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Krupińska AM, Bogucki Z. Lactoferrin as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:308-313. [PMID: 38777122 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of prostheses in the oral cavity creates favorable conditions for Candida colonization, which may subsequently lead to Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS). Due to its many contributing factors and frequent relapses, CADS is difficult to manage. Given the rise in drug resistance among fungal species, it is critical to develop new therapeutic approaches, reduce the required dosage of medications, and minimize the toxicity and side effects of therapy. HIGHLIGHT Salivary lactoferrin, a multifunctional glycoprotein, is thought to be the first line of defense against microbial invasion of mucosal surfaces. CONCLUSION Current research emphasizes the capability of lactoferrin and its derivatives to eliminate a broad spectrum of Candida species. It may be an appealing option for use in monotherapy or in combination with common medications for oral stomatitis treatment. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of lactoferrin's anti-fungal effects in oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zdzisław Bogucki
- Department and Division of Dental Prosthetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wyb. Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland
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Costa I, Lopes I, Morais M, Silva R, Remião F, Medeiros R, Alves LG, Pinto E, Cerqueira F. Disclosing the Antifungal Mechanisms of the Cyclam Salt H 4[H 2( 4-CF3PhCH 2) 2Cyclam]Cl 4 against Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5209. [PMID: 38791254 PMCID: PMC11121207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoses are one of the major causes of morbidity/mortality among immunocompromised individuals. Considering the importance of these infections, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined a priority list of fungi for health in 2022 that include Candida albicans as belonging to the critical priority group and Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei) to the medium priority group. The existence of few available antifungal drugs, their high toxicity, the acquired fungal resistance, and the appearance of new species with a broader spectrum of resistance, points out the need for searching for new antifungals, preferably with new and multiple mechanisms of action. The cyclam salt H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 was previously tested against several fungi and revealed an interesting activity, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8 µg/mL for C. krusei and of 128 µg/mL for C. albicans. The main objective of the present work was to deeply understand the mechanisms involved in its antifungal activity. The effects of the cyclam salt on yeast metabolic viability (resazurin reduction assay), yeast mitochondrial function (JC-1 probe), production of reactive oxygen species (DCFH-DA probe) and on intracellular ATP levels (luciferin/luciferase assay) were evaluated. H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 induced a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of both C. albicans and C. krusei, an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, and an impaired mitochondrial function. The latter was observed by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and decrease in ATP intracellular levels, mechanisms that seems to be involved in the antifungal activity of H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4. The interference of the cyclam salt with human cells revealed a CC50 value against HEK-293 embryonic kidney cells of 1.1 μg/mL and a HC10 value against human red blood cells of 0.8 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.C.); (R.S.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Morais
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.C.); (R.S.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.C.); (R.S.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís G. Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural—Institute of Molecular Sciences, Associação do Instituto Superior Técnico para a Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Av. António José de Almeida nº 12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cerqueira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
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Zhang L, Meng Z, Calderone R, Liu W, She X, Li D. Mitochondria complex I deficiency in Candida albicans arrests the cell cycle at S phase through suppressive TOR and PKA pathways. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae010. [PMID: 38592962 PMCID: PMC11008738 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
How mutations in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) proteins impact the cell cycle of Candida albicans was investigated in this study. Using genetic null mutants targeting ETC complexes I (CI), III (CIII), and IV (CIV), the cell cycle stages (G0/G1, S phase, and G2/M) were analyzed via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Four CI null mutants exhibited distinct alterations, including extended S phase, shortened G2/M population, and a reduction in cells size exceeding 10 µM. Conversely, CIII mutants showed an increased population in G1/G0 phase. Among four CI mutants, ndh51Δ/Δ and goa1Δ/Δ displayed aberrant cell cycle patterns correlated with previously reported cAMP/PKA downregulation. Specifically, nuo1Δ/Δ and nuo2Δ/Δ mutants exhibited increased transcription of RIM15, a central hub linking cell cycle with nutrient-dependent TOR1 and cAMP/PKA pathways and Snf1 aging pathway. These findings suggest that suppression of TOR1 and cAMP/PKA pathways or enhanced Snf1 disrupts cell cycle progression, influencing cell longevity and growth among CI mutants. Overall, our study highlights the intricate interplay between mitochondrial ETC, cell cycle, and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.155 Hanzhong Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, United States
| | - Zhou Meng
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), No. 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Naning, 210042, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, United States
| | - Weida Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), No. 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Naning, 210042, China
| | - Xiaodong She
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, United States
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), No. 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Xuanwu District, Naning, 210042, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, United States
