals has become increasingly complex. The emergence of drug-resistant variants, the growing recognition of the long-term toxicity of antiretroviral therapies and the persistence of viral reservoirs justify the continued efforts to develop new anti-HIV-1 strategies. Recent advances regarding the utility of RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) to specifically inhibit HIV-1 replication have opened new possibilities for the development of gene-based therapies against HIV-1 infection. Here, the recent advances in siRNA-based therapies are reviewed.
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47
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UnPAKing the class differences among p21-activated kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:394-403. [PMID: 18639460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are signal transducers, central to many vital cellular processes, including cell morphology, motility, survival, gene transcription and hormone signalling. The mammalian PAK family contains six serine/threonine kinases divided into two subgroups, group I (PAK 1-3) and group II (PAK4-6), based on their domain architecture and regulation. PAKs functioning as dynamic signalling nodes present themselves as attractive therapeutic targets in tumours, neurological diseases and infection. The recent findings across all PAKs, including newly reported structures, shed light on the cellular functions of PAKs, highlighting molecular mechanisms of activation, catalysis and substrate specificity. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the entire PAK family is essential for developing strategies towards PAK-targeted therapeutics.
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48
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Liu YP, Haasnoot J, ter Brake O, Berkhout B, Konstantinova P. Inhibition of HIV-1 by multiple siRNAs expressed from a single microRNA polycistron. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:2811-24. [PMID: 18346971 PMCID: PMC2396423 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. However, HIV-1 can escape from RNAi-mediated antiviral therapy by selection of mutations in the targeted sequence. To prevent viral escape, multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against conserved viral sequences should be combined. Ideally, these RNA inhibitors should be expressed simultaneously from a single transgene transcript. In this study, we tested a multiplex microRNA (miRNA) expression strategy by inserting multiple effective anti-HIV siRNA sequences in the miRNA polycistron mir-17-92. Individual anti-HIV miRNAs that resemble the natural miRNA structures were optimized by varying the siRNA position in the hairpin stem to obtain maximal effectiveness against luciferase reporters and HIV-1. We show that an antiviral miRNA construct can have a greater intrinsic inhibitory activity than a conventional short hairpin (shRNA) construct. When combined in a polycistron setting, the silencing activity of an individual miRNA is strongly boosted. We demonstrate that HIV-1 replication can be efficiently inhibited by simultaneous expression of four antiviral siRNAs from the polycistronic miRNA transcript. These combined results indicate that a multiplex miRNA strategy may be a promising therapeutic approach to attack escape-prone viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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XBP-1, a novel human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax binding protein, activates HTLV-1 basal and tax-activated transcription. J Virol 2008; 82:4343-53. [PMID: 18287238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02054-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, plays a key role in the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR). There are two XBP-1 isoforms in cells, spliced XBP-1S and unspliced XBP-1U. XBP-1U has been shown to bind to the 21-bp Tax-responsive element of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) in vitro and transactivate HTLV-1 transcription. Here we identify XBP-1S as a transcription activator of HTLV-1. Compared to XBP-1U, XBP-1S demonstrates stronger activating effects on both basal and Tax-activated HTLV-1 transcription in cells. Our results show that both XBP-1S and XBP-1U interact with Tax and bind to the HTLV-1 LTR in vivo. In addition, elevated mRNA levels of the gene for XBP-1 and several UPR genes were detected in the HTLV-1-infected C10/MJ and MT2 T-cell lines, suggesting that HTLV-1 infection may trigger the UPR in host cells. We also identify Tax as a positive regulator of the expression of the gene for XBP-1. Activation of the UPR by tunicamycin showed no effect on the HTLV-1 LTR, suggesting that HTLV-1 transcription is specifically regulated by XBP-1. Collectively, our study demonstrates a novel host-virus interaction between a cellular factor XBP-1 and transcriptional regulation of HTLV-1.
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50
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Research highlights. Nat Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0208-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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