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Valderrama V, Sánchez P, Delso M, Díaz-Dosque M, Escobar A, Budini M, Catalán M, Vivar R, López-Muñoz R, Jara JA, Molina-Berríos A. Gallic acid triphenylphosphonium derivatives TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 inhibit mitochondrial function in Candida albicans exerting antifungal and antibiofilm effects. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad316. [PMID: 38148145 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of gallic acid derivatives TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 and their effects on mitochondrial function on two Candida albicans reference strains (ATCC 90029 and ATCC 10231). METHODS AND RESULTS First, we determined minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a microdilution assay. Both compounds exerted antifungal effects, and their MICs ranged from 3.9 to 13 µM, with no statistically significant differences between them (P > 0.05, t-test). These concentrations served as references for following assays. Subsequently, we measured oxygen consumption with a Clark electrode. Our observations revealed that both drugs inhibited oxygen consumption in both strains with TPP+-C12 exerting a more pronounced inhibitory effect. We then employed flow cytometry with TMRE as a probe to assess mitochondrial membrane potential. For each strain assayed, the compounds induced a decay in transmembrane potential by 75%-90% compared to the control condition (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Then, we measured ATP levels using a commercial kit. TPP+-C12 showed a 50% decrease of ATP content (P < 0.05 ANOVA), while TPP+-C10 exhibited a less pronounced effect. Finally, we assessed the antibiofilm effect using the MTT reduction assay. Both compounds were effective, but TPP+-C12 displayed a greater potency, requiring a lower concentration to inhibit 50% of biofilms viability (P < 0.05, t-test). CONCLUSIONS Derivatives of gallic acid linked to a TPP+ group exert antifungal and antibiofilm activity through impairment of mitochondrial function in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Valderrama
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Paula Sánchez
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Macarena Delso
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mario Díaz-Dosque
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - José A Jara
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
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Sharma R, Gibb AA, Barnts K, Elrod JW, Puri S. Alternative oxidase promotes high iron tolerance in Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0215723. [PMID: 37929974 PMCID: PMC10714975 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The yeast C. albicans exhibits metabolic flexibility for adaptability to host niches with varying availability of nutrients including essential metals like iron. For example, blood is iron deplete, while the oral cavity and the intestinal lumen are considered iron replete. We show here that C. albicans can tolerate very high levels of environmental iron, despite an increase in high iron-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) that it mitigates with the help of a unique oxidase, known as alternative oxidase (AOX). High iron induces AOX1/2 that limits mitochondrial accumulation of ROS. Genetic elimination of AOX1/2 resulted in diminished virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasis in high iron mice. Since human mitochondria lack AOX protein, it represents a unique target for treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A. Gibb
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelcie Barnts
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W. Elrod
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Qin Y, Wang J, Lv Q, Han B. Recent Progress in Research on Mitochondrion-Targeted Antifungal Drugs: a Review. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0000323. [PMID: 37195189 PMCID: PMC10269089 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections, which commonly occur in immunocompromised patients, can cause high morbidity and mortality. Antifungal agents act by disrupting the cell membrane, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis and function, or inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase. Because the incidences of life-threatening fungal infections and antifungal drug resistance are continuously increasing, there is an urgent need for the development of new antifungal agents with novel mechanisms of action. Recent studies have focused on mitochondrial components as potential therapeutic drug targets, owing to their important roles in fungal viability and pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss novel antifungal drugs targeting mitochondrial components and highlight the unique fungal proteins involved in the electron transport chain, which is useful for investigating selective antifungal targets. Finally, we comprehensively summarize the efficacy and safety of lead compounds in clinical and preclinical development. Although fungus-specific proteins in the mitochondrion are involved in various processes, the majority of the antifungal agents target dysfunction of mitochondria, including mitochondrial respiration disturbance, increased intracellular ATP, reactive oxygen species generation, and others. Moreover, only a few drugs are under clinical trials, necessitating further exploration of possible targets and development of effective antifungal agents. The unique chemical structures and targets of these compounds will provide valuable hints for further exploiting new antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanzhen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zeng L, Huang Y, Tan J, Peng J, Hu N, Liu Q, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Huang X. QCR7 affects the virulence of Candida albicans and the uptake of multiple carbon sources present in different host niches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1136698. [PMID: 36923588 PMCID: PMC10009220 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1136698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that may cause life-threatening infections. Studies have shown that the cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 gene (QCR7) of C. albicans encodes a protein that forms a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III, making it an important target for studying the virulence of this yeast. However, to the best of our knowledge, the functions of QCR7 have not yet been characterized. Methods A QCR7 knockout strain was constructed using SN152, and BALb/c mice were used as model animals to determine the role of QCR7 in the virulence of C. albicans. Subsequently, the effects of QCR7 on mitochondrial functions and use of carbon sources were investigated. Next, its mutant biofilm formation and hyphal growth maintenance were compared with those of the wild type. Furthermore, the transcriptome of the qcr7Δ/Δ mutant was compared with that of the WT strain to explore pathogenic mechanisms. Results Defective QCR7 reduced recruitment of inflammatory cells and attenuated the virulence of C. albicans infection in vivo. Furthermore, the mutant influenced the use of multiple alternative carbon sources that exist in several host niches (GlcNAc, lactic acid, and amino acid, etc.). Moreover, it led to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the QCR7 knockout strain showed defects in biofilm formation or the maintenance of filamentous growth. The overexpression of cell-surface-associated genes (HWP1, YWP1, XOG1, and SAP6) can restore defective virulence phenotypes and the carbon-source utilization of qcr7Δ/Δ. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the mitochondria-based metabolism of C. albicans, accounting for its virulence and the use of variable carbon sources that promote C. albicans to colonize host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbing Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongcheng Huang
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junjun Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Niya Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - YanLi Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junzhu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Lv Q, Yan L, Wang J, Feng J, Gao L, Qiu L, Chao W, Qin YL, Jiang Y. Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals That the Potent Antifungal Pyrylium Salt Inhibits Mitochondrial Complex I in Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0320922. [PMID: 36790175 PMCID: PMC10100848 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03209-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the structural modification of SM21, xy12, a new pyrylium salt derivative with enhanced antifungal activities, was synthesized. The MICs (MIC90) of xy12 against Candida albicans ranged from 0.125 to 0.25 μg/mL, about 2-fold lower than those of SM21. In addition, xy12 inhibited hypha and biofilm formation in C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner. A total of 3,454 differentially expressed genes and 260 differential metabolites were identified in the xy12-treated C. albicans by RNA-seq and non-targeted metabolomics. By integrating KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we found that inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation was the important antifungal mechanism of action of xy12. Electron transport through mitochondrial respiratory complexes I to IV is the common process of oxidative phosphorylation. Compared with the sensitivity of the wild-type SC5314 to xy12, decreased sensitivities in mitochondrial complex I (CI)-deficient mutants and increased sensitivities in mitochondrial complex III- and IV-deficient mutants suggested that the antifungal effects of xy12 were dependent on CI. Consistently, xy12 exhibited antagonism with rotenone, an inhibitor of CI, and significantly inhibited the expression and activity of CI. Meanwhile, the phenotypes in the xy12-treated C. albicans were similar to those in the CI-deficient mutants, such as decreased ATP production, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, loss of mitochondrial DNA, inability to utilize nonfermentative carbon sources, and decreased cell wall N-linked mannoproteins. Collectively, our results revealed that the pyrylium salt xy12 could constrain oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I in C. albicans, providing a novel lead compound for the development of mitochondria-targeted antifungal drugs. IMPORTANCE The development of new antifungal drugs is critical for solving the problem of antifungal resistance and expanding the limited variety of clinical antifungal drugs. Based on the modification of the pyrylium salt SM21, a new lead compound, xy12, was synthesized which was effective against Candida species both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, conjoined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome elucidated the antifungal mechanism of action of xy12, which inhibited the activity of mitochondrial complex I in C. albicans. Targeting fungi-specific mitochondrial complex proteins has been reported as a promising antifungal strategy. Our study provided a new lead compound for targeting C. albicans mitochondrial complex I, which could be beneficial for discovering novel antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Feng
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Gao
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Qin
- Fudan University Minhang Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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9
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She X, Zhang P, Shi D, Peng J, Wang Q, Meng X, Jiang Y, Calderone R, Bellanti JA, Liu W, Li D. The mitochondrial complex I proteins of Candida albicans moderate phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in murine macrophages and dendritic cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22575. [PMID: 36208290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200275rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of respiratory functions impairs Candida albicans colonization of host tissues and virulence in a murine model of candidiasis. Furthermore, it is known that respiratory inhibitors decrease mannan synthesis and glucan exposure and thereby promotes phagocytosis. To understand the impact of respiratory proteins of C. albicans on host innate immunity, we characterized cell wall defects in three mitochondrial complex I (CI) null mutants (nuo1Δ, nuo2Δ and ndh51Δ) and in one CI regulator mutant (goa1Δ), and we studied the corresponding effects of these mutants on phagocytosis, neutrophil killing and cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs). We find that reductions of phosphopeptidomannan (PPM) in goa1Δ, nuo1Δ and phospholipomannan (PLM) in nuo2Δ lead to reductions of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 but increase of TNF-α in infected DCs. While PPM loss is a consequence of a reduced phospho-Cek1/2 MAPK that failed to promote phagocytosis and IL-22 production in goa1Δ and nuo1Δ, a 30% glucan reduction and a defective Mek1 MAPK response in ndh51Δ lead to only minor changes in phagocytosis and cytokine production. Glucan exposure and PLM abundance seem to remain sufficient to opsonize neutrophil killing perhaps via humoral immunity. The diversity of immune phenotypes in these mutants possessing divergent cell wall defects is further supported by their transcriptional profiles in each infected murine macrophage scenario. Since metabolic processes, oxidative stress-induced senescence, and apoptosis are differently affected in these scenarios, we speculate that during the early stages of infection, host immune cells coordinate their bioactivities based upon a mixture of signals generated during host-fungi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong She
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Sport Science Research Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Jingwen Peng
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Weida Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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10
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Li D, She X, Calderone R. Assessing Complex I (CI) Mitochondrial Subunit Protein Functions in Candida albicans. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2542:151-160. [PMID: 36008663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2549-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria of Candida species play critical roles in cell metabolism and pathogenesis. Greater emphasis in specific mitochondria activities of this fungus have been revealed through studies that defined fungal or Candida-specific subunit proteins of ETC Complexes I, III, and IV (CI, CIII, and CIV). Functional activities of these subunits have been characterized through the construction of single-gene null mutants. Activities common to mitochondria of most eukaryotes include their importance in metabolism, ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen consumption, and redox potential. An important difference among specific subunits compared to eukaryotic species is the role of CI fungal-specific subunit proteins in activities specific to Candida albicans, such as cell wall synthesis, especially cell wall mannan and β-glucan synthesis. We have associated cell wall synthesis with a signal transduction pathway that includes a Chk1p fungal-specific pathway. Recently, based upon the specificity of CI subunit specificities, a suggestion is the development of novel antifungals that target mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaodong She
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Skłodowski K, Chmielewska SJ, Depciuch J, Deptuła P, Piktel E, Daniluk T, Zakrzewska M, Czarnowski M, Cieśluk M, Durnaś B, Parlińska-Wojtan M, Savage PB, Bucki R. Ceragenin-Coated Non-Spherical Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Candidacidal Agents. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111940. [PMID: 34834355 PMCID: PMC8619546 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by Candida spp. have become one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, new effective fungicides are urgently needed, especially due to an escalating resistance crisis. METHODS A set of nanosystems with rod- (AuR), peanut- (AuP), and star-shaped (AuS) metal cores were synthesized. These gold nanoparticles were conjugated with ceragenins CSA-13, CSA-44, and CSA-131, and their activity was evaluated against Candida strains (n = 21) through the assessment of MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations)/MFCs (minimum fungicidal concentrations). Moreover, in order to determine the potential for resistance development, serial passages of Candida cells with tested nanosystems were performed. The principal mechanism of action of Au NPs was evaluated via ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation assessment, plasma membrane permeabilization, and release of the protein content. Finally, to evaluate the potential toxicity of Au NPs, the measurement of hemoglobin release from red blood cells (RBCs) was carried out. RESULTS All of the tested nanosystems exerted a potent candidacidal activity, regardless of the species or susceptibility to other antifungal agents. Significantly, no resistance development after 25 passages of Candida cells with AuR@CSA-13, AuR@CSA-44, and AuR@CSA-131 nanosystems was observed. Moreover, the fungicidal mechanism of action of the investigated nanosystems involved the generation of ROS, damage of the fungal cell membrane, and leakage of intracellular contents. Notably, no significant RBCs hemolysis at candidacidal doses of tested nanosystems was detected. CONCLUSIONS The results provide rationale for the development of gold nanoparticles of rod-, peanut-, and star-shaped conjugated with CSA-13, CSA-44, and CSA-131 as effective candidacidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Skłodowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Joanna Chmielewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Czarnowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bonita Durnaś
- The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collegium Modicum of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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12
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Fu C, Zhang X, Veri AO, Iyer KR, Lash E, Xue A, Yan H, Revie NM, Wong C, Lin ZY, Polvi EJ, Liston SD, VanderSluis B, Hou J, Yashiroda Y, Gingras AC, Boone C, O’Meara TR, O’Meara MJ, Noble S, Robbins N, Myers CL, Cowen LE. Leveraging machine learning essentiality predictions and chemogenomic interactions to identify antifungal targets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6497. [PMID: 34764269 PMCID: PMC8586148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens pose a global threat to human health, with Candida albicans among the leading killers. Systematic analysis of essential genes provides a powerful strategy to discover potential antifungal targets. Here, we build a machine learning model to generate genome-wide gene essentiality predictions for C. albicans and expand the largest functional genomics resource in this pathogen (the GRACE collection) by 866 genes. Using this model and chemogenomic analyses, we define the function of three uncharacterized essential genes with roles in kinetochore function, mitochondrial integrity, and translation, and identify the glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase Gln4 as the target of N-pyrimidinyl-β-thiophenylacrylamide (NP-BTA), an antifungal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci Fu
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Xiang Zhang
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Amanda O. Veri
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Kali R. Iyer
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Emma Lash
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Alice Xue
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Huijuan Yan
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Nicole M. Revie
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Cassandra Wong
- grid.250674.20000 0004 0626 6184Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Zhen-Yuan Lin
- grid.250674.20000 0004 0626 6184Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J. Polvi
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Sean D. Liston
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Benjamin VanderSluis
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Jing Hou
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Yoko Yashiroda
- grid.509461.fRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada ,grid.250674.20000 0004 0626 6184Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Charles Boone
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada ,grid.509461.fRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Teresa R. O’Meara
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Matthew J. O’Meara
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Suzanne Noble
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Nicole Robbins
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Chad L. Myers
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1 Canada
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13
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The SPFH Protein Superfamily in Fungi: Impact on Mitochondrial Function and Implications in Virulence. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112287. [PMID: 34835412 PMCID: PMC8624314 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins from the ancient SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, HflK/HflC) protein superfamily are found in nearly all living organisms. Mammalian SPFH proteins are primarily associated with mitochondrial functions but also coordinate key processes such as ion transport, signaling, and mechanosensation. In addition, SPFH proteins are required for virulence in parasites. While mitochondrial functions of SPFH proteins are conserved in fungi, recent evidence has uncovered additional roles for SPFH proteins in filamentation and stress signaling. Inhibitors that target SPFH proteins have been successfully used in cancer and inflammation treatment. Thus, SPFH proteins may serve as a potential target for novel antifungal drug development. This review article surveys SPFH function in various fungal species with a special focus on the most common human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans.
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14
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Lin R, Xia Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Xiang X, Niu X, Jiang L, Wang X, Zheng A. Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis and the Evolution of Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Groups. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707281. [PMID: 34616376 PMCID: PMC8488467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major energy source for cell functions. However, for the plant fungal pathogens, mitogenome variations and their roles during the host infection processes remain largely unknown. Rhizoctonia solani, an important soil-borne pathogen, forms different anastomosis groups (AGs) and adapts to a broad range of hosts in nature. Here, we reported three complete mitogenomes of AG1-IA RSIA1, AG1-IB RSIB1, and AG1-IC, and performed a comparative analysis with nine published Rhizoctonia mitogenomes (AG1-IA XN, AG1-IB 7/3/14, AG3, AG4, and five Rhizoctonia sp. mitogenomes). These mitogenomes encoded 15 typical proteins (cox1-3, cob, atp6, atp8-9, nad1-6, nad4L, and rps3) and several LAGLIDADG/GIY-YIG endonucleases with sizes ranging from 109,017 bp (Rhizoctonia sp. SM) to 235,849 bp (AG3). We found that their large sizes were mainly contributed by repeat sequences and genes encoding endonucleases. We identified the complete sequence of the rps3 gene in 10 Rhizoctonia mitogenomes, which contained 14 positively selected sites. Moreover, we inferred a robust maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 32 Basidiomycota mitogenomes, representing that seven R. solani and other five Rhizoctonia sp. lineages formed two parallel branches in Agaricomycotina. The comparative analysis showed that mitogenomes of Basidiomycota pathogens had high GC content and mitogenomes of R. solani had high repeat content. Compared to other strains, the AG1-IC strain had low substitution rates, which may affect its mitochondrial phylogenetic placement in the R. solani clade. Additionally, with the published RNA-seq data, we investigated gene expression patterns from different AGs during host infection stages. The expressed genes from AG1-IA (host: rice) and AG3 (host: potato) mainly formed four groups by k-mean partitioning analysis. However, conserved genes represented varied expression patterns, and only the patterns of rps3-nad2 and nad1-m3g18/mag28 (an LAGLIDADG endonuclease) were conserved in AG1-IA and AG3 as shown by the correlation coefficient analysis, suggesting regulation of gene repertoires adapting to infect varied hosts. The results of variations in mitogenome characteristics and the gene substitution rates and expression patterns may provide insights into the evolution of R. solani mitogenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Xiang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyu Niu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjia Jiang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
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15
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Tong Y, Zhang J, Sun N, Wang XM, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Huang R, Pu Y, Dai H, Ren B, Pei G, Song F, Zhu G, Wang X, Xia X, Chen X, Jiang L, Wang S, Ouyang L, Xie N, Zhang B, Jiang Y, Liu X, Calderone R, Bai F, Zhang L, Alterovitz G. Berberine reverses multidrug resistance in Candida albicans by hijacking the drug efflux pump Mdr1p. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1895-1905. [PMID: 36654399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical use of antimicrobials faces great challenges from the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. The overexpression of drug efflux pumps is one of the major contributors to multidrug resistance (MDR). Reversing the function of drug efflux pumps is a promising approach to overcome MDR. In the life-threatening fungal pathogen Candida albicans, the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter Mdr1p can excrete many structurally unrelated antifungals, leading to MDR. Here we report a counterintuitive case of reversing MDR in C. albicans by using a natural product berberine to hijack the overexpressed Mdr1p for its own importation. Moreover, we illustrate that the imported berberine accumulates in mitochondria and compromises the mitochondrial function by impairing mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial Complex I. This results in the selective elimination of Mdr1p overexpressed C. albicans cells. Furthermore, we show that berberine treatment can prolong the mean survival time of mice with blood-borne dissemination of Mdr1p overexpressed multidrug-resistant candidiasis. This study provides a potential direction of novel anti-MDR drug discovery by screening for multidrug efflux pump converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Nuo Sun
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiang-Ming Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Ren Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yingying Pu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huanqin Dai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ren
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gang Pei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fuhang Song
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuekui Xia
- Key Biosensor Laboratory of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China
| | - Xiangyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shenlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liming Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Buchang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Gil Alterovitz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA; National Artificial Intelligence Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC 20420, USA
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16
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Black B, Lee C, Horianopoulos LC, Jung WH, Kronstad JW. Respiring to infect: Emerging links between mitochondria, the electron transport chain, and fungal pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009661. [PMID: 34237096 PMCID: PMC8266039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Braydon Black
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher Lee
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Linda C. Horianopoulos
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Zhao Y, Lyu Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Tang C, Zhang Z, Li D, Zhang H. The fungal-specific subunit i/j of F1FO-ATP synthase stimulates the pathogenicity of Candida albicans independent of oxidative phosphorylation. Med Mycol 2021; 59:639-652. [PMID: 33269392 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Invasive fungal infections are a major cause of human mortality due in part to a very limited antifungal drug arsenal. The identification of fungal-specific pathogenic mechanisms is considered a crucial step to current antifungal drug development and represents a significant goal to increase the efficacy and reduce host toxicity. Although the overall architecture of F1FO-ATP synthase is largely conserved in both fungi and mammals, the subunit i/j (Su i/j, Atp18) and subunit k (Su k, Atp19) are proteins not found in mammals and specific to fungi. Here, the role of Su i/j and Su k in Candida albicans was characterized by an in vivo assessment of the virulence and in vitro growth and mitochondrial function. Strikingly, the atp18Δ/Δ mutant showed significantly reduced pathogenicity in systemic murine model. However, this substantial defect in infectivity exists without associated defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation or proliferation in vitro. Analysis of virulence-related traits reveals normal in both mutants, but shows cell wall defects in composition and architecture in the case of atp18Δ/Δ. We also find that the atp18Δ/Δ mutant is more susceptible to attack by macrophages than wild type, which may correlate well with the abnormal cell wall function and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in any of these studies for the atp19Δ/Δ. These results demonstrate that the fungal-specific Su i/j, but not Su k of F1FO-ATP synthase may play a critical role in C. albicans infectivity and represent another opportunity for new therapeutic target investigation. LAY ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate biological functions of fungal-specific subunit i/j and subunit k of ATP synthase in C. albicans oxidative phosphorylation and virulence potential. Our results revealed that subunit i/j, and not subunit k, is critical for C. albicans pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuixiu Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yishan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanyan Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanpeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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18
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Chang CK, Kao MC, Lan CY. Antimicrobial Activity of the Peptide LfcinB15 against Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070519. [PMID: 34209722 PMCID: PMC8306953 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferricin (Lfcin) is an amphipathic, cationic peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of the N-lobe of lactoferrin (Lf). Lfcin and its derivatives possess broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. However, unlike their antibacterial functions, the modes of action of Lfcin and its derivatives against pathogenic fungi are less well understood. In this study, the mechanisms of LfcinB15, a derivative of bovine Lfcin, against Candida albicans were, therefore, extensively investigated. LfcinB15 exhibited inhibitory activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species. We further demonstrated that LfcinB15 is localized on the cell surface and vacuoles of C. albicans cells. Moreover, LfcinB15 uses several different methods to kill C. albicans, including disturbing the cell membrane, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the Hog1 and Mkc1 mitogen-activated protein kinases were both activated in C. albicans cells in response to LfcinB15. These findings help us to obtain more insight into the complex mechanisms used by LfcinB15 and other Lfcin-derived peptides to fight fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Kang Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.K.); ; (C.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-3-5742473 (M.-C.K.); +886-3-5742472 (C.-Y.L.)
| | - Chung-Yu Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.K.); ; (C.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-3-5742473 (M.-C.K.); +886-3-5742472 (C.-Y.L.)
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19
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Mould DL, Hogan DA. Intraspecies heterogeneity in microbial interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 62:14-20. [PMID: 34034081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial interactions are increasingly recognized as an integral part of microbial physiology. Cell-cell communication mediated by quorum sensing and metabolite exchange is a formative element of microbial interactions. However, loss-of-function mutations in quorum-sensing components are common across diverse species. Furthermore, quorum sensing is modulated by small molecules and environmental conditions that may be altered in the presence of other microbial species. Recent evidence highlights how strain heterogeneity impacts microbial interactions. There is great potential for microbial interactions to act as selective pressures that influence the emergence of common mutations in quorum-sensing genes across the bacterial and fungal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas L Mould
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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20
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Mamouei Z, Singh S, Lemire B, Gu Y, Alqarihi A, Nabeela S, Li D, Ibrahim A, Uppuluri P. An evolutionarily diverged mitochondrial protein controls biofilm growth and virulence in Candida albicans. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3000957. [PMID: 33720927 PMCID: PMC8007014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A forward genetic screening approach identified orf19.2500 as a gene controlling Candida albicans biofilm dispersal and biofilm detachment. Three-dimensional (3D) protein modeling and bioinformatics revealed that orf19.2500 is a conserved mitochondrial protein, structurally similar to, but functionally diverged from, the squalene/phytoene synthases family. The C. albicans orf19.2500 is distinguished by 3 evolutionarily acquired stretches of amino acid inserts, absent from all other eukaryotes except a small number of ascomycete fungi. Biochemical assays showed that orf19.2500 is required for the assembly and activity of the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase Complex I (CI) of the respiratory electron transport chain (ETC) and was thereby named NDU1. NDU1 is essential for respiration and growth on alternative carbon sources, important for immune evasion, required for virulence in a mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, and for potentiating resistance to antifungal drugs. Our study is the first report on a protein that sets the Candida-like fungi phylogenetically apart from all other eukaryotes, based solely on evolutionary "gain" of new amino acid inserts that are also the functional hub of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mamouei
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shakti Singh
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Bernard Lemire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yiyou Gu
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Alqarihi
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Sunna Nabeela
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ashraf Ibrahim
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Priya Uppuluri
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Ke CL, Liao YT, Lin CH. MSS2 maintains mitochondrial function and is required for chitosan resistance, invasive growth, biofilm formation and virulence in Candida albicans. Virulence 2021; 12:281-297. [PMID: 33427576 PMCID: PMC7808435 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1870082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this study, by screening a C. albicans mutant library, we first identified that the MSS2 gene, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSS2 required for mitochondrial respiration, mediates chitosan resistance. Upon treatment with 0.2% chitosan, the growth of mss2Δ strains was strikingly impaired, and MSS2 expression was significantly repressed by chitosan. Furthermore, mss2Δ strains exhibited slow growth on medium supplemented with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Similar to the chitosan-treated wild-type strain, the mss2Δ strain exhibited a significantly impaired ATP production ability. These data suggest that an antifungal mechanism of chitosan against C. albicans acts by inhibiting MSS2 gene expression, leading to repression of mitochondrial function. Normal respiratory function is suggested to be required for fungal virulence. Interestingly, the mss2Δ mutant strains exhibited significantly impaired invasive ability in vitro and ex vivo but retained normal hyphal development ability in liquid medium. Furthermore, the MSS2 deletion strains could not form robust biofilms and exhibited significantly reduced virulence. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the antifungal effect of chitosan against C. albicans is mediated via inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis. These data may provide another strategy for antifungal drug development via inhibition of fungal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ling Ke
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Peng X, Yu Q, Liu Y, Ma T, Li M. Study on the Function of the Inositol Polyphosphate Kinases Kcs1 and Vip1 of Candida albicans in Energy Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:566069. [PMID: 33362729 PMCID: PMC7758236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.566069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, inositol polyphosphate kinase KCS1 but not VIP1 knockout is of great significance for maintaining cell viability, promoting glycolysis metabolism, and inducing mitochondrial damage. The functions of Candida albicans inositol polyphosphate kinases Kcs1 and Vip1 have not yet been studied. In this study, we found that the growth rate of C. albicans vip1Δ/Δ strain in glucose medium was reduced and the upregulation of glycolysis was accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial activity, resulting in a large accumulation of lipid droplets, along with an increase in cell wall chitin and cell membrane permeability, eventually leading to cell death. Relieving intracellular glycolysis rate or increasing mitochondrial metabolism can reduce lipid droplet accumulation, causing a reduction in chitin content and cell membrane permeability. The growth activity and energy metabolism of the vip1Δ/Δ strains in a non-fermentable carbon source glycerol medium were not different from those of the wild-type strains, indicating that knocking out VIP1 did not cause mitochondria damage. Moreover, C. albicans KCS1 knockout did not affect cell activity and energy metabolism. Thus, in C. albicans, Vip1 is more important than Kcs1 in regulating cell viability and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingzheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Eckstein MT, Moreno-Velásquez SD, Pérez JC. Gut Bacteria Shape Intestinal Microhabitats Occupied by the Fungus Candida albicans. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4799-4807.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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She X, Zhang L, Peng J, Zhang J, Li H, Zhang P, Calderone R, Liu W, Li D. Mitochondrial Complex I Core Protein Regulates cAMP Signaling via Phosphodiesterase Pde2 and NAD Homeostasis in Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559975. [PMID: 33324355 PMCID: PMC7726218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.559975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway of Candida albicans responds to nutrient availability to coordinate a series of cellular processes for its replication and survival. The elevation of cAMP for PKA signaling must be both transitory and tightly regulated. Otherwise, any abnormal cAMP/PKA pathway would disrupt metabolic potential and ergosterol synthesis and promote a stress response. One possible mechanism for controlling cAMP levels is direct induction of the phosphodiesterase PDE2 gene by cAMP itself. Our earlier studies have shown that most single-gene-deletion mutants of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex I (CI) are hypersensitive to fluconazole. To understand the fluconazole hypersensitivity observed in these mutants, we focused upon the cAMP/PKA-mediated ergosterol synthesis in CI mutants. Two groups of the ETC mutants were used in this study. Group I includes CI mutants. Group II is composed of CIII and CIV mutants; group II mutants are known to have greater respiratory loss. All mutants are not identical in cAMP/PKA-mediated ergosterol response. We found that ergosterol levels are decreased by 47.3% in the ndh51Δ (CI core subunit mutant) and by 23.5% in goa1Δ (CI regulator mutant). Both mutants exhibited a greater reduction of cAMP and excessive trehalose production compared with other mutants. Despite the normal cAMP level, ergosterol content decreased by 33.0% in the CIII mutant qce1Δ as well, thereby displaying a cAMP/PKA-independent ergosterol response. While the two CI mutants have some unique cAMP/PKA-mediated ergosterol responses, we found that the degree of cAMP reduction correlates linearly with a decrease in total nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels in all mutants, particularly in the seven CI mutants. A mechanism study demonstrates that overactive PDE2 and cPDE activity must be the cause of the suppressive cAMP-mediated ergosterol response in the ndh51Δ and goa1Δ. While the purpose of this study is to understand the impact of ETC proteins on pathogenesis-associated cellular events, our results reveal the importance of Ndh51p in the regulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway through Pde2p inhibition in normal physiological environments. As a direct link between Ndh51p and Pde2p remains elusive, we suggest that Ndh51p participates in NAD homeostasis that might regulate Pde2p activity for the optimal cAMP pathway state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong She
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwen Peng
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Sport Science Research Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Weida Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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25
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Piktel E, Suprewicz Ł, Depciuch J, Cieśluk M, Chmielewska S, Durnaś B, Król G, Wollny T, Deptuła P, Kochanowicz J, Kułakowska A, Fiedoruk K, Maximenko A, Parlińska-Wojtan M, Bucki R. Rod-shaped gold nanoparticles exert potent candidacidal activity and decrease the adhesion of fungal cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2733-2752. [PMID: 33090058 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the fungicidal activity of rod-shaped gold nanoparticles (AuR NPs) against Candida strains isolated from hematooncological patients and representative strains of filamentous fungi. Methods: Colony-counting assays, colorimetric and fluorometric methods and atomic force microscopy were employed. Results: AuR NPs were characterized by their potent fungicidal activity against all tested isolates, regardless of the species or drug susceptibility, at concentrations that are nontoxic to the host cells. The membrane-permeabilizing properties of AuR NPs and induction of reactive oxygen species were recognized as crucial for fungicidal activity. Conclusions: The results provide a rationale for the development of nonspherical Au NPs as effective antifungals or drug-delivery carriers to improve therapy for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Chmielewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Bonita Durnaś
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, PL-25317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Król
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, PL-25317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wollny
- Holy Cross Cancer Center in Kielce, PL-25734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jan Kochanowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Alina Kułakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Alexey Maximenko
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, PL-30392 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
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26
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Pick E. The necessity of NEDD8/Rub1 for vitality and its association with mitochondria-derived oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101765. [PMID: 33099217 PMCID: PMC7582104 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Access of molecular oxygen to the respiratory electron transport chain at the mitochondria costs in the generation of reactive oxygen-derived species (ROS). ROS induces progressive damage to macromolecules in all living cells, hence, rapid defense mechanisms to maintain cellular redox homeostasis are vital. NEDD8/Rub1 is a highly conserved ubiquitin-like modifier that has recently been identified as a key regulator of cellular redox homeostasis. In this review, I will present NEDD8/Rub1, its modification cascade of enzymes, substrates and hydrolases. After introduction, I will show that the NEDD8/Rub1 pathway is linked with mitochondria physiology, namely, oxidative stress. In the rest of the review, I will approach the Ascomycota phylum of the kingdom fungi instrumentally, to present existing links between NEDD8/Rub1 vitality and the aerobic lifestyle of model species belonging to three subphyla: Saccharomycotina (S. cerevisiae and C. albicans), Pezizomycotina (A. nidulans and N. crassa), and Taphrinomycotina (S. pombe). NEDD8/Rub1 is a key regulator of cellular redox homeostasis. Ascomycota species that produce mitochondria-derived ROS during glycolysis require NEDD8/Rub1for viability. NEDD8/Rub1 essentiality correlates with the existence of NEDP1 in the organism genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elah Pick
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, 3600600, Israel.
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27
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Song J, Zhou J, Zhang L, Li R. Mitochondria-Mediated Azole Drug Resistance and Fungal Pathogenicity: Opportunities for Therapeutic Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1574. [PMID: 33066090 PMCID: PMC7600254 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of mitochondria in pathogenic fungi in terms of azole resistance and fungal pathogenicity has been a rapidly developing field. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondria are involved in regulating azole resistance and fungal pathogenicity. Mitochondrial function is involved in the regulation of drug efflux pumps at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. On the one hand, defects in mitochondrial function can serve as the signal leading to activation of calcium signaling and the pleiotropic drug resistance pathway and, therefore, can globally upregulate the expression of drug efflux pump genes, leading to azole drug resistance. On the other hand, mitochondria also contribute to azole resistance through modulation of drug efflux pump localization and activity. Mitochondria further contribute to azole resistance through participating in iron homeostasis and lipid biosynthesis. Additionally, mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in azole resistance. Meanwhile, mitochondrial morphology is important for fungal virulence, playing roles in growth in stressful conditions in a host. Furthermore, there is a close link between mitochondrial respiration and fungal virulence, and mitochondrial respiration plays an important role in morphogenetic transition, hypoxia adaptation, and cell wall biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the possibility for targeting mitochondrial factors for the development of antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Song
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China;
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China;
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Rongpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China;
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28
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Li D, She X, Calderone R. The antifungal pipeline: the need is established. Are there new compounds? FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5827531. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Our review summarizes and compares the temporal development (eras) of antifungal drug discovery as well as antibacterial ventures. The innovation gap that occurred in antibacterial discovery from 1960 to 2000 was likely due to tailoring of existing compounds to have better activity than predecessors. Antifungal discovery also faced innovation gaps. The semi-synthetic antibiotic era was followed closely by the resistance era and the heightened need for new compounds and targets. With the immense contribution of comparative genomics, antifungal targets became part of the discovery focus. These targets by definition are absolutely required to be fungal- or even lineage (clade) specific. Importantly, targets need to be essential for growth and/or have important roles in disease and pathogenesis. Two types of antifungals are discussed that are mostly in the FDA phase I–III clinical trials. New antifungals are either modified to increase bioavailability and stability for instance, or are new compounds that inhibit new targets. One of the important developments in incentivizing new antifungal discovery has been the prolific number of publications of global and country-specific incidence. International efforts that champion global antimicrobial drug discovery are discussed. Still, interventions are needed. The current pipeline of antifungals and alternatives to antifungals are discussed including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, NW 302 Med Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiaodong She
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, NW 302 Med Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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29
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Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are responsible for the synthesis of ATP using power generated by the electron transport chain (ETC). While much of what is known about mitochondria has been gained from a study of a small number of model species, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the general mechanisms of mitochondrial respiration have been recognized as being highly conserved across eukaryotes. Now, Sun et al. (N. Sun, R. S. Parrish, R. A. Calderone, and W. A. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are responsible for the synthesis of ATP using power generated by the electron transport chain (ETC). While much of what is known about mitochondria has been gained from a study of a small number of model species, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the general mechanisms of mitochondrial respiration have been recognized as being highly conserved across eukaryotes. Now, Sun et al. (N. Sun, R. S. Parrish, R. A. Calderone, and W. A. Fonzi, mBio 10:e00300-19, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00300-19) take the next steps in understanding mitochondrial function by identifying proteins that are unique to a smaller phylogenetic group of microbes. Using the combination of in silico, biochemical, and microbiological assays, Sun and colleagues identified seven genes that are unique to the CTG fungal clade, which contains multiple important human pathogens, including Candida albicans, and showed that they are required for full ETC function during respiratory metabolism. Because respiratory metabolism is critical for fungal pathogenesis, these clade-specific mitochondrial factors may represent novel therapeutic targets.
